DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Project report on
“CAM AND FOLLOWER”

Submitted By Submitted To
1. AJAY HADA Mr. Shyam Sundar Suthar

2. CHIRAG PARWANI

3. ARUN KUMAR SINGH

4. BHARAT SHRIMALI

5. ASEEM UPADHYAY

Under the guidance of

Mr. Shyam Sundar Suthar

Branch =Mechanical Engineering (II Shift 3rd year, 2019)

 Contents
1) Cam and follower
1.1) Introduction
1.2) Types of cam
1.3) Types of follower
2) Project
2.1) Object
2.2) Material required
2.3) Tool required
2.4) Project diagram
2.5) Observations
2.6)Calculation
2.7) Result

3) Application , Advantages and Disadvantages

3.1) Advantages of cam and follower

3.2) Disadvantages of cam and follower

3.3) Application of cam and follower

1)Cam and follower

1.1) Introduction
1.1.1) CAM :

Cam mechanism is preferred over a wide variety of machines because the cam is possible to obtain an
unlimited variety of motions. The cam has a very important function in the operation of many classes of
machines, especially those of the automatic type, such as printing presses, shoe machinery, textile
machinery, gear-cutting machines and screw machines. The cam may be defined as a machine element
having a curved outline or a curved groove, which, by its oscillation or rotation motion, gives a
predetermined specified motion to another element called the follower [1]. In other word, cam
mechanism transforms a rotational or oscillating motion to a translating or linear motion. In fact, cam
can be used to obtain unusual or irregular motion that would be difficult to obtain from other linkage.
The variety of different types of cam and follower systems that one can choose from is quite broad
which depends on the shape of contacting surface of the cam and the profile of the follower. In this
work an attempt is made to study the static and dynamic analysis of cam at low speed. In static analysis
to study the deflection of cam and follower with respect to angular velocity and in dynamic analysis to
calculate natural frequency with respect to given loading condition. The modeling of Cam and follower is
done ion CATIA V5 Software and analysis of Cam and Follower is done by using ANSYS 11.0 Software

[1][2

Cams fail like any other machine parts and cams failure has been defined and documented. Cams failure
can be categorized into three different types of failure. Those different types of failure in cam follower
systems are pitting, scuffing, and polish wear [2, 3, 4]. The mechanism, which defines a particular type of
failure, is complex [5]. Failure by pitting is caused by the repeated cyclic stresses that caused by time
varying loads. The time varying loads in cams are due to inertia force that varies over the time, radius of
curvature and the spring force. The software provides design tips in the form of warning and error
messages whenever the users attempt to enter invalid values of input parameters, and suggests
faultrecovery steps that help the users optimize their designs. In the Figure 1, the drive cam (7) is driven
by the camshaft (8). This press on the rocker arm (10) up and down about the trunnion pin (20). Friction
is reduced at the point of contact by a roller cam follower (21). A similar arrangement transfers the
motion via another roller cam follower (22) to a second rocker arm (9). This rotates regarding the rocker
shaft (32), and transfers the motion via a tappet to the poppet valve. In this case this opens the intake
valve (6) to the cylinder head (2).

1.2)TYPES OF CAM
Cams can be classified based on their physical shape.

1.2.1) Disk or plate cam = The disk (or plate) cam has an irregular contour to impart a specific motion
to the follower. The follower moves in a plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the camshaft and
is held in contact with the cam by springs or gravity.

Fig. 1 Plate or disk cam.

1.2.2) Cylindrical cam = The cylindrical cam has a groove cut along its cylindrical surface. The roller
follows the groove, and the follower moves in a plane parallel to the axis of rotation of the cylinder.
 Fig. 2 Cylindrical cam.

1.2.3) Translating cam = The translating cam is a contoured or grooved plate sliding on a guiding
surface(s). The follower may oscillate (Fig. 6.3a) or reciprocate (Fig. 6.3b). The contour or the shape of
the groove is determined by the specified motion of the follower.

Fig. 3 Translating cam

1.3) Types of followers:

(i) Based on surface in contact.

(a) Knife edge follower

(b) Roller follower

(c) Flat faced follower

(d) Spherical follower

(ii) Based on type of motion:

(a) Oscillating follower

(b) Translating follower

Fig. 5: Oscillating follower & Translating follower

(iii) Based on line of motion:

(a) Radial follower: The lines of movement of in-line cam followers pass through the centers of the
camshafts

(b) Off-set follower: For this type, the lines of movement are offset from the centers of the camshafts

2) Project

2.1) Object = To prepare a cam and follower by the help of steel and discuss about its failure.

