Fundus Photo, Right Eye (OD)

Myopia and pathological myopia

 Contents
3 What is myopia and pathological myopia 9 What treatments are there for
3 How does the eye focus light? pathological myopia?

3 What is myopia? 10 How can I see better?

4 Development of myopia 11 Can I stop myopia from getting worse?

4 What causes myopia? 11 Is there anything I can do to prevent

pathological myopia?
5 How is myopia graded?
11 Light sensitivity
5 High myopia
12 Driving
5 Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
6 Retinal detachment 12 Coping
6 Glaucoma 12 Further help and support
6 Cataract 12 Sources of Support
7 Looking after your eyes 13 Other useful contacts
7 Pathological myopia 14 We value your feedback
7 How does pathological myopia affect
the retina?
7 Retinal atrophy
7 Lattice degeneration
8 Lacquer cracks
8 New blood vessels (neovascularisation)
8 Myopic macular degeneration
9 Foster Fuchs spot
9 Other changes

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What is myopia and pathological myopia What is myopia?
Myopia, also known as “being short sighted”, causes For vision to be clear, light entering your eye needs to be
your vision to be blurry in the distance but clearer when focused accurately on your retina. Light entering your
looking at things up close. It’s a very common focusing eye is first focused by the cornea and then finely focused
problem, and for most people it can easily be corrected by the lens. This focusing system of your eye makes sure
using glasses or contact lenses, making vision clear and that when light enters your eye, it is sharply in focus
crisp. Most people with myopia have healthy eyes. as it hits the retina. This means that we see everything
in focus without any blurriness. However, if someone
Pathological myopia is different from simply being short
has a focusing or “refractive error”, light is not focused
sighted. Pathological myopia means that you are very
correctly onto the back of the eye and vision is not clear.
short sighted and that this has caused degenerative
changes to the back of your eye. Pathological myopia There are three main types of refractive errors where the
can cause a reduction in your sight that cannot eye is unable to correctly focus light onto the retina:
be corrected with glasses or contact lenses.
• Myopia (short-sightedness) which causes your vision to be
blurry in the distance and clearer when looking at things
How does the eye focus light? close up.
Light rays enter the front of our eye through the clear cornea
and lens which bend the light, focusing it on the retina at • Hypermetropia (long-sightedness) which means that your
eye focuses better in the distance than when looking at
the back of the eye. This gives us a clear, sharp image.
things close up.
The retina is a delicate tissue that lines the inside of • Astigmatism can cause blurry vision at all distances, and is
your eye and is made up of light sensitive cells. Your caused by the focusing of the eye not being quite spherical
retina converts the light into electrical signals that travel (rounded). Astigmatism is very common and many people
along the optic nerve to our brain. The brain interprets who wear glasses have some degree of astigmatism.
these signals so we can “see” the world around us.
In people with myopia the light entering the eye
The retina is supplied with blood by a delicate network of comes to a focus point before it reaches your retina.
blood vessels on its surface and by a layer of blood vessels This makes vision blurry and is caused by the eyeball
(the choroid) underneath the retina. The central part of being too long or the cornea (the clear window at
the retina is called the macula and is very important for the front of the eye) being more steeply curved.
seeing detail, colour and things we look at directly.

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 Short sighted Development of myopia
Light is focused in front of the retina, You can develop myopia at any age, but it’s common for
it to develop and worsen in childhood or teenage years.
which makes the image appear blurred. Myopia usually becomes more stable in adulthood but there
can be periods when myopia continues to increase. These
episodes can happen at any age and are more common if
Retina Lens you have higher levels of myopia. In general the younger
you are when myopia begins to develop, the higher the level
of myopia you will reach. For some people their myopia
Macula reaches a certain level and stays the same for many years.
Light
What causes myopia?
It’s not known what causes myopia and research
suggests there could be a number of different
Cornea reasons why you may become short sighted.
Optic Myopia often runs in families so is thought to be
Nerve Choroid partly genetic. Children who have one parent with
myopia have a higher chance of developing it. This
Diagram of cross section of the eye (labels: cornea, lens, chance increases if both parents have myopia.
macula, retina, choroid, optic nerve). Diagram shows Some environmental causes of myopia in children have also
light entering the eye through the cornea and the lens, been studied. Factors that are thought to increase the risk
and coming to a focus point in front of the retina. of myopia are too little time spent outdoors and excessive
close work. The general advice around these is that although
People with myopia need a glasses prescription with a minus children should be encouraged to read, they should also
lens to correct their vision. This lens reduces the bending spend some time each day doing outdoor activities.
of the light by the eye, focusing light onto the retina, Myopia which develops in older adults can be because of
rather than before it, to produce a sharp clear image. other conditions. If you have diabetes you may experience
temporary myopia when your blood sugar level is not well
controlled. Glasses alone may not be the best way to correct
this change in your vision. Good control of your blood

