CWALSHT User Manual Updated - IR-ITL-91-1 PDF

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1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND OATES COVERED
October 1991 Final Report
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS
~ser's Guide: Computer Program for Design and Analysis
of Sheet-Pile Walls by Classical Methods (CWALSHT)
Including Rowe's Moment Reduction
6. AUTHOR(S)
Dawkins, William P .
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
REPORT NUMBER
USAE Waterways Experiment Station, Information

Instruction Report
Technology Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road,
ITL-91-1
Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199
9. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADORESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING I MONITORING
AGENCY REPORT NUMBER
US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1000
11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
This report supersedes Instruction Report ITL-90-1 and is available from National
Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161
12a. DISTRIBUTION I AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited
13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)
The computer program CWALSHT was developed from specifications provided by

the Computer-Aided Structural Engineering (CASE) Task Group on Sheet Pile Struc-
tures and is described ~n this report. The program uses classical soil mechanics
procedures for determining the required depth of penetration of a new wall or
assesses the factors of safety for an existing wall.
15. NUMBER OF PAGES

14. SUBJECT TERMS
Computer-Aided Structural CWALSHT (computer program) 126
Retaining walls 16. PRICE CODE
Engineering Projec t
Computer programs Safety factor Sheet piles
18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT
17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT
UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED
Standard Form 298 (Rev 2-89)
NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Prescrobed by ANSI Std Z39·1 8
298-102
CATEGORY B
ELECTRONJC COMPUTER PROGRAM ABSTRACT

TITLE OF PROGRA~esign/Analysis of Sheet-Pile Walls by Classica PROGRAM NO.
~al Methods - CWALSHT Including Rowe's Moment Reduction (X~~31) 713-F3-R~~92
~REPARING AGENCY US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station (WES), Informa-
~~on Technology Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road , Vicksburg, MS 39180-6199
AUTHOR(S) DATE PROGRAM COMPLETED STATUS OF PROGRAM
Author: Dr. William P. Dawkins Written - Jan 1991 PHASE STAGE
Adaoted for CORPS Adapted - Jan 1991 COMPLETE
A. PURPOSE OF PROGRAM
Performs either a design or analysis of an anchored or cantilever sheet pile

retaining wall.
B. PROGRAM SPECIFICATIONS
FORTRAN
C. METHODS 1
penetration of a new wall or assesses the factor of safety of an existing wall.

J
1
D. EQUIPMENT DETAILS
Graphics Terminal or PC AT or compatible
E. INPUT -OUTPUT
Input may be entered from a predefined data file or interactively at execute

time.
Output will be directed to an o~tput fil e and/or directly back to the terminal.
F. ADDITIONAL REMARKS
A copy of the program and documentation may be obtained from the Engineering
Computer Programs Library (ECPL) , WES, telephone number: commercial
(601)634-2581.
FO RM
WES 1 J U L 80 2205 REPLA CES EN G FO RM 2 8 83 WH ICH IS O BSOLETE .
PREFACE
This user's guide describes the computer program, "CWALSHT," which can
be used for the design and analysis of cantilever and anchored sheet-pile
walls using classical methods, and describes its recent enhancement to include
Rowe's moment reduction for anchored sheet-pile walls analyzed or designed
using the free earth method . This report supersedes WES Instruction Report
ITL-90-1 entitled "Users's Guide: Computer Program for Design and Analysis of
Sheet Pile Walls by Classical Methods (CWALSHT),'' dated February 1990. Funds
for the development of the program and writing of the user's guide were
provided to the Information Technology Laboratory (ITL), WES, Vicksburg, MS,
by the Civil Works Directorate of Headquarters, US Army Corps of Engineers
(HQUSACE), under the Computer-Aided Structural Engineering (CASE) Project.
Specifications for the program were provided by the members of the CASE
Task Group on Pile Structures and Substructures. The following were members
of the task group during program development:
Mr. James Bigham, Rock Island District (Chairman)
Mr. Richard Chun, Pacific Ocean Division
Mr. Ed Demsky, St. Louis District
Mr . John Jaeger, WES (formerly St. Louis District)
Mr. Phil Napolitano, New Orleans District
Mr. Charles Ruckstuhl, New Orleans District
Mr. Ralph Strom, North Pacific Division
The computer program and user's guide were written by Dr. William P.
Dawkins, P.E., Stillwater, OK, under contract with WES.
The work was managed and coordinated at WES, ITL, by Mr. Reed Mosher,
Computer-Aided Engineering Division (CAED), and Mr. H. Wayne Jones, Chief,
Scientific and Engineering Application Center, CAED, under the general
supervision of Dr. Edward Middleton, Chief, CAED, Mr . Paul Senter, Assistant
Chief, ITL, and Dr . N. Radhakrishnan, Chief, ITL . Mr. Donald Dressler was the
HQUSACE point of contact for this work.
COL Larry B. Fulton, EN, is the present Commander and Director of WES .
Dr. Robert W. Whalin is Technical Director.
1
CONTENTS
Pa~e
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
CONVERSION FACTORS, NON-S! TO SI (METRIC)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT . . 4
PART I: INTRODUCTION . . . • • 5
Description of Program • • • 5
Organization of Report 5
PART II: GENERAL WALL/SOIL SYSTEM . • • • 6
Sheet-Pile Wall 6
Anchor . . . • • • • • 6
Soil . . . . . • 6
Soil Surface • • 6
Soil Properties • . • • 8
Water . . . . . 10
Vertical Surcharge Loads 10
Vertical Line Loads • . . 10
Distributed Loads . . . . 10
External Horizontal Loads 11
Horizontal Line Loads • . 11
Horizontal Distributed Loads 11
Earthquake Effects . • • 11
PART III: LOADS ON WALL • 13
Calculation Points 13
Soil Pressures 13
Pressure Coefficient Method 13
Pressures by Coefficient Method 14
Wedge Methods . . . . . . . . . 15
Final Pressures for Wedge Methods • 16
Discussion of Soil Pressure Calculation Methods 17
Net Soil Pressures . . . . . . . . • • 18
Pressures Due to Surcharge Loads • 18
Water Pressures . • 19
Design Pressures . . . . . . . 21
Horizontal Loads . . . . . . . 21
PART IV: DESIGN/ANALYSIS PROCEDURES 22
Factors of Safety . . . . . . 22
Design Procedures . . . . . . . 23
Structural Analysis Procedure . • 27
Rowe's Moment Reduction for Anchored Walls 28
PART V: COMPUTER PROGRAM • • • • 32

Input Data . . . . • • 32
Output Data . . . . . 32
Results of Application of Rowe's Moment Reduction for
Anchored Walls . . . . . . . . . . • 33
Graphics Display of Input Data . . . . 33
Graphics Display of Design Soil Pressures 34
2
Page
Graphics Display of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Graphics Display of Rowe's Moment Reduction Curves for
Piles in Sand . . 34
Units and Sign Conventions 34
PART VI: EXAMPLE SOLUTIONS • • 36
Cantilever Walls • 36
Anchored Walls • 66
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . 102
APPENDIX A: GUIDE FOR DATA INPUT . . Al
Source of Input . • • • . . • • • • • Al
Data Editing • . • • . . . • • • Al
Input Data File Generation Al
Data Format • • • • Al
Sections of Input . . A2
Units . . . . . . . . A2
Predefined Data File A2
Sequence of Solutions A3
General Discussion of Input Data . . • A3
Input Description . . • • A3
Abbreviated Input Guide Al6
APPENDIX B: NOTATION . . . . Bl
3
CONVERSION FACTORS, NON-S! TO SI (METRIC)
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Non-S! units of measurement used in this report can be converted to SI

(metric) units as follows:
Multiply By To Obtain
degree (angle) 0.01745329 radians
feet 0.3048 metres
inches 2.54 centimetres
pound (force)-feet 1.355818 newton-metres
pound (force)-inches 0.1129848 newton-metres
pounds (force) 4.448222 newtons
pounds (mass) per cubic foot 16.01846 kilograms per cubic metre
pounds (mass) per cubic inch 27,679.905 kilograms per cubic metre
pounds (force) per foot* 14.5939 newtons per metre
pounds (force) per square foot 47.88026 pascals
pounds (force) per square inch 6.894757 kilopasca1s
* The same conversion factor applies for pounds (force) per linear foot
(plf) .
4
USER'S GUIDE: COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR DESIGN AND ANALYSIS
OF SHEET-PILE WALLS BY CLASSICAL METHODS (CWALSHT)
INCLUDING ROWE'S MOMENT REDUCTION
PART I: INTRODUCTION
Description of Program
1. This report describes a computer program called CWALSHT, which per-

forms design and/or analysis of either cantilever or anchored sheet-pile
walls, and its recent enhancement to include Rowe's moment reduction for
anchored sheet-pile walls analyzed or designed using the free earth method.
The program uses classical soil mechanics procedures for determining the re-
quired depth of penetration of a new wall or assesses the factors of safety
for an existing wall. Seepage effects are included in a simplified manner in
the program. CWALSHT was developed from specifications provided by the Com-
puter-Aided Structural Engineering (CASE) Task Group on Sheet-Pile Structures.
The program follows as a minimum the procedures outlined in draft Engineer
Manual 1110-2-2906 (Department of the Army 1970).
Organization of Report
2. The remainder of this report is organized as follows:

a. Part II describes the general sheet-pile retaining structure and
the soil system to be designed or analyzed by the program.
b. Part III describes the procedures employed in the program for
calculating earth pressures on the wall due to adjacent soil,
unbalanced hydrostatic head, and surcharge loads on the soil
surface.
c. Part IV reviews the methods for determining the required
depth of penetration for each type of wall.
d. Part V describes the computer program.
e. Part VI presents example solutions obtained with the program .
3. The program has been checked within reasonable limits to assure that
the results obtained with it are accurate within the limitations of the proce-
dures employed. However, there may exist unusual, unanticipated situations
that may cause the program to produce questionable results. It is the respon-
sibility of the user to judge the validity of the final design of the system,
and no responsibility is assumed for the design of any structure based on the
results of this program .
5
PART II: GENERAL WALL/SOIL SYSTEM
4. The same basic wall/soil system shown in Figure 1 is used for either
anchored or cantilever sheet-pile walls. Throughout development of the pro-
gram it was assumed that all effects on the wall tend to cause counterclock-
wise rotation of a cantilever wall and clockwise rotation of an anchored wall.
This section presents other assumed characteristics for the various components
of the general system.
Sheet-Pile Wall
5. A 1-ft* slice of a straight, uniform wall is used for the design/

analysis process. The wall is assumed to be straight, initially vertical,
linearly elastic, and to have a constant cross section throughout its depth.
Anchor
6. For anchored walls, a single horizontal anchor may be attached to

the wall at any elevation at or below the top of the wall. The anchor is
assumed to prevent horizontal displacement at the point of attachment.
Soil
7. In subsequent paragraphs, reference is made to the "right" side and

"left" side of the wall. The soil surface on either side must intersect the
wall at or below the top of the wall.
Soil Surface
8. The irregular soil surfaces illustrated in Figure 1 provide for all

variations of soil surface geometry including horizontal or continuous sloping
(either up or down away from the wall).
9. A different layered soil profile is assumed to exist on either side
of the wall. Boundaries between subsurface layers are assumed to be straight
lines and may slope up or down away from the wall on either side. Sloping
* A table of factors for converting non-S! units of measurement to SI

(metric) units is presented on page 4.
6
Uniform
I i i i i i i:
Ramp
Q)
0'
~
IG'O
(I)
d' ' '
Triangular
Line .c
~.9
"' ~
Load en:s
Strip
Top
of I i i i j
Wall
Riqhtside Surface
Load
• ~ Soil Layer
£:leet Anchor
?ile ---....
i.ta.ll
Lef-:side
w--Watar
Soil Layer __;;-
--
.....-- Leftside Surfac!!
~ Soil Layer __,#-
soil Layer
~ Soil Layer _,Y-
Figur e 1. General wall/s oil system
7
boundaries must not intersect below the soil surface. Layers are assumed to
extend ad infinitum away from the wall, and the lowest layer described on
either side is assumed to extend ad infinitum downward.
Soil Properties
10. Each soil layer is assumed to be homogeneous. Properties required

for each layer are:
a. Soil saturated unit weight 'Ysat· The program determines the
buoyant unit weight for submerged soil according to
,.,, - ,.,tsat
1 -
,.,twe (1)
where
1' - buoyant unit weight*
'Ywe - effective unit weight of water (see paragraph 40,
Part III)
b. Soil moist unit weight 'Ymst· The moist unit weight is used for
all soil above the water surface.
c. Actual angle of internal friction~. The program determines
the effective angle of internal friction according to
~eff - tan- 1 [(tan ~)/FS] (2)
where
FS = given or calculated factor of safety.

d. Actual cohesion c. The program determines the effective cohe-
sion from
Ceff - c/FS (3)
e. Effective angle of wall friction o. The program does not alter

the angle of wall friction. See Figure 2 for assumed positive
wall friction angle.
f. Effective wall/soil adhesion a. The program does not alter the
adhesion. See Figure 2 for assumed positive direction of the
adhesion force.
* For convenience, symbols and abbreviations are listed in the Notation

(Appendix B).
8
So i I Surface
Wa II
I Ll
layer I
I
I
hi I
I
l2 I l2
h2 I
I
Tria I Fa i I u re PI ane
L3
h3
Calculation point
a. Trial failure wedge
~ layer I I
I
'u
I
)/~Q
---. I Jll
i:::
pp ~
(J I
I p
n
P. I
I I Pi -1
I•
PI
..,
I
a
ll..'ll
I • ~ I -----1
0 ~I
AV L2 - ___ I Li
I
-..
1.4.1
l3
a
~ I
\N I
-
:::::.
~
'<:(
~
'II
ll..
c. Interior slice d. Terminal slice

b. Wall slice
Figure 2. Sweep search wedge method
9
Water
11. The following effects due to water are considered:

a. Static water. Horizontal pressures due to hydrostatic head are
applied on either side of the wall. Static water surfaces may
be at any elevation. When the water surface is above the top
of the wall, a drop structure is assumed, and only the trape-
zoidal pressure distribution below the top of the wall is used.
b. Seepage effects. Seepage effects alter static water pressures
and the submerged weight of the soil. The approximations used
to account for seepage are discussed in paragraphs 40 and 41.
When seepage is present, the water surface on the right side
must be above that on the left side.
c. Earthquake effects. Earthquake effects alter hydrostatic pres-
sures only on the right side above the ground surface (see
paragraphs 18 and 19).
Vertical Surcharge Loads
12. Surcharge loads may be applied to the soil surface on either side
of the wall. Five types of surcharge loads are illustrated in Figure 1.
Vertical Line Loads
13. Vertical line loads are assumed to extend horizontally parallel to

the axis of the wall and to act on the soil surface. The program accommodates
21 line loads at any location on the surface on either side of the wall.
Distributed Loads
14. Four distributed load variations permitted by the program are shown
in Figure 1. A general distributed load may also be described by a sequence
of distances and load intensities . Only one distributed load on each side is
permitted in the design/analysis of a particular wall description. All dis-
tributed loads are assumed to extend horizontally parallel to the wall. Dis-
tributed loads are interpreted as acting on the horizontal projection of the
soil surface. A uniform surcharge is assumed to extend ad infinitum away from
the wall. A ramp load is assumed to extend ad infinitum away from the wall
beginning at the terminus of the ramp.
10
External Horizontal Loads
15. Two types of external horizontal loads in addition to other soil

and water loads may be applied to the wall. Horizontal loads acting to the
left are positive.
Horizontal Line Loads
16. The program permits up to 21 line loads (positive or negative) to

be applied directly to the wall at any location at or below the top of the
wall.
Horizontal Distributed Loads
17. A single general horizontal load distribution described by eleva-

tions and load values for a maximum of 21 points may be applied to the wall.
Earthquake Effects
18. Earthquake effects are assumed to increase the tendency toward

rotation of the wall. Earthquake effects on soil pressures are simulated in
the program by altering the soil unit weight on each side of the wall to a new
effective unit weight of soil "feff as follows:
Right side: "'err - 'Ysat (1 + a) - 'Ywe (4)
Left side: 'Yeff - 'Ysat (1 - a) - 'Ywe (5)
where a is earthquake acceleration expressed as a fraction of the accelera-

tion of gravity .
19. Earthquake effects on water pressures above the rightside soil sur-
face are included by application of an additional pressure distribution
extending from the rightside water surface to the rightside soil according to
(6)
11
where
y = distance below rightside water surface
ce - 51/ Jl- 0.72 (h/1000) 2

h = distance from rightside water surface to rightside soil surface
12
PART III: LOADS ON WALL
20. Horizontal loads are imposed on the structure by the surrounding

soil, surface surcharge loads, water pressures, or horizontal loads applied
directly to the wall. The following paragraphs describe the procedures used
in the program for determining the resultant horizontal pressure
distributions.
Calculation Points
21. Locations at which force magnitudes and wall response are calcu-
lated are initially located at the following points:
a. At 1-ft intervals starting at the top of the sheet pile.
b. At the intersections of the surface and/or layer boundaries on
either side with the wall axis.
c. At the point of application of each horizontal line load and at
each elevation point of a horizontal load distribution.
d. At the location of the water surface on either side of the
wall.
e. At the anchor elevation for anchored walls.
f. At other locations to establish the resultant force or pressure
distribution as necessary for each design procedure .
Soil Pressures
22. Three methods (a coefficient method and two "wedge" methods) are
available in the program to establish the design pressure distributions.
Inherent in each method is the assumption that the wall displaces sufficiently
to produce a fully plastic state in the soil on either side of the wall. This
assumption results in full values of active and passive earth pressure at
every point regardless of actual displacement . The program determines whethe~
the coefficient method or a wedge method is to be used for soil pressure cal-
culations . A different method may be used for each side of the wall.
Pressure Coefficient Method
23. Coulomb earth pressure coefficients relating horizontal pressure to

vertical pressure are used when the soil surface is horizontal, all layer
boundaries are horizontal, and wall/soil adhesion is zero in all soil layers.
13
Pressures by Coefficient Method
24. Soil pressures are calculated as follows:

a. The vertical pressure Pv at each point is calculated using
the effective soil-unit weight (including submergence and/or
earthquake effects) for the soil above that point and any uni-
form surcharge.
b. The Coulomb earth pressure coefficients are:
(1) Active pressure coefficient
2
COS </>eff 1
• (7)
sin (</>eff + 5) Sl.n (</>eff) cos 0
1 +
cos 5
(2) Passive pressure coefficient
2
COS </>eff 1
. • (8)
<<Perf + 5) s1.n cos 5
1 -
cos 5
where
<Perf - effective angle of internal friction
5 - angle of wall friction (may be positive or
negative)
c. Horizontal earth pressures are calculated from:
(1) Active pressures
PAh - ( KA Pv - 2ceff JK:) • COS 0 (9)
(2) Passive pressures
PPh - ( KP Pv + 2ceff JK;) • cos 5 (10)
d. When a change in either <Perf or ceff occurs at a layer

boundary, dual pressure values are calculated using the soil
properties above and below the boundary.
14
Wedge Methods
25. For all cases involving a sloping or irregular soil surface and/or
sloping subsurface layer boundaries, one of the wedge methods described is
used. The user is prompted by the program to select the method.
Sweep search wedge method
26. A continuous failure plane is assumed to emanate from each calcula-
tion point described in paragraph 21 to its intersection wi.t h the ground sur-
face as shown in Figure 2a. The total trial wedge is then subdivided by ver-
tical planes into slices as shown in Figures 2b,c, and d. The location of the
vertical plane is established by the intersection of the continuous trial
failure plane with each succeeding layer boundary. The intermediate vertical
slice surfaces are assumed to be free of shear stresses. Friction and cohe-
sion forces along the base of each intermediate slice are evaluated from the
soil properties of the bottom layer in the slice .
27 . Equilibrium of horizontal and vertical forces for each slice except
the wall slice results in
Wi(l + tan ¢i tan 8) ± Ci sec 8

(11)
tan ¢i + tan (}
where
Pi, Pi-l- normal forces on left- and rightside vertical surfaces of the
slice, respectively
wi - weight of the slice, including
¢i = effective internal friction angle of the soil at the
bottom of the slice
c. = effective cohesion of the soil at the bottom of the slice
l.
multiplied by the length of the bottom surface
The upper signs correspond to active conditions, and the lower signs corre-
spond to passive conditions.
28 . Equilibrium analysis of the wall slice results in
+ sin Sav (sin 8 + tan ¢w cos 8)

