ADAMSON UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AIRCONDITIONING AND VENTILATION LAB

FRIDAY 9:00-12:00

SUBMITTED BY:
ALOMIA, NEIL CHRISTIAN V.
DATO, STELLA MARIZ C.
ESTRELLA, JASPER RAVEN R.

DATE SUBMITTED:
SEPTEMBER 14, 2018

ENGR. BIENVENIDO D. MANUNTAG

PROFESSOR
 PART 1
DEFINITION OF AIR CONDITIONING
1. Air Conditioning is the process of removing heat and moisture from the interior of an occupied
space, to improve the comfort of occupants.
2. Comfort Air Conditioning aim to provide a building indoor environment that remains relatively
constant despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.
3. Summer Air Conditioning requires a refrigeration system that reduces the temperature of the air
to temperatures much lower than the surroundings.
4. Industrial Air conditioning industrial air conditioners are one or more characteristics: temperature
level, the need for precise humidity control, increasing the level of filtration and removal of
contaminants.
5. Residential Air conditioning is used in the home environment and consists of two parts; an external
component, known as the condensing unit, and an indoor unit, known as the air handling unit.

PSYCHOMETRY AND THE PROPERTIES OF MOIST AIR

6. Psychrometry is the science of studying the thermodynamic properties of moist air and the use of
these properties to analyze conditions and processes involving moist air.
7. Saturated Air is air that contains the maximum amount of water vapour that is possible at the given
temperature and pressure, i.e. air in which the relative humidity is 100%.
8. Moist Air is air that is a mixture of dry air and any amount of water vapor.
9. Dry Air is air that has a low relative humidity.
10. Vapor is a substance in the gas phase at a temperature lower than its critical temperature, which
means that the vapor can be condensed to a liquid by increasing the pressure on it without reducing
the temperature.
11. Ambient Air refers to any unconfined portion of the atmosphere or outdoor air.
12. Outside Air refers to a simpler, more effective solution in a dedicated outside air system (DOAS)
from United Cool Air Corporation working in conjunction with a space sensible heating/cooling
system.
13. Psychrometrics are names for the field of engineering concerned with the physical and
thermodynamic properties of gas-vapor mixtures.
14. Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold. It is measured with
a thermometer calibrated in one or more temperature scales. The most commonly used scales are
the Celsius scale (formerly called centigrade) (denoted °C), Fahrenheit scale (denoted °F),
and Kelvin scale (denoted K).
15. Dry Bulb Temperature dry-bulb temperature (DBT) is the temperature of air measured by a
thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. DBT is the
temperature that is usually thought of as air temperature, and it is the true
thermodynamic temperature.
16. Wet Bulb Temperature Wet Bulb temperature can be measured by using a thermometer with the
bulb wrapped in wet muslin. The adiabatic evaporation of water from the thermometer bulb and the
cooling effect is indicated by a "wet bulb temperature" lower than the "dry bulb temperature" in the
air.
17. Wet Bulb Depression The wet-bulb depression is the difference between the dry-bulb temperature
and the wet-bulb temperature. If there is 100% humidity, dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures
are identical, making the wet-bulb depression equal to zero in such conditions.

18. Dew Point Temperature The dew point is the temperature at which air is saturated with water vapor,
which is the gaseous state of water. When air has reached the dew-point temperature at a particular
pressure, the water vapor in the air is in equilibrium with liquid water, meaning water vapor is
condensing at the same rate at which liquid water is evaporating.
19. Apparatus Dew Point Apparatus dew point (ADP) is the dew point temperature of the cooling coil,
which should be below the dew point of the return air entering the cooling coil. To determine ADP,
you can use the psychrometric chart.
20. Pressure Pressure (symbol: p or P) is the force applied perpendicular to the surface of an object per
unit area over which that force is distributed. Gauge pressure (also spelled gage pressure) is
the pressure relative to the ambient pressure. Various units are used to express pressure.
21. Partial Pressure of Dry Air Unlike other gases in air, water vapor may condense under common
conditions. Since the boiling point of water at normal atmospheric pressure (101.3 kPa) is 100oC,
the vapor partial pressure of water is low compared to dry air partial pressure in moist air.
22. Partial Pressure of Water Vapor The vapour pressure of water is the pressure at which water
vapour is in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed state. At higher pressures waterwould
condense. The water vapour pressure is thepartial pressure of water vapour in any gas mixture in
equilibrium with solid or liquid water.
23. Total Pressure Total pressure is the total of static pressure p, dynamic pressure q, and gravitational
head. Total pressure is the measure of the total energy of the airstream, and is equal to
static pressure plus velocity pressure. The total pressure is the sum of the static and
dynamic pressures.
24. Specific Volume In thermodynamics, the specific volume of a substance is the ratio of the
substance's volume to its mass. It is the reciprocal of density and an intrinsic property of matter as
well. Specific volume is defined as the number of cubic meters occupied by one kilogram of a
particular substance.
25. Humidity Ratio The ratio between the mass of water vapor present in moist air - to the mass of dry
air.
26. Enthalpy a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It is equal to
the internal energy of the system plus the product of pressure and volume.
27. Relative Humidity the amount of water vapor present in air expressed as a percentage of the
amount needed for saturation at the same temperature.
28. Dew Point Temperature The dew point is the temperature at which air is saturated with water vapor,
which is the gaseous state of water. When air has reached the dew-point temperature at a particular
pressure, the water vapor in the air is in equilibrium with liquid water, meaning water vapor is
condensing at the same rate at which liquid water is evaporating.
29. Percent Saturation The amount of a substance that is dissolved in a solution compared to the
amount that could be dissolved in it.
30. Water vapor gas constant is dispersion, in air, of molecules of water, especially as produced by
evaporation at ambient temperatures rather than by boiling.
 LAWS APPLICABLE TO AIR CONDITIONING
31. Dalton's law of partial pressures states that the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the
sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 = ∑𝒏𝒊=𝟏 𝒑𝒊 𝒐𝒓 𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 =𝒑𝟏+ 𝒑𝟐+ 𝒑𝟑
32. Straight Line Law marked by equal payments over a given term. using the straight-line method of
depreciation.
33. Ideal Gas Law The ideal gas law relates temperature, pressure, volume, and the number of particles
of a gas. Pressure (P) and volume (V) are indirectly proportional, while pressure and volume are
directly proportional to temperature (T) and number of particles (n) (PV=nRT). R is the universal gas
constant.
Pressure is directly proportional to number of molecule and temperature.
Pressure, however, is indirectly proportional to volume.
R = 0.08205 L atm / mol·K Note:
= 8.3145 L kPa / mol·K 1 atm = 101.32 kPa
= 8.3145 J / mol·K 1 J = 1 L kPa
= 1.987 cal / mol·K 1 cal = 4.182 J
= 62.364 L torr/ mol·K 1 atm = 760 torr
34. Law of conservation of mass principle of mass conservation states that for any system closed to
all transfers of matter and energy, the mass of the system must remain constant over time, as
system's mass cannot change, so quantity cannot be added nor removed. Hence, the quantity of
mass is conserved over time.
35. Law of conservation of energy In physics, the law of conservation of energy states that the total
energy of an isolated system remains constant, it is said to be conserved over time. This law means
that energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred
from one form to another. For instance, chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick
of dynamite explodes. If one adds up all the forms of energy that were released in the explosion,
such as the kinetic energy of the pieces, as well as heat and sound, one will get the exact decrease
of chemical energy in the combustion of the dynamite. Classically, conservation of energy was
distinct from conservation of mass; however, special relativity showed that mass could be converted
to energy and vice versa by E = mc2, and science now takes the view that mass–energy is
conserved.
EMPIRICAL FORMULAS APPLICABLE TO AIRCONDITIONING
36. Carrier equation for partial pressure of waste vapor
(𝑷𝒕 − 𝑷𝒘𝒃 )(𝑻𝒅𝒃 − 𝑻𝒘𝒃 )
𝑷𝒘𝒗 = 𝑷𝒘𝒃 −
𝟏𝟓𝟐𝟕. 𝟒 − 𝟏. 𝟑𝑻𝒘𝒃
𝑷𝒘𝒗 – water vapor pressure
𝑷𝒘𝒃 − wet bulb pressure
𝑷𝒕 – total pressure
𝑻𝒅𝒃 – temperature dry bulb
𝑻𝒘𝒃 – temperature wet bulb

37. Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (IHVE) Formulas for Enthalpy
38. ASHRAE formula for enthalpy
𝑯 = (𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 × 𝑻) + [𝑾 × (𝟏𝟎𝟔𝟏 + 𝟎. 𝟒𝟒𝟒 × 𝑻)]
H = enthalpy (Btu/lb)
T = dry-bulb temperature (°F)
W = specific humidity (lbwater / lbdry air)
39. Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (IHVE) Formulas for water vapor if wet
bulb is ≥ zero.
40. Institute of Heating and Ventilating Engineers (IHVE) Formulas for water vapor if wet
bulb is < zero.
TOOLS, APPARATUS AND DEVICES RELATED TO AIR CONDITIONING
41. Adiabatic saturator Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-build Temperatures. Adiabatic saturation
temperature refers to a temperature at which water converts into air by the process of evaporation
adiabatically. The device used for this type of process is known as adiabatic saturator.
42. Barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure.
Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather. Many measurements of air
pressure are used within surface weather analysis to help find surface troughs, high pressure
systems and frontal boundaries.
43. Psychrometric Chart is an important tool for HVAC engineers to carry out heat load or cooling load
calculations and find solutions to various air condition related problems. Read an overview of the
components included in a psychrometric chart.
44. Psychrometer a hygrometer consisting of a wet-bulb and a dry-bulb thermometer, the difference in
the two thermometer readings being used to determine atmospheric humidity.
45. Thermometer is a device that measures temperature or a temperature gradient. A thermometer has
two important elements: a temperature sensor in which some change occurs with a change in
temperature, and some means of converting this change into a numerical value.
46. Cooling tower is a heat rejection device, which extracts waste heat to the atmosphere though the
cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
47. Air Washer is a piece of equipment that is designed to improve air quality by scrubbing the air that
moves through it and adjusting humidity levels to keep the environment consistent. Air washers are
used as part of climate control and air quality systems.
48. Heating coil is a typical heating element is usually a coil, ribbon (straight or corrugated), or strip of
wire that gives off heat much like a lamp filament. When an electric current flows through it, it glows
red hot and converts the electrical energy passing through it into heat, which it radiates out in all
directions.
49. Cooling coil is the ice or frost formed on a cooling coil in an air conditioner air handler unit is usually
caused by an improper refrigerant charge, possibly by inadequate air flow across the cooling coil, or
by a thermostatic expansion valve (TEV) or other air conditioner or heat pump control defect.
50. Cooling and dehumidifying apparatus Electric refrigeration dehumidifiers are the most common
type of dehumidifiers. They work by drawing moist air over a refrigerated evaporator with a fan. There
are 3 main types of evaporators. They are coiled tube, fin and tube, and microchannel technology.
 PART 2

Simple Centralized Air Conditioning

Single Duct Variable Air Temperature Air Conditioning System with Recirculated Room Air
 PART 3
1. a) Calculate the water vapor pressure of the atmosphere if the dry-bulb temperature is 22◦
and the wet-bulb temperature is 10◦C at standard atmosphere.
b) Calculate:
1) the relative humidity
2) the degree or percent saturation
3) the humidity ratio, and
4) the enthalpy of the mixture
Given:
tdb= 22°C
twb=10°C
Pt=101.325 kPa
Pwv=?
Solution:
Pwb @ twb = 10°C = 1.2776 kPa

(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝑑𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 )

𝑃𝑤𝑏 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 −
1527.4 − 1.3 𝑡𝑤𝑏

(101.325 − 1.2276)(22 − 10)

𝑃𝑤𝑏 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 −
1527.4 − 1.3(10)

𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 0.4344 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 22℃ → 2.64 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑃𝑤𝑣 0.4344
𝑅𝐻 = × 100% = × 100% = 16.42 %
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 2.645

𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 101.325 − 2.645

∅ = 𝑅𝐻 [ ] × 100 = 0.1642 [ ] × 100 = 16.06%
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 101.325 − 0.4344

0.622𝑃𝑤𝑣 0.622(0.4344) 𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑅 = = = 0.002678
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 101.325 − 0.4344 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎

𝐾𝐽
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝𝑡 + 𝐻𝑅 (ℎ𝑔) ∴ ℎ𝑔 @ 𝑡 = 22℃ = 2541.7
𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔 𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝐽
ℎ = (1.0)(22) + (0.002678 ) (2541.7 ) = 28.81
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
2. How high a relative humidity must a 35◦C air have in order to obtain saturated air at 18◦C by
evaporative cooling?
Given:
T= 35°C
T= 18°C (Saturated Air); RH= 100%
Solution:
𝑃
RH= (𝑃 𝑊𝑉 ) @t= 18°C x 100
𝑆𝐴𝑇

𝑅𝐻
PWV= 100 (𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑇 ); 𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑇 = ?

@Table 1, T= 18°C
𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑇 = 0.0020640 KPa
100
PWV = 100 (2.0640)

PWV = 2.064 KPa

𝑃𝑊𝑉@𝑡=18° = 𝑃𝑊𝑉@𝑡=35°

𝑅𝐻35° = ?
𝑃𝑊𝑉
RH = ( ) x 100
𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑇 @𝑡=35°

2.0640
RH = ( ) x 100; 𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑇 = ?
𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑇

@ Table 1, T= 35° C
𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑇 = 0.005628
𝑃𝑆𝐴𝑇 = 5.628 KPa
2.0640 𝑘𝑃𝑎
RH = 5.628 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑥 100%

RH = 36.67%
3. Calculate the specific volume of an air vapor-mixture in cu.m. per kg dry air when the following
conditions prevail:
DB= 30 degrees Celsius
W=0.015 kg/kg da.;
Barometric pressure is 90 kPa
Given:

𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 30℃

𝑘𝑔
𝑤 = 0.015 = 𝐻𝑅
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎

𝑃𝑡 = 90 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎

Solution:

0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
𝐻𝑅 = = 0.015
90 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣

𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 2.12 𝑘𝑃𝑎

𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
(0.287 ) (30 + 273)𝐾
𝑘𝑔 − 𝐾
𝜈=
𝑘𝑁
(90 + 2.12) 2
𝑚

𝑚3
𝜈 = 0.9895
𝑘𝑔
4. Using humidity ratios from psychometric chart, calculate the error in considering the wet-bulb line
to be the line of constant enthalpy at point 35◦C DB and 50% RH.
Given:
Tdb = 35◦C
RH = 50%
Solution:
Psat @ 35◦C = 5.628 Kpa
𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 = × 100%
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = (0.5)(5.628)
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 2.814
0.622 (2.814)
𝑅𝐻 = × 100%
101.325 − 2.814
𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝐻 = 0.0178
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
Hg @ 35◦C = 2565.3
ℎ = (1)(35) + (0.0178)(2565.3)
ℎ = 80.66 %
𝑎𝑏𝑠. 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 − 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙)
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
81 − 80.66
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = × 100%
80.66
%𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 = 0.4215%
Method 2 psychrometric chart
5. An air-vapor mixture has a DB temperature of 30 degrees Celsius and a humidity ratio of 0.015
kg/kg da. Calculate for two barometric pressures 85 KPaa and 101.325 KPaa.
a) The enthalpy
b) The dew point temperature
Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 30℃
𝑘𝑔𝑤𝑣
𝐻𝑅 = 0.015
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
𝑃𝑡 = 85 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 , 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Solution:
𝑃𝑑𝑏 @ 30℃ = 4.246 𝑘𝑃𝑎
For 𝑃𝑡 = 85 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
0.622 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝐻𝑅 =
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
0.015 =
85 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 2 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎

P t
1.9376 17
[ 2 ] [ 𝑥 ] 𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 17.49℃ @ 𝑃𝑡 = 85𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
2.0640 18
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝𝑡 + 𝐻𝑅(ℎ𝑔) = 1(30) + 0.015(25563) = 68.34 @ 𝑃𝑡 = 85 & 101.325
For 𝑃𝑡 = 101.325
0.622𝑃𝑤𝑣 0.622𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝐻𝑅 = ; 0.015 =
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 101.325 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝐾𝐽
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 2.39
𝑘𝑔

P t
2.339 20
[ 2.39 ] [𝑡𝑑𝑝 ] 𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 20.34℃ @ 𝑃𝑡 = 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
2.487 21
6. If the DB temperature is 21°C and the WB temperature is 17°C, find the absolute humidity of the
air by calculation and check your answer using the psychrometric chart.
Given:
tdb = 21C
twb = 17C
Solution:

[pt − (pwv ) ](tdb − twb )

wb
pwv = (pwv ) −
wb 1527.4 − 1.3(twb )
Where (pwv)wb @ 17C = 1.9376
[101.325 − 1.9376](21-17)
pwv = 1.9376 −
1527.4 − 1.3(17)
Pwv = 1.674 kPa
(0.287)(21+273)
v= = 0.8467 m3/kg
101.325 - 1.674

1
ρ= = 1.181 kg/m3
0.8467
7. Given for an air water vapor mixture that DB=60◦C; 𝑃1 =300 KPaa, and RH=50.1%. Find the dew-
point temperature and the humidity ratio.
Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 60℃
𝑃𝑡 = 300𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = 50.1%
𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 60℃ → 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.940 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
Solution:
𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 = × 100%
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = (0.501)(19.940) = 9.99 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
0.622(9.99) 𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑅 = = 0.0214
300 − 9.99 𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
For tdp:

P t
9.593 45
[ 9.99 ] [𝑡𝑑𝑝 ] 𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 45.7℃
10.098 46
8. Air in an occupied room is at temperature of 20◦C DB and has a moisture content of 0.007376
kg/kg. When air at 20◦C DB is fully saturated, it can hold 0.01475 kg/kg. Calculate the percentage
saturation of the room air. Check the answer with a psychometric chart.
Given:
W = 0.007376 kg/kg
Ws = 0.01475 kg/kg
Solution:
Part 1:
0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
𝐻𝑅 =
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑘𝑔 0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
0.007376 =
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎 101.325 𝑘𝑝𝑎 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.187 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃
𝑅𝐻 = 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ; 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡 = 20°𝐶 = 2.339 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑠𝑎𝑡

1.1887 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = × 100 %
2.339 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = 50.75 %3.
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
∅ = 𝑅𝐻 ( ) × 100 %
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
(101.325−2.339)
∅ = 0.5075 ( 101.325−1.187 ) × 100 %

∅ = 50.17 % 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 @ 𝑡 = 20°𝐶

Part 2:
Fully Saturated
𝑅𝐻 = 100%
0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
0.01475 =
101.325 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2.347 𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃 −𝑃 (101.325−2.347)
∅ = 𝑅𝐻 ( 𝑃𝑡 −𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡) × 100 % = 1 ( 101.325−2.347 ) × 100 %
𝑡 𝑤𝑣

∅ = 100 % 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

9. A sling psychrometer shows that the air condition in an occupied room is 22◦C DB and 17◦C
WB. Calculate the percentage saturation and relative humidity. Check the values from the
psychrometric chart.
Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 22℃
𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 17℃
Solution:
𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 17℃ → 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 1.9376 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝑑𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 −
1527.4 − 1.3𝑡𝑤𝑏
(101.325 − 1.9376)(22 − 17)
= 1.9376 −
1527.4 − 1.3(17)
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.607 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 22℃ → 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2.645 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 = × 100%
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
1.607
𝑅𝐻 = × 100%
2.645
𝑅𝐻 = 60.76%
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
∅ = 𝑅𝐻 [ ] × 100%
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
101.325 − 2.645
∅ = 0.6076 [ ] × 100%
101.325 − 1.607
∅ = 60.12%
10. Find the densities of humid air at 25◦C DB, when it is at 20% saturation and then when it is at
23◦C WB.
Given:
Tdb = 25◦C
Twb = 23◦C
20% saturation
Solution:
For ρ @ tdb = 25C and µ = 0.20;
Psat @ 25C = 3.169 kPa
p𝑤𝑣 pt − psat
μ= [ ]
Psat pt − pwv
p𝑤𝑣 101.325 − 3.169
0.20 = [ ]
3.169 101.325 − pwv

Pwv = 0.6501 kPa

Ra T (0.287)(25+273)
v= = = 0.8495 m3/kg
pt − pwv 101.325−0.6501

1 1
ρ = v = 0.8495 = 1.177 kg/m3

For ρ @ tdb = 25C & twb = 23C

[pt − (pwv ) ](tdb − twb )

wb
pwv = (pwv ) −
wb 1527.4 − 1.3(twb )
Where: (Pwv)wb @ 23C = 2.810 kPa
[101.325 −2.810](25 − 23)
pwv =2.810 − = 2.678 kPa
1527.4 −1.3(23)

Ra T (0.287)(25+273)
v= = = 0.867 m3/kg
pt − pwv 101.325−2.678

1 1
ρ = v = 0.867 = 1.153 kg/m3
11. Calculate the specific volume of humid air at 22◦C DB;17◦C WB; and vapor pressure 16 mb.
Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 22℃
𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 17℃
1 𝑏𝑎𝑟 100𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 16𝑚𝑏 × × = 1.6𝑘𝑃𝑎
1000𝑚𝑏 1𝑏𝑎𝑟
Solution:
(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝑑𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 −
1527.4 − 1.3𝑡𝑤𝑏
𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 17℃ → 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 1.9376 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏
(𝑃𝑡 − 1.9376)(22 − 17)
1.6 = 1.9376 −
1527.4 − 1.3(17)
𝑃𝑡 = 250.54 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
(0.287 ) (22 + 273)𝐾
𝑘𝑔. 𝐾
𝜈=
𝑘𝑁
(250.54 − 1.6) 2
𝑚
𝑚3
𝜈 = 0.3401
𝑘𝑔
12. Find the dew-point temperature of humid air at 22◦C DB;17◦C WB; and vapor pressure 16 mb
using the three methods described.
Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 22 °𝐶
𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 17°𝐶
1𝑏𝑎𝑟 100𝑘𝑝𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 16 𝑚𝑏 × × = 1.6 𝑘𝑝𝑎
1000𝑚𝑏 1𝑏𝑎𝑟
Solution:
Method 1:
(101.325 − 1.9367)(22 − 17)
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.9367 =
1527.4 − 1.3(17)
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.6 𝑘𝑝𝑎

By Interpolation:

𝑃 𝑡
1.5983 14
1.6 X
1.7051 15

1.5983 − 1.6 14 − 𝑥
=
1.5983 − 1.7051 14 − 15
𝑥 = 𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 14.02
Method 2:
Using Psychometric Chart

𝑡𝑑𝑝 = 14.02 ° 𝐶
13. Determine the degree or percent saturation of water vapor in an air at 21◦C DB and 10◦C WB.
What is the RH? Barometric pressure is 29◦Hg.
Given:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 21℃
𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 17℃
𝑃𝑤𝑏 = 1.2276
𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 21℃ → 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2.487 𝑘𝑃𝑎
(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝑑𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 −
1527.4 − 1.3𝑡𝑤𝑏
(98.21 − 1.2276)(21 − 10)
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.2276 −
1527.4 − 1.3(10)
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 0.5232 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 = × 100%
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
0.5232
𝑅𝐻 = × 100%
2.487
𝑅𝐻 = 21.04%
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
∅ = 𝑅𝐻 [ ] × 100%
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
98.21 − 2.487
∅ = 0.6076 [ ] × 100%
98.21 − 0.5232
∅ = 20.62%
14. A compressor receives an air-water vapor mixture at 96 kpaa and compresses it adiabatically to
207 Kpaa and 65◦C.Determine:
a) the work required per kg d.a.; and
b) the RH initially and finally.
Given:
Pt1 = 96 kPa
Pwv = 1.0 kPa
tdb1 = 10°C
Pt2 = 207 kPa
tdb2 = 65°C
Solution:
(a) Q = W + ∆U ; Q = 0
W = - m(Cp)(∆T)
W/m = (Cp)( ∆T) = (1.0062)(65-10)
W/m = 55.341 KJ/kg
0.622𝑃𝑤𝑣
(b) 𝐻𝑅 = 𝑃𝑡 −𝑃𝑤𝑣