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sugar levels will help stabilise your vision and your diabetic High myopia
nurse and GP will be able to help you to achieve this.
If you have myopia higher than – 6.00D then you
Some types of cataracts can also cause myopia to develop. may be at greater risk of developing certain other
The myopic changes caused by early cataracts can be eye conditions. However, not everyone with myopia
corrected by glasses. When cataracts continue to develop, above – 6.00D will develop other eye conditions,
glasses may no longer be helpful and surgery to remove the and for most people their eyes will be healthy.
cataracts would then be required to improve your vision.
High myopia can increase the risk of
developing the following eye conditions:
How is myopia graded?
Optometrists (also known as opticians) measure the Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD)
focusing power of your eye in dioptres. This is a technical A PVD occurs because of natural changes to the gel
term for how strong a lens would have to be to correct (the vitreous) in your eye as we get older, commonly
the focusing of your eye and give you clear vision. when we are in our 50s. However, it can develop earlier
if you have high myopia. A PVD doesn’t cause sight loss,
Generally speaking this is written like; – 3.00 dioptres (D). but you may have symptoms such as seeing floaters
On your glasses or contact lens prescription a minus sign is (small dark spots or shapes) and flashing lights.
used to show that the lens you need corrects for myopia.
The higher the number the more short sighted you are. It’s important if you notice an onset of floaters or flashing
lights that you have your eyes checked straight away
• Mild myopia includes powers up to – 3.00 dioptres (D) (within 24 hours) by an optometrist or at your local A&E
• Moderate myopia, values of – 3.00D to – 6.00D so that an accurate diagnosis can be made. This is because
• High myopia is usually myopia over – 6.00D symptoms of a PVD are similar to those of a different eye
condition called retinal detachment, which needs prompt
Most people with myopia of less than – 6.00D don’t treatment to prevent sight loss in the affected eye.
develop any further problems. This is sometimes known
as simple myopia, meaning that your eyes are healthy You can find more information about PVD
and that the blurriness that your myopia causes is on our website rnib.org.uk/eyehealth
easily corrected for with glasses or contact lenses. or by calling our Helpline on 0303 123 9999.

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Retinal detachment Glaucoma
If you have high myopia then there is a higher chance Being short sighted can mean that you are at a higher risk
of you developing a retinal detachment. This is where a of developing glaucoma. Glaucoma is a where the optic
hole or tear can develop in your retina. If a hole or tear nerve, which carries electrical signals from your retina to
develops, fluid in your eye can leak through this gap and your brain, is damaged by the pressure of the fluid inside
behind your retina, which can cause your retina to detach your eye. Treatment for glaucoma is given to lower your
from the back of your eye. A retinal detachment can eye pressure and prevent damage to your optic nerve and
lead to sight loss in that eye if it’s not treated quickly. your sight. If you have been diagnosed with glaucoma
then you will be prescribed eye drops to help control
The symptoms of a retinal detachment are:
your eye pressure. It’s very important that you use your
• flashing lights eye drops as advised by your eye specialist as this will
prevent you from experiencing any future sight loss due
• a recent onset, increase or change in your floaters to glaucoma. It’s also important to attend any hospital
• curtain effect coming down, up or across your vision. eye appointments regularly to monitor your glaucoma.
It’s important if you notice any of these symptoms or any
new symptoms that you have your eyes checked immediately You can find more information about glaucoma
(within 24 hours) by an optometrist or at your local A&E or on our website rnib.org.uk/eyehealth or
eye casualty so that an accurate diagnosis can be made. by calling our Helpline 0303 123 9999