= (12)
cos Sav - (cos 8 + tan ¢w sin 8) + Cw sin 8
15
where
Dav - Lhjoj/Lhj = average wall friction angle
0 - angle of inclination of failure surface
Pw = angle of friction at the wall
PA/P - active force (upper signs) or passive force (lower signs) for
this trial wedge
Ww - weight of wall slice including surcharge loads
Cw = effective cohesion of the soil at the bottom of the wall slice
Fa - Lhjaj = wall/soil adhesion force
Nw = normal force on bottom of wall slice
Pn - normal force on vertical plane
29. The angle of inclination 0 of the trial wedge is increased in
2-deg increments until the maximum active force and minimum passive force for
that calculation point are determined. In some systems having downward slop-
ing surfaces, maximum active and minimum passive forces may not be achieved
before the trial failure plane no longer intersects the soil surface. When
this situation is encountered, a warning is printed and the active and/or
passive force for the last trial plane is used for that point.
Fixed surface wedge method
30. The fixed surface wedge method assumes that the angle of inclina-
tion of the failure plane within each soil layer is a function of the angle of
internal friction of the soil in the layer. This assumption results in a
single fixed broken failure surface as is illustrated in Figure 3.
31. When the fixed surface for a calculation point has been estab-
lished, the total wedge is subdivided i nto slices as indicated by the dashed
lines in Figure 3. The determination of active and passive forces on the wall
proceeds as described for the sweep search method .
•
Final Pressures for Wedge Methods
32. For either wedge method it is assumed that the difference between
active or passive forces for two adjacent calculation points is the resultant
of a linear pressure distribution between the two points.
16
,..-- So i 1 surface
I
layer J
Wall I I
I I
I I
Active: 45 - ~ 1/2
l2 Passive: 45 + ~/2
I
Failure surface
I
l3 Active: 45 - ~2/2
Passive: ~5 + ~2/2
45-~ /2
Active:
3
Passive: lt5+4JJ/2
' - - - - - Ca I cuJ at ion point
Figure 3. Fixed surface wedge method
Discussion of Soil Pressure Calculation Methods
33. The computer program determines from the input data whether the
coefficient method may be used or whether a wedge method is required for eval-
uation of soil pressures. If a wedge method is required, the user is prompted
to select either the sweep search or the fixed surface method. The program
can be forced to use a wedge method where the coefficient method would ordi-
narily apply by specifying more than one point on the soil surface on either
side (see Appendix A, "Guide for Data Input").
34. For a homogeneous soil system with a horizontal soil surface and no
surcharge loads, the three pressure calculation methods produce identical
pressure distributions. For layered soil profiles with horizontal layer boun-
daries, horizontal surfaces, and no surcharge loads, the three methods yield
essentially the same pressure distributions. The significant differences
occur at layer boundaries where the coefficient method may produce discontinu-
ities in pressures while the wedge methods result in a single average pressure
at the boundary. Discontinuities arising from the coefficient method are
removed from the net pressures by using the average of the two pressure values
at the discontinuity.
17
35. For all soil profiles without severe variations in soil layer
strengths and with essentially horizontal surfaces, the two wedge methods
produce comparable soil pressures. Although both methods overestimate passive
pressures, the sweep search method is more consistent with the principles used
in the development of the coefficient method. For systems with steep surface
slopes, the fixed surface wedge method underestimates active pressures for
upward-sloping surfaces and overestimates passive pressures for downward-
sloping surfaces as compared to the pressures produced by the sweep search
method. The degree of under- or overestimation increases as the surface slope
increases.
36. The sweep search method always seeks the maximum active condition
and minimum passive condition. It may not be possible for the sweep search
method to arrive at the desired extreme condition if the soil surface is
grossly irregular. The user ~s warned when this condition is encountered. In
systems with interspersed strong and weak layers, the sweep search method may
arrive at an active and/or passive force at one calculation point that is
significantly lower than the corresponding force at the next higher point.
Conversion of active/passive forces to pressures in this case may result in
"negative" pressures in the interval and the resulting pressure distribution
is questionable (see Example CANT2, paragraphs 89 and 90).
Net Soil Pressures
37. Four separate soil pressure distributions are determined by the

methods just described.
a. Active pressure for the rightside soil.
b. Passive pressure for the rightside soil.
c. Active pressure for the leftside soil.
d. Passive pressure for the leftside soil.
All calculated negative active pressures are set to zero.
Pressures Due to Surcharge Loads
38. The effects of surcharge loads on the rightside surface are

included in the weight of the failure wedge, and no additional computations
for surcharge loads are required when soil pressures are determined by a wedge
method.
18
39. When the coefficient method is used to determine soil pressures,
the additional horizontal pressures on the wall due to strip, ramp, triangu-
lar, and varying surcharge loads are calculated from the theory of elasticity
equations shown in Figure 4. A uniform surcharge is added directly to the
vertical soil pressure as indicated in paragraph 24.
p
mH
m > 0.4
:c
aH - 4P [
1TH
m2n
(m2 + n2) 2
]
OH - 2.
-
m < 0.4
p
OH 1T
[f3 - sinS cos2a J
0.203n
OH = -
H (0.16+n2)2
a. Line load b. Strip load
b
I
Q
N N
R2
{af3 - xa + 2z Log - ] a _ 2.. [~a+ a+ b + x f3
e R H tr a b
1
2z R2 2z R2
+-Log - + - L o g - ]
a e R1 b e R3
c. Ramp load d. Triangular load
Figure 4 . Theory of elasticity equations for pressures

on wall due to surcharge loads
Water Pressures
40. In addition to earthquake effects (paragraphs 18 and 19), hydros-

tatic pressures may be altered by seepage. When seepage effects are included,
the excess hydrostatic head is assumed to be dissipated by vertical flow down-
ward on the right side and upward on the left side. The seepage gradient i
19
(feet/feet) is assumed to be constant at all points in the soil on either
side. Under this assumption, the effect of seepage is to alter the effective
unit weight of water in the region of flow to
Right side: 1we - 1w (1 - i) (13)
Left side: 1we = 1w (1 + i) (14)
where •
i = seepage gradient
1w = unit weight of water
41. The user may elect to omit seepage effects, to specify the seepage
gradient i , or to allow the program to automatically adjust the seepage
gradient. If seepage is omitted, the net water pressure distribution shown in
Figure Sa is applied. For "automatic" seepage, the program adjusts the
seepage gradient i , so that the point at which excess head is dissipated
(i.e., the net water pressure becomes zero, Figure Sb) coincides with the
bottom of the wall. Because the determination of design penetration is an
iterative process, selecting the automatic seepage option may significantly
-- --
-- --
Lefts ide Leftside
Surface Surface
Bottom of Wall---~ Bottom of l<lall - - - '
a. Net water pressure b. Net water pressure

without seepage with seepage
Figure 5. Pressure distributions for unbalanced hydrostatic head
20
increase the computer costs for a solution, particularly for systems in which
a wedge method is required for soil pressures. When a seepage gradient ~s
specified by the user, the point at which excess head is dissipated may not
coincide with the bottom of the wall.
Design Pressures
42. The following combinations of all applicable loading effects are

used for the final design:
Net Active Pressure - Rightside Soil Active Pressure - Leftside
Soil Passive Pressure + Surcharge Pressure +
Water Pressure + Distributed External
Horizontal Pressure.
Net Passive Pressure - Rightside Soil Passive Pressure - Leftside
Soil Active Pressure + Surcharge Pressure
+ Distributed External Horizontal Pressure
+Water Pressure.
Horizontal Loads
43. Horizontal line and distributed loads are applied directly to the
wall. Depending on their sense (positive to the left) and point of applica-
tion, horizontal loads may have either a stabilizing or disturbing effect on
the wall. •
21
PART IV: DESIGN/ANALYSIS PROCEDURES
44. The program provides two modes of operation. In the "design" mode,
the required depth of wall penetration is determined for input soil strengths,
geometry, loading, and factor(s) of safety. Iterative solutions are performed
in which wall penetration is varied until conditions of equilibrium and other
assumptions are satisfied. In the "analysis" mode, a safety factor for input
strengths, geometry, loading, and prescribed penetration is determined. In
the analysis mode, a succession of design calculations is performed in which
the factor of safety is adjusted until consistent factor of safety and effec-
tive soil strength properties yield a design penetration equal to the input
value . In unusual layered systems, in which a wedge method is used for soil
pressures, it is possible for minuscule changes in the factor of safety to
produce a large change in required penetration, indicating a discontinuity in
the relationship between factor of safety and penetration. When this condi-
tion is encountered, a solution for a unique factor of safety is impossible
and the process is terminated.
45. In either the design or analysis mode, a structural analysis is
performed to determine bending moments and shears in the wall at the locations
of the calculation points. Relative deflections (i.e., the deflected shape of
the wall) are calculated for both modes of operation. Because the pile moment
of inertia is not known a priori in a design situation, the deflections of the
wall in the design mode are determined for wall modulus of elasticity and
moment of inertia, which are both equal to one. Because the wall is assumed
to be a linear system for structural analysis, the ''scaled'' deflections re -
ported from the design mode may be converted to actual relative deflections by
dividing by the product of modulus of elasticity and wall moment of inertia
after these parameters have been selected by the designer .
Factors of Safety
46. In the design mode, active and passive factors of safety are
applied to the soil shear strength in each layer on each side of the wall
according to three "levels" of input values. Level 1 active and passive fac-
tors of safety apply initially to all soil layers on both sides of the wall.
Level 2 active and passive factors of safety apply initially to all soil lay-
ers on each side of the wall. Level 3 active and passive factors of safety
22
are specified for an individual soil layer. Each level of factors of safety
may default to the preceding level. Unless defaulted, any specified value of
factor of safety overrides the value specified by the preceding level. The
user is allowed complete flexibility for applying factors of safety ranging
from a single value to be applied to both active and passive pressures for all
soil layers to specification of separate active and passive factors of safety
for each individual soil layer.
47. Because the sheet pile wall problem has only "one degree of free-
dom," i.e., the depth of penetration in the design mode, only one value can be
determined for a factor of safety in the analysis mode. Two options are
available for assessment of the factor of safety. If the user specifies the
active factor of safety at the three levels described for the design mode, a
single passive factor of safety applied to all soil layers is determined. As
an alternative, the user may elect to have the same factor of safety apply to
both active and passive effects.
Design Procedures
48. One procedure for cantilever wall design and three procedures for
anchored wall design are incorporated in the program. These methods are
described in detail by Bowles (1977); Department of the Army (1970);
Richart (1960); Terzaghi (1943); and United States Steel Corporation (1974).
The essential features of each method are summarized in the following
paragraphs.
Cantilever wall design
49. The assumptions employed in the conventional design procedure are:
a. The wall rotates counterclockwise as a rigid body about a point
somewhere in its embedded depth.
b. Due to the rotation, full active and passive earth pressures
are developed on either side.
c. The wall derives its support from passive pressures on each
side.
50. Typical simplified pressure distributions arising from the above
assumptions are shown in Figure 6. A final design is achieved when values of
penetration d and depth z of the transition point produce a pressure dis-
tribution for which the sum of moments about any point on the wall and the sum
of horizontal forces are simultaneously equal to zero.
23
Upper Zero
Pressure
Design Upper Zero

Pressure Pressure
Net \ Design
Pressure
_A
Passive -•~\ 10 Net 10
Pressure \ Passive I
/ //
Net
~Active
;;;:~!t--~~ ',, Pressure~
Pressure
a. Homogeneous granular subsoil b. Homogeneous cohesive subsoil

Figure 6. Design pressure distributions for cantilever walls
51. The process used in the program to determine the required penetra-
tion is as follows. Starting at the first calculation point below the upper
zero pressure point (Figure 5), the bottom of the wall (i.e., penetration d)
is moved progressively downward until values of d and z are found that
produce a horizontal resultant force equal to zero. The resultant moment is
then calculated. When a reversal in resultant moment is found, the depth of
penetration is adjusted between the last two calculation points until the
resultant moment is less than a prescribed minimum tolerance.
52. In the structural analysis cantilever walls, following the design
for required penetration or analysis for factor of safety, the bending
moments, shears, and relative (or scaled) deflections are calculated under the
assumption that the wall is a cantilever beam supported at the wall bottom and
subjected to the final net pressures and other external loads.
Anchored wall design
53. Three conventional procedures are incorporated in the program for
design or analysis of anchored walls. A design or analysis is obtained and
reported for each of the methods.
54. In the conventional procedures it is assumed that the motion of the
wall will be sufficient to produce full active and passive pressures at every
point. In all methods for anchored wall design, the anchor is assumed to
prevent any lateral motion of the wall at the point of attachment but not to
24
inhibit wall rotation (i.e., to be a "pinned" support). It is further assumed
that the loading effects tend to cause clockwise rotation of the wall about
the anchor.
55. Free earth method . In this method the design penetration d (Fig-
ure 7) is established by lowering the bottom of the wall until the sum of
moments of all forces about the anchor is equal to zero. The anchor force is
then equal to the sum of all horizontal loads. •
Anchor
Anchor
Net
~~-Active
Pressure
Wall Bottom
a. Design pressure b. Supports for struc-

ural analysis
Figure 7. Anchored wall design by free earth method

•
56. In the structural analysis for the free earth method, bending mo-
ments, shears, and deflections are calculated by treating the wall as a beam
with simple (unyielding) supports at the anchor and at the wall bottom (Fig-
ure 7b). The assumed bottom support has no influence on bending moments and
shears and only affects the relative (scaled) deflection values.
57. Equivalent beam method. The fundamental assumption for this method
is that the wall is embedded to a depth that produces a point of inflection in
the deflected shape at some point below the leftside surface. The program
assumes the point of inflection occurs at the first point of zero net active
pressure at or below the leftside surface (Figures 8a and 8b). For design,
the portion of the wall above the point of zero pressure (Figure 8c) is
treated as a beam on simple supports located at the anchor and at the point of
zero pressure. The upper simple beam reaction is equal to the anchor force.
The design penetration (i.e., distance y shown in Figure 8c) is determined
by lowering the bottom of the wall until the net active soil pressure below
the zero pressure point and the lower simple be am reaction R (Figure 8c)
25
Anchor Defh:cted Anchor Anchor
Deflected / /
/ Wall)/
Wall\/
I I
I I
I Net
I Net
Active
I Pressure \ Active
\ Assumed \ Pressure
(POI)
\
\
Zero
Pressure
•
R
R Zero
f'ressure
Point
N Assumed ~ Point
0"1
Point of Zero
Pressure
Inflection Point Net
(POI) Active
Pressure
a------1-.-- c
a. Granular subsoil b. Cohesive subsoil c. Equivalent beam
Figure 8. Anchored wall design by equivalent beam method

produce a zero resultant moment about the wall bottom. (Refer to draft
EM 1110-2-2906 (Department of the Army 1970) for additional information on the
equivalent beam method.)
58. In the structural analysis for the equivalent beam method, bending
moments, shears, and deflections are determined from a beam analysis of the
wall with simple supports at the anchor and at the zero pressure point.
59. Fixed earth (Terzaghi 1943) method. The wall is subjected to net
active pressure (Figure 9a) and is analyzed as a beam on simple supports at
the anchor and at the wall bottom (Figure 9b). Design penetration is deter -
mined when the tangent to the deflected wall at the bottom is vertical.
60. No additional structural analysis for this method is necessary
since bending moments, shears, and deflections are calculated during deter-
mination of design penetration.
Structural Analysis Procedure
61. A one-dimensional finite element procedure (Dawkins 1982) for

linearly elastic prismatic beams is used to perform the structural analysis of
each type of wall. The nodes of the finite element model are located at the
Anchor Anchor
Deflected
Wall ~I
Net
I Active
Pressure
I
Vertical
'--- Tangent
a. Design pressure b. Supports for design

and analysis
Figure 9 . Anchored wall design by fixed earth
(Terzaghi 1943) method
27
calculation points described previously and supports are applied as described
for each design method.
Rowe's Moment Reduction for Anchored Walls
62. Rowe (1952, 1957) conducted tests of sheet-pile walls embedded in

homogeneous cohesionless and cohesive soils and concluded that the free earth
support design method overestimated the bending moments in the wall. Based on
his experimental data, Rowe presented moment reduction factors to be applied
to the bending moments predicted by the free earth method. Bowles (1977)
discusses the application of Rowe's reduction coefficients. The following
paragraphs present the processes included in CWALSHT.
63. For either sands or clays, the magnitude of the moment reduction
coefficient depends on a flexibility number obtained from
(15)
where
H - total length of the sheet pile, ft
E - modulus of elasticity of the pile, psi
I - moment of inertia of the sheet pile section, in. 4 per foot of wall
64. Evaluation of the flexibility number requires that the depth of
penetration be determined from the free earth design method and that the mate-
rial and pile section properties be available. A limited number of represen-
tative steel sheet-pile sections (Table 1), have been incorporated in CWALSHT
in order to automate the application of Rowe's reduction method. The user is
allowed to enter data for up to five additional sections during execution of
the program.
Application to sheet piles in sand
65. Rowe's experimentally determined curves of moment reduction coeffi-
cients for sheet piles in homogeneous sand systems, extracted from Bowles
(1977), are shown in Figure lOa. In Figure 10, M0 =maximum bending moment
and D = depth of penetration obtained from the free earth design procedure.
Numerical representation (for -3.5 < log (p) 5 -1.5) of these curves is con-
tained in CWALSHT. By interpolation, the program generates curves for the
28
Table 1
Sheet-Pile Sections Included for Rowe's
Reduction for Free Earth Design
Section Section Modulus Moment of Inertia

Designation per ft of Wall (in. 3 ) per ft of Wall (in. 4 )
PZ40* 60.7 490.80
PZ38** 46.8 380.80
PZ35* 48 . 5 361.20
PZ32** 38.3 220.40
PZ27*, ** 30.2 184.20
PZ22* 18.1 84.40
PLZ25* 32.8 223.25
PLZ23* 30.2 203.75
* Bethlehem Steel Corporation .

** United States Steel Corporation.
"loose" sand or "dense" sand descriptors using the value of wall height ratio
obtained during the design phase of program operation (again by interpola-
tion). Curves are generated for the following conditions:
a. The program is operating in the "design" mode and soil
"strength" properties have been provided (see Appendix A,
"Guide for Data Input").
b. The wall height ratio satisfies 0 . 6 < a < 0.8.
c. The anchor depth ratio (see Figure lOa) satisfies fi < 0.3.
d. The flexibility number satisfies -3.5 < log(p) < -1.5.
e. The elevation of the rightside surface is at the top the wall.
f. The elevation of the leftside surface is below the elevation of
the rightside surface.
g. In a layered system, the cohesion for all layers on the left -
side of the wall within the depth of penetration is zero.
66. For each of the eight representative sheet-pile sections incorpo-
rated in CWALSHT and for each section input by the user during execution, the
program determines a reduction factor for both "loose" and "dense" sand. The
program does not attempt to interpret from the input soil strength properties
whether the material conforms to either of these density descriptors.
29
Application to sheet piles in clay
67. In addition to the flexibility number described above, application
of Rowe's reduction to piles in clay requires determination of a "stability"
number defined by
Sn - cjpv Jl + Calc (16)
where
c = cohesion (psf) of the material within the embedded depth below the
leftside surface
Pv - effective vertical pressure in the rightside soil at the elevation
of the leftside surface
Ca = wall/soil adhesion in the leftside material . In layered systems,

CWALSHT uses weighted averages of C and Ca for the leftside layers
within the embedded depth.
68. Rowe's curves for sheet piles in homogeneous clays are shown in
Figure lOb. Numerical representations (for 0.5 < Sn < 2.5) are contained in
CWALSHT . The program interpolates among the curves to obtain a single value
of reduction coefficient for each available sheet pile section under the fol -
lowing conditions :
a. The program is operating in the "design" mode and soil
"strength" properties have been provided (see Appendix A,
"Guide for Data Input").
b. The wall height ratio satisfies 0.6 <a< 0.8.
c. The anchor depth ratio (see Figure lOa) satisfies ~ < 0.3.
d. The flexibility number satisfies -3.1 < log(p) < -2.0.
e. The stability number satisfies 0.5 < Sn < 2.5.
f. The elevation of the rightside surface is at the top of the
wall.
g. The elevation of the leftside surface is below the elevation of
the rightside surface.
h. In a layered system, the internal friction angle for all layers
on the leftside of the wall within the depth of penetration is
zero.
30
PART V: COMPUTER PROGRAM
69 . The computer program CWALSHT, which implements the procedures

described in paragraphs 48 through 68, is written in the FORTRAN language for
interactive operations from a remote terminal. All arithmetic operations are
performed in single precision. For computer systems employing fewer than 15
significant figures for real numbers, it may be necessary to perform some
operations in double precision.
Input Data
70. Input data may be provided interactively either from the user's
terminal or from a previously prepared data file. When data are input from
the terminal during execution, the program provides prompting messages to
indicate the type and amount of input data to be entered . . The characteristics
of a previously prepared data file are described in the "Guide for Data Input"
contained in Appendix A.
71. Whenever an input sequence is completed, either from a data file or
from the user's terminal, the program provides an opportunity to change any or
all parts of the input data in an editing mode.
72. Whenever any input data are entered from the user's terminal, the
program provides for saving the existing input data in a permanent file.
Output Data
73. The user has several options regarding the amount and destination
of the output from the program. The four basic parts of the output and user
options pertaining to each part are described in paragraphs 74 through 77.
Each pa~t may be directed to the user's terminal, to an output file, or to
both simultaneously.
Echoprint of input data
74. A complete tabulation of all input data as read from the user ter-
minal or from an input file. The user may elect to omit the echoprint.
Soil pressures for design
75. A tabulation of the active and passive pressures on each side of
the wall and the combined net active (and net passive, if required) pressure
down to a depth equal to three times the exposed height of the wall. If the
32
11
automat1.· c 11 seepage opt1.· on has been se 1 ec t e d , t h ese pressures correspond to
the initial trial seepage gradient. This section of the output is not avail-
able in the analysis mode. Also, this section of the output may be omitted.
Summary of results
76. A tabulation of design penetration from the design mode or the fac-
tor of safety from the analysis mode with maximum bending moment and deflec-
tion for a cantilever wall; or a tabulation of design penetration or factor of
safety, maximum bending moment and deflection, and anchor force for each
method for an anchored wall. This summary may be directed to an output file,
to the user's terminal, or both.
Complete results
77. A complete tabulation of the elevation, bending moment, shear
force, deflection, and final net pressure at each calculation point on the
wall. Whenever dual values exist at a single point (e.g., discontinuities in
soil pressures in stratified soils or sudden changes in shear at the anchor or
at points of application of horizontal line loads), two lines of results
appear for that point giving the values immediately above and below the dis-
continuity. The user may omit this section of the output, direct it to the
terminal, or write it to the output file containing the summary of results.
For anchored walls the user may elect to output the complete tabulation of
results for any or all of the design methods exercised. The final soil pres-
sures associated with the analysis or design may be included as a part of this
section or may be omitted.
Results of Application of Rowe's Moment Reduction for Anchored Walls
78. A tabulation of the properties of the sheet pile sections incorpo-

rated in CWALSHT and any sections input during execution and preliminary
design data resulting from application of Rowe's moment reduction procedure.
The application of Rowe's procedure may be omitted. If Rowe's procedure is
applied, the tabulation of results is directed to the same destination
selected for the summary of results described in paragraph 76.
Graphics Display of Input Data
79. Portrayal of input data may consist of three parts:
33
a. Input geometry. A plot of all structure, soil profile, and
water elevations including a summary of soil layer properties.
The user is allowed to select vertical and horizontal limits
for the display . Unless the limits provided define a square
area, this plot of the geometry of the system will be
distorted.
b. Input surface surcharges . A schematic displaying all surcharge
loads applied to the soil surface on each side of the wall, if
surcharges are present.
c. Input horizontal loads . A schematic of concentrated horizontal
line loads and horizontal distributed loads applied to the
wall, if horizontal loads are present.
Graphics Display of Design Soil Pressures
80. Two plots of (initial) design soil pressures are available for ele-
vations from the top of the wall down to a depth equal to three times the
exposed height of the wall:
a. Net active (and passive, if necessary) soil pressures .
b. Active and passive pressures on each side of the wall .
Graphics Display of Results
81 . Five plots of results are available consisting of: bending mo-

ments, shear forces, (scaled) deflections, net pressures, and (optional) final
active and passive soil pressures on each side of the wall.
Graphics Display of Rowe's Moment Reduction Curves for Piles in Sand
82. An optional plot is available for the interpolated Rowe's reduction

curves for "loose" and "dense" sands. This plot also shows the reduction
coefficient for each sheet pile section.
Units and Sign Conventions
83. Units and sign conventions for forces and displacements used for
calculations and output of results are shown in Table 2.
34
Table 2
Units and Sign Conventions
Item Unit Sign Convention

Horizontal distances ft Always positive
Elevations ft Positive or negative
decreasing downward
•
Modulus of elasticity ps~
Wall moment of inertia in. 4

Soil unit weight pcf
Angle of internal friction deg
Cohesion psf
Angle of wall friction deg Positive or negative
Horizontal line loads plf Positive to left
Horizontal applied pressures psf Positive to left
Vertical line surcharges plf Positive downward
Strip, ramp, triangular, variable psf Positive downward
or uniform surcharges
Water unit weight pcf
Earthquake acceleration G's Always positive
Pressures psf Positive to left
Bending moment lb-ft/ft Positive if produces com-
pression on left side of
wall
Shear force lbjft Positive acts to left on
top end of vertical wall
section
• Positive to left
Deflection ~n.
''Scaled'' deflection lb- in. 3 Positive to left
Anchor force lb/ft Always tension
35
PART VI: EXAMPLE SOLUTIONS
84. Numerous wall/soil systems have been investigated to test and

verify the computational processes used in the program. The examp l e so l utions
presented below are intended to illustrate the operation of the program and
are not to be interpreted as recommendations for its app lication.
Cantilever Wal ls
Example CANTl
85 . The cantilever retaining wal l shown in Figure 11 was design e d for a
factor of safety of 1 .5 for both active and passive e f fects . Initi ation of
EL
+20
Ysat = Ymst = 110 PCF
~ -
30°
c 2 0
0 = 17°
+10
-- --
Ysat = Ymst - 122 . 5 PCF
yw = 62.5 PCF
<P 30°
::1
c =0
0 6 - 17°
Ys at= ymst =122.5 PCF
<P = 30 °
c =- 0
- 15
Figure 11 . System for Example CANTl
the program and entry of input data from the terminal are shown in Figu re 12.
An echoprint of input data is given in Figure 13. The data entered from the
terminal were saved in the input file format. The input file generated by the
program is shown in Figure 14. A plot of the structure geometry is presented
in Figure 15. Soil pressures to be used in the design are tabulated in Fig-
ure 16 and shown graphically in Figure 17. Note that the user may discontinue
the solution after input data have been echoprinted and/or plotted and after
the design soil pressures have been printed and/or plotted. If the solution
36
PROGRAM CWALSHT-DESIGN/ANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS
BY CLASSICAL METHODS
DATE: 08/21/89 TIME: 1: 18:09
ARE INPUT DATA TO BE READ FROM YOUR TERMINAL OR A FILE?