2.2) Material required = Steel for prepare the joint, glass , wood for support structure.

2.3) Tool required = lathe, welding machine, cutter, oil machine, single point cutting tool etc.

2.4) Project Diagram =

2.5) Observation =
2.5.1) Parts of cam :

Cam diameter

D = 7cm

d = 2.2cm

width = (3&1.5cm)

Thickness = 0.6cm

2.5.2) Cam stand = 6.8cm

Base width = 6.4&5.9cm

Length width = 2.9&2.2cm

2.5.3) Bolts

Height of large bolts = 7cm

Dia = (1&0.5cm)

2.5.4) Shaft

L= 7cm, D = 1cm

2.5.5) Roller

D = 1.7cm, thickness = 0.5cm

2.5.6) Follower
 L = 13.7cm

2.5.7) Nuts

D = (1&0.5cm)

Thickness = 0.5cm

2.6) Calculation =

2.6.1) DESIGN OF SHAFT

Shaft is made of plain carbon steel 30C8(Syt=380N/mm2).

Now taking f.o.s=4

Permissible shear stress (𝜏)s=0.5Syt/f.o.s

𝜏s =0.5*380/4 = 47.5N/mm2

Let power(P)=200w,

N=320r.p.m

Now,

T=(60×P)/(2π×N)

T=(60*200)/(2π*320),

T=5968.31 N-mm.

Also torque transmitted by solid shaft,

16x5968.31=47.5x πXd3

Diameter of shaft(d) =8.6mm=10mm(say).

2.6.2) DESIGN OF SLEEVE

Let diameter of sleeve(D)=2d+2

D=2x10+2

=22mm

Sleeve will fail in torsional shear,

T=[π x 𝜏 x D3(1-k4)]/16

Where, k=d/D

5968.31=[𝜏 x π x 223(1-0.4544)]/16

𝜏=2.98N/mm2.

Since the induced shear stress in the sleeve is less than the permissible shear stress, therefore
design of sleeve is safe.

2.6.3)DESIGN OF CAM

Cam will fail under crushing so checking the stresses under crushing,

Permissible crushing stress(σc)=95N/mm2.

Now,

Force=stress x area

T= σc x d x t

5968.31= σc x 55x6

σc=18.08N/mm2.

Since the induced crushing stress in the cam is less than the permissible crushing stress, therefore
design of cam is safe.
2.6.4)DESIGN OF ROLLER OF FOLLOWER

Roller of follower will fail under crushing so checking the stresses under crushing,

Follower is made up of aluminum(σc)=77.5N/mm2.

Permissible crushing stress(σc)=77.5N/mm2.

Now,

Force=stress x area

T= σc x d x t

5968.31= σc x 17x5

σc=70.2N/mm2.

Since the induced crushing stress in the roller is less than the permissible crushing stress, therefore
design of roller is safe.

2.6.5) DESIGN OF FOLLOWER

Follower will fail under crushing so checking the stresses under crushing,

Follower is made up of aluminum(σc)=77.5N/mm2.

Permissible crushing stress(σc)=77.5N/mm2.

Now,

Force=stress x area

T= σc x b x t
5968.31= σc x 12x12

σc=41.44N/mm2.

Since the induced crushing stress in the follower is less than the permissible crushing stress,
therefore design of follower is safe.

Result = we prepare the cam and follower and steady all failure

3)Application , Advantages and Disadvantages :

3.1) Advantage of cam and follower :

1. One of the pros of using a cam follower bearing is that they always distribute evenly,
regardless of the configuration of the unit.

2. They are available for a wide range of linear motions.

3. Cam follower bearings are built thicker than normal bearings, meaning they can absorb more
shock than normal and can reduce distortion.

4. They are highly versatile; these bearings are able to fit in whatever solution you desire,
whether it’s for a soda machine, aircraft application, or a conveyor line.

3.2) Disadvantage of cam and follower :

1) Initial cost of purchasing CAM is high

2) Expensive and lengthy training on how to use CAM machinery

3) May lead to rise in unemployment

3.3) Application of cam and follower :

1)A cam and follower are a method of converting rotary motion into linear motion.

2) The most well known application is in an internal combustion engine, where the cam and follower
combination determines the opening times and duration of the valves. (via the pushrod and rocker arm).

3) Other applications might be on industrial machinery, regulating opening and closing of equipment for
filling bottles or containers, toys (for example a “quacking duck” toy, where a cam can be used to move
the duck’s beak and make the quack noise), in fact any application where you want a fairly short linear
motion at a regular repeated interval.