Retinal detachment can be treated by surgery to re-attach Cataract

the retina to the back of the eye. The sooner surgery is
You may develop cataracts at an earlier age if you are short
carried out the better the results are likely to be. If you
sighted. A cataract is when the lens inside your eye becomes
have symptoms of a retinal detachment, it’s important
cloudy which can cause symptoms such as blurred or misty
that you are seen by an eye specialist immediately.
vision, colours appearing dull, or problems seeing clearly
They would be able to assess the detachment and
at night. Cataracts can take some time to develop before
decide which type of surgery would be best for you.
they affect your vision. When your daily activities are being
affected by your cataracts, they can be treated using surgery
You can find more information about retinal to remove the lens and replace it with a clear artificial one.
detachment on our website rnib.org.uk/eyehealth
or by calling our Helpline on 0303 123 9999 You can find more information about cataracts
on our website rnib.org.uk/eyehealth or by
calling our Helpline 0303 123 9999

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Looking after your eyes may progress can vary person to person, and will
Because you are at higher risk of developing depend on which changes have actually developed.
these eye conditions when you have a high level In some people, these changes may remain stable for
of myopia, it’s important to have regular eye many years and may not affect their sight too much.
examinations with your optometrist, who will be However, if the central part of your retina (the macula) is
able to check for any changes to your eye health. affected, then you may have significant vision problems.
Your optometrist will let you know how often they If your optometrist detects any pathological
would like to see you for a regular eye examination, changes during an eye examination, you may be
but if you have any new symptoms or concerns, you referred to the hospital eye clinic to be seen by
should have your eyes examined straight away. an ophthalmologist (hospital eye doctor).
Pathological myopia How does pathological myopia affect
If you’ve been diagnosed with “pathological” or the retina?
“degenerative” myopia you have very high myopia
and your eye also shows degenerative changes Retinal atrophy
affecting the back of the eye (the retina). As you become more myopic, your eyeball becomes
longer. This causes your retina to stretch and become
High myopia usually means that your eyeball is longer than thinner. This can cause areas of atrophy, areas where your
normal. This lengthening of your eye causes your retina retina has become very thin and is no longer working.
to become thinner and stretched. This stretching can lead
to changes to the retina that can cause a reduction in When an optometrist or ophthalmologist looks into your
your sight. Sight problems caused by pathological myopia eye, areas of atrophy look very pale and blood vessels
cannot be corrected with glasses or contact lenses. that are behind the retina can be seen through them. If
you have areas of atrophy on your retina, your vision at
However, not everyone with high myopia will develop these areas may be reduced or you may even have blank
pathological changes and their eyes may remain patches in your vision. Retinal atrophy can occur anywhere
healthy. The higher your level of your myopia, the on the retina. If retinal atrophy occurs at the macula,
higher your risk is of developing pathological changes. your detailed central vision in that eye can be affected.
But even if you do develop pathological myopia, this
may not always cause problems with your sight. Lattice degeneration
For some people, the changes due to pathological At the far edges of your retina your optometrist or
myopia can get worse with time. However, how this ophthalmologist may be able to see a type of retinal