ENTER 'TERMINAL' OR 'FILE'.
? t
ENTER NUMBER OF HEADING LINES (1 TO 4).
? 2
ENTER 2 HEADING LINE(S).
? cantilever retaining wall in granular soil
? design for fs = 1.5 on both active and passive
ENTER WALL TYPE: 'CANTILEVER' OR 'ANCHORED'.
? c
ENTER MODE: 'DESIGN' OR 'ANALYSIS'.
? d
ENTER LEVEL 1 FACTORS OF SAFETY FOR DESIGN FOR
ACTIVE PRESSURE PASSIVE PRESSURE
? 1.5 1.5
ENTER ELEVATION AT TOP OF WALL ( FT).
? 20
ENTER NUMBER OF RIGHTSIDE SURFACE POINTS (1 TO 21).
? 1
ENTER 1 RIGHTSIDE SURFACE POINTS, ONE POINT AT A TIME.
DISTANCE FROM ELEVATION
WALL (FT) (FT)
? 0 20
ARE LEFTSIDE AND RIGHTSIDE SURFACES SYMMETRIC?
ENTER 'YES' OR 'NO'.
? n
ENTER NUMBER OF LEFTSIDE SURFACE POINTS (1 TO 21).
? 1
ENTER 1 LEFTSIDE SURFACE POINTS, ONE POINT AT A TIME.
DISTANCE FROM ELEVATION
WALL (FT) (FT)
? 0 0
ARE SOIL STRENGTHS OR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE COEFFICIENTS TO BE
PROVIDED FOR RIGHTSIDE SOIL?
ENTER 'STRENGTHS' OR 'COEFFICIENTS' .
? s
ENTER LEVEL 2 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR RIGHTSIDE SOIL ACTIVE PRESSURES.
ENTER 'DEFAULT' IF LEVEL 1 FACTOR APPLIES.
? d
ENTER LEVEL 2 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR RIGHTSIDE SOIL PASSIVE PRESSURES.
? d
ENTER NUMBER OF RIGHTSIDE SOIL LAYERS ( 1 TO 15) .
? 2
Figur e 12. Termina l input for Example CANTl (Sheet 1 of 3)
37
ENTER DATA FOR 2 RIGHTSIDE SOIL LAYERS, ONE LINE PER LAVER.
(OMIT LAVER BOTTOM ELEVATION AND SLOPE FOR LAST LAYER.)
(ENTER 'DEFAULT' FOR EITHER FACTOR OF SAFETY IF LEVEL 2 FACTOR APPLIES.)
(OMIT PASSIVE FACTOR OF SAFETY IF MODE IS ANALYSIS.)
ANGLE OF ANGLE OF WALL <-FACTOR OF->
SAT. MOIST INTERNAL COH- WALL ADH- <-BOTTOM - > <--SAFETY-->
WGHT. WGHT. FRICTION ESION FRICTION ESION ELEV. SLOPE ACT. PASS.
(PCF) (PCF) (DEG) (PSF) (DEG) (PSF) (FT) (FT /FT)
? 110 110 30 0 17 0 10 0
? 122.5 122.5 30 0 17 0
ARE LEFTSIDE AND RIGHTSIDE SOIL LAVER DATA SYMMETRIC?
? n
ARE SOIL STRENGTHS OR ACTIVE AND PASSIVE COEFFICIENTS TO BE
PROVIDED FOR LEFTSIDE SOIL?
ENTER 'STRENGTHS' OR 'COEFFICIENTS'.
? s
ENTER LEVEL 2 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR LEFTSIDE SOIL ACTIVE PRESSURES.
? d
ENTER LEVEL 2 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR LEFTSIDE SOIL PASSIVE PRESSURES.
? d
ENTER NUMBER OF LEFTSIDE SOIL LAYERS (1 TO 15).
? 1
ENTER DATA FOR 1 LEFTSIDE SOIL LAYERS, ONE LINE PER LAYER.
(OMIT LAYER BOTTOM ELEVATION AND SLOPE FOR LAST LAYER.)
(ENTER 'DEFAULT' FOR EITHER FACTOR OF SAFETY IF LEVEL 2 FACTOR APPLIES.)
(OMIT PASSIVE FACTOR OF SAFETY IF MODE IS ANALYSIS.)
ANGLE OF ANGLE OF WALL <-FACTOR OF->
SAT. MOIST INTERNAL COH- WALL ADH- <-BOTTOM--> <--SAFETY-->
(PCF) (PCF) (DEG) (PSF) (DEG) (PSF) ( FT) ( FT /FT)
? 122.5 122.5 30 0 17 0
ARE WATER DATA TO BE PROVIDED? ENTER 'YES' OR 'NO'.
? y
ARE WATER DATA TO BE PROVIDED BY ELEVATIONS OR A PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION?
ENTER 'ELEVATIONS' OR 'PRESSURES'.
? e
ENTER WATER DATA AS INDICATED.
WATER <--WATER ELEVATION-->
UNIT WEIGHT RIGHTSIDE LEFTSIDE
(PCF) (FT) (FT)
? 62.5 10 10
ARE SURFACE LOADS TO BE APPLIED ON EITHER SIDE?
? n
ENTER EARTHQUAKE ACCELERATION (0.0 .LE. EQACC .LT. 1.0 G'S).
? 0
ENTER NUMBER OF HORIZONTAL LINE LOADS (0 TO 21).
? 0
ENTER NUMBER OF POINTS FOR HORIZONTAL DISTRIBUTED LOAD DISTRIBUTION
(0 OR 2 TO 21 ) .
? 0
Figure 12. (Sheet 2 of 3)
38
INPUT COMPLETE.
DO YOU WANT INPUT DATA ECHOPRINTED TO YOUR TERMINAL,
TO A FJLE TO nnTH 1 OR NEITHER?
? f ENTER TERMINAL', FILE', 'BOTH', OR 'NEITHER'.
ENTER OUTPUT FILE NAME (6 CHARACTERS MAXIMUM).
? cant1o
INPUT COMPLETE.
~T~~u,~:~T 6~ ~2AT.INPUT DATA?
? n
DO YOU WANT INPUT DATA SAVED IN A FILE?
? y
ENTER FILE NAME FOR SAVING INPUT DATA (6 CHARACTERS MAXIMUM).
? cant11
DO YOU WANT TO PLOT INPUT DATA?
? n
DO YOU WANT TO CONTINUE WITH THE SOLUTION?
? y
DO YOU WANT A LISTING OF SOIL PRESSURES
BEFORE CONTINUING WITH THE DESIGN?
ENTER .'YES' OR 'NO'.
? y
DO YOU WANT SOIL PRESSURES PRINTED TO YOUR TERMINAL,
TO FILE 'CANT10', OR BOTH?
ENTER 'TERMINAL', 'FILE', OR 'BOTH'.
? f
DO YOU WANT TO PLOT SOIL PRESSURES?
? n
? y
SOLUTION COMPLETE.
DO YOU WANT RESULTS PRINTED TO YOUR TERMINAL,
TO FIL~ 'CANT10' 9R BOTH?
ENTER TTERMINAL': FILE, OR 'BOTH'.
? f
00 YOU WANT COMPLETE RESULTS OUTPUT?
? y DO YOU WANT RESULTS TO INCLUDE ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
EARTH PRESSURES ON EACH SIDE OF THE WALL?
? n
OUTPUT COMPLETE.
DO YOU WANT TO EDIT INPUT DATA?
? n
INPUT DATA ENTERED FROM TERMINAL.

LAST INPUT DATA SAVED IN FILE 'CANT1I'.
OUTPUT SAVED IN FILE 'CANT10 ' .
DO YOU WANT TO MAKE ANOTHER RUN?

ENTER ' YES' OR 'NO'.
? n
********** NORMAL TERMINATION **********

Figure 12. (Sheet 3 of 3)
39
PROGRAM CWALSHT-DESIGNIANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS
DATE: 91101125 TIME: 9.07.40
I INPUT DATA ij
I.--HEADING:
'CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
'DESIGN FOR FS=1.5 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
!I.--CONTROL
CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN
LEVEL 1 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR ACTIVE PRESSURES - 1.50
LEVEL 1 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR PASSIVE PRESSURES- 1.50
!!I.--WALL DATA
ELEVATION AT TOP OF WALL 20.00 ( FT)
IV.--SURFACE POINT DATA
IV.A--RIGHTSIDE
DIST. FROM ELEVATION
WALL ( FT) (FT)
.00 20.00
IV.B-- LEFTSIDE
WALL (FT) (FT)
.00 .00
V.--SOIL LAYER DATA
V.A.--RIGHTSIDE LAYER DATA
LEVEL 2 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR ACTIVE PRESSURES = DEFAULT
LEVEL 2 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR PASSIVE PRESSURES = DEFAULT
ANGLE OF ANGLE OF <-SAFETY- >
SAT. MOIST INTERNAL COH- WALL ADH- <--BOTTOM--> <-FACTOR- >
(PCF ) (PCF) (DEG) (PSF) (DEG) (PSF) ( FT ) ( FT I FT )
110.00 110.00 30.00 .0 17.00 .0 10.00 .00 DEF DEF
122.50 122.50 30.00 .0 17.00 .0 DEF DEF
V.B.-- LEFTSIDE LAYER DATA
SAT. MOIST INTERNAL COH- WALL ADH- <--BOTTOM--> <-FACTOR->
(PCF) (PCF) (DEG) (PSF) (DEG) (PSF) ( FT ) ( FT I FT )
122.50 122.50 30.00 .0 17.00 .0 DEF DEF
VI.--WATER DATA
UNIT WEIGHT 62.50 (PCF)
RIGHTSIDE ELEVATION - 10.00 (FT)
LEFTSIDE ELEVATION - 10.00 (FT)
NO SEEPAGE
VII .--SURFACE LOADS
NONE
VIII .--HORIZONTAL LOADS
NONE
Figure 13. Echoprint of input data for Example CANTl
40
1000 'CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
1010 'DESIGN FOR FS ~ 1.5 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
1020 CONTROL C D 1.50 1.50
1030 WALL 20.00
1040 SURFACE RIGHTSIDE 1
1050 0.00 20.00
1060 SURFACE LEFTSIDE 1
1070 0.00 0.00
1080 SOIL RIGHTSIDE STRENGTH 2 0.00 0.00
1090 110.00 110.00 30.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 10.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1100 122.50 122.50 30.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1110 SOIL LEFTSIOE STRENGTH 1 0.00 0.00
1120 122.50 122.50 30.00 0.00 17.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1130 WATER ELEVATIONS 62.50 10.00 10.00
1140 FINISH
Figure 14. Input file fo r Example CANTl
41
·cANTILEVER RETAINING WALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
'DESIGN FOR FS~1 . 5 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
EI..EV.
I
I
I
-
~
6 . ~I I
I
I
- - - - _\l_
-- - - - -I \7
-- - 10 . 0
I
I
I
I
I - .0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
***** INPUT GEOMETRY *****

DATE : 91/08 /07 TIME: 7 . 56 . 47
Figure 15. Input geometry plot for Example CANTl
DATE: 9 1;o 1; 25 BY CLASSICAL METHODS .
TIME. 9.09.16
SOIL PRESSURES FOR
I.--HEADING
!I.--SOIL PRESSURES
RIGHTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY COULOMB COEFFICIENTS
AND THEORY OF ELASTICITY EQUATIONS FOR SURCHARGE LOADS.
LEFTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY COULOMB COEFFICIENTS
<---NET PRESSURES---->
<-LEFTSIDE PRESSURES-> (SOIL PLUS WATER) <RIGHTSIDE PRESSURES- >
ELEV. PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
(FT) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF)
20.00 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
19.00 .000 .000 43.670 355.913 43.670 355.913
18.00 .000 .000 87.340 711.826 87.340 711.826
17.00 .000 .000 131.011 1067.739 131.011 1067.739
16.00 .000 .000 174.681 1423.652 174.681 1423.652
15.00 .000 .000 218.351 1779.565 218.351 1779.565
14.00 .000 .000 262.021 2135.477 262.021 2135.477
13.00 .000 .000 305.691 2491.390 305.691 2491.390
12.00 .000 .000 349.362 2847.303 349.362 2847.303
11.00 .000 .000 393.032 3203.216 393.032 3203.216
10.00 .000 .000 436.702 3559.129 436.702 3559.129
9.00 .000 .000 460.522 3753.263 460.522 3753.263
8.00 .000 .000 484.342 3947.398 484.342 3947.398
7.00 .000 .000 508.162 4141.532 508.162 4141.532
·6. 00 .000 .000 531.983 4335.666 531.983 4335.666
5.00 .000 .000 555.803 4529.801 555.803 4529.801
4.00 .000 .000 579.623 4723.935 579.623 4723.935
3.00 .000 .000 603.443 4918.069 603.443 4918.069
2.00 .000 .000 627.263 5112.204 627.263 5112.204
1. 00 .000 .000 651.083 5306.338 651.083 5306.338
.00 .000 .000 674.903 5500.472 674.903 5500.472
-1.00 194.134 23.820 504.589 5670.786 698.723 5694.607
-2.00 388.269 47.640 334.275 5841.101 722.543 5888.741
-3.00 582.403 71.460 163.961 6011.415 746.364 6082.875
-3.96 769.295 94.392 .000 6175.375 769.295 6269.767
-4.00 776.537 95.280 -6.354 6181.729 770.184 6277.010
-5.00 970.672 119.101 -176.668 6352.043 794.004 6471.144
-6.00 1164.806 142.921 -346.982 6522.357 817.824 6665.278
-7.00 1358.940 166.741 -517.296 6692.672 841.644 6859.412
-8.00 1553.075 190.561 -687.610 6862.986 865.464 7053.547
-9.00 1747.209 214.381 -857.925 7033.300 889.284 7247.681
-10.00 1941.343 238.201 -1028.239 7203.614 913.104 7441.815
Figure 16. Tabulated initial soil pressures for
Example CANT! (Continued)
43
-11 . 00 2135.477 262.021 -1198.553 7373.928 936.924 7635.950
-12.00 2329.612 285.841 -1368.867 7544.243 960.745 7830.084
-13.00 2523.746 309.661 -1539.181 7714.557 984.565 8024.218
-14.00 2717.880 333.482 -1709.496 7884.871 1008.385 8218.353
-15.00 2912.015 357.302 -1879.810 8055.185 1032.205 8412.487
-16.00 3106.149 381.122 -2050.124 8225.500 1056.025 8606.621
-17.00 3300.283 404.942 -2220.438 8395.814 1079.845 8800.756
-18.00 3494.418 428.762 -2390.752 8566.128 1103.665 8994.890
-19.00 3688.552 452.582 -2561.067 8736.442 1127.485 9189.024
-20.00 3882.686 476.402 -2731.381 8906.756 1151.305 9383.159
-21 . 00 4076.821 500.222 -2901.695 9077.071 1175.126 9577.293
-22.00 4270.955 524.042 -3072.009 9247.385 1198.946 9771.427
-23.00 4465.089 547.863 -3242.323 9417.699 1222.766 9965.562
-24.00 4659.224 571.683 -3412.638 9588.013 1246.586 10159.696
-25.00 4853.358 595.503 -3582.952 9758.327 1270.406 10353.830
-26.00 5047.492 619.323 -3753.266 9928.642 1294.226 10547.964
-27.00 5241.627 643.143 -3923.580 10098.956 1318.046 10742.099
-28.00 5435.761 666.963 -4093.894 10269.270 1341.866 10936.233
-29.00 5629.895 690.783 -4264.209 10439.584 1365.686 11130.367
-30.00 5824.029 714.603 -4434.523 10609.898 1389.507 11324.502
-31.00 6018.164 738.423 -4604.837 10780.213 1413.327 11518.636
-32.00 6212.298 762.244 -4775.151 10950.527 1437. 14 7 11712.770
-33.00 6406.432 786.064 -4945.466 11120.841 1460.967 11906.905
-34.00 6600.567 809.884 -5115.780 11291.155 1484.787 12101.039
-35.00 6794.701 833.704 -5286.094 11461 . 469 1508.607 12295.173
-36.00 6988.835 857.524 -5456.408 11631.784 1532.427 12489.308
-37.00 7182.970 881.344 -5626.722 11802.098 1556.247 12683.442
-38.00 7377.104 905.164 -5797.037 11972.412 1580.067 12877.576
-39.00 7571.238 928.984 -5967.351 12142.726 1603.888 13071.711
-40.00 7765.373 952.804 -6137.665 12313.040 1627.708 13265.845
-41.00 7959.507 976.625 -6307.979 12483.355 1651.528 13459.979
-42.00 8153.641 1000.445 -6478.293 12653.669 1675.348 13654.113
-43.00 8347.776 1024.265 -6648.608 12823.983 1699.168 13848.248
-44.00 8541.910 1048.085 -6818.922 12994.297 1722.988 14042.382
-45.00 8736.044 1071.905 -6989.236 13164.611 1746.808 14236.516
-46.00 8930.178 1095.725 -7159.550 13334.926 1770.628 14430.651
-47.00 9124.313 1119.545 -7329.864 13505.240 1794.448 14624.785
-48.00 9318.447 1143.365 -7500.179 13675.554 1818.269 14818.919
-49.00 9512.581 1167.186 -7670.493 13845.868 1842.089 15013.054
-50.00 9706.716 1191.006 -7840.807 14016.182 1865.909 15207.183
-51 . 00 9900.850 1214.826 -8011.121 14186.497 1889.729 15401. 322
-52.00 10094.984 1238.646 -8181.435 14356.811 1913.549 15595.457
-53.00 10289.119 1262.466 -8351.750 14527.125 1937.369 15789.591
-54.00 10483.253 1286.286 -8522.064 14697.439 1961.189 15983.725
-55.00 10677.387 1310.106 -8692.378 14867.753 1985.009 16177.860
-56.00 10871.522 1333.926 -8862.692 15038.068 2008.829 16371.994
-57.00 11065.656 1357.746 -9033.006 15208.382 2032.650 16566. 128
-58.00 11259.790 1381.567 -9203.321 15378.696 2056.470 16760.263
-59.00 11453.925 1405.387 -9373.635 15549.010 2080.290 16954.397
-60.00 11648.059 1429.207 -9543.949 15719.324 2104.110 17148.531
-61 . 00 11842.193 1453.027 -9714.263 15889.639 2127.930 17342.665
Figure 16. (Concluded)
44
NET SOil AND WATER PRESSURE (PSF)

-10000. -5000. 0 5000. 10000. 15000. 20000. ELEV.
20.0
10.0
NET ACTIVE \.
.0
NET PASSIVE \
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
\
···.•..
·,
··. -60.0
I
NET PRESSURES FOR CANTILEVER WALL DE~:IGN
DATE: 91/08/07 TI11E: 7 . 59 3 4

a. Initial net pressures
Figure 17. Program plots of initial soil pressures for Example CANTl (Continued)
'DESIGN FOR FS~l.S ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
LEFTSIDE PRESSURES (PSF) RIGHTSIDE PRESSURES (PSF)
PASSIVE ACTIVE
20000 . 0 3000. 0 ELEV .
20.0
10.0
PRESSURES FOR CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN

DATE : 91/ 0 8./ 07 TI l'IE : 7 . 59 . 3 4
b. Initial active and passive pressures
is discontinued, the user has the opportunity to edit existing input data,
restart the program, or terminate execution of the program.
86. The summary of results is presented in Figure 18. Optional
complete results are tabulated in Figure 19. Two lines of data will appear
for any elevation at which a discontinuity in shear force or soil pressure
occurs. Optional final design soil pressures are tabulated in Figure 20.
Unless the automatic seepage option has been invoked, the final design soil
pressures will be the same as the initial pressures. Graphical presentations
of the results are shown in Figures 21 through 24 .
Example CANTlA
87. The input data for Example CANTl were edited as shown in Figure 25.
The mode of execution was changed from design to analysis, and the analysis
was performed for a factor of safety of 1.0 for all active pressures. Even
though the Level 1 factor of safety for active pressures is input, all exist-
ing Level 2 and 3 factors for active pressure previously available remain in
effect. If it is necessary for Level 2 and 3 factors to be altered, it will
be more efficient to edit the input file externally from the program. In this
example, all safety factors for Levels 2 and 3 were previously defaulted to
Level 1. The option for factor of safety in this example causes the program
to determine a single passive factor of safety applied to all soils on both
sides of the wall.
88. The summary of results of the analysis is presented in Figure 26.
Other optional results data include a complete tabulation of bending moments,
shears, deflections, net pressure, and final design pressures.
Example CANT2
89. The floodwall driven in layered soil shown in Figure 27 was de-
signed for a factor of safety of 1.0 on all soil pressures. The input file
for this system is given in Figure 28. The coefficient method for soil pres-
sures produces a discontinuity in soil pressures at elevation (el) -10 ft* as
shown in Figures 29 and 30. The discontinuity has been replaced by an average
pressure at el -10 ft, Figures 29 and 31.
90. The summary of results for the design is shown in Figure 32 and the
final design pressures are plotted in Figure 33.
* All elevations cited herein are in feet referred to National Geodetic Ver-
tical Datum of 1929.
47
DATE: 91/01/25 . TIME: 9.11.05
SUMMARY OF RESULTS FOR

I.--HEADING
!I.--SUMMARY

WALL BOTTOM ELEV. (FT) •
• -27.53
PENETRATION (FT) •
• 27.53
MAX. BEND. MOMENT (LB-FT) : 151550.
AT ELEVATION (FT) : -14.00
MAX. SCALED DEFL. (LB-IN3): 1.6666E+11
AT ELEVATION (FT) : 20.00
(NOTE: DIVIOE SCALED DEFLECTION BY MODULUS OF
ELASTICITY IN PSI TIMES PILE MOMENT OF INERTIA
IN IN**4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECTION IN INCHES.)
Figure 18. Summary of results for Example CANTl
48
PROGRAM CWALSHT-DESIGN/ANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEVER SH EET PILE WALLS
DATE: 91101125 BY CLASSICAL METHODS TIME·.
9 . 11 . 05
COMPLETE RESULTS FOR