Psat @ 10°C = 1.2276 kPa

Psat @ 65°C = 25.03 kPa
1.0
𝑅𝐻1 = 𝑥100
1.2276
RH1 = 81.46%
1.0
𝑅𝐻2 = 𝑥100
25.03
RH2 = 4%
 PART 4
1. An air-vapor mixture has a DB temperature of 30°C and a humidity ratio of 0.015kg/kg d.a
Calculate the enthalpy.
a) 68.527 kJ/kg d.a b) 78.527 kJ/kg d.a
c) 58.527 kJ/kg d.a d) 88.527 kJ/kg d.a
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 300 𝐶
𝐾𝑔
𝐻𝑅 = 0.015
𝐾𝑔𝑑𝑎
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝(𝑡𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝐻𝑅(ℎ𝑔)
𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝐽
ℎ = 1.0062 0
(30𝑂 𝐶) + 0.015 (2556.3 )
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑑𝑎 𝐾𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝐾𝑔𝑤𝑣
𝑲𝑱
ℎ = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟓𝟑
𝑲𝒈𝒅𝒂

2. In problem # 1 above, determine the vapor pressure if the barometric pressure is 101 kPaa.
a) 3.2783 kPaa b) 2.3783 kPaa
c) 3.8723 kPaa d) 2.8372 kPaa
𝑃𝑡 = 101𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣 =?
0.622𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝐻𝑅 =
𝑃𝑡. 𝑃𝑤𝑣
0.015𝐾𝑔𝑤𝑣 0.622𝑃𝑤𝑣
=
𝐾𝑔𝑑𝑎 𝑃𝑡. 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟕𝟖𝒌𝑷𝒂𝒂

3. Calculate the moisture content of moist air at 20°C DB, 15°C WB, and 95 kPa barometric pressure.
Let the saturation pressure of water at 15°C equals to 1.7057 kPaa and at 20°C is 2.339 kPaa
a) 0.00923 kg/kg d.a b) 0.00293 kg/kg d.a
c) 0.00392 kg/kg d.a d) 0.00239 kg/kg d.a
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 200 𝐶 𝑃𝑤𝑏 = 0.0017051 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 150 𝐶 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑡 = 95𝑘𝑃𝑎 = 1.7051𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 1.7057𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑡 = 150 𝐶 (95 − 1.7051)(20 − 15)
−( )
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2.339 𝑘𝑃𝑎, 𝑡 = 20𝑜 𝐶 1527.4 − 1.3(15)
(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝑑𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 ) 𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.3957𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 − (
1527.4 − 1354𝑡𝑤𝑏 1.3957
𝐻𝑅 = 0.622 ( )
𝑃𝑤𝑏 =? 95 − 1.3917
@𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1; 𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 1.7051 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝐻𝑅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟖

4. In problem # 3 above, determine the relative humidity of the moist air.

a) 49.5% b) 45.9%
c) 59.4% d) 54.9%
 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 200 𝐶
𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 = ( ) (100)
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.3975 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 1 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 200 𝐶
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 0.002339 𝑀𝑃𝑎
1.3957𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = ( ) (100)
2.339𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = 𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟕%

5. Air in an occupied room is at a temperature of 20°C DB and has a moisture content of 0.00738
kg/kg d.a. When air at 20°C DB is fully saturated, it can hold 0.01475 kg vapor per kg dry air.
Calculate the percent saturation of the room air. From Steam Tables, at 20°C, p d = 2.339 kPaa.
a) 50.03% b) 53.00%
c) 35.00% d) 50.30%
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 200 𝐶
𝐾𝑔𝑤𝑣
𝐻𝑅 = 0.00738
𝐾𝑔𝑑𝐴
𝑅𝐻 = 100% 𝐹𝑈𝐿𝐿𝑌 𝑆𝐴𝑇
𝐾𝑔𝑤𝑣
0.01475
𝐾𝑔𝑑𝐴
∅ =?
𝐻𝑅𝑊𝑉
∅=( ) (100)
𝐻𝑅𝑑𝐴
0.00738
∅=( ) (100)
0.01475
∅ = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟑%
6. In problem # 5 above, calculate the enthalpy of the moist air.
a) 48.83 kJ/kg d.a b) 43.88 kJ/kg d.a
c) 38.84 kJ/kg d.a d) 48.38 kJ/kg d.a
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 200 𝐶
𝐻 =? 𝐹𝑂𝑅 𝑀𝑂𝐼𝑆𝑇 𝐴𝐼𝑅
𝐾𝑔
𝐻 = 𝐶𝑃 (𝑡𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝐻𝑅(𝐻𝑔); 𝑈𝑆𝐸 𝐻𝑅 = 0.00738
𝐾𝑔𝑑𝐴
WHERE: 𝐶𝑃 = 1.0062 𝐴𝑁𝐷 𝑡𝑑𝑏 0
= 20 𝐶 𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐷: 𝐻𝑔 =?
@𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 2 𝑡𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 200 𝐶
𝐾𝐽𝑤𝑣
𝐻𝑔 = 2538.1
𝐾𝑔𝑑𝐴
1.0062𝐾𝐽 𝐾𝑔𝑤𝑣 𝐾𝐽
ℎ=( ) (20) + (0.00738 ) (2538.1 )
𝐾𝑔. 𝐾 𝐾𝑔𝑑𝐴 𝐾𝑔𝑤𝑣
𝑲𝑱
ℎ = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟖𝟓
𝑲𝒈. 𝒅𝑨
7. A compressor receives an air-vapor mixture at 96 kPaa, 10°C, and with a vapor pressure of 1.0
kPaa; and compresses it adiabatically to 207 kPaa and 65°C. Determine the initial humidity ratio.
From Steam Tables: at 10°C, pd = 25.03 kPaa.
a) 0.0065 kg/kg d.a b) 0.0650 kg/kg d.a
c) 0.0056 kg/kg d.a d) 0.0560 kg/kg d.a