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thinning known as lattice degeneration. Lattice and swelling to the retina. The damage to the retina
degeneration doesn’t cause any symptoms and is caused by new blood vessels causes scarring, which
commonly detected during a routine eye test. It would can permanently affect your vision. Neovascularisation
normally be regularly monitored by an ophthalmologist can occur anywhere on the retina, including at the
and usually causes no problems. However, the presence of macula, where it can significantly affect your vision.
lattice degeneration can increase your risk of developing
a retinal detachment. If your ophthalmologist feels you Myopic macular degeneration
are at risk of a retinal detachment, they may suggest If any of these degenerative changes develop at the
laser treatment or cryotherapy (freezing treatment) to macula, it’s known as “myopic macular degeneration”
prevent a retinal detachment from developing. Most or “myopic maculopathy”. This can affect your central
people with lattice degeneration do not need treatment. detailed vision. Changes to your central vision can
make it difficult to read and see people’s faces
Lacquer cracks clearly. You may also find that your colour vision is
As the eye stretches it can cause breaks to appear on affected and straight lines look bent or distorted.
the retina, which your optometrist or ophthalmologist
Myopic macular degeneration may be referred to as
can see as fine lines. These are known as lacquer cracks
“dry” or “wet”. “Dry” myopic macular degeneration
and are breaks that occur in the membrane (Bruch’s
is when there is retinal atrophy, thinning of the
membrane) between the retina and its underlying blood
retina, or scarring at the macula. Unfortunately
supply (the choroid layer). There isn’t any treatment for
there isn’t any treatment for these changes.
lacquer cracks and they don’t affect your vision directly.
However they can be the first signs of possible further “Wet” myopic macular degeneration is where there is growth
problems which can develop and cause changes to your of new blood vessels at the macula. This is often referred
vision. If you have lacquer cracks, your ophthalmologist to as myopic choroidal neovascularisation (myopic CNV).
will monitor your eyes closely for any further problems.
Myopic CNV can develop quite quickly
New blood vessels (neovascularisation) and symptoms can include:
In some people new blood vessels can grow from the • things looking distorted, and straight lines appearing
blood supply underneath the retina (from the choroid wavy, curved or bent
layer), through lacquer cracks or areas of atrophy onto
the retina. This is known as choroidal neovascularisation • things look very blurry
(CNV). These new blood vessels can bleed very easily • a blind or grey spot in the centre of your vision
as they are very weak and fragile, causing damage • colours look dull or different than usual.

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If you suddenly notice any of these symptoms, it’s What treatments are there for
important to have your eyes checked straight away by pathological myopia?
your optometrist, or at your local A&E or eye casualty.
The type of treatment you may need will depend upon the
About five to ten per cent of people with pathological degenerative change that has developed. Unfortunately,
myopia develop myopic CNV. It can affect the other not all the changes that happen in pathological myopia,
eye in about a third of people within eight years. such as retinal atrophy and lacquer cracks can be treated.
This means that most people with pathological
myopia won’t develop myopic CNV in either eye. It’s important that these changes are monitored by your
optometrist or ophthalmologist. If you notice any changes to
Foster Fuchs spot your vision you should have your eyes checked straight away.
Myopic CNV can lead to scarring at the macula, known as
Myopic choroidal neovascularisation (myopic CNV)
a Foster Fuchs spot. This is a circular area of pigment an
If you start to develop new blood vessels at the macula,
optometrist or ophthalmologist can see that develops after
this can be treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth
the new blood vessels and bleeding has gone. This scarring
factor (anti-VEGF) treatment. Anti-VEGF treatments
can cause a blank or missing patch in your central vision.
work by reducing the growth of new, leaky blood
Unfortunately, there is no treatment for retinal scarring.
vessels and the oedema (swelling) they may cause. This
Other changes treatment can reduce the risk of scarring and damage
Pathological myopia can also cause other changes to the to the retina caused by these new vessels, which in
eye such as myopic traction maculopathy (foveoschisis). turn can help to avoid further deterioration in sight.
The retina is made up of several layers of different cells. If you are diagnosed with myopic CNV, it’s important
Myopic foveoschisis is where there is splitting of the that it is treated quickly, before the new blood vessels
layers of the retina at the macula because an area of have caused too much damage to the macula. The
the back of the eye develops an extra bulge backwards. main aim of the treatment is to stop any further
This bulging is called a posterior staphyloma. new blood vessels from growing which will prevent
Myopic foveoschisis generally develops slowly and further deterioration in your sight, but treatment
at first may not cause any changes to your vision. may also help to improve vision in some people.
As it progresses, it can cause your central vision to Generally, myopic CNV responds well and
be blurred or distorted. In more advanced stages, it quickly to treatment with anti-VEGF.
can cause a macular hole or retinal detachment to
develop, which requires treatment with surgery. Anti-VEGF medicines are injected into the vitreous gel.
This is called an intravitreal injection. The injection is