I.--HEADING
!I.--RESULTS
BENDING SCALED NET
ELEVATION MOMENT SHEAR DEFLECTION PRESSURE
( FT) ( LB-FT) ( LB) (LB-IN3) (PSF)
20.00 0. 0. 1.6666E+11 .00
19.00 7. 22. 1. 6132E+11 43.67
18.00 58. 87. 1. 5598E+11 87.34
17.00 197. 197. 1 . 5064E+ 11 131.01
16.00 466. 349. 1. 4530E+11 174.68
15.00 910. 546. 1.3996E+11 218.35
14.00 1572. 786. 1. 3462E+11 262.02
13.00 2496. 1070. 1. 2928E+11 305.69
12.00 3727. 1397. 1.2395E+11 349.36
11.00 5306. 1769. 1.1863E+11 393.03
10.00 7278. 2184. 1.1331E+11 436.70
9.00 9684. 2632. 1 . 0801 E+ 11 460.52
8.00 12551. 3105. 1.0272E+11 484.34
7.00 15901. 3601. 9.7457E+10 508.16
6.00 19760. 4121. 9.2220E+10 531.98
5.00 24151. 4665. 8.7017E+10 555.80
4.00 29098. 5232. 8.1856E+10 579.62
3.00 34624. 5824. 7.6745E+10 603.44
2.00 40754. 6439. 7.1694E+10 627. 26
1. 00 47511. 70 79. 6.6714E+10 651.08
. 00 54919 . 7742. 6.1816E+10 674.90
-1.00 62969. 8331. 5.7013E+10 504.59
-2.00 71524. 8 751 . 5.2319E+10 33 4.~ 7
-3.00 80414. 9000. 4.7748E+10 163.96
-3.96 89129. 9079. 4.3479E+10 .00
-4.00 89467. 9079. 4.3316E+10 -6.35
-5.00 98514 . 8987 . 3.9039E+10 -176.67
-6.00 107385. 8725. 3.4933E+10 -346. 98
-7 .00 115908. 8293. 3.1011E+10 -517. 30
-8.00 123914. 7691. 2.7290E+10 -687.t>1
-9.00 131233. 6918. 2.3783E+10 -857.92
-10.00 137693. 5975. 2.0503E+10 -1028.24
-11.00 143126. 4861. 1.7460E+10 -1198.55
-12.00 147360. 3578. 1.4665E+10 -1368.87
Figure 19. Complete results for Example CANTl (Continued)
49
-13.00 150224. 2124. 1.2124E+10 -1539.18
-14.00 151550. 499. 9.8421E+09 -1709.50
-15.00 151167. -1295. 7.8221E+09 -1879.81
-16.00 148903. -3260. 6.0630E+09 -2050.12
-17.00 144589. -5396. 4.5609E+09 -2220.44
-18.00 138055. -7701. 3.3084E+09 -2390.75
-19.00 129130. -10177. 2.2941E+09 -2561.07
-20.00 117644. -12823. 1.5025E+09 -2731.38
-21.00 103427. -15640. 9.1386E+08 -2901.70
-22.00 86308. -18627. 5.0351E+08 -3072.01
-22.15 83475. -19090. 4.5549E+08 -3097.60
-23.00 66387. -20831. 2.4187E+08 -1000.21
-24.00 45467. -20597. 9.4806E+07 1468.03
-25.00 26015. -17895. 2.6521E+07 3936.26
-26.00 10499. -12725. 3.7570E+06 6404.49
-27.00 1388. -5086. 5.7948E+04 8872.73
-27.53 0. 0. O.OOOOE+OO 10189.84
(NOTE: DIVIDE SCALED DEFLECTION BY MODULUS OF
tLASTICITY IN PSI TIMES PILE MOMENT OF INERTIA
so
III.--SOIL PRESSURES
ELEVATION < LEFTSIDE PRESSURE (PSF)> <RIGHTSIDE PRESSURE (PSF)>
(FT) PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
20.00 o. 0. o. 0.
19.00 0. o. 44. 356.
18.00 0. o. 87. 712.
17.00 o. o. 131. 1068.
16.00 o. 0. 175. 1424.
15.00 0. 0. 218. 1780.
14.00 0. 0. 262. 2135.
13.00 o. 0. 306. 2491.
12.00 0. o. 349. 2847.
11.00 0. o. 393. 3203.
10.00 0. o. 437. 3569.
9.00 o. 0. 461. 3753.
8.00 o. 0. 484. 3947.
7.00 0. 0. 508. 4142.
6.00 0. o. 532. 4336.
5.00 0. 0. 556. 4530.
4.00 o. o. 580. 4724.
3.00 0. 0. 603. 4918.
2.00 0. 0. 627. 5112.
1. 00 0. o. 651. 5306.
0.00 0. 0. 675. 5500.
-1.00 194. 24. 699. 5695.
-2.00 388. 48. 723. 5889.
-3.00 582. 71. 746. 6083.
-3.96 769. 94. 769. 6270.
-4.00 777. 95. 770. 6277.
-5.00 971. 119. 794. 6471.
-6.00 1165. 143. 818. 6665.
-7.00 1359. 167. 842. 6859.
-8.00 1553. 191. 865. 7054.
-9.00 1747. 214. 889. 7248.
-10.00 1941. 238. 913. 7442.
-11.00 2135. 262. 937. 7636.
-12.00 2330. 286. 961. 7830.
-13.00 2524. 310. 985. 8024.
-14.00 2718. 333. 1008. 8218.
-15.00 2912. 357. 1032. 8412.
-16.00 3106. 381. 1056. 8607.
-17.00 3300. 405. 1080. 8801.
-18.00 3494. 429. 1104. 8995.
-19.00 3689. 453. 1127. 9189.
-20.00 3883. 476. 1151 . 9383.
-21.00 4077. 500. 1175. 9677.
-22.00 4271 . 524. 1199. 9771.
-22.15 4300. 528. 1203. 9801.
-23.00 4465. 548. 1223. 9966.
-24.00 4659. 572. 1247. 10160.
-25.00 4853. 596. 1270. 10354.
-26.00 5047. 619. 1294. 10548.
-27.00 5242. 643. 1318. 10742.
-27.53 5436. 667. 1342. 10936.
-29.00 5630. 691. 1366. 11130.
Figure 20. Final design soil pressures for Example CANTl
51
'DESIGN FOR FS~1.5 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
ELEV. SCALED DEFLECTION (LE-IN**3)

2 . E+11 0
20.
10.
0.
-28.
CANTILEVE~ DESIGN DATE : 91/08/07 TI ~!E : S . 0 t· . 0 1
Figure 21. Program plot of scaled deflection for Example CANTl

ElEV. SHEAR (lE) BENDING MOMENT (lE-FT)

30000. 0 15000. 50000. 0 200000 .
20.
10.
0.
-28.
CANTILEVER DESIGN DATE : 91/08/07 TI l·!E : 8 . 0 6 . 01
Figure 22 . Program plot of shear force and bending moment for Example CANTl
'DESIGN FOR FS~l . 5 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
ElEV. NET PRESSURE (PSF)

5000. 0 20000 .
20 .
~
II-
~
h
J(
tt
K
tt'
10. ------~~--------------------------------
l(o4
1¢
l(o4
~
K)
~.
K)l
0. ~·
----------!~~
tt'
II"
~
-4 •
.:.
l)t
Jo)t
-~
.Jit
-~
.-J~t
-~
J4
~
"H
J4
"H
J4
...•1
"H
. ,.__
~=·--
-28 . ~----~~~~~~~~~--------~------~
CANTilEVER DESIGN DATE : ·~ 1/0 8/ 07 TI HE : ~: . 0 6 . 01
Figure 23. Program plot of design net pressures for Example CANTl
'DESIGN FOR FS~1 . 5 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
LEFTSIDE DESIGN PRESSURES CPSF) RIGHTSIDE DESIGN PRESSURES (PSF)
PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE

20000. 0 2000 . 0 ELEV. 0 2000. 0 20000 .
20. ~
~.
10 . •
V1
V1
•
0.
.~
'
A I
I ~
Jl
II •II
II
-28 .
r r T
CANTILEVER DESI GN DATE : 91/0 8/ 07 TII1E : 8 . 0 6 . 01
Fi gure 24. Progr am plot of final soil pressures for Example CANTl
DATE: 08/22/89 TIME: 1:14:55

? f
ENTER INPUT FILE NAME (6 CHARACTERS MAXIMUM).
? cant11
INPUT COMPLETE.
TO A FILE, TO BOTH, OR NEITHER?
ENTER 'TERMINAL', 'FILE', 'BOTH', OR 'NEITHER'.
? n
INPUT COMPLETE.
? y
MAJOR DATA SECTIONS AND STATUS

SECTION CONTENTS STATUS
1•••••.••••••.• HEAOING •••.••....••. 2 LINES
2.•...•••.••..• CONTROL .....•....... CANTILEVER DESIGN
3.•.•...•....•. WALL DATA .•.....•..• FOR DESIGN
4.••........... SURFACE DATA ....•••• RIGHTSIDE 1 POINTS
LEFTSIDE 1 POINTS
5••..•.•.•....• SOIL LAYERS •........ RIGHTSIDE 2 LAYERS, STRENGTHS
LEFTSIDE 1 LAYERS, STRENGTHS
6 ...•••...•..•• WATER •...•......••.. ELEVATIONS AVAILABLE
7..••.....•..•• VERTICAL LOADS ..•... NONE
8•............. HORIZONTAL LOADS .... NONE
ENTER SECTION NUMBER TO BE EDITED, 'STATUS', OR 'FINISHED'.
? 1
ENTER NUMBER OF HEADING LINES (1 TO 4).
? 2
ENTER 2 HEADING LINE(S).
? analysis of cantilever retaining wall designed in Example CANT1
? fs = 1 for all active pressures
? 2
ENTER WALL TYPE: 'CANTILEVER' OR 'ANCHORED'.
? c
ENTER MODE: 'DESIGN' OR 'ANALYSIS'.
? a
ENTER FACTOR OF SAFETY OPTION FOR ANALYSIS.
( 1 = SAME FS CALCULATED FOR BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE PRESSURES.
2 = FS FOR ACTIVE PRESSURES INPUT, FS FOR PASSIVE PRESSURES
CALCULATED.)
? 2
ENTER LEVEL 1 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR ACTIVE PRESSURES.
? 1
Figure 25. Editing for Example CANTlA (Continued)
56
************************************************************
CHANGE IN WALL TYPE OR MODE REQUIRES NEW WALL DATA SECTION.
*****************************************~*$****************
ENTER DATA FOR CANTILEVER WALL ANALYSIS.
ELEV. AT TOP ELEV. AT WALL MODULUS OF MOMENT OF
OF WALL (FT) BOTTOM (FT) ELASTICITY INERTIA
(PSI) (IN**4/FT)
? 20 -27.53 2.9e7 280.8

? f
INPUT COMPLETE.
? n
INPUT COMPLETE.
? n
DO YOU WANT INPUT DATA SAVED IN A FILE?
? n
? n
? y
SOLUTION COMPLETE.
DO YOU WANT RESULTS PRINTED TO YOUR TERMINAL,
TO A FILE, OR BOTH?
? t
DO YOU WANT COMPLETE RESULTS OUTPUT?
? n
DO YOU WANT TO PLOT RESULTS?
? n
OUTPUT COMPLETE.
? n
LAST INPUT FILE PROCESSED= 'CANT1I'.
00 YOU WANT TO MAKE ANOTHER RUN?

? n

Fi gure 25. (Conc l uded )
57
DATE: 91/01/25 TIME: 10.30.07

CANTILEVER WALL ANALYSIS
I.--HEADING
'ANALYSIS OF CANTILEVER RETAINING WALL DESIGNED IN EXAMPLE CANT1
'FS = 1 FOR ALL ACTIVE PRESSURES
!I.--SUMMARY

PASSIVE FACTOR OF SAFETY .• 2.27
MAX. BEND. MOMENT (LB-FT) .•• 109346 .
AT ELEVATION (FT) . -14.00
MAXIMUM DEFLECTION ~IN~ .. 1.4774E+01
AT ELEVATION FT .
. 20.00
Figure 26. Summary of results for Example CANTlA
58
EL
+10
+ 9. 75
yw = 62.5 PCF
0
--
Ysat = Ymst = 112.5 PCF Ysat = Ymst = 112.5 PCF
41=0 ~=-0
c = 500 PSF c a 500 PSF

o•O o .. o
-10 :1::
Ysat = Ymst = 112.5 PCF Ysat = Ymst = 112.5 PCF
¢1 :a 0 ~ ,. 0
-IS c :a 1000 PSF c :a 1000 PSF
Figure 27. System for Example CANT2
1000 'FLOOOWALL IN COHESIVE LAYERED SOIL WITH

1010 'HIGH STRENGTH LAYER UNDERLYING WEAKER SOIL
1020 CONTROL C 0 1 1
1030 WALL 10
1040 SURFACE BOTHSIOES 1
1050 0 0
1060 SOIL BOTHSIDES STRENGTH 2 0 0
1070 112.5 112.5 0 500 0 0 -10 0 0 0
1080 112.5 112.5 0 1000 0 0 0 0
1090 WATER ELEVATIONS 62.5 9.75 0
1100 FINISH
Figure 28. Input file for Example CANT2
59
DATE: 91/01/25 TIME: 10.39.37
SOIL PRESSURES FOR

I.--HEADING
_'FLOODWALL IN COHESIVE LAYERED SOIL WITH
'HIGH STRENGTH LAYER UNDERLYING WEAKER SOIL
!I.--SOIL PRESSURES
<-LEFTSIDE PRESSURES- > ~SOIL PLUS WATER) <RIGHTSIDE PRESSURES- >
ELEV. PASSIVE ACTIVE A TIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
. FT) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF)
~0.00 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
9.75 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
9.00 .000 .000 46.875 46.875 .000 .000
8.00 .000 .000 109.375 109.375 .000 .000
7.00 .000 .000 171.875 171.875 .000 .000
6.00 .000 .000 234.375 234.375 .000 .000
5.00 .000 .000 296.875 296.875 .000 .000
4.00 .000 .000 359.375 359.375 .000 .000
3.00 .000 .000 421.875 421.875 .000 .000
2.00 .000 .000 484.375 484.375 .000 .000
1.00 .000 .000 546.875 546.875 .000 .000
.00+ .000 .000 609.375 609.375 .000 .000
.00- 1000.000 .000 -390.625 1609.375 .000 1000.000
-1.00 1050.000 .000 -440.625 1659.375 .000 1050.000
-2.00 1100.000 .000 -490.625 1709.375 .000 1100.000
-3.00 1150.000 .000 -540.625 1759.375 .000 1150.000
-4.00 1200.000 .000 -590.625 1809.375 .000 1200.000
-5.00 1250.000 .000 -640.625 1859.375 .000 1250.000
-6.00 1300.000 .000 -690.625 1909.375 .000 1300.000
-7.00 1350.000 .000 -740.625 1959.375 .000 1350.000
-8.00 1400.000 .000 -790.625 2009.375 .000 1400.000
-9.00 1450.000 .000 -840.625 2059.375 .000 1450.000
-10.00+ 1500.000 .000 -1390.625 2609.375 .000 1500.000
-10.00- 2500.000 .000 -1390.625 2609.375 .000 2500.000
Figure 29. Initial soil pressures for Example CANT2 (Continued)
60
-11.00 2550.000 .000 -1940.625 3159.375 .000 2550.000
-12.00 2600.000 .000 -1990.625 3209.375 .000 2600.000
-13.00 2650.000 .000 -2040.625 3259.375 .000 2650.000
-14.00 2700.000 .000 -2090.625 3309.375 .000 2700.000
-15.00 2750.000 .000 -2140.625 3359.375 .000 2750.000
-16.00 2800.000 .000 -2190.625 3409.375 .000 2800.000
-17.00 2850.000 .000 -2240.625 3459.375 .000 2850.000
-18.00 2900.000 .000 -2290.625 3509.375 .000 2900.000
-19.00 2950.000 .000 -2340.625 3559.375 .000 2950.000
-20.00 3000.000 .000 -2390.625 3609.375 .000 3000.000
-21.00 3050.000 .000 -2440.625 3659.375 .000 3050.000
-22.00 3100.000 .000 -2490.625 3709.375 .000 3100.000
-23.00 3150.000 .000 -2540.625 3759.375 .000 3150.000
-24.00 3200.000 .000 -2590.625 3809.375 .000 3200.000
-25.00 3250.000 .000 -2640.625 3859.375 .000 3250.000
-26.00 3300.000 .000 - 2690.625 3909.375 .000 3300.000
-27.00 3350.000 . 000 -2740.625 3959.375 .000 3350.000
-28.00 3400.000 .000 - 2790.625 4009.375 .000 3400.000
-29.00 3450.000 .000 -2840.625 4059.375 .000 3450.000
-30.00 3500.000 .000 -2890.625 4109.375 . 000 3500.000
-31 . 00 3550.000 .000 -2940.625 4159.375 .000 3550.000
Fi gure 29. (Conc l ude d )
61
•FLOODWALL IN COHESIVE LAYERED SOIL WITH

4000. 0 0. 0 ELEV. 0 0.0 4000.
19.8
.0
-10 . 0
-30.0
PRESSURES FOR CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN

DATE : 91/08 /07 TIME: 8 . 37 . 27
Figure 30. Initial active and passive pressures for Example CANT2
'FLOODWALL IN COHESIVE LAYERED SOIL WITH
NET SOil AND WATE~ P~ESSU~E (PSF)

-3750 . -2500. -1250 . 0 1250. 2500. 3750 . 5000. ELEV .
19.8
NET ACTIVE
.0
NET PASSIVE
\
\
~
..__ -10 . 0
'""\
\
\
\
\
-30 . 0
I
NET PRESSURES FOR CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN
DATE: 91/08/07 TIME : 8 . 37.27
Figure 31 . Initial net pressures for Example CANT2
DATE: 91/01/25 TIME: 14.09.19

I.--HEADING
!I.--SUMMARY

WALL BOTTOM ELEV. (FT ) : -13.58
PENETRATION ( FT ) : 13.58
MAX. BEND. MOMENT (LB-FT ) : 18648.
AT ELEVATION (FT ) : -6.00
MAX. SCALED DEFL. (LB-IN3 ) : 5.0887E+09
AT ELEVATION (FT ) : 10.00
( NOTE: DIVIDE SCALED DEFLECTION BY MODULUS OF
IN IN**4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECTION IN INCHES. )
Figure 32. Summary of r esults for Examp l e CANT2
64
EI.EV. NET PRESSURE (PSF)

2000. 0 4000 .
0.
• ~
~
~
~
M
M
M
M
-10. _ _;;:;_........:4
- ~~---------------------
-14 .
·---- • •
CANTilEVER DESIGN DATE: 91/08/07 TIHE: 8 • 'iA ':••' • 1?-
Figure 33. Final design net pressures for Example CANT2

Example CANT3
91. The floodwalljlevee system shown in Figure 34 requires a wedge
method for evaluation of the soil pressures. The input file for this system
is given in Figure 35, and execution of the program is shown in Figure 36.
The plot of input geometry presented in Figure 37 is distorted since the plot
limits specified (see Figure 36) do not define a square.
92. The sweep search wedge method was selected (see Figure 36) for
evaluation of the design pressures. The resulting pressures are shown in
Figures 38, 39, and 40. The weak layer between el -1 and -4 ft on the left
side results in low passive pressures on the left side of the wall. When the
leftside passive, rightside active, and net water pressures are combined, the
total net pressure in the vicinity of the weak layer has a spurious reversal
of direction near the weak layer. Execution was terminated at this point, the
program was restarted, and the fixed wedge method was selected for solution.
93. The soil pressures produced by the fixed wedge method are shown in
Figures 41, 42, and 43. It should be emphasized that the fixed wedge tends to
overestimate passive pressures for this situation. It is the responsibility
of the user to judge the validity of the results.
94. The summary of results and complete output for this example are
tabulated in Figures 44 and 45.
Anchored Walls
Example ANCHl
95. The anchored wall shown in Figure 46 was designed for a factor of
safety of 1.0 for all effects. The input file for this system is given in
Figure 47. Even though the soil surfaces are unsymmetric, the soil layer data
may be described as "symmetric" since the layer data are the same (including
layer bottom elevation and bottom slope) for each soil layer on each side.
Note that the moist unit weight has been used for the soil above el 22 ft for
the soil on the rightside and the buoyant unit weight has been calculated by
the program from the saturated unit weight for the soil below water on each
side of the wall. The plot of input geometry and a schematic of the surface
surcharge loads are shown in Figures 48 and 49, respectively. An echoprint of
the input data is shown in Figure 50.
66
40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40
14.5 --
9.0
L1 R1
4.0
L2 R2
0.0
1.0
L4 R3
4.0
L5 R4
-6.7
"'
-.....)
a. Wall and soil profile
Layer X (PSF) ! (DEX;)
R1 102.5 23
R2 122.5 30
R3 102.5 23
R4 122.5 30
L1 107.5 23
L2 122.0 30
L3 122.5 30
L4 102.5 23
L5 122.5 30
b. Soil properties
Figure 34. System for Example CANT3
1000 'CANTILEVER FLOODWALL DESIGN - GRANULAR SOIL
1010 'IRREGULAR GROUND SURFACE
1020 'INTERSPERSED STRONG AND WEAK SOIL LAYERS
1030 CONTROL C D 1.50 1.50
1040 WALL 14.50
1060 0.00 9.00 2.00 9.00 26.50 2.50
1070 45.00 1 .00
1090 0.00 9.00 8.00 9.00 32.50 2.50
1100 46.00 1 . 00
1110 SOIL RIGHTSIDE STRENGTH 4 0.00 0.00
1120 102.50 102.50 23.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1130 122.50 122.50 30.00 0.00 0.00 0 . 00 -1 . 00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1140 102.50 102.50 23.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1, 50 122.50 122.50 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1, 60 SOIL LEFTSIDE STRENGTH 5 0.00 0.00
1170 107.50 107.50 23.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1, 80 122.00 122.00 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1, 90 122.50 122.50 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -1.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1200 102.50 102.50 23.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 -4.00 0 .00 0.00 0.00
1210 122.50 122.50 30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 .00
1220 WATER ELEVATIONS 62.50 14.50 0.00
1230 FINISH
Figure 35. Input fi l e for Example CANT3
68
DATE: 08/24/89 TIME: 1:,7:47

? F
ENTER INPUT FILE NAME (6 CHARACTERS MAXIMUM).
?cant3i
INPUT COMPLETE.
? n
INPUT COMPLETE.
? n
? y
MAXIMA AND MINIMA DEFINED BY INPUT DATA
<-ELEVATION (FT)- > <DIST. FROM WALL (FT) >
MAXIMUM MINIMUM LEFTSIDE RIGHTSIDE
14.50 -4.00 46.00 45.00
ENTER DESIRED PLOT LIMITS
<------ELEVATION (FT)------ > <DIST. FROM WALL (FT) >
TOP OF PLOT BOTTOM OF PLOT LEFTSIDE RIGHTSIDE
? 15 -5 50 50
------------------- -------------------
- (NOTE: GEOMETRY PLOT PRODUCED HERE. )-
---------------------------- -------
DO YOU WANT TO REPLOT INPUT GEOMETRY WITH DIFFERENT LIMITS?
? n
? y
DO YOU WANT SOIL PRESSURES CALCULATED BY THE SWEEP SEARCH WEDGE METHOD
OR BY THE FIXED SURFACE WEDGE METHOD?
ENTER 'SWEEP' OR 'FIXED'.
? s
DO YOU WANT A LISTING OF SOIL PRESSURES
BEFORE CONTINUING WITH THE DESIGN?
ENTER ' YES' OR 'NO'.
? y
Figure 36. Progr am execution for Example CANT3 (Continu ed)
69
DO YOU WANT SOIL PRESSURES PRINTED TO YOUR TERMINAL, TO A FILE, OR BOTH?
? f
ENTER OUTPUT FILE NAME (6 CHARACTERS MAXIMUM).
? cant3o
DO YOU WANT TO PLOT SOIL PRESSURES?
? y
-------------------------------------
-(NOTE: PRESSURE PLOTS PRODUCED HERE. )-
---------------------------------------
? n
? n
LAST INPUT FILE PROCESSED= 'CANT3I'.
JUTPUT SAVED IN FILE 'CANT30'.
DO YOU WANT TO MAKE ANOTHER RUN?