𝑃 = 96 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 100 𝐶
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑃2 = 207𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝑡𝑑𝑏2 = 630 𝐶
𝐻𝑅𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑇𝐼𝐴𝐿 =?
0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
𝐻𝑅 =
𝑃𝑡. 𝑃𝑤𝑣
1.0𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝐻𝑅 = 0.622
96 − 1.0
𝑲𝒈
𝐻𝑅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓
𝑲𝒈. 𝒅𝑨
8. In problem # 7 above, determine initial relative humidity.
a) 84.16% b) 86.14%
c) 84.61% d) 81.46%
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 100 𝐶
𝑅𝐻𝐼𝑁𝐼𝑇𝐼𝐴𝐿 =?
𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 = ( ) (100)
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒1 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 100 𝐶
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 1.2276 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.0 𝑘𝑃𝑎
1.0𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻 = (100) = 𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟔%
1.2276𝑘𝑃𝑎
9. In problem # 7 above, calculate the final relative humidity
a) 8.55% b) 5.85%
c) 7.55% d) 5.75%
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 650 𝐶 0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
𝐻𝑅 =
𝑅𝐻𝐹𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐿 =? 𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑤𝑣 0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
𝑅𝐻 = ( ) (100); 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 =? 0.0065 =
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 207 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒1 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 650 𝐶 𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 2.1408
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 25.03 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑅𝐻 = ( ) (100)
𝑅𝐻 = ( ) (100); 𝑃𝑤𝑣 =? 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝐻 = 𝟖. 𝟓𝟓%
𝐻𝑅1 = 𝐻𝑅2
10. A certain volume of moist air is at 34°C and 65% RH when the barometric pressure is 101 kPa. If
the vapor pressure at 34°C is 5.318 kPaa, determine the humidity ratio.
a) 0.02204 kg/kg d.a b) 0.00224 kg/kg d.a
c) 0.04202 kg/kg d.a d) 0.02402 kg/kg d.a
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 340 𝐶
𝑅𝐻 = 65%
𝑃𝐼 = 101 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣 @340 𝐶 = 5.318 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎
𝐻𝑅 =?
𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 = ( ) (100)
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
65(𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ; 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 5.324
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 3.4606
0.622(3.4606)
𝐻𝑅 =
101 − 3.4606
𝑲𝒈
𝐻𝑅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟎𝟕
𝑲𝒈𝒅𝑨
11. In problem # 10 above, determine the enthalpy of the moist air.
a) 90.97 kJ/kg d.a b) 97.09 kJ/kg d.a
c) 79.09 kJ/kg d.a d) 70.99 kJ/kg d.a
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 340 𝐶
ℎ = 𝐶𝑝(𝑡𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝐻𝑅(𝐻𝑔 ); 𝐻𝑔 @𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 340 𝐶
𝐻𝑔 = 2563.5
1.0062𝐾𝐽 0.02204𝐾𝑔𝑤𝑣 𝐾𝐽
ℎ= (34) + (2563.5 )
𝐾𝑔𝑑𝐴 𝐾𝑔𝑑𝐴 𝐾𝑔𝑤𝑣
ℎ = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟕𝟏 ≈ 𝟗𝟎. 𝟗𝟕

12. In problem # 10 above, calculate the specific volume.

a) 0.9503 m3/kg d.a b) 0.9035 m3/kg d.a
c) 0.9305 m /kg d.a
3 d) 0.9530 m3/kg d.a
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
𝑉 𝑅𝑇
= ( ) 𝑑𝑎
𝑚 𝑃
𝑅𝑇
𝑉 = ( ) 𝑑𝑎
𝑃
0.287(𝐾𝑁𝑚)
(34 + 273)
𝐾𝑔 − 𝐾
𝑉=
101 − 3.4606
𝟎. 𝟗𝟎𝟑𝟓𝒎𝟑
𝑉=
𝑲𝒈𝒅𝑨
13. Determine the moisture content of a moist air in kg vapor per kg dry air at 20°C DB, 15°C WB, and
95 kPaa barometric pressure if Psat at 15°C = 1.7051 kPaa.
a) 0.009228 b) 0.004354
c) 0.008622 d) 0.0235
𝐻𝑅 =? 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 200 𝐶 = 1.7051
𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 150 𝐶 (95 − 1.7051)(20℃ − 15℃)
−
𝑃𝐼 = 95𝑘𝑃𝑎 95 − 1.3957
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 1.7051𝑘𝑃𝑎@15℃ 𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.3957
0.622(𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) ((0.622)(1.3957))
𝐻𝑅 = 𝐻𝑅 =
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 95 − 1.3957
𝑃𝑤𝑣 =? ∗ 𝐶𝐴𝑅𝑅𝐼𝐸𝑅 𝐹𝑂𝑅𝑀𝑈𝐿𝐴 𝑲𝒈𝒘𝒗
𝐻𝑅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟐𝟖
(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )( 𝑡𝑑𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 ) 𝑲𝒈𝒅𝑨
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 −
1527.4 − 1.3(150 )

14. Calculate the humidity ratio of moist air at 65% relative humidity and 34°C DB when the barometric
pressure is 101.3 kPaa. Psat @ 34°C = 5.324 kPaa
a) 0.033 b) 0.022
c) 0.012 d) 0.018
𝑅𝐻 = 65% 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑅𝐻 = (100)
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 340 𝐶 𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝐻𝑅 =? 0.65(𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 ) = 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑡 = 101.3𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 3.4606
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 @𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒1 𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 34℃ (0.622)(3.4606)
𝐻𝑅 =
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 5.324 𝑘𝑃𝑎𝑎 101 − 3.4606
(0.622)( 𝑃𝑤𝑣 ) 𝐻𝑅 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐
𝐻𝑅 = ; 𝑃𝑤𝑣 =?
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣

15. If the specific humidity of moist air is 0.027 at 1 atmospheric pressure, what is the partial pressure
of the water vapor in the mixture?
a) 4.125 kPaa b) 3.516 kPaa
c) 3.617 kPaa d) None of these
𝐻𝑅 = 0.027
𝑃𝑡 = 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.325𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑤𝑣 =?
(0.622)( 𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
𝐻𝑅 =
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
(0.622)(𝑃𝑤𝑣 )
0.027 = ( )
101.325 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝟓

16. The mixing ratio of humid air is 0.034 at a dry-bulb temperature of 27°C. Determine the enthalpy of
the given air: hg@27°C = 2550.8 kJ/kg.
a) 67.25 kJ/kg b) 80.62 kJ/kg
c) 87.73 kJ/kg d) 55.68 kJ/kg
 GIVEN:
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 27°𝐶
𝑘𝐽
ℎ𝑔 @ 27°𝐶 = 2550.8 𝑘𝑔
HR = 0.034

SOLUTION:
h = 𝐶𝑝 (𝑡𝑑𝑏 ) + 𝐻𝑅(ℎ𝑔)
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
h = 1.0062 𝑘𝑔−°𝐾 (27) + 0.034 (2550.8 𝑘𝑔)

𝒌𝑱
h = 𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝒌𝒈

17. What is the specific volume in liters/kg of an air-vapor mixture at 30°C and relative humidity of 40
at 100 kPaa if the saturation pressure at 30°C is 4.246 kPaa?
a) 806 b) 809
c) 908 d) 506
GIVEN: Where:
RH = 40 𝑅𝐻
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 100 (𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 30°𝐶 40
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 4.246 @ 30°𝐶 𝑃𝑤𝑣 = (4.246)
100
𝑃𝑡 = 100 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.6984 2
𝑚
𝑘𝑁
SOLUTION: 𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 100 𝑚2
1 𝑣
𝜈= =
𝜌 𝑚
PV = mRT
𝑘𝐽
(0.287 )(30+273 °𝐾)
𝑘𝑔−°𝐾
So, 𝜈= 𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
100 2 − 1.6984 2
𝑚 𝑚
𝑣 𝑅𝑇
𝑚
= ( 𝑃 ) 𝑑𝑎 𝜈=
𝑚3 100𝑐𝑚 3 1𝐿
𝑘𝐽
0.884634 𝑘𝑔 𝑥 ( 1𝑚
) 𝑥 1000𝑐𝑚3
(0.287 )(30+273 °𝐾)
𝑘𝑔−°𝐾
𝜈= 𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣 𝑳
𝝂 = 𝟖𝟖𝟒. 𝟔𝟑𝟒 𝒌𝒈

18. In problem # 17, what is the density of the given air in kg/m3?
a) 1.64 b) 1.32
c) 1.25 d) 1.10
1
𝑣=
𝜌
1
𝜌=
𝑣
1
𝜌=
0.884634 𝑚3 /𝑘𝑔

𝜌 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟑 𝒎𝟑 /𝒌𝒈
19. Air in occupied room is at 20°C DB is fully saturated, it can hold 0.01475 kg v/kgda. Calculate the
percent or degree of saturation of the room air.
a) 56% b) 82%
c) 50% d) 46%
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 26℃
𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑅𝑤𝑣 = 0.007376
𝑘𝑔
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 20℃ (𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑) ; 𝑅𝐻 = 100%
𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑅𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 0.01475 𝑤𝑣
𝑘𝑔𝑑𝑎
∅ =?
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
𝑘𝑔𝑤𝑣
𝐻𝑅𝑤𝑣 0.007376 ⁄𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑎
∅= 𝑥100% = 𝑥100%
𝐻𝑅 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑘𝑔𝑤𝑣
0.01475 ⁄𝑘𝑔
𝑑𝑎
∅ = 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟏℃

20. In problem # 19, what is the enthalpy of room air in Btu/lb d.a.?
a) 22.51 b) 16.70
c) 12.3 d) 14.28
𝐵𝑇𝑈
ℎ = ? (𝑖𝑛 ) ; 1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 = 1.055 𝑘𝐽
𝑙𝑏𝑑𝑎
1 𝑘𝑔 = 2.205 𝑙𝑏
ℎ = 𝑐𝑝 (𝑡𝑑𝑏) + 𝐻𝑅(ℎ𝑔) @ 20℃ ℎ𝑔 = 2538.1 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔
;
𝑑𝑎
1 𝐵𝑇𝑈 1 𝑘𝑔 𝑩𝑻𝑼
ℎ = 1.0062 𝑘𝐽⁄𝑘𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = 16.69 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟕𝟎
𝑑𝑎 1.055 𝑘𝐽 2.205 𝑙𝑏 𝒍𝒃𝒅𝒂

21. Determine the saturation ratio of water vapor in an air at 21°C DB and 10°C WB. Barometric
pressure os 29 in Hg absolute and Psat @ 21°C is 2.487 kPaa and 1.2276 kPaa, respectively.
a) 20% b) 15%
c) 25% d) 30%
𝑃
0.622 ( 𝑤𝑣 )
𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑣
∅= 𝑥 100
𝑃
0.622 (𝑃 −𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 )
𝑡
101.325 𝐾𝑃𝑎
𝑃𝑡 = 29 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔 𝑥 = 98.21 𝐾𝑃𝑎 (𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 )
29.92 𝑖𝑛 𝐻𝑔
𝑃𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2.487 𝐾𝑃𝑎

Using Carrier’s Formula:

(𝑃𝑡 − 𝑃𝑤𝑏 )(𝑡𝑑𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏 )
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 𝑃𝑤𝑏 − ; 𝑃𝑤𝑏 = 1.2276
1527.4 − 1.3𝑡𝑤𝑏
 (98.21 − 1.2276)(21 − 10)
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 1.2276 −
1527.4 − 1.3(10)
𝑃𝑤𝑣 = 0.52316 𝐾𝑃𝑎
0.52316 𝐾𝑃𝑎
∅= 98.21 𝐾𝑃𝑎 − 0.52316 𝐾𝑃𝑎 𝑥 100
2.487 𝐾𝑃𝑎
98.21 𝐾𝑃𝑎 − 2.487 𝐾𝑃𝑎

∅ = 𝟐𝟎. 𝟔% ≈ 𝟐𝟎%

22. The dry-bulb temperature of humid air is 35°C. What is the wet-bulb depression in °F if the wet-
bulb temperature is 18°C?
a) 17.6 b) 30.6
c) 18.0 d) None of these
𝑡𝑑𝑏 = 35 ℃ FOR WET BULB DEPRESSION,

𝑡𝑤𝑏 = ? 𝑖𝑛 ℉ DIFFERENTIATE BET. DRY BULB

𝑡𝑤𝑏 = 18 ℃ & WET BULB.