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given in a clean sterile room or an operating theatre Lattice degeneration
to reduce the risk of infection. Before the injection, Most people with lattice degeneration don’t need any
you’ll be given anaesthetic eye drops to make your treatment. This is because lattice degeneration itself
eye numb, so the injection is not painful. doesn’t cause any problems with your sight. Your
optometrist or ophthalmologist will monitor you for
You can find more information about anti-VEGF changes associated with your lattice degeneration.
treatment on our website rnib.org.uk/eyehealth,
In some cases lattice degeneration may be associated
or by calling our Helpline on 0303 123 9999.
with a retinal tear, in which case it may be treated
with laser treatment (known as laser retinopexy) or
After your first injection, you will normally be monitored cryotherapy (freezing treatment) to seal the tear and
at the eye clinic every month for the first couple of prevent it from developing into a retinal detachment.
months. You may be given further injections at these
visits if your ophthalmologist thinks they are needed. If you have lattice degeneration, it’s important to be
If your condition becomes stable, then you may not aware of any new or changing symptoms of floaters and
need further injections but you’ll still be monitored flashing lights. If you do experience any new symptoms,
closely, normally around every three months for the you should have your eyes examined straight away by
first year. However, you should go straight back to your optometrist, at your local A&E or eye casualty.
the eye clinic if you feel your vision is deteriorating or
you start to notice any distortion in your vision. How can I see better?
Very occasionally, new blood vessels that may develop can The majority of people who have myopia don’t have any
be treated with a type of laser, known as photodynamic complications and will only ever need glasses or contact
therapy (PDT). Before the laser is used, a light sensitive lenses to make their vision sharper. If your prescription is
drug called Verteporfin is injected into your arm. over – 10.00D, then you would be entitled to a NHS complex
Verteporfin travels to your eye through your blood vessels lens voucher to use towards the cost of your glasses or
and fills the new blood vessels that are growing. Your contact lenses. Your optician would be able to tell you
ophthalmologist will be able to see these new vessels how much this voucher is worth and if your prescription
clearly and apply the laser to them. The laser causes a would entitle you to a NHS complex lens voucher.
reaction with the drug which seals off any new blood The higher your level of myopia is, the higher the risk of
vessels that may be growing. This treatment needs to be developing eye conditions associated with myopia and
given at the early stages of the blood vessel growth so that pathological myopia. If your retina has been damaged then
it can prevent the new blood vessels causing damage. your vision may need more than glasses to help you see well.

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A low vision clinic, which is usually located in the eye Is there anything I can do to prevent
hospital, can be very helpful. A low vision specialist can pathological myopia?
prescribe low vision aids, such as magnifiers, to help you
make the most of your vision by making things bigger If you already have high myopia, there are no treatments
and easier to see. They can also provide practical help available to stop your eye from developing the
and advice on how to use your remaining vision. Your complications of high or pathological myopia. This is
optometrist, ophthalmologist or GP would be able to because it’s not possible to control the growth of your
refer you to the low vision clinic for an assessment. eye. There’s currently no evidence to suggest that diet,
vitamins or supplements can affect your chances of
Can I stop myopia from getting worse? developing pathological myopia or make it worse.
Myopia has a tendency to get worse in children and Currently treatment is aimed at improving your vision
teenagers as they grow. In general, the younger you are when and to treat any complications if they happen. You
you start becoming myopic, the faster it can develop and the will be monitored regularly by your optometrist or
higher it will be when you reach adulthood. Myopia usually ophthalmologist who will check the health of your
stops getting worse at around the age of 20 years of age. eyes. It’s important to have your eyes checked by your
optometrist or ophthalmologist as soon as possible if you
There’s currently no single treatment available that notice any changes to your vision or any new symptoms.
appears to stop the progression of myopia. Several
studies have looked at treatments involving eye Light sensitivity
drops or special contact lenses in children.
Many people with pathological myopia find that they are
Research has shown that a certain eye drop (which makes sensitive to light, known as photophobia. You may find
your pupil larger and relaxes the muscles in your eye) can bright light uncomfortable or you find it difficult to adapt
slow the progression of myopia, but these can cause side to changing levels of lighting. Using sunglasses, tinted
effects at high strengths – such as difficulty with close lenses and sunshields can all help to reduce the discomfort
up work and sensitivity to bright light. A lower strength and glare you may experience in everyday living.
version of this drop isn’t available in the UK currently.
Corneal reshaping contact lenses (orthokeratology) and You can find more information about light
bifocal contact lenses may also slow down the progression sensitivity on our website rnib.org.uk/eyehealth
of myopia in children. However, further studies are needed or by calling our Helpline on 0303 123 9999.
to find out how well the treatment works in the long term.