? n

70
'CANTILEVER FLOODWALL DESIGN - GRANULAR SOIL
'IRREGULAR GROUND SURFACE
ElE'V.
I
I - - - _\l_
- - - - -- 14 . 5
~
15 . 'e-, I
I •
I
I
I
1~- ,
...
·-.__,
9.0
I
I
I 4 .0
I
I .......
--..
I
V'
- I
I
-- .0
-1 . 0
I
I
-4 0
I
I

DATE : 91/08/07 TIME: 8.55 . 08
Figure 37. Program plot of input geometry for Example CANT3

DATE: 91/01/25 TIME: 14.30.34
SOIL PRESSURES FOR

I.--HEADING
'INTERSPERSED STRONG AND WEAK SOIL LAYERS
!I.--SOIL PRESSURES
RIGHTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY SWEEP SEARCH WEDGE METHOD.
LEFTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY SWEEP SEARCH WEDGE METHOD.
<-LEFTSIDE PRESSURES-> ~SOIL PLUS WATER) <RIGHTS! DE PRESSURES->
ELEV. PASSIVE ACTIVE A TIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
( FT) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF)
14.50 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
13.50 .000 .000 62.500 62.500 .000 .000
12.50 .000 .000 125.000 125.000 .000 .000
11.50 .000 .000 187.500 187.500 .000 .000
10.50 .000 .000 250.000 250.000 .000 .000
9.50 .000 .000 312.500 312.500 .000 .000
9.00 .000 .000 343.750 343.750 .000 .000
8.50 93.974 30.743 292.465 379.224 11.439 34.967
8.00 187.948 61.486 241.180 414.698 22.879 69.934
7.50 281.922 92.229 189.895 440.526 34.318 95.255
6.50 469.871 153.716 86.844 477.213 56.715 130.929
5.67 626.102 204.826 .000 512.346 74.149 165.219
5.50 657.819 215.202 -17.631 519.478 77.688 172.180
4.50 845.767 276.688 -123.244 563.255 97.523 214.943
4.00 1050.726 279.489 -296.176 701.688 98.300 324.927
3.50 1256.551 281.303 -468.427 838.955 100.624 432.758
2.50 1429.349 339.226 -553.305 906.950 126.044 496.176
1. 50 1604.186 397.135 -640.626 1005.525 151.060 590.160
.50 1795.248 454.643 - 744.007 1107.223 176.241 686.866
.00 1866.377 479.744 -771.145 1162.352 188.981 735.846
-.50 1898.738 497.538 -790.696 1193.582 201.792 784.870
-1.00 1681.018 565.104 -536.943 1066.912 237.825 725.766
-1.50 1147.520 631.301 31.202 925.157 272.472 650.208
-2.50 1145.500 651.375 53.298 900.205 292.548 645.329
-3.50 1185.500 666.658 33.374 893.594 312.624 654.002
-4.00 1700.696 613.900 -500.755 1167.445 293.691 875.096
-4.50 2325.258 565.511 -1142.995 1437.220 276.014 1096.481
-5.50 2078.532 590.496 -871.213 1482.311 301.069 1166.556
-6.50 2011.210 609.770 -778.876 1550.244 326.084 1253.763
-7.5(; 2016.781 630.558 -759.231 1622.582 351.300 1346.890
-8.50 2057.014 654.046 -773.948 1697.049 376.817 1444.846
Figure 38. Initial soil pressures for Example CANT3

by sweep search wedge method
72
NET SOIL AND WATER PRESSURE (PSF)

-2250. -1500 . -750. 0 750. 1500. 2250. 3000. ELEV.
14 . 5
NET ACTIVE 9.0
NET PASSIVE \. 4.0

-......1
w
-1 :8
-4 . 0
\
\
\
-21 .0
I
NET PRES~URES FOR CANTILEVER WALL DESIGN
DATE : 91/08/ 07 TIME : 9.00.49
Figure 39. Net pressures by sweep search method for Example CANT3
' CANTILEVER FLOODWALL DESIGN - GRANULAR SOIL

4000 . 0 1000 . 0 ELEV . 0 1000.0 4000 .
14 . 5
9.0
•
A l l
-....!
~
4.0
-1:8
1l -.
-4.0
-21.0
PRESSURES FOR CANTILEVER WAll DESIGN

DATE : 91/0 8 I 0 7 Til1E 9 00 . 49
Figure 40. Active and passive soil pressures by sweep search method for Example CANT3
DATE: 91 ; 01125 BY CLASSICAL METHODS
TIME: 14.55.51
SOIL PRESSURES FOR

!.=--HEADING
!I.--SOIL PRESSURES
RIGHTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY FIXED SURFACE WEDGE METHOD.
LEFTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY FIXED SURFACE WEDGE METHOD.
<---NET PRESSURES---- >

<-LEFTSIDE PRESSURES- > (SOIL PLUS WATER) <RIGHTSIDE PRESSURES->
ELEV. PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
( FT) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF)
14.50 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
13.50 .000 .000 62.500 62.500 .000 .000
12.50 .000 .000 125.000 125.000 .000 .000
11. 50 .000 .000 187.500 187.500 .000 .000
10.50 .000 .000 250.000 250.000 .000 .000
9.50 .000 .000 312.500 312.500 .000 .000
9.00 .000 .000 343.750 343.750 .000 .000
8.50 93.974 30.743 292.466 379.296 11 . 439 35.039
8.00 187.948 61.487 241.190 414.660 22.887 69.896
7.50 281.921 92.230 189.934 447.067 34.355 101.796
6.50 469.869 153.716 86.599 503.203 56.468 156.920
5.65 626.715 206.329 .000 546.517 73.821 199.953
5.50 655.201 215.884 -15.728 554.384 76.973 207.768
4.50 877.715 268.122 -159.872 628.279 92.844 271.401
4.00 1050.361 279.895 -297.563 703.792 96.548 327.437
3.50 1235.723 290.701 -446.473 793.256 101.751 396.457
2.50 1494.709 339.005 -621.151 923.105 123.559 512.110
1. 50 1696.395 397.236 -734.912 1029.440 148.983 614.176
.50 1894.575 454.600 -845.277 1136.768 174.298 716.368
.00 1983.799 477.968 -891.259 1198.494 186.289 770.212
-.50 1991.890 508.192 -881.223 1200.303 204.417 802.245
-1.00 1869.335 564.811 -727.846 1121.403 235.239 779.965
-1. 50 1748.609 615.173 -579.605 1042.409 262.755 751.332
-2.50 1695.647 652.471 -498.417 1024.485 290.980 770.706
-3.50 1785.201 644.281 -579.203 1121 . 538 299.7~8 859.569
-4.00 1938.599 610.637 -742.363 1258.882 289.986 963.268
-4.50 2103.093 578.851 -915.218 1407.364 281.625 1079.965
-5.50 2232.868 578.243 -1029.978 1547.458 296.639 1219.450
-6.50 2289.035 599.585 -1060.223 1626.438 322.562 1319. 773
-7.50 2354.047 619. 706 -1099.909 1708.511 347.889 1421.967
-8.50 2421.707 640.273 -1142.110 1790.180 373.347 1524.202
Figure 41. Initial pressures for Example CANT3

by fix ed surface wedge method
75
. i,t.l. 1···r·l
. ' ·-" ~l ' ·•;·'E
. ... ·"'l~·
.t.... , :_.[ ..
I::--I· ..:•. ,r)r.n~ I •T..
• J - .• ~ . ,, .1:
.••-J·•.-..,.,.
]-:ir_-:-,:
• T..... _ .• _"\1. 1
.... I.--~-;:AJ:
• ,. -·
....•
.
·~Tl"L&F.··
.... L.
···· .-. II
-)
·-
I
..... _,
-- 15 0 0 . -- l (I 0 0 . ·- ~j I] I] . 0 5[1[1 . 1.000 . 11] I] I] . ELEV .
t..- ..-·-----··t·--·--·---·-··-···-~. --··-·· ···------·-t-··- -----+---·--·-t . - ---------r ·-·--- --1

t 4. 5
I ··.\.
li E~ T 1-(:T I VE
I
·...
.\
I '·\
I '·.. ...4 . r··'
--- I . ...-·-· · . . . .
•..-·"
I ..
..·
......
-··f
-·-···_.....· ~ . [I
.....··'
./"
·~,-·- ·......._
_.~·...../"
··-..,_
..•
-·-····
.. ··.•._ .D
1._ ... _..-....._ •..··' -· 1 . [I
-...
~
,_,_-···-·--
>
.J•• •
·-._ ..___..
.,.-
II
1
·..
~.
l ·, ... ..... t:•

&..•
.• I •
...
I ·_) fiTE . q
... 1 ..··.·,-,1
-- ..········,
..: ·-·
c TINE : 14 . 55 . 51
Figure 42. Net pressure by fixed surface wedge method for Example CANT3
LEFTSIDE DESIGN PRESSURES (PSF) RIGHTSIDE DESIGN PRESSURES (PSF)

3000. 0 700. 0 ELEV. 0 700.0 3000.
15.
9.
4.
0.
-1.
-4.
-6.
CANTILEVER DESIGN DATE: 91/08/07 T I l'IE : 9 . 07 . 02
Figure 43. Active and passive soil pressures by fixed surface wedge method for Example CANT3
DATE: 91/01/25 TIME: 14.58.23

I.--HEADING
!I.--SUMMARY
RIGHTSIDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY FIXED SURFACE WEDGE METHOD.

LEFTS IDE SOIL PRESSURES DETERMINED BY FIXED SURFACE WEDGE METHOD.
WALL BOTTOM ELEV. (FTj .. -5.29
PENETRATION FT .
. 14.29
MAX. BEND. MOMENT (LB-FT) ... 10352.
AT ELEVATION (FT) • 1. 50
MAX. SCALED DEFL. ( LB- IN3): 1. 8430E+09
AT ELEVATION (FT) : 14.50
fLA3TICITY IN ?SI TIMES PILE MOMENT OF IN~RTIA
Figure 44. Summary of results for Example CANT3
78
DATE: 91101125 BY CLASSICAL METHODS .
TIME. 14.58.23

I.--HEADING
!I.--RESULTS
BENDING SCALED NET
ELEVATION MOMENT SHEAR DEFLECT-ION PRESSURE
(FT) ( LB-FT) (LB) (LB-IN3) (PSF)
14.50 o. 0. 1.8430E+09 .00
13.50 10. 31. 1.6901E+09 62.50
12.50 83. 125. 1.5373E+09 125.00
11.50 281. 281. 1.3846E+09 187.50
10.50 667. 500. 1.2324E+09 250.00
9.50 1302. 781. 1.0814E+09 312.50
9.00 1733. 945. 1.0067E+09 343.75
8.50 2247. 1104. 9.3270E+08 292.47
8.00 2833. 1238. 8.5970E+08 241.19
7.50 3480. 1346. 7.8792£+08 189.93
6.50 4903. 1484. 6.4919E+08 86.60
5.65 6180. 1520. 5.3831E+08 .00
5.50 6413. 1519. 5.1895E+08 -15.73
4.50 7901. 1431. 3.9978E+08 -159.87
4.00 8591. 1317. 3.4516E+08 -297.56
3.50 9206. 1131 . 2.9424E+08 -446.47
2.50 10085. 597. 2.0455E+08 -621.15
1. 50 10352. -81. 1.3219E+08 -734.91
. 50 9886 . -871. 7.7618E+07 -845.28
. 00 9343 . -1305. 5.6798E+07 -891.26
-.31 8902. -1577. 4.6061E+07 -885.12
-.50 8580. -1739. 4.0006E+07 -791.58
-1.00 7621. -2075. 2.6914E+07 -550.47
-1. 50 6525. -2290. 1.7110E+07 -309.36
-2.50 4161. -2358. 5.4439E+06 172.86
-3.50 1970. -1944. 9.9318E+05 655.09
-4.00 1090. -1556. 2.7739E+05 896.20
-4.50 433. -1048. 4.0337E+04 1137.31
-5.29 0. 0. O.OOOOE+OO 1517.94
Figure 45. Complete results for Example CANT3
79
EL Surcharge 500 PSF
+30
+26 -
\1 \7
+22
- --
y =a 62.5 PCF
w
Ysat = 120.5 PCF

Ymst = 105.0 PCF
~ • 30°
c 2 0
0
0 = 20°
//f:¥1'/
Ysat = 120.5 PCF

Ymst = 105.0 PCF
~ • 30°
c = 0
-15 0 • 20° ~
Figure 46. System for Example ANCHl
1000 'ANCHORED RETAINING WALL IN GRANULAR SOIL

1010 'DESIGN FOR FS = 1 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
1020 CONTROL A D 1.00 1.00
1030 WALL 30.00 26.00
1050 0.00 30.00
1070 0.00 0.00
1080 SOIL BOTH STRENGTH 1 0.00 0.00
1090 128.50 105.00 30.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
1, 00 WATER ELEVATIONS 62.50 22.00 22.00
1110 VERTICAL UNIFORM RIGHTSIDE 500.00
1120 FINISH
Figure 47. Input file for Example ANCHl
80
•ANCHORED RETAINING WALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
'DESIGN FOR FS~l ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
EI.EY .
I
I
I(]
9. IE;-1 I
I
I - 30 . 0
I h.
IJ" 26 . 0
- - - - _"'\)_
- - - -
Ilr- - - - _"'\)_
- - - - 22 . 0
-- I --
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
.0
I
I
I
I

DATE : 91/0 8/0 7 T I l•lE : 9 . 47 . 08
Figure 48. Program plot of input geometry for Example ANCHl

'ANCHORED RETAINING ~ALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
DISTRIBUTED LOADS tPSF)

500
CX>
N
ELEV.
l I
30 . 0
I
I
10 . 0' I 5.0'
lf1
""[
'1.. ./
~ ... h..I
.....
I
I
I
- .0
***** SURFACE LOADS *****

DATE : 91/0 8/0 7 TI~IE : 9 . 53 . 04
Figure 49. Schematic of surface surcharge loads for Example ANCHl
PROGRAM CWAL 3HT-DESIGNIANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS
DATE: 91I0 1125 BY CLASSICAL METHODS .
TIME. 15.13.01
~ INPUT DATA ij
I.--HEADING:
'ANCHORED RETAINING WALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
'DESIGN FOR FS=1 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
!I.--CONTROL
ANCHORED WALL DESIGN
LEVEL 1 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR ACTIVE PRESSURES - 1. 00
LEVEL 1 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR PASSIVE PRESSURES - 1. 00
III.--WALL DATA
ELEVATION AT TOP OF WALL 30.00 (FT)
ELEVATION AT ANCHOR 26.00 (FT)
TV.--SURFACE POINT DATA
IV.A--RIGHTSIDE
WALL ( FT) (FT)
.00 30.00
IV.B-- LEFTSIDE
WALL (FT) ( FT)
.00 .00
V.--SOIL LAYER DATA
SAT. MOIST INTERNAL COH- WALL ADH- <--BOTTOM-- > <-FACTOR- >
(PCF) (PCF) (DEG) (PSF) (DEG) (PSF) ( FT) ( FT I FT )
128.50 105.00 30.00 .0 20.00 .0 DEF DEF
ANGLE OF ANGLE OF <-SAFETY- \
SAT. MOIST INTERNAL COH- WALL ADH- <--BOTTOM-- > <-FACTOR- >
(PCF ) ( PCF ) (DEG ) ( PSF ) (DEG) (PSF) ( FT ) l FT I FT )
128.50 105.00 30.00 .0 20.00 .0 DEF DEF
VI.--WATER DATA
UNIT WEIGHT -- 62.50 tCF)
RIGHTSIDE ELEVATION -- 22.00 FT ~
LEFTSIDE ELEVATION - - 22.00 FT
NO SEEPAGE
VII.--SURFACE LOADS
VII.A.--RIGHTSIDE SURFACE LOADS
VII.A.1.--SURFACE LINE LOADS
NONE
VII.A.2.--SURFACE DISTRIBUTED LOADS
UNIFORM LOAD = 500.00 (PSF)
VII.B.-- LEFTSIDE SURFACE LOADS
NONE
VIII.--HORIZONTAL LOADS
NONE
Figure 50. Echoprin t of input data for Example ANCHl
83
96. The summary of results and complete results (excluding final de-
sign soil pressures) for each of the three methods of anchored wall design are
given in Figures 51 through 54. Plots of the results for the free earth
method are shown in Figures 55 through 58. Similar plots are available for
the equivalent beam and fixed earth design methods.
97. Preliminary design data resulting from application of Rowe's
moment reduction are shown in Figure 59. The properties of the sheet pile
sections incorporated in CWALSHT are presented, along with the allowable
stress and modulus of elasticity for these sections input during execution.
As many as five additional sections may be supplied by the user during execu-
tion. The results of applying Rowe's moment reduction coefficients are shown
in Part III of Figure 59. Note that some of the available sections do not
admit to application of a moment reduction . Ratios of allowable moment to the
reduced free earth moment (maximum bending moment from the free earth design
method times the reduction coefficient) are shown in the last two columns of
Part III of Figure 59. A value of this ratio less than 1.0 indicates that the
section will be over-stressed.
98. Curves of Rowe's moment reduction coefficients for the particular
value of wall height ratio (a= 0.78) are shown in Figure 60. Also shown on
this plot are the ratios (shown as circles) of allowable bending moment to the
maximum free earth moment for sheet pile sections that fall within the limits
of the plot. If the circle for a section lies above the curve for one of the
''loose'' or ''dense'' descriptors, that section will not be over-stressed in this
wall/soil system.
Example ANCH2
99. The anchored wall shown in Figure 61 was designed using the auto-
matic seepage option. The input file and echoprint of input for this system
are given in Figures 62 and 63. The initial soil pressures, Figure 64, are
obtained for a beginning trial seepage gradient of 0.0001. Because the design
depth of penetration is different for each anchored wall method, the final
seepage gradient and, hence, final design pressures will be unique for each
procedure.
100. The summary of results, Figure 65, presents the design parameters
obtained for each method . Complete results and final design soil pressures
for the free earth method are shown in Figures 66 and 67 . Similar results as
well as graphical output may be selected for any or all of the three methods
employed for anchored wall design.
84
PROGRAM CWALSHT-OESIGN/ANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS
OAT E: 91 I 0 1I 25 TIME: 15. 15. 56

I.--HEADING
!I.--SUMMARY

METHOD .. FREE EARTH EQUIV. BEAM FIXED ~:ARTH
WALL BOTTOM ELEV. ~FT~ •

•
. -8.46 -13.85 -14.40
PENETRATION FT • 8.46 13.85 14.40
MAX. BEND. MOMENT (LB-FT) ... -71921. -54816. -51212.
AT ELEVATION (FT) • 9.00 11. 00 11.00
MAX. SCALED DEFL. (LB-IN3):. 1.4639E+10 -7.9612E+09 9.3456E+09
AT ELEVATION (FT) • 9.00 -13.85 10.00
ANCHOR FORCE (LB) .. 84 71 . 7410. 7170.
(NOTE: PENETRATION FOR EQUIVALENT BEAM

METHOD DOES NOT INCLUDE INCREASE
PRESCRIBED BY DRAFT EM 1110-2-2906.)
Figure 51. Summary of results for Example ANCHl
85
DATE: 91/01/25 TIME: 15.15.56

BY FREE EARTH METHOD
I.--HEADING
!I.--RESULTS (ANCHOR FORCE -- 8471. (LB))
BENDING SCALED NET
( FT) (LB-FT) (LB) (LB-IN3) (PSF)
30.00 0. 0. -5.4160E+09 139.69
29.00 75. 154. -4.0628E+09 169.03
28.00 318. 338. -2.7093E+09 198.36
27.00 761. 551. -1.3553E+09 227.70
26.00 1430. 793. O.OOOOE+OO 257.03
26.00 1430. -7678. O.OOOOE+OO 257.03
25.00 -6114. -7406. 1.3554E+09 286.37
24.00 -13372. -71.05. 2.7003E+09 315.70
23.00 -20315. -6775. 4.0221E+09 345.04
22.00 -26912. -6415. 5.3089E+09 374.37
21.00 -33137. -6031 . 6.5492E+09 392.81
20.00 -38969. -5629. 7.7323E+09 411.25
19.00 -44389. -5209. 8.8482E+09 429.69
18.00 -49381. -4770. 9.8874E+09 448.13
17.00 -53923. -4313. 1.0841E+10 466.57
16.00 -58000. -3837. 1.1702E+10 485.01
15.00 -61591. -3343. 1.2463E+10 503.45
14.00 -64679. -2830. 1.3117E+10 521.89
13.00 -67245. -2299. 1.3660E+10 540.33
12.00 -69271. -1749. 1.4086E+10 558.77
11.00 -70738. -1181. 1.4393E+10 577.21
10.00 -71627. -595. 1.4578E+10 595.65
9.00 -71921. 10. 1.4639E+10 614.09
8.00 -71601. 633. 1.4576E+10 632.52
7.00 -70649. 1275. 1.4389E+10 650.96
6.00 -69045. 1935. 1.4080E+10 669.40
5.00 -66772. 2614. 1.3652E+10 687.84
4.00 -63812. 3311. 1.3109E+10 706.28
3.00 -60145. 4026. 1.2455E+10 724.72
2.00 -55753. 4760. 1.1698E+10 743.16
1. 00 -50618. 5513. 1.0845E+10 761.60
. 00 -44721 . 6283. 9.9038E+09 780.04
-1.00 -38108. 6883. 8.8858E+09 419.83
-2.00 -31075. 7123. 7.8020E+09 59.61
-2. 17 -29895. 7128. 7.6171E+09 .00
-3.00 -23982. 7003. 6.6645E+09 -300.60
-4.00 -17189. 6522. 5.4855E+09 -660.81
-5.00 -11058. 5681. 4.2767E+09 -1021.03
-6.00 -5947. 4480. 3.0487E+09 -1381.24
-7.00 -2218. 2919. 1.8102E+09 -1741.45
-8.00 -230. 997. 5.6757E+08 -2101.67
-8.46 0. 0. O.OOOOE+OO -2266.11
lNOTE: DIVIDE SCALED DEFLECTION BY MODULUS OF
IN IN**4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECTION IN INCHES.j
Figure 52. Complete results for free earth method

for Example ANCHl
86
DATE: 9 1; 01 ; 25 BY CLASSICAL METHODS
TIME: 15.15. 56

BY EQUIV. BEAM METHOD
I.--HEADING
!I.--RESULTS (ANCHOR FORCE - 7410. (LB))
BENDING SCALED NET
(FT) (LB-FT) (LB) (LB-IN3) ( PSF)
30.00 0. 0. -3.3642E+09 139.69
29.00 75. 154. -2.5239E+09 169.03
28.00 318. 338. -1.6834E+09 198.36
27.00 761. 551. -8.4240E+08 227.70
26.00 1430. 793. O.OOOOE+OO 257.03
26.00 1430. -6616. O.OOOOE+OO 257.03
25.00 -5053. -6345. 8.4277E+08 286.37
24.00 -11249. -6044. 1.6769E+09 315.70
23.00 -17130. -5713. 2.4915E+09 345.04
22.00 -22666. -5354. 3.2767E+09 374.37
21.00 -27830. -4970. 4.0227E+09 392.81
20.00 -32600. -4568. 4. 7207E+09 411.25
19.00 -36959. -4148. 5.3624E+09 429.69
18.00 -40889. -3709. 5. 9403E+09 448.13
17.00 -44371. -3251. 6.4477E+09 466.57
16.00 -47386. -2775. 6.8784E+09 485.01
15.00 -49915. -2281. 7.2273E+09 503.45
14.00 -51942. -1769. 7.4900E+09 521.89
13.00 -53446. -1237. 7.6630E+09 540.33
12.00 -54411. -688. 7.7438E+09 558.77
11.00 -54816. -120. 7.7306E+09 577.21
10.00 -54644. 466. 7.6228E+09 595.65
9.00 -53877. 1071. 7.4207E+09 614.09
8. 00 -52496. 1695. 7. 1255E+09 632.52
7.00 -50482. 2336. 6.7397E+09 650.96
6.00 -47817. 2997 . 6.2668E+09 669.40
5.00 -44482. 3675. 5.7113E+09 687.84
4.00 -40460. 4372. 5.0791E+09 706.28
3.00 -35732. 5088. 4.3771E+09 724.72
2.00 -30278. 5822. 3.6134E+09 7 43. 16
1.00 -24082. 6574. 2.7975E+09 761.50
.00 -17124. 7345. 1.9401E+09 780.04
-1.00 -9449. 7945. 1.0532E+09 419.83
-2.00 -1355. 8185. 1.5007E+08 59.61
-2.17 0. 8189. O.OOOOE+OO .00
-3.00 6800. 8064. -7.5541E+08 -300.60
-4.00 14653. 7583. -1.6492E+09 -660.81
-5.00 21846. 6742. -2.5177E+09 -1021.03
-6.00 28018. 5541. -3.3487E+09 -1381. 24
-7.00 32809. 3980. -4.1314E+09 -1741.45
-8.00 35858. 2058. -4.8577E+09 -2101.67
-9.00 36806. -223. -5.5223E+09 -2461.88
-10.00 35291. -2865. -6.1237E+09 -2822.09
-11.00 30955. -5868. -5.6645E+09 -3182.31
-12.00 23436. -9230. -7.1523E+09 -3542.52
- 13 .00 12375. -12953. -7.6000E+09 -3902.73
-13.85 0. -16379. -7.9612E~09 -4207. 12
(NOTE : DIVIDE SCALED DEFLECTION BY MODULUS OF
IN IN**4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECTION IN INCHES. j
Figure 53. Complete results for equivalent beam method for example ANCHl
87
PROGRAM CWALSHT-DESIGN/ANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEVER SH EET PILE WALLS
DATE: 91/01/25 TIME: 15.15.56