𝑡𝑑𝑒𝑝 = 𝑡𝑑𝑏 − 𝑡𝑤𝑏

= 35 − 18 ℃
= 17 ℃ → ℉
= 𝟔𝟐. 𝟔 ℉

23. Determine the dew- point depression of the room air when the dry-bulb and dew-point temperature
is 69.8°F and 15°C respectively.
a) 6°C b) 8°C
c) 5.8°C d) 7°F
Given : tdb = 69.8°F = 21°C
tdp = 15°C
Solution:
tdp-depression = tdb – tdp
tdp-depression = (21– 15)°C
tdp-depression = 6°C

24. Determine the capacity of the heater which heats 1.5 m3/s of moist air at a state of 21°C DB and
15°C WB by 20°C if the enthalpy of entering air is 62.26 kJ/kg and the enthalpy of the leaving air is
41.94 kJ/kg. The specific volume of entering air is 845 liters per kg.
a) 28.05 KW b) 54.25 KW
c) 36.075 KW d) 10.525 KW
Given: v = 1.5m3/s h1 = 62.26 KJ/kg
tdb = 21°C h2 = 41.94 KJ/kg
twb = 15°C ⱱ = 845L/kg = 0.845 m3/kg
 Solution:
Ein = Eout
H1 + Q = H2 ;Q = H2 - H1
Q = m2h2 – m1h1 ; m1=m2=ma ; ma = v/ ⱱ
Q = ma ( h2 – h1 ) = (v/ ⱱ)( h2 – h1 )
Q = (1.5/0.845)(41.94 – 62.26)
Q = - 36.075 kW

25. Calculate the load in the cooler coil that cools 1.8 kg/s of moist air at a state of 21°C DB, 15°C WB
and 1 atm pressure by 5°C. The enthalpy of air entering is 41.84 kJ/kg and air leaving is 36.845
kJ/kg,
a) 12.05 hp b) 13.05 hp
c) 10.05 hp d) 8.05 hp
Given: m = 1.8kg/s h1 = 41.84 KJ/kg
tdb = 21°C h2 = 36.845 KJ/kg
twb = 15°C Pt = 101.325 kPa
Solution:
Ein = Eout
H1 = H2 + Q ; Q = H1 – H2
Q = m1h1 – m2h2 ; m1=m2=ma
Q = ma ( h1 – h2 )
Q = 1.8(41.84 – 36.845)
Q = 8.991 kW = 12.06 HP

26. In problem # 25, how much moisture was added?

a) 0.004 kg/sec b) zero
c) 0.0185 kg/sec d) 0.0052 kg/sec
tdb1 = 21oC h1 = 41.84 kJ
tdb2 = 26oC h2 = 36.845 kJ

Moisture Added = m(HR2 – HR1)

Solving for HR1:
h1 = cp(tdb1) + HR1(hg1); hg @ 21oC
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
41.84 = (1.0062 ) (21) + 𝐻𝑅1 (2539.9 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔−𝐾 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑅1 = 0.00815 ⁄𝑘𝑔
h2 = cp(tdb2) + HR2(hg2); hg @ 21oC
𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽 𝑘𝐽
36.845 = (1.0062 ) (16) + 𝐻𝑅2 (2530.8 )
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔−𝐾 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
𝐻𝑅2 = 0.0082 ⁄𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔
𝑚 = 1.8 𝑠
(0.0082 − 0.00815)

𝑚 = 0.00009 (negligible) = 0
27. 2.5 m3/s of humid air at a state of 28°C DB, 21 WB and 101.325 kPaa flow across a cooler coil and
leaves at 12.5°C DB and 0.0083 kg vapor per kg dry air. If the apparatus dew-point (ADP) is 8.5,
compute for the contact factor (CF).
a) 0.835 b) 0.795
c) 0.579 d) 0.306
Given: v = 2.5m3/s Pt = 101.325 kPa
tdb1 = 28°C tdb2 = 12.5°C
twb = 21°C HR = 0.0083 kgwv/kgda
tadp = 8.5°C
Solution:
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 2.8 − 12.5
𝐶𝐹 = =
𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔−𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝑡𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑠−𝑑𝑒𝑤𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 2.8 − 8.5

CF = 0.795

28. In problem # 27, what is the by-pass factor (BPF) of the cooler coil?
a) 0.502 b) 0.795
c) 0.205 d) 0.306
Solution:
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 − 𝑇1
By Pass Factor =
𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 −𝑇2

8.5− 12.5
By Pass Factor = 8.5−28

By Pass Factor = 0.205

29. 1.4 kg/sec of air at 33°C DB and 19°C WB is cooled and humidified by passing through an air
washer in which water is continuously circulated. The air leaves the air washer at 23°C DB.
Determine the air moisture added in kg/sec if the specific humidity of air leaving and air entering
the washer is 0.0122 and 0.0081, respectively.
a) 0.00514 b) 0.00385
c) 0.00853 d) 0.00835
Moisture Added= (𝐻𝑅2 - 𝑊7 )
W is HR
= 1.49kg/sec (0.0122-0.0081)kgwv/kgda
= 0.0054
30. Determine the by-pass factor of air heating coils if the mean coil temperature is 110°F and it heats
air from 60°F to 90°F.
a) 0.30 b) 0.50
c) 0.40 d) 0.60
Solution:
𝑇 −𝑇
By Pass Factor = 𝑇𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 −𝑇1
𝑐𝑜𝑖𝑙 2

110− 90
By Pass Factor = 110−60

By Pass Factor = 0.40