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Driving Further help and support
If you have pathological myopia or an eye condition Having pathological myopia can cause changes to your vision
caused by high myopia, you may have sight problems in the long term, but much can be done to help you make
which cannot be corrected with glasses or contact the most of your remaining vision and adapt to any changes.
lenses. If this is the case, you are required by law to tell
There are lots of things that you can do to make
the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA) if the
the most of your remaining vision. This may mean
changes are affecting both your eyes. You may be able
making things bigger, using brighter lighting or
to continue driving if your sight meets the DVLA visual
using colour to make things easier to see. We have a
standards. Your optometrist or ophthalmologist will be
series of leaflets with helpful information on living
able to tell you if your vision meets the DVLA standard or
with sight loss, including how to make the most of
if you need to tell the DVLA about your sight problems.
your sight. You can find out more about our range
of titles by calling our Helpline 0303 123 9999.
Coping
Most people who have myopia find their vision is You can also ask your ophthalmologist, optometrist or GP
clear and sharp when they wear their glasses or about low vision aids and having a low vision assessment.
contact lenses. However, it’s completely natural to be During this assessment you’ll be able to discuss the use
upset when you are diagnosed with an eye condition of magnifiers and aids to see things more clearly.
associated with high myopia or pathological myopia. Local social services should also be able to offer
It’s normal to find yourself worrying about the future you information on being safe in your home and
and how you will manage a change in your vision. getting out and about safely. They should also be
It can sometimes be helpful to talk over some of these able to offer you some practical mobility training
feelings with someone outside your circle of friends to give you more confidence when you are out.
or family. At RNIB, we can help with our telephone If you have sight changes due to pathological myopia,
Helpline and our Sight Loss Counselling service. You you may be worried about finding work, or staying in your
may also find your GP or social worker can help you job. Our Employment Line can provide specialist support
find a counsellor if you feel this might help you. and advice about employment for people with sight loss.
Your eye clinic may also have a sight loss adviser You can contact via our Helpline on 0303 123 9999.
(also known as an Eye Clinic Liaison Officer or Sources of Support
ECLO), who can be on hand to provide practical and
If you have questions about anything you’ve read
emotional support about your eye condition.
in this factsheet, or just want to speak to someone

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about your eye condition, please get in touch with Other useful contacts
us. We’re here to support you at every step. Unfortunately, we’re not aware of a specific support
Our Helpline is your direct line to the support, advice and group or charity for people with pathological myopia.
services you need. Whether you want to know more about The Macular Society offer local support groups for people
your eye condition, buy a product from our shop, join our with macular eye conditions or central vision loss. They
library, find out about possible benefit entitlements, or be have working age groups as well as groups via Skype.
put in touch with a trained counsellor, we’re only a call away.
Macular Society
It’s also a way for you to join RNIB Connect, our
PO Box 1870
community for anyone affected by sight loss. RNIB
Andover
Connect is free to join and you’ll have the chance to
SP10 9AD
meet other people with similar experiences in our
Tel: 0300 3030 111
helpful, welcoming and supportive community.
Web: www.macularsociety.org
Give us a call today to find out how we can help you.
Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA)
RNIB Helpline Drivers Medical Enquiries
0303 123 9999 DVLA
helpline@rnib.org.uk Swansea SA99 1TU
Tel: 0300 790 6806
We’re ready to answer your call Monday to Friday Web: www.dvla.gov.uk
8am to 8pm and Saturday 9.30am to 1pm.
You can also get in touch by post or by visiting our website:
RNIB
105 Judd Street
London WC1H 9NE
rnib.org.uk

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 We value your feedback
You can help us improve our information by letting us
RNIB Helpline know what you think about it. Is this factsheet useful, easy
to read and detailed enough – or could we improve it?
0303 123 9999 Send your comments to us by emailing us
helpline@rnib.org.uk at eyehealth@rnib.org.uk or by writing
to the Eye Health Information Service, RNIB,
105 Judd Street, London, WC1H 9NE.
This factsheet has been written by the RNIB Eye Health
Information service. Our factsheets have been produced
with the assistance of patient and carer input and up-to-
date reliable sources of evidence. The accuracy of medical
information has been checked by medical specialists.
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Last updated: August 2018

Next review: August 2021

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