BY FIXED EARTH METHOD
I.--HEADING
!I.--RESULTS ( ANCHOR FORCE - 7170. (LB))
BENDING SCALED NET
30.00 0. 0. -3.7241E+09 139.69
29.00 75. 154. -2.7938E+09 169.03
28.00 318. 338. -1 . 8634E+09 198.36
27.00 761. 551. -9.3235E+08 227.70
26.00 1430. 793. O.OOOOE+OO 257.03
26.00 1430. -6376. O.OOOOE+OO 257.03
25.00 -4812. -6104. 9.3280E+08 286.37
24.00 -10769. -5803. 1.8573E+09 315.70
23.00 -16409. -5473. 2.7633E+09 345.04
22.00 -21705. -5113. 3.6409E+09 374.37
21.00 -26628. -4730. 4.4811E+09 392.81
20.00 -31158. -4328. 5.2754E+09 411.25
19.00 -35277. -3907. 6.0158E+09 429.69
18.00 -38967. -3468. 6.6954E+09 448.13
17.00 -42208. -3011. 7.3077E+09 466.57
16.00 -44983. -2535. 7.8471E+09 485.01
15.00 -47272. -2041 . 8.3089E+09 503.45
14.00 -49058. -1528. 8.6890E+09 521.89
13.00 -50323. -997. 8.9845E+09 540.33
12.00 -51047. -448. 9.1931E+09 558.77
11.00 -51212. 120. 9.3135E+09 577.21
10.00 -50800. 707. 9.3456E+09 595.65
9.00 -49792. 1312. 9 .2899E+09 614. 09
8.00 -48170. 1935. 9.1483E+09 632.52
7.00 -45916. 2577. 8.9235E+09 650.96
6.00 -43011. 3237. 8.6195E+09 669.40
5.00 -39436. 3915. 8.2413E+09 687.84
4.00 -35174. 4613. 7.7950E+09 706.28
3.00 - 30205. 5328. 7.2880E+09 724.72
2.00 -24511. 6062. 6.7290E+09 743.16
1. 00 -18075. 6814. 6.1277E+09 761. 60
. 00 -10876. 7585 . 5.4953E+09 780.04
-1.00 -2961. 8185. 4.8442E+09 419.83
-2.00 5374. 8425. 4.1880E+09 59. 61
-2. 17 6768. 8430. 4.0799E+09 . 00
- 3 .00 13768. 8304. 3.5411E+09 -300.60
-4.00 21862. 7824. 2 .9180E+09 -660. 81
-5.00 29296. 6983. 2.3326E+09 -1021. 03
-6.00 35 708. 5782. 1.7976E+09 -1381.24
-7.00 40739. 4220. 1. 3241 E+09 -1741.45
-8.00 44028. 2299. 9. 2082 E+08 -2101.67
-9.00 45216. 1 7. 5.9328E+08 -2 461. 88
-10.00 43942. -2625. 3.4353E+08 -2822 . 09
-11 .00 398 46. -5627. 1.6929E+08 -3182.31
-12 . 00 32567 . -8990. 6 . 3455 E+0 7 -35 42 . 52
-13 . 00 21746. -12712. 1. 338 4E+0 7 -390 2 . 73
-1 4. 00 7023 . -1 679 5. 3 . 2791 E+05 -4Z62 . 95
-14 .40 0. -18519. O.OOOOE+OO -4406.~4
( NOTE: DIVIDE SCALED DEFL ECTION BY MODULUS OF

ELASTICITY IN PSI TI MES PILE MOMENT OF IN ERTIA
IN IN**4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECT I ON IN INCHES. )
Figure 54. Complete results for fixed earth method for Example ANCHl
88
ElEV. SCAlED DEFlECTION (lB-IN**3)

2 . E+1 0 0 1.£+10
30.
26 .
22.
0.
-
-
H
D .
FREE EARTH DESIGN DATE : 91 / 0S/ 07 TI ~tE : 1 0 . 0 6 . 4 9
Figure 55. Scal e d defl e c t ion f or f r ee earth meth od f or Examp le ANCHl

'ANCHORED RETAINING YALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
ElEV. SHEAR (lB) BENDING MOMENT (lB-FT)

8000. 0 8000. 80000. 0 20000.
30 .
26 .
22.
0.
-8 .
FREE EARTH DESIGN DATE: 91/0::: . / 0 7 TIME: 10 . 06 . 49
Figure 56. Shear and bending moment diagrams for free earth method for Example ANCHl
•ANCHORED RETAINING YALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
ElEV. NET PRESSURE (PSF)

3000 . 0 1500 .
30 .
WJ'
10&
26. ~·
~--
10. . .
10-
22.
~-
II
10
\0
~--
10
1--'
~~-
to
10
~-
0. ------------------------~~~~~
II
-olllll
-----.:::::!!!!!!!!!~~
::.4
-8 .
Fi gure 57. Net pres sures f or fr ee earth method f or Example ANCHl

'ANCHORED RETAINING VALL IN GRANULAR SOIL
'DESIGN FOR FS~1 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
LEFTSIDE DESIGN PRESSURES CPSF) RIGHTSIDE DESIGN PRESSURES (PSF )

20000 . 0 1000. 0 ELEV . 0 1000 . 0 20000 .
•
30 .
22.
0.
-8.
FREE EARTH DESIGN DATE : 91/0 8/07 TI~E 10 . 06 . 49

Figure 58 . Active and passive soil pressures for free earth method for Example ANCHl
TIME. 15.15.56
PRELIMINARY DESIGN DATA FOR

FREE EARTH DESIGN IN SAND
I.--HEADING
!I.--DESIGN PARAMETERS
WALL HEIGHT RATIO (ALPHA) = .78
ANCHOR HEIGHT RATIO (BETA)= .10
SHEET PILE DATA:
<SECTION PROPERTIES >
(PER FOOT OF WALL )
SHEET SECTION MOMENT OF ALLOWABLE MODULUS OF
PILE MODULUS INERTIA STRESS ELASTICITY
NAME (IN**3) (IN**4) (PSI) (PSI)
PZ40 60.70 490.80 24000. 2.90E+07
PZ38 46.80 380.80 24000. 2.90E+07
PZ35 48.50 361.20 24000. 2.90E+07
PZ32 38.30 220.40 24000. 2.90E+07
PZ27 30.20 184.20 24000. 2.90E+07
PZ22 18.10 84.40 24000. 2.90E+07
PLZ25 32.80 223.25 24000. 2.90E+07
PLZ23 30.20 203.75 24000. 2.90E+07
!!I.--PRELIMINARY DESIGN DATA

SHEET ROWE'S MOMENT RATIO OF ALLOWABLE MOMENT TO
PILE LOG(H**4/EI) REDUCTION COEF. REDUCED FREE EARTH MOMENT
LOOSE DENSE LOOSE DENSE
PZ40 -3.81 1. 00* 1 . 00* 1.69 1.69
PZ38 -3.70 1.00* 1.00* 1. 30 1 . 30
PZ35 -3.68 1 . 00* 1 • 00* 1.35 1.35
PZ32 -3.47 1.04 .61 1.03 1.76
PZ27 -3.39 .96 .58 .88 1.45
PZ22 -3.05 . 68 . 48 .74 1.05
PLZ25 -3.47 1.04 .61 .88 1.50
PLZ23 -3.43 1.00 .59 . 84 1 • 41
* REDUCTION NOT APPLICABLE DUE TO

LOG(H**4/EI) LESS THAN -3.5 OR GREATER THAN -1.5.
Figure 59. Preliminary design information from application of Rowe's

moment reduction procedure
93
'DESIGN FOR FS~1 ON BOTH ACTIVE AND PASSIVE
ROWE'S MOMENT REDUCTION FOR SAND (AlPHA= .78)

1.2
1.0 "'- --7"')1:'
·¥ ) ~ ~·~z2~
.8 ~
'0'1..:>'
~
-
M
Mo
.6
==--- n~
r-._
II
·-JIIIo.
I
J1llo.
6o 6o
"'OOSE
.4 ;:::; -- ............ I
~/ J...)LJ.l ")[
~
.2
.0
-3 . 5 -3.0 -2.5 -2 . 0 -1.5
LOG (H**4/EI)
DATE : 91/0 8/0 7 TIME : 11 . 00 . 59

Figure 60. Rowe's moment reduction curves for Example ANCHl
94
- 10
--
,Anchor
- 15
Ysat = Ymst = 122.5 PCF

~ = 30 °
c = 0
0 = 0
0
--
Ysat = ymst = 122.5 PCF
~ = 30°
c ::r 0 y = 62.5 PCF
w
:S :a 0
Automatic Seepage
- 30
Figur e 61 . System fo r Examp l e ANCH2
1000 'ANCHORED RETAINING WALL IN GRANULAR SOIL

1010 'WITH AUTOMATIC SEEPAGE
1020 C A D 1
1030 WALL 20 15
1030 SUR R 1 0 20
1040 SUR L 1 0 0
1050 SOIL BOTH S 1
1060 122.5 122.5 30 0 0 0
1070 WATER E 62.5 20 0 0 AUTOMATIC
1080 FINISH
Fi gure 62. I nput fi l e for Examp l e ANCH2
95
PROGRAM CWALSHT-DESIGNIANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEVER SHEET PILE WALLS
DATE: 91101125 TIME: 16.46.02
!
INPUT DATA ~
I.--HEADING:
'WITH AUTOMATIC SEEPAGE
!I.--CONTROL
LEVEL 1 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR ACTIVE PRESSURES - 1.00
LEVEL 1 FACTOR OF SAFETY FOR PASSIVE PRESSURES= 1.00
III.--WALL DATA
ELEVATION AT TOP OF WALL 20.00 (FT)
ELEVATION AT ANCHOR 15.00 (FT)
IV.--SURFACE POINT DATA
IV.A--RIGHTSIDE
WALL (FT) ( FT)
.00 20.00
IV.B-- LEFTSIDE
WALL ( FT) (FT)
.00 .00
V.--SOIL LAYER DATA
ANGLE OF ANGLE OF <-SAFETY->
122.50 122.50 30.00 .0 .00 .0 DEF DEF
ANGLE OF ANGLE OF <-SAFETY->
122.50 122.50 30.00 .0 .00 .0 DEF DEF
VI.--WATER DATA
UNIT WEIGHT 62.50 PCF)
RIGHTSIDE ELEVATION - 20.00 FTl
LEFTSIDE ELEVATION - . 00 FT
SEEPAGE ELEVATION .00 FT
SEEPAGE GRADIENT AUTOMATIC
VII.--SURFACE LOADS
NONE
VIII.--HORIZONTAL LOADS
NONE
Figure 63. Echoprint of input data for Example ANCH2
96
TIME. 16.46.14
SOIL PRESSURES FOR

I.--HEADING
!I.--SOIL PRESSURES
AND THEORY OF ELASTICITY EQUATIONS FOR SURCHARGf LOADS.
************************************************************
SOIL PRESSURES ARE REPORTED FOR A SEEPAGE GRADIENT = .0001
AND MAY CHANGE WITH AUTOMATIC ADJUSTMENT OF THE GRADIENT.
************************************************************
<-LEFTSIDE PRESSURES-> (SOIL PLUS WATER) <RIGHTSIDE PRESSURES->
ELEV. PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
(FT) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF) (PSF)
20.00 .000 .000 .000 .000 .000
19.00 .000 .000 82.500 20.000 180.000
18.00 .000 .000 165.000 40.000 360.000
17.00 .000 .000 247.500 60.000 540.000
16.00 .000 .000 330.000 80.000 720.000
15.00 .000 .000 412.500 100.000 900.000
14.00 .000 .000 495.000 120.000 1080.000
13.00 .000 .000 577.500 140.000 1260.000
12.00 .000 .000 660.000 160.000 1440.000
11 . 00 .000 .000 742.500 180.000 1620.000
10.00 .000 .000 825.000 200.000 1800.000
9.00 .000 .000 907.500 220.000 1980.000
8.00 .000 .000 990.000 240.000 2160.000
7.00 .000 .000 1072.500 260.000 2340.000
6.00 .000 .000 1155.000 280.000 2520.000
5.00 .000 .000 1237.5CO 300.000 2700.000
4.00 .000 .000 1320.000 320.000 2880.000
3.00 .000 .000 1402.500 340.000 3060.000
2.00 .000 .000 1485.000 360.000 3240.000
1. 00 .000 .000 1567.500 380.000 3420.000
.00 .000 .000 1650.000 400.000 3600.000
Figure 64. Initial soil pressures for Example ANCH2 (Continued)
97
-1.00 179.931 19.998 1490.008 420.002 3780.019
-2.00 359.963 39.996 1330.017 440.004 3960.037
-3.00 539.944 59.994 1170.025 460.006 4140.056
-4.00 719.925 79.992 1010.033 480.008 4320.075
-5.00 899.906 99.990 850.042 500.010 4500.094
-6.00 1079.888 119.988 690.050 520.013 4680.112
-7.00 1259.869 139.985 530.058 540.015 4860.131
-8.00 1439.850 159.983 37.0.067 560.017 5040.150
-9.00 1619.831 179.981 210.075 580.019 5220.169
-10.00 1799.813 199.979 50.083 600.021 5400.187
-10.3.1 1856.153 206.239 .000 606.282 5456.540
-11.00 1979.794 219.977 -109.908 620.023 5580.206
-12.00 2159.775 239.975 -269.900 640.025 5760.225
-13.00 2339.756 259.973 -429.892 660.027 5940.244
-14.00 2519.737 279.971 -589.883 680.029 6120.262
-15.00 2699.719 299.969 -749.875 700.031 6300.281
-16.00 2879.700 319.967 -909.867 720.033 6480.300
-17.00 3059.681 339.965 -1069.858 740.035 6660.319
-18.00 3239.662 359.963 -1229.850 760.038 6840.338
-19.00 3419.644 379.960 -1389.842 780.040 7020.356
-20.00 3599.625 399.958 -1549.833 800.042 7200.375
-21.00 3779.606 419.956 -1709.825 820.044 7380.394
-22.00 3959.587 439.954 -1869.817 840.046 7560.412
-23.00 4139.569 459.952 -2029.808 860.048 7740.431
-24.00 4319.550 479.950 -2189.800 880.050 7920.450
-25.00 4499.531 499.948 -2349.792 900.052 8100.469
.. 26. 00 4679.512 519.946 -2509.783 920.054 8280.487
- 2 7. 00 4859.494 539.944 -2669.775 940.056 8460.506
-28.00 5039.475 559.942 -2829.767 960.058 8640.525
-29.00 5219.456 579.940 -2989.758 980.060 8820.544
-30.00 5399.437 599.938 -3149.750 1000.063 9000.562
-31.00 5579.419 619.935 -3309.742 1020.065 9180.581
-32.00 5759.400 639.933 -3469.733 1040.067 9360.600
-33.00 5939.381 659.931 -3629.725 1060.069 9540.619
-34.00 6119.362 679.929 -3789.717 1080.071 9720.637
-35.00 6299.344 699.927 -3949.708 1100.073 9900.656
-36.00 6479.325 719.925 -4109.700 1120.075 10080.675
-37.00 6659.306 739.923 -4269.692 1140.077 10260.694
-38.00 6839.287 759.921 -4429.683 1160.079 10440.713
-39.00 7019.269 779.919 -4589.675 1180.081 10620.731
-40.00 7199.250 799.917 -4749.667 1200.083 10800.750
-41.00 7379.231 819.915 -4909.658 1220.085 10980.769
-42.00 7559.212 839.913 -5069.650 1240.088 11160.788
-43.00 7739.194 859.910 -5229.642 1260.090 11340.806
-44.00 7919.175 879.908 -5389.633 1280.092 11520.825
-45.00 8099.156 899.906 -5549.625 1300.094 11700.844
-46.00 8279.137 919.904 -5709.617 1320.096 11880.863
-47.00 8459.119 939.902 -5869.608 1340.098 12060.881
-41.00 8639.100 959.900 -6029.600 1360. 100 12240.900
-49.00 8819.081 979.898 -6189.592 1380.102 12420.919
-50.00 8999.062 999.896 -6349.583 1400. 104 12600.938
-51. 00 9179.044 1019.894 -6509.575 1420.106 12780.956
-52.00 9359.025 1039.892 -6669.567 1440. 108 12960.975
-53.00 9539.006 1059.890 -6829.558 1460. 110 13140.994
-54.00 9718.987 1079.888 -6989.550 1480. 113 13321.013
-55.00 9898.969 1099.885 -7149.542 1500.115 13501.031
-56.00 10078.950 1119.883 -7309.533 1520.117 13681.050
-57.00 10258.931 1139.881 -7469.525 1540. 11 9 13861.069
-58.00 10438.913 1159.879 -7629.517 1560.121 14041.088
-59.00 10618.894 1179.877 -7789.508 1580.123 14221.106
-60.00 10798.875 1199.875 -7949.500 1500. 125 1440 1 . 12 5
-61.00 10978.856 1219.873 -8109.492 1520.127 14581 . 144
98
PROGRAM CWALSHT- DES IGN/ANALYSIS OF ANCHORED OR CANTILEV ER SHEET PILE WALLS
DATE: 91/01/25 TI ME: 16 .46. 32

ANCHORED WALL -DESIGN
I.--HEADING
I I.--SUMMARY

METHOD : FREE EARTH EQUIV. BEAM FIXED EARTH
WALL BOTTOM ELEV. ( FT) : -25.24 -35.17 -33.17
PENETRATION (FT) : 25.24 35.17 33. 17
MAX. BEND. MOMENT (LB-FT) : -155633. -107284. -122038.
AT ELEVATION (FT) : -1.00 1. 00 1. 00
MAX. SCALED DEFL. (LB-IN3): 3.9503E+10 -1.3715E+10 2.6013E+10
AT ELEVATION (FT) : -4.00 -26.00 -2.00
ANCHOR FORCE (LB) •
• 17684 . 14400. 15453.
SEEPAGE GRADIENT •
• .3956 .2841 .3011
( NOTE: PENETRATION FOR EQUIVALENT BEAM

METHOD DOES NOT INCLUDE INCREASE
PRESCRIBED BY DRAFT EM 1110-2-2906.)
Figure 65 . Summary of results for Example ANCH2
99
DATE: 91/01/25 TIME: 16.46.32

BY FREE EARTH METHOD
I.--HEADING
!I.--RESULTS (ANCHOR FORCE - 17684. (LB))
BENDING SCALED NET
20.00 o. 0. -1.7104E+10 .00
19.00 14. 41. -1.3684E+10 82.50
18.00 110. 165. -1.0264E+10 165.00
17.00 371. 371. -6.8437E+09 247.50
16.00 880. 660. -3.4226E+09 330.00
15.00 1719. 1031. O.OOOOE+OO 412.50
15.00 1719. -16652. O.OOOOE+OO 412.50
14.00 -14714. -16199. 3.4205E+09 495.00
13.00 -30651. -15662. 6.8157E+09 577.50
12.00 -46011. -15044. 1.0158E+10 660.00
11.00 -60711. -14342. 1.3421E+10 742.50
10.00 -74668. -13559. 1.6579E+10 825.00
9.00 -87800. -12692. 1.9608E+10 907.50
8.00 -100025. -11744. 2.2486E+10 990.00
7.00 -111260. -10712. 2.5191E+10 1072.50
6.00 -121422. -9599. 2.7704E+10 1155.00
5.00 -130429. -8402. 3.0007E+10 1237.50
4.00 -138199. -7124. 3.2085E+10 1320.00
3.00 -144649. -5762. 3.3924E+10 1402.50
2.00 -149696. -4319. 3.5514E+10 1485.00
1.00 -153259. -2792. 3.6845E+10 1567.50
. 00 -155254 . -1184. 3.7911E+10 1650.00
-1.00 -155633. 403. 3.8710E+10 1522.96
-2.00 -154490. 1862. 3.9239E+10 1395.93
-3.00 -151951. 3195. 3.9502E+10 1268.89
-4.00 -148143. 4400. 3.9503E+10 1141.85
-5.00 -143193. 5478. 3.9248E+10 1014.81
-6.00 -1~7228. 6430. 3.8745E+10 887.78
-7.00 -130376. 7254. 3.8006E+10 760.74
-8.00 -122763. 7951. 3.7041E+10 633.70
-9.00 -114516. 8521. 3.5864E+10 506.66
-10.00 -105762. 8965. 3.4490E+10 379.63
-11.00 -96629. 9281. 3.2932E+10 252.59
-12.00 -87243. 9470. 3.1208E+10 125.55
-12.99 -77843. 9532. 2.9356E+10 .00
-13.00 -77732. 9532. 2.9333E+10 -1.48
-14.00 -68222. 9467. 2.7324E+10 -128.52
-15.00 -58841. 9275. 2.5197E+10 -255.56
-16.00 -49715. 8956. 2.2968E+10 -382.60
-17.00 -40972. 8510. 2.0653E+10 -509.63
-18.00 -32738. 7936. 1.8268E+10 -636.67
-19.00 -25141. 7236. 1. 5825E+ 10 -763.71
-20.00 -18308. 6409. 1.3339E+10 -890.75
-21.00 -12366. 5455. 1.0822E+10 -1017.78
-22.00 -7 441. 4373. 8.2823E+09 -1144.82
-23.00 -3661. 3165. 5.7301E+09 -1271.86
-24.00 -1153. 1830. 3.1714E+09 -1398.89
-25.00 -44. 367. 6.1043E+08 -1525.93
-25.24 0. 0. O.OOOOE+OO -1556.21
~N IN**4 TO OBTAIN DEFLECTION IN INCHES.)
Figure 66 . Complete results for free earth method for

Example ANCH2
100
III.--SOIL PRESSURES
ELEVATION < LEFTSIOE PRESSURE (PSF)> <RIGHTSIOE PRESSURE (PSF)>
(FT) PASSIVE ACTIVE ACTIVE PASSIVE
20.00 0. 0. 0. 0.
19.00 0. 0. 20. 180.
18.00 0. 0. 40. 360.
17.00 0. 0. 60. 540.
16.00 0. 0. 80. 720.
15.00 0. 0. 100. 900.
14.00 0. 0. 120. 1080.
13.00 0. 0. 140. 1260o
12.00 Oo 0. 160. 1440o
11.00 0. Oo 180. 1620o
10.00 Oo 0. 200o 1800o
9.00 0. 0. 220. 1980o
8.00 Oo 0. 240. 2160o
7.00 Oo Oo 260. 2340.
6o00 Oo 0. 280. 2520o
5o00 0. 0. 300. 2700.
4.00 0. 0. 320o 2880o
3.00 0. 0. 340. 3060o
2.00 0. 0. 360o 3240o
1.00 Oo 0. 380o 3420.
0.00 Oo 0. 400o 3600.
-1.00 106. 12o 428. 3854.
-2o00 212. 24o 456. 4108.
-3.00 318. 35. 485. 4362o
-4o00 423. 47o 513. 4617o
-5.00 529o 59. 541. 4871o
-6.00 635. 71o 569. 5125.
-7.00 741. 82. 598. 5379o
-8.00 847o 94. 626o 5633o
-9.00 953o 106. 654. 5887o
-10.00 1058o 118. 682. 6142.
-11.00 1164. 129. 711. 6396.
-12.00 1270o 141. 739. 6650o
-12.99 1375o 153. 767. 6901o
-13.00 1376. 153o 767. 6904.
-14.00 1482o 165. 795o 7158.
-15.00 1588. 176. 824. 7412.
-16.00 16930 188o 852o 7667.
-17.00 1799. 200. 880o 7921.
-18.00 19050 212o 908o 8175.
-19o00 2011o 223. 937. 8429.
-20o00 2117o 235o 965o 868.3 0
-21.00 2223o 247o 993. 8937o
-22.00 2328o 259o 1021o 9192.
-23o00 2434o 270o 1050o 9446o
-24o00 2540. 282. 1078. 9700.
-25o00 2646o 294. 1106. 9954o
-25.28 2676o 297o 1114 0 10026o
Figure 67. Final soil pressures for free earth method

for Example ANCH2
101
REFERENCES
Bowles, Joseph E. 1977. Foundation Analysis and Design. 2d ed., McGraw-Hill,

New York.
Dawkins, W. P. 1982 (Jun). "User's Guide: Computer Program for Analysis of
Beam-Column Structures With Nonlinear Supports (CBEAMC)," Instruction
Report K-82-6, US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Department of the Army. 1970 (Nov). "Engineering and Design, Design of Pile
Structures and Foundations, EM 1110-2-2906 (Draft)," Washington, DC.
Richart, F. E., Jr. 1960 (Feb). "Anchored Bulkhead Design by Numerical
Method," Journal of the Soil Mechanics and Foundations Division. American
Society of Civil Engineers, Vol 86, No . SMl.
Rowe, P. W. 1952. "Anchored Sheet Pile Walls," Proceedings of Institution of
Civil Engineers. Vol 1, Part 1, pp 27-70 .
_ _ _ _ _ . 1957 (July). "Sheet Pile Walls in Clay," Proceedings of Institu-
tion of Civil Engineers. Vol 7, pp 629-654.
Terzaghi, K. 1943 . Theoretical Soil Mechanics. Wiley, New York.
United States Steel Corporation. 1974. "Steel Sheet Piling Design Manual,"
Pittsburgh, PA.
102
APPENDIX A: GUIDE FOR DATA INPUT
Source of Input
1. Input data may be supplied from a predefined data file or from the
user terminal during execution. If data are supplied from the user terminal,
prompting messages are printed to indicate the amount and character of data to
be entered .
Data Editing
2. When all data for a problem have been entered, the user is offered
the opportunity to review an echoprint of the currently available input data
and to revise any or all sections of the input data before execution is
attempted. When editing is performed during execution, each section must be
entered in its entirety.
Input Data File Generation
3. After data have been entered from the terminal, either initially or
after editing, the user may direct the program to write the input data to a
permanent file in input data file format.
Data Format
4. All input data (whether supplied from the user terminal or from a
file) are read in free-field format:
a. Data items must be separated by one or more blanks (COMMA
SEPARATORS ARE NOT PERMITTED).
b. Integer numbers must be of form NNNN .
c. Real numbers may be of form
+xxxx, +xx.xx, or +xx.xxE+ee
d. User responses to all requests for control by the program for
alphanumeric input may be abbreviated by the first letter of the
indicated word response, e.g.,
ENTER 'YES' OR 'NO'--respond Y or N
ENTER 'CONTINUE' OR 'END'--respond CorE
Al
Sections of Input
5. Input data are divided into the following sections:

!.HEADING (Required).
II.CONTROL (Required).
III.WALL DATA (Required).
IV.SOIL SURFACE DATA (Required).
V.SOIL PROFILE DATA (Required).
VI . WATER DATA (Optional).
VII.VERTICAL LOAD DATA (Optional).
VIII.HORIZONTAL LOAD DATA (Optional).
IX.TERMINATION (Required).
Units
6. The program expects data to be provided in units of inches, feet, or

pounds as noted in the guide that follows. No provision is made for conver -
sion to other systems of units by the program .
Predefined Data File
7. In addition to the general format requirements given in paragraph 4

of Appendix A, the following items pertain to a predefined data file and to
the input data description which follows:
a. Each line must commence with a nonzero, positive line number,
denoted LN.
b. A line of input may require both alphanumeric and numeric data
items. Alphanumeric data items are enc losed in single quotes in
the following paragraphs.
c. A line of input may require a key word. The acceptable abbre-
viation for the key word is indicated by underlined capital
letters, e.g., the acceptable abbreviation for the key word
'SUrface' is 'SU'.
d. Lower-case words in single quotes indicate that a choice of
defined key words follows.
e. Items designated by upper-case letters and numbers without
quotes indicate numeric data values. Numeric data values are
either real or integer according to standard FORTRAN variable
naming conventions.
A2
f. Data items enclos e d in brackets [ ] may not be required. Data
items enclosed in braces { } indic a te that a special note
follows.
g. Input data are divided into the sections discussed in this
appendix, paragraph 5. Except for the heading, each section
consists of a header line and one or more data lines.
h. Comment lines may be inserted in the input file by enclosing the
line, following the line number, in parentheses. Comment lines
are ignored, e . g.,
1234 }6 (THIS LINE IS IGNORED).
Sequence of Solutions
8. A predefined data file may contain a sequence of input data sets to

be run in succession. The first data set must contain all required data (from
HEADING through TERMINATION) for the problem. Subsequent data sets may
contain an independent problem or may contain data that amend existing input
data.
General Discussion of Input Data
9. Each data section contains a descriptor ('side') to indicate the

side of the system to which the data apply. For symmetric effects
('side'= 'Both'), the data section is entered only once and symmetric data
are applied to both sides automatically. For unsymmetric conditions, the
description for the right side (if present) must be entered first and must be
immediately followed by the description for the left side (if present).
10. Rightside and leftside descriptions must be supplied either ex-
plicitly or implicitly (i . e . , 'side' = 'Both') for surface points and soil
profile data sections. Other data may be supplied either for the right side
or left side, or both, or may be omitted entirely.
Input Description
ll. HEADING--One (l) to four (4) lines

a. Line contents
LN 'heading'
A3
b. Definition
'heading' - any alphanumeric information up to 70 characters
including LN and any embedded blanks; first
nonblank character following LN must be a single
quote(').
12. CONTROL--One (1) line
a. Line contents
LN 'Control' 'type' 'mode' (FSAl (FSPl]]
b. Definitions
'Control ' =section title
'type' - 'Cantilever' or ' Anchored'
'mode' - 'Analysis' or 'Design'
[FSAl] = factor of safety to be applied for active earth
pressures; assumed to be one if omitted if 'mode'
= Design
[FSPl] - factor of safety to be applied for passive earth
pressures; assumed to be equal to FSAl if omitted
and 'mode' = 'Design'; omit if FSAl is omitted;
omit if 'mode' = ' Analysis'
c. Discussion
(1) In the 'Design' mode, FSAl and FSPl are the default fac-
tors of safety to be applied to all soil layers on each
side of the wall unless overridden in subsequent data .
(2) In the 'Analysis' mode:
(a) If both FSAl and FSPl are omitted, a single factor of
safety is determined and applied for active and
pass~ve pressures. Any subsequent factors of safety
are ignored.
(b) If FSAl is supplied, the input value is the default
factor of safety to be applied to all soil layers on
each side of the wall unless overridden in subsequent
data. The program determines the value of FSPl.
13. WALL DATA- - One (1) line
a. Line contents
LN 'WAll' ELTOP [ELANCH] [ELBOT WALLE WALLI]
b. Definitions
'WAll' - section title
ELTOP = elevation (ft) at top of wall
[ELANCH] -elevation (ft) at anchor; omit if 'type'
= 'Cantilever'
[ELBOT] - elevation (ft) at bottom of wall; omit if 'mode'
= 'Design'
A4
[WALLE] -Modulus of elasticity (psi) of wall; omit if 'mode'
= 'Design'
[ WALL!) =wall moment of 1.·nert1."a (1."n.4) per f oot o f wall; omit
if 'mode' = 'Design'
14. SOIL SURFACE DATA--One (1) or more lines
a. Line contents
LN 'SUrface' {'side') NSUR DSUR(l) ELSUR(l)
[---- - DSUR(n) ELSUR(n)]
b. Definitions
'SUrface' = section title
{'side')- 'Leftside', 'Rightside', or 'Both'
NSUR - number of surface points (1 to 15) on this
{ 'side' }
DSUR(i) - horizontal distance (ft) from wall to ith surface
point
ELSUR(i) = elevation (ft) at ith surface point
c. Discussion
(1) If identical soil surfaces exist on each side of the wall,
i.e., 'side' = 'Both', enter data for rightside surface.
The program will generate a mirror image for the left
side.
(2) At least one surface point must be provided. Up to 21
surface points are permitted. Pairs of DSUR(i) and
ELSUR(i) may be continued on subsequent lines following a
line number.
(3) If DSUR(l) is greater than zero, a horizontal surface is
assumed at ELSUR(l) from the wall to a distance DSUR(l).
(4) ELSUR(l) must be less than or equal to ELTOP; ELSUR(l)
must be greater than ELBOT if ' mode' = 'Analysis'.
(5) If more than one surface point is provided, a broken
surface is assumed and soil pressures will be calculated
by the wedge method . Distances and elevations must begin
with the point nearest the wall and progress outward.
(6) If different surface conditions exist on each side, sur-
face descriptions must be entered twice, once for the
'Rightside' and once for the 'Leftside'.
(7) The surface is assumed to extend horizontally ad infinitum
at the elevation of the last point provided.
15. SOIL PROFILE DATA--Two or more lines
a. Control--One line
(1) Line contents
LN 'SOil' {'side ' } {'type'} NLAY [FSA2 [FSP2)]
AS
(2) Definitions
'SOil' - section title
{'side'}- 'Rightside', 'Leftside', or 'Both'
{'type'}- 'Strengths' if internal friction and/or soil
cohesions and wall friction angles are
provided. Required if {'mode'}- 'Analysis' or
if a broken surface exists on this {'side'}
- 'Coefficients' if active and passive pressure
coefficients are provided. Not allowed if
{'mode'}~ 'Analysis' or if broken surface
exists on this {'side'}
NLAY - number of soil layers (1 to 15) on this
{'side'}
(FSA2] - factor of safety for active pressures to be
applied to all soil layers on this {'side'};
overrides FSAl; assumed to be equal to FSAl if
omitted or entered as zero. Omit if
{'type'}- 'Coefficients'. Ignored for {'mode'}
- 'Analysis' if FSAl is omitted; ignored if
{'type'} - 'Coefficients'
(FSP2] - factor of safety for passive pressures to be
applied to all soil layers on this {'side'};
overrides FSPl; assumed to be equal to FSPl for
'Design' if omitted; omit if FSA2 is omitted;
ignored if {'mode'}- 'Analysis'; ignored if
{'type'}= 'Coefficients'
b. Soil layer data for {'type'}= 'Strengths'--NLAY lines, one (1)
line for each layer
(1) Line contents
LN GAMSAT GAMMST PHI C DELTA ADH [ELLAYB
SLOBOT]
(FSA3 [FSP3]]
(2) Definitions
GAMSAT = saturated unit weight (pcf) of soil (program
subtracts unit weight of water from GAMSAT to
obtain effective unit weight of submerged
soil)
GAMMST - unit weight (pcf) of soil above water
PHI - angle of internal friction (deg)
C - cohesion (psf)
DELTA - angle of wall friction (deg)
ADH - unit wall/soil adhesion (psf)
[ELLAYB] - elevation (ft) at intersection of bottom of
layer with wall; omit if last layer
A6
[SLOBOT] - slope (ft) of bottom of layer; interpreted as
rise per foot horizontal; positive if layer
boundary slopes upward; omit if last layer
[FSA3] - factor of safety for active pressures to be
applied to this layer; overrides FSA2; assumed
to be equal to FSA2 if omitted or entered as
zero; ignored if FSAl is omitted for 'Analysis'
[FSP3] = factor of safety for passive pressures to be
applied to this layer; overrides FSP2; assumed
to be equal to FSP2 if omitted; omit if FSA3 is
omitted; ignored for {'mode ' )= ' Analysis'
(3) Discussion
(a) At least one soil layer on each side of the wall is
r equired. Up to 15 layers on each side of the wall
are permitted.
(b) Soil layer data must commence with the top layer and
proceed sequentially downward.
(c) The last soil layer on each side is assumed to extend
ad infinitum downward.
(d) Both PHI and C cannot be zero for any layer.
(e) DELTA must be positive and less than PHI for each
layer.
(f) ADH must be positive and less than C for each layer.
(g) Bottom slopes of adjacent soil layers must not inter-
sect within the soil mass.
(h) Layer bottom elevations must conform to:
ELLAYB(l) < ELTOP
ELLAYB(l) < ELSUR( )
ELLAYB(l) > ELBOT if {'mode')- 'Analysis'
ELLAYB(i) < ELLAYB(i-1)
(i) The program will generate identical soil layer
descriptions for both sides of the wall if {'side')
= ' Both' .
(j) If different soil profiles exist on each side of the
wall, soil layer data must be entered twice, once for
the 'Rightside' and once for the 'Leftside'.
(k) Layer data for {'type'} = 'Strengths ' must be avail-
able if {'mode') = 'Analysis'.
(1) If any soil layer boundary on either side has a
nonzero slope, soil pressures on that side are
calculated by the wedge method.
£. Soil layer data for {'type'}= '~oefficients' - -NLAY lines, one
line for each layer
A7
(1) Line contents
LN GAMSAT GAMMST AK PK [ ELIAYB]
(2) Definitions
GAMSAT = saturated unit weight (pcf) of soil (program
subtracts unit weight of water from GAMSAT to
obtain effective unit weight of submerged
soil)
GAMMST - unit weight of soil above water
AK - active soil pressure coefficient
PK - passive soil pressure coefficient
[ELIAYB] - elevation (ft) at intersection of bottom layer
with wall; omit if last layer
(3) Discussion
(a) At least one soil layer on each side of wall. Up to
15 soil layers on each side of the wall are
permitted.
(b) Soil layer data must commence with the top layer and
proceed sequentially downward.
(c) The last soil layer is assumed to extend ad infinitum
downward.
(d) Both AK and PK must be nonzero .
(e) Layer boundary elevations must conform to:
ELIAYB(l) < ELTOP
ELLAYB(l) < ELLAYB(i-1)
16 . WATER DATA--Zero or one or more lines; entire section may be
omitted; choose one, a or b, of the following:
a. Water elevations provided
(1) Line contents
LN ' WATer Elevations' GAMWAT ELWATR ELWATL
[ELSEEP {seep spec}]
(2) Definitions
'WATer Elevations' - section title
GAMWAT - unit weight (pcf) of water
ELWATR - elevation (ft) of water surface on
rights ide
ELWATL = elevation (ft) of water surface on
lefts ide
ELSEEP - elevation (ft) on rightside at which
seepage commences; omit if seepage
is not to be considered; omit if
ELWATR < ELWATL
A8
{seep spec}- seepage gradient SEEP (ft/ft); 0 <
SEEP< 1; omit if ELSEEP omitted
- 'Automatic' if seepage gradient is to
be determined by program to result
in zero net water pressure at bottom
of wall; omit if ELSEEP omitted
(3) Discussion
(a) Effective soil unit weight for submerged soil is
calculated in the program by subtracting the effec-
tive weight of water from the saturated unit weight
of the soil.
(b) ELWATR and ELWATL must be less than or equal to
ELTOP.
(c) Seepage effects cannot be included unless ELWATR >
ELWATL.
(d) ELSEEP must conform to the following:
ELSEEP <MIN (ELWATR, ELSUR (rightside 1))
ELSEEP > MIN (ELWATL, ELSUR (leftside 1))
(e) If the seepage gradient SEEP is provided, the
resulting net water pressure may not be zero at the
bottom of the wal l .
(f) If {seep specs) - 'Automatic' is specified, the
seepage gradient is determined by the program to
enforce zero net water pressure at the bottom of the
wall.
(g) If seepage is to be considered for 'mode' -
'Analysis ' , ELWATL must be greater than ELBOT.
b. Net water pressures specified--One or more lines
(1) Line contents
LN 'WATer Pressure' NWPR ELWPR(l) WPR(l)
ELWPR(2) WPR(2) . . . ELRPS(n) WPR(n)
(2) Definitions
'WATer Pressure' - section title
NWPR - number (2 to 21) of points on water
pressure distribution
ELWPR(i) - elevation (ft) of ith pressure point
WPR(i) - net water pressure at ith pressure
point, positive to left
(3) Discussion
(a) At least two pressure points must be provided. A
maximum of 21 pressure points is permitted. Pairs of
ELWPR(i), WPR(i) may be continued on subsequent lines
following a line number .
A9
(b) Elevations must begin at uppermost point and proceed
downward with:
ELWPR(l) < ELTOP
ELWPR(i) < ELWPR(i-1)
(c) Specified water pressures do not alter soil pres-
sures. GAMMST is used for the effective weight of
soil at all elevations on both sides of the wall.
17. VERTICAL LOADS ON SURFACE--Zero or one or more lines; entire
section may be omitted.
a. Line loads--Zero or one or more lines.
(1) Line contents.
LN 'Vertical Line' {'side'} NVL DL(l) QL(.l)
. DL(n) QL(n)
(2) Definitions.
'Vertical Line' - subsection title
NVL - number of line loads (1 to 21) on this
{ ' side' }
{ 'side' } - 'Rights ide' , 'Lefts ide', or 'Both'
DL(i) - distance (ft) to line load
QL(i) - magnitude (plf) of line load; positive
downward
(3) Discussion
(a) If {'side'}= 'Both', mirror image line loads are
generated on each side of the wall.
(b) Up to 21 line loads may be applied to the surface on
each side of the wall .
(c) Pairs of DL(i), QL(i) may be continued on subsequent
lines following a line number.
(d) DL(i) must be greater than zero.
(e) QL(i) must be greater than or equal to zero (i.e.,
upward loads are not permitted).
b. Distributed loads--Zero or one or more lines. Only one of the
following distributed load types may be applied on either side
of the wall:
(1) Uniform load--Zero or one line.
(a) Line contents.
LN 'Vertical Uniform' ('side'} QU
(b) Definitions.
'Vertical Uniform' - subsection title
{'side'}- 'Rightside', 'Leftside', or
'Both'
AlO
QU - magnitude (psf) of uniform load,
positive downward
(c) Discussion.
1. A uniform load is interpreted as acting on the
horizontal projection of the surface.
2. The uniform load extends to infinity away from
the wall.
3. If ('side'}= 'Both', identical uniform loads are
applied to the surface on each side of the wall.
4. QU must be greater than or equal to zero (i.e.,
upward load is not permitted) .
(2) Strip loads--Zero or one or more lines.
(a) Line contents.
LN 'Vertical Strip' ('side'} NVS DSl(l)
DS2(1) QS(l) [ . . . DSl(n) DS2(n) QS (n)]
(b) Definitions.
'Vertical Strip' - subsection title
('side'} - 'Rightside', 'Leftside', or
'Both'
NVS = number (1 to 21) of strip loads
DSl(i) - distance (ft) from wall to beginn-
ing of 'Strip' load
DS2(i) - distance (ft) from wall to end of
strip load
QS(i) - magnitude (psf) of strip load,
positive downward
(c) Discussion.
1. A strip load is interpreted as acting on the
2. Up to 21 strip loads may be applied on either
side of the wall. Triads of DSl(i), QS(i),
DS2(i) may be continued on subsequent lines
following a line number.
3. QS(i) must be greater than or equal to zero
(i.e., upward load is not permitted).
4. Distances must conform to:
DSl(i) > Zero
DS2(i) > QSl(i)
5. If ('side'} = 'Both', mirror image strip loads
are applied to the surface on each side of the
wall.
All
(3) Ramp loads--Zero or one line .
(a) Line contents.
LN 'Vertical Ramp' {'side'} DRl DR2 QR
(b) Definitions.
'Vertical Ramp' = subsection title
{ 'side' } - 'Rights ide' , 'Lefts ide' , or 'Both'
DRl = distance (ft) from wall to
beginning of ramp load
DR2 - distance (ft) to end of ramp
QR - magnitude (psf) of uniform load
extension of ramp load, positive
downward
(c) Discussion.
1. A ramp load is interpreted as acting on the hori-
zontal projection of the surface .
2. Only one ramp is permitted on each side of the
wall.
3. Distances must conform to
DRl > Zero
DR2 > DRl
4. QR must be greater than or equal to zero (i . e . ,
upward load is not permitted) .
2. If {'side'}= 'Both', mirror image ramp loads are
applied to the surface on each side of the wall.
(4) Triangular loads--Zero or one or more lines.
(a) Line contents.
LN 'Vertical Triangular' {'side'} NVT
DTl(l) DT2(1) DT3(1) QT(l)
[ . . . DTl(n) DT2(n) DT3(n) QT(n)]
(b) Definitions.
'Vertical Triangular' = subsection title
{'side ' }= ' Rightside', 'Leftside' ,or
'Both'
NVT - number (1 to 21) of trian-
gular loads
DTl(i) - distance (ft) from wall to
beginning of triangular load
DT2(i) = distance (ft) from wall to
peak of triangular load
DT3(i) = distance (ft) from wall to
end of triangular load
Al2
QT(i) - magnitude (psf) of load at
peak of triangular load,
positive downward
(c) Discussion.
1. A triangular load is interpreted as acting on the
2. Up to 21 triangular loads may be applied on
either side of the wall. Quartets of DTl(i),
DT2(i), DT3(i), and QT(i) may be continued on
subsequent lines following a line number.
1. Distances must conform to:
DTl(i) > Zero
DT2(i) > DTl(i) if DT3(i) - DT2(i)
DT3(i) > DT2(i) if DT2(i) - DTl(i)
DT3(i) > DTl(i)
4. QT(i) must be greater than or equal to zero
(i.e., upward loads are not permitted).
~. If {'side'}= 'Both', mirror image triangular
loads are applied to the surface on each side of
the wall.
(5) Variable distributed loads--Zero or one or more
lines.
(a) Line contents.
LN 'Vertical Variable' {'side'} NVV DV(l)
QV(l)
(DV(2) QV(2) . . . DV(n) QV(n)]
(b) Definitions.
'Vertical Variable' - subsection title
{'side'}= 'Rightside', 'Leftside', or
'Both'
NVV - number (2 to 21) of points on
variable load distribution
DV(i) - distance (ft) to ith point on
distribution
QV(i) - magnitude (psf) of distributed
load at ith point on distribu-
tion, positive downward
(c) Discussion.
1. A variable load distribution is interpreted as
acting on the horizontal projection of the
surface.
Al3
2. At least two points on a distribution are re-
quired. Up to 21 points are permitted. Points
on the distribution must conform to:
DV(l) > Zero
DV(i) > DV(i-1)
3. QV(i) must be greater than or equal to zero
(i.e . , upward loads are not permitted).
4. Only one variable distribution is permitted on
each side of the wall .
2. If {'side'}= 'Both', mirr or image distributions
are applied to the surfaces on each side of the
wall.
18. HORIZONTAL LOADS--Zero or one or more lines; entire section may be
omitted.
a. Horizontal line loads--Zero or one or more lines
(1) Line contents.
LN 'Horizontal Line' NHL ELL(l) HL(l)
[. . . ELL(n) HL(n)]
(2) Definitions.
'Horizontal Line' = subsection title
NHL = number (1 to 21) of line loads
ELL(i) - elevation (ft) at ith line load
HL(i) - magnitude (plf) of ith line load,
positive to left
(3) Discussion.
(a) Up to 21 horizontal line loads may be applied to the
wall . Pairs of EL(i), HL(i) may be continued on
subsequent lines following a line number.
(b) ELL(i) must be less than TOPEL.
b. Horizontal distributed loads--Zero or one or more lines
(1) Line contents.
LN 'Horizontal Distributed' NHD ELD(l) HD(l)
ELD ( 2) HD ( 2) [ . . . ELD ( n) HD ( n) ]
(2) Definitions.
'Horizontal Distributed' - subsection title
NHD - number (2 to 21) of points on
load distribution
ELD(i) - elevation (ft) at ith point on
distribution
Al4
HD(i) - magnitude (psf) of distributed
load at ith point on
distribution
(3) Discussion.
(a) A least two points on a distribution are required.
Up to 21 points are permitted. Pairs of ELD(i),
HD(i) may be continued on subsequent lines following
a line number.
(b) Points on the distribution must conform to:
ELD(l) < ELTOP
ELD(i) < ELD(i-1)
ELD(NHD) >MIN (Rightside ELSUR(l), Leftside
ELSUR(l))
c. Horizontal earthquake acceleration--Zero or one line.
(1) Line contents.
LN 'Horizontal Acceleration' EQACC
(2) Definitions.
'Horizontal Acceleration' - subsection title
EQACC - earthquake accelera-
tion (G's), positive
number, 0.0 < EQACC < 1.0
(3) Discussion.
(a) Earthquake acceleration is assumed to increase hori-
zontal soil and water loads on their right side and
to decrease horizontal soil and water loads on the
left side of the wall.
(b) If a water pressure distribution has been provided,
earthquake effects on water pressure are ignored.
19. TERMINATION--One line.
a. Line contents.
LN 'Finish' [{'option'}]
b. Definitions.
'Finish' - key word
{'option'}- 'Keep' or 'New'; omit if this is last line in data
file
c. Discussion.
(1) If {'option'} = 'Keep', data sections (or subsections)
which follow up to next 'Finish' replace corresponding
sections (or subsections) in preceding problem and program
automatically restarts . The 'Keep' option provides for
replacing part of the data in the preceding problem with-
out reentering an entire problem description, e.g.,
Al5
1000 'NEW HEADING LINE 1
1010 'NEW HEADING LINE 1
Replaces all previous heading lines.
2000 CONTROL ANCHORED ANALYSIS
Results in analysis of an anchored wall. This
alteration may require a new 'Wall' data
section.
3000 VERTICAL LINE RIGHTSIDE 10. 100.
Replaces all vertical line loads on the right-
side surface with a single load of 100 plf at
10 ft from the wall .
(2) If {'option'}= 'Keep' and a section (or subsection) title
appears without other data on the line, that section (or
subsection) is omitted, e.g.,
4000 VERTICAL STRIP LEFTSIDE
Removes all 'Strip' loads on the leftside sur-
face; rightside loads are unaffected.
4010 VERTICAL
Removes all vertical loads on both surfaces.
(3) A required section or subsection may not be removed--only
replaced.
(4) If {'option'}= 'New', it is assumed that an entire new
problem description follows and the program automatically
restarts. The 'New' option provides for solving several
separate problems using a single input data file.
Abbreviated Input Guide
20. HEADING--One to four lines .

LN 'heading'
[ LN 'heading' ]
[ LN 'heading' ]
[ LN 'heading' ]
21. CONTROL--One line .
{ 'Cantilever' } 'De
- sign'
LN 'Control' { } [ FSAl [ FSPl] ]
'Anchored' 'Analysis'
22 . WALL DATA--One line.
LN 'WALl' ELTOP [ ELANCH] [ ELBOT WALLE WALLI ]
23. SURFACE DATA--One or more lines .
LN {'SUrface '} {'side'} NSUR DSUR(l) ELSUR(l) [DSUR(2)
ELSUR( 2 ) . . . DSUR( n ) ELSUR(n)]
Al 6
24. SOIL DATA--Two or more lines.
a. Control--one line.
LN 'SOil' ide { 'Strengths'

'Coefficients' }
{ IS I }
NLAY [FSA2 [FSP2] ]
b. Layer data--NLAY lines.
(1) Data lines for 'Strengths'
LN GAMSAT GAMMST PHI C DELTA
ADH [ELLAYB SLOBOT) (FSA3 (FSP3])
(2) Data lines for 'Coefficients'
LN GAMSAT GAMMST AK PK [ ELLAYB]
25. WATER DATA - -Zero or one or more lines.
a. Water elevation data.
LN 'WATer Elevations' GAMWAT ELWATR ELWATL
[ELSEEP {SEEP ]
'Automatic' }
b. Water pressure data.
LN 'WATer Pressure' NWPR ELWPR(l) WPR(l) ELWPR(2)
WPR(2)
(LN ELWPR(3) WPR(3) ELWPR(n) WPR(n)]
26. VERTICAL LOAD DATA.
LN 'Vertical Line' {'side'} NVL DL(l) QL(l)
[LN DL(2) QL(2) . . . DL(n) QL(n)]
b. Uniform load--Zero to two lines.
LN 'Vertical Uniform' {'side'} QU
c. Strip loads- - Zero or one or more lines.
LN 'Vertical Strip' {'side'} NVS DSl(l) DS2(1) QS(l)
[LN DS1(2) DS2(2) QS(2) . DSl(n) DS2(n) QS(n)]
d. Ramp loads--Zero or one line.
LN 'Vertical Ramp' { 'side' } DRl DR2 QR
e. Triangular loads--Zero or one or more lines.
LN 'Vertical Triangular' { 'side' } NVT DTl(l) DT2(1)
DT3(1) QT(l)
[LN DT1(2) DT2(2) DT3(2) QT(2) . DTl(n) DT2(n)
DT3(n) QT(n)]
f. Variable loads--Zero or one or more lines.
LN 'Vertical
- -Variable' {'side'} NVV DV(l) QV(l)
DV(2) QV(2)
[LN DV(3) QV(3) . . DV(n) QV(n)
Al7
27. HORIZONTAL LOAD DATA.
LN 'Horizontal Line' NHL ELL(l) HL(l)
[LN ELL(2) HL(2) . . . ELL(n) HL(n)]
b. Distributed loads--Zero (0) or one (1) or more lines.
LN 'Horizontal Distributed' NHD ELD(l) HD(l) ELD(2)
HD(2)
(LN ELD(3) HD(3) . . . ELD(n) HD(n)]
£. Earthquake acceleration--Zero or one line.
LN 'Horizontal Acceleration' EQACC
28. TERMINATION--One line.
LN 'Finish' [ { 'Keep' } ]
'New'
Al8
APPENDIX B: NOTATION
a Effective wall/soil adhesion

c Actual cohesion
Wall/soil adhesion
51/ J 1- 0 . 72 (h/1000)
Effective cohesion
Effective cohesion of the soil at the bottom of the slice
Effective cohesion of the soil at the bottom of the wall slice
d Penetration of transition point
D Depth of penetration obtained from free earth design procedure
E Modulus of elasticity of pile, psi
LhJ- a J. = wall/soil adhesion force
FS Factor of safety
h Distance from rightside water surface to rightside soil surface
H Total length of sheet pile
.
1 Seepage gradient
i Flow gradient
I Moment of inertia of sheet - pile section, in. per foot of wall
Active pressure coefficient
Passive pressure coefficient
Mo Maximum bending moment
Nw · Normal force on bottom of wall slice
p Pressure
PAh Active horizontal earth pressures
PPh Passive horizontal earth pressures
Vertical pressure
Active force (upper signs) or passive force (lower signs) for
this trial wedge
Normal forces on left- and rightside vertical surfaces of the
slice, respectively
pn Normal force on vertical plane
R Simple beam reaction
sn Stability number
w. l.
Weight of the slice
ww Weight of wall slice including surcharge loads
Bl
y Distance below rightside water surface
z Depth of transition point
Earthquake acceleration
Wall height ratio
Anchor depth ratio
T Unit weight of soil
T Buoyant unit weight
Effective unit weight of soil
Soil moist unit weight
Soil saturated unit weight
Effective unit weight of water
Effective angle of wall friction
~j o/~j = average wall friction angle
e Angle of inclination
p Flexibility number
¢ Actual angle of internal friction
Effective angle of internal friction
Effective internal friction angle of the soil at the bottom of
the slice
B2
WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT STATION REPORTS
PUBLISHED UNDER THE COMPUTER-AIDED
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING {CASE) PROJECT
Title Date
Technical Report K-78-1 List of Computer Programs for Computer-Aided Structural Engineering Feb 1978
Instruction Report 0-79-2 User's Guide: Computer Program with Interactive Graphics for Mar 1979
Analysis of Plane Frame Structures (CFRAME)
Technical Report K-80-1 Survey of Bridge-Oriented Design Software Jan 1980
Technical Report K-80-2 Evaluation of Computer Programs for the Design/Analysis of Jan 1980
Highway and Railway Bridges
Instruction Report K-80-1 User's Guide: Computer Program for Design/Review of Curvi- Feb 1980
linear Conduits/Culverts (CURCON)
Instruction Report K-80-3 A Three-Dimensional Finite Element Data Edit Program Mar 1980
Instruction Report K-80-4 A Three-Dimensional Stability Analysis/Design Program (3DSAD)
Report 1: General Geometry Module Jun 1980
Report 3: General Analysis Module (CGAM) Jun 1982
Report 4: Special-Purpose Modules for Dams (CDAMS) Aug 1983
Instruction Report K-80-6 Basic User's Guide: Computer Program for Design and Analysis Dec 1980
of Inverted-T Retaining Walls and Floodwalls (TWDA)
Instruction Report K-80-7 User's Reference Manual: Computer Program for Design and Dec 1980
Analysis of Inverted-T Retaining Walls and Floodwalls (TWDA)
Technical Report K-80-4 Documentation of Finite Element Analyses
Report 1: Longview Outlet Works Conduit Dec 1980
Report 2: Anchored Wall Monolith, Bay Springs Lock Dec 1980
Technical Report K-80-5 Basic Pile Group Behavior Dec 1980
Instruction Report K-81-2 User's Guide: Computer Program for Design and Analysis of Sheet
Pile Walls by Classical Methods (CSHTWAL)
Report 1: Computational Processes Feb 1981
Report 2: Interactive Graphics Options Mar 1981
Instruction Report K-81-3 Validation Report: Computer Program for Design and Analysis of Feb 1981
Inverted-T Retaining Walls and Floodwalls (TWDA)
Instruction Report K-81-4 User's Guide: Computer Program for Design and Analysis of Mar 1981
Cast-in-Place Tunnel Linings (NEWTUN)
Instruction Report K-81-6 User's Guide: Computer Program for Optimum Nonlinear Dynamic Mar 1981
Design of Reinforced Concrete Slabs Under Blast Loading
(CBARCS)
Instruction Report K-81-7 User's Guide: Computer Program for Design or Investigation of Mar 1981
Orthogonal Culverts (CORTCUL)
Instruction Report K-81-9 User's Guide: Computer Program for Three-Dimensional Analysis Aug 1981
of Building Systems (CTABS80)
Technical Report K-81-2 Theoretical Basis for CTABS80: A Computer Program for Sep 1981
Three-Dimensional Analysis of Building Systems
Instruction Report K-82-6 User's Guide: Computer Program for Analysis of Beam-Column Jun 1982
Structures with Nonlinear Supports (CBEAMC)
(Continued)
STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING (CASE) PROJECT
(Continued)
Title Date
Instruction Report K-82-7 User's Guide: Computer Program for Bearing Capacity Analysis Jun 1982
of Shallow Foundations (CBEAR)
Instruction Report K-83-1 User's Guide: Computer Program with Interactive Graphics for Jan 1983
Analysis of Plane Frame Structures (CFRAME)
Instruction Report K-83-2 User's Guide: Computer Program for Generation of Engineering Jun 1983
Geometry (SKETCH)
Instruction Report K-83-5 User's Guide: Computer Program to Calculate Shear, Moment, Jul1983
and Thrust (CSMT) from Stress Results of a Two-Dimensional
Finite Element Analysis
Technical Report K-83-1 Basic Pile Group Behavior Sep 1983
Technical Report K-83-3 Reference Manual: Computer Graphics Program for Generation of Sep 1983
Engineering Geometry (SKETCH)
Technical Report K-83-4 Case Study of Six Major General-Purpose Finite Element Programs Oct 1983
Instruction Report K-84-2 User's Guide: Computer Program for Optimum Dynamic Design Jan 1984
of Nonlinear Metal Plates Under Blast Loading (CSDOOR)
Instruction Report K-84-7 User's Guide: Computer Program for Determjning Induced Aug 1984
Stresses and Consolidation Settlements (CSETT)
Instruction Report K-84-8 Seepage Analysis of Confined Flow Problems by the Method of Sep 1984
Fragments (CFRAG)
Instruction Report K-84-11 User's Guide for Computer Program CGFAG, Concrete General Sep 1984
Flexure Analysis with Graphics
Technical Report K-84-3 Computer-Aided Drafting and Design for Corps Structural Oct 1984
Engineers
Technical Report ATC-86-5 Decision Logic Table Formulation of ACt 318-77, Building Code Jun 1986
Requirements for Reinforced Concrete for Automated Con-
straint Processing, Volumes I and II
Technical Report ITL-87-2 A Case Committee Study of Finite Element Analysis of Concrete Jan 1987
Flat Slabs
Instruction Report ITL-87-1 User's Guide: Computer Program for Two-Dimensional Analysis Apr1987
of U-Frame Structures (CUFRAM)
Instruction Report ITL-87-2 User's Guide: For Concrete Strength Investigation and Design May 1987
(CASTA) in Accordance with ACI 318-83
Technical Report ITL-87-6 Finite-Element Method Package for Solving Steady-State Seepage May 1987
Problems
Instruction Report ITL-87-3 User's Guide: A Three Dimensional Stability Analysis/Design Jun 1987
Program (3DSAD) Module
Report 1 : Revision 1: General Geometry Jun 1987
Report 2: General Loads Module Sep 1989
Report 6: Free-Body Module Sep 1989
(Continued)
(Continued)
Title Date
Instruction Report ITL-87-4 User's Guide: 2-D Frame Analysis Unk Program (LINK2D) Jun 1987
Technical Report ITL-87-4 Finite Element Studies of a Horizontally Framed Miter Gate Aug 1987
Report 1: Initial and Refined Finite Element Models (Phases
A, B, and C), Volumes I and II
Report 2: Simplified Frame Model (Phase D)
Report 3: Alternate Configuration Miter Gate Finite Element
Studies-Open Section
Studies-Closed Sections
Studies-Additional Closed Sections
Report 6: Elastic Buckling of Girders in Horizontally Framed
Miter Gates
Report 7: Application and Summary
Instruction Report GL-87-1 User's Guide: UTEXAS2 Slope-Stability Package; Volume I, Aug 1987
User's Manual
Instruction Report ITL-87-5 Sliding Stability of Concrete Structures (CSLIDE) Oct 1987
Instruction Report ITL-87-6 Criteria Specifications for and Validation of a Computer Program Dec 1987
for the Design or Investigation of Horizontally Framed Miter
Gates (CMITER)
Technical Report ITL-87-8 Procedure for Static Analysis of Gravity Dams Using the Finite Jan 1988
Element Method - Phase 1a
Instruction Report ITL-88-1 User's Guide: Computer Program for Analysis of Planar Grid Feb 1988
Structures (CGRID)
Technical Report ITL-88-1 Development of Design Formulas for Ribbed Mat Foundations Apr1988
on Expansive Soils
Technical Report ITL-88-2 User's Guide: Pile Group Graphics Display (CPGG) Post- Apr1988
processor to CPGA Program
Instruction Report ITL-88-2 User's Guide for Design and Investigation of Horizontally Framed Jun 1988
Miter Gates (CMITER)
Instruction Report ITL-88-4 User's Guide for Revised Computer Program to Calculate Shear, Sep 1988
Moment, and Thrust (CSMT)
Instruction Report GL-87-1 User's Guide: UTEXAS2 Slope-Stability Package; Volume II, Feb 1989
Theory
Technical Report ITL-89-3 User's Guide: Pile Group Analysis (CPGA) Computer Group Jul1989
Technical Report ITL-89-4 CBASIN-Structural Design of Saint Anthony Falls Stilling Basins Aug 1989
According to Corps of Engineers Criteria for Hydraulic
Structures; Computer Program X0098
(Continued)
(Concluded)
Title Date
Technical Report ITL-89-5 CCHAN-Structural Design of Rectangular Channels According Aug 1989
to Corps of Engineers Criteria for Hydraulic
Structures; Computer Program X0097
Technical Report ITL-89-6 The Response-Spectrum Dynamic Analysis of Gravity Dams Using Aug 1989
the Finite Element Method; Phase II
Contract Report ITL-89-1 State of the Art on Expert Systems Applications in Design, Sep 1989
Construction, and Maintenance of Structures
Instruction Report ITL-90-1 User's Guide: Computer Program for Design and Analysis Feb 1990
of Sheet Pile Walls by Classical Methods (CWALSHT)
Technical Report ITL-90-3 Investigation and Design of U-Frame Structures Using May 1990
Program CU FRBC
Volume A: Program Criteria and Documentation
Volume 8: User's Guide for Basins
Volume C: User's Guide for Channels
Instruction Report ITL-90-6 User's Guide: Computer Program for Two-Dimensional Analysis Sep 1990
of U-Frame or W-Frame Structures (CWFRAM)
Instruction Report ITL-90-2 User's Guide: Pile Group-Concrete Pile Analysis Program Jun 1990
(CPGC) Preprocessor to CPGA Program
Technical Report ITL-91-3 Application of Finite Element, Grid Generation, and Scientific Sep 1990
Visualization Techniques to 2-D and 3-D Seepage and
Groundwater Modeling
Instruction Report ITL-91-1 User's Guide: Computer Program for Design and Analysis Oct 1991
of Sheet-Pile Walls by Classical Methods (CWALSHT)
Including Rowe's Moment Reduction

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TA7

USAE Waterways Experiment Station, Information

US Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC 20314-1000

11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words)

The computer program CWALSHT was developed from specifications provided by

15. NUMBER OF PAGES

ELECTRONJC COMPUTER PROGRAM ABSTRACT

Performs either a design or analysis of an anchored or cantilever sheet pile

penetration of a new wall or assesses the factor of safety of an existing wall.

Graphics Terminal or PC AT or compatible

Input may be entered from a predefined data file or interactively at execute

PART V: COMPUTER PROGRAM • • • • 32

Non-S! units of measurement used in this report can be converted to SI

1. This report describes a computer program called CWALSHT, which per-

2. The remainder of this report is organized as follows:

5. A 1-ft* slice of a straight, uniform wall is used for the design/

6. For anchored walls, a single horizontal anchor may be attached to

7. In subsequent paragraphs, reference is made to the "right" side and

8. The irregular soil surfaces illustrated in Figure 1 provide for all

* A table of factors for converting non-S! units of measurement to SI

~ Soil Layer __,#-

Figur e 1. General wall/s oil system

10. Each soil layer is assumed to be homogeneous. Properties required

~eff - tan- 1 [(tan ~)/FS] (2)

FS = given or calculated factor of safety.

Ceff - c/FS (3)

e. Effective angle of wall friction o. The program does not alter

* For convenience, symbols and abbreviations are listed in the Notation

a. Trial failure wedge

c. Interior slice d. Terminal slice

Figure 2. Sweep search wedge method

11. The following effects due to water are considered:

Vertical Surcharge Loads

Vertical Line Loads

13. Vertical line loads are assumed to extend horizontally parallel to

15. Two types of external horizontal loads in addition to other soil

Horizontal Line Loads

16. The program permits up to 21 line loads (positive or negative) to

Horizontal Distributed Loads

17. A single general horizontal load distribution described by eleva-

18. Earthquake effects are assumed to increase the tendency toward

Right side: "'err - 'Ysat (1 + a) - 'Ywe (4)

Left side: 'Yeff - 'Ysat (1 - a) - 'Ywe (5)

where a is earthquake acceleration expressed as a fraction of the accelera-

ce - 51/ Jl- 0.72 (h/1000) 2

20. Horizontal loads are imposed on the structure by the surrounding

Pressure Coefficient Method

23. Coulomb earth pressure coefficients relating horizontal pressure to

24. Soil pressures are calculated as follows:

(2) Passive pressure coefficient

PAh - ( KA Pv - 2ceff JK:) • COS 0 (9)

(2) Passive pressures

PPh - ( KP Pv + 2ceff JK;) • cos 5 (10)

d. When a change in either <Perf or ceff occurs at a layer

Wi(l + tan ¢i tan 8) ± Ci sec 8

+ sin Sav (sin 8 + tan ¢w cos 8)

' - - - - - Ca I cuJ at ion point

NORMAL TERMINATION

* INPUT GEOMETRY *