CHAPTER NUMBER 05

PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER

SLO NUMBER 5.1: PHYSICAL STATES OF MATTER
SLO 5.1.1: Describe the physical states of matter with regard to intermolecular forces
present between their molecules.
MATTER: Anything which occupy space and having mass and volume is called matter.
STATES OF MATTER: There are common three states of matter.
 Solid: Solid has a definite shape and has a definite volume.
 Liquid: Liquid has a definite volume but definite shape and it takes the shape vessel in which
it is kept.
 Gas: Gas has neither definite shape nor definite volume it takes the shape vessel in which it is
kept and occupies all the space available to it.

SLO NUMBER 5.2: GASEOUS STATE (TYPICAL PROPERTIES)

SLO 5.2.1: Explain the properties of gases (diffusion, effusion and pressure).
DIFFUSION: Gases can diffuse very rapidly. Diffusion is defined as spontaneous mixing up of molecules
by random motion and collisions to form a homogeneous mixture. Rate of diffusion depends upon the
molecular mass of the gases. Lighter gases diffuse rapidly than heavier ones. FOR EXAMPLE, H2 diffuses
faster than O2 gas and O2 gas diffuses faster than Cl2 gas
EFFUSION: It is escaping of gas molecules through a tiny hole into a space with lesser pressure. Effusion
depends upon molecular masses, lighter gases effuse faster than heavier gases. FOR EXAMPLE: When a
tyre gets punctured, air effuses out.
PRESSURE: Pressure (P) is defined as the force (F) exerted per unit surface area (A).
P = F/A
The SI unit of force is Newton and that of area is m2. Hence pressure has SI unit of Nm-2. It is also
called Pascal (Pa)
One Pascal (Pa) = 1 Nm-2
Standard Atmospheric Pressure: It is the pressure exerted by the atmosphere at the sea level. It is defined
as the pressure exerted by a mercury column of 760 mm height at sea level. It is sufficient pressure to
support a column of mercury 760 mm in height at sea level.
 SLO NUMBER 5.3: LAWS RELATED TO GASES
SLO 5.3.1: Account for pressure and volume changes in a gas using Boyle’s law.
INTRODUCTION: In 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between the volume and pressure of a
gas at constant temperature.
STATEMENT: The volume (V) of a given mass of a gas decreases with the increase of pressure (P) and vice
versa.
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION:

Where ‘k’ is proportionality constant. The value of k is same for the same amount of a given gas.
Therefore, Boyle’s law can be stated as the product of pressure and volume of a fixed mass of a gas is
constant at a constant temperature.
If P1V1 = k Then P2V2 = k
Where, P1 = Initial Pressure P2 = Final Pressure
V1 = Initial Volume V2 = Final Volume
As both equations have same constant therefore, their variables are also equal to each other.
P1V1 = P2V2
EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION: The relationship between volume and pressure can be verified
experimentally by the following series of experiments. Let us take some mass of a gas in a cylinder having
a movable piston and observe the effect of increase of pressure on its volume. When the pressure of 2
atmosphere (atm) is applied, the volume of the gas reads as 1 dm3. When pressure is increased equivalent
to 4 atm, the volume of the gas reduces to 0.5 dm3. Again when pressure is increased three times i.e. 6
atm, the volume reduces to 0.33 dm3. Similarly, when pressure is increased up to 8 atm on the piston,
volume of the gas decreases to 0.25 dm3.
SLO 5.3.2: Account for Temperature and volume changes in a gas using Charles law.
INTRODUCTION: In 1787 J. Charles studied relationship between volume and temperature keeping the
pressure constant.
STATEMENT: The volume of a given mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature if
the pressure is kept constant.
MATHEMATICAL REPRESENTATION:

Where k is proportionality constant. If temperature of the gas is increased, its volume also increases.
When temperature is changed from T1 to T2, the volume changes from V1 to V2.

EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION: Let us take a certain amount of gas enclosed in a cylinder having a
movable piston. If the initial volume of the gas V1 is 50 cm3 and initial temperature T1 is 25 °C, on heating
the cylinder up to 100 °C, its new volume V2 is about 62.5 cm3.

CONVERSIONS
 T (K) = (T) oC + 273
 (T) oC = T (K) - 273
1. Convert the following units:
(a) 850 mm Hg to atm (b) 205000 Pa to atm
(c) 560 torr to cm Hg (d) 1.25 atm to Pa
2. Convert the following units:
(a) 750 °C to K (b) 150 °C to K
(c) 100K to °C (d) 172K to °C.
 NUMERICALS FOR BOYLE’S & CHARLES LAW
1. A gas with volume 350 cm3 has a pressure of 650 mm of Hg. If its pressure is reduced to 325 mm of Hg,
Calculate what will be its new volume?
Data:
V1 = 350 cm3
P1 = 650 mm of Hg
P2 = 325 mm of Hg
V2 =?
Solution: By using the equation of Boyle’s Law

2. 785 cm3 of a gas was enclosed in a container under a pressure of 600 mm Hg. If volumes is reduced to
350 cm3, what will be the pressure?
Data:
V1 = 785 cm3
P1 = 600 mm of Hg
V2 = 350 cm3
P2 =?
Solution: By using the Boyle’s equation or
P1V1 = P2V2
By putting the values,
3. A sample of oxygen gas has a volume of 250 cm3 at -30 °C. If gas is allowed to expand up to 700 cm3 at
constant pressure, find out its final temperature.
Data:
V1 = 250 cm3
T1 = -30 °C = (-30 + 273) = 243 K
V2 = 700 cm3
T2 =?
Solution: By using the equation,

4. A sample of hydrogen gas occupies a volume 160 cm3 at 30 °C. If its temperature is raised to 100 °C,
calculate what will be its volume if the pressure remains constant.
Data:

Solution:

5. A gas at pressure 912 mm of Hg has volume 450cm3. What will be its volume at 0.4 atm?
6. A gas occupies a volume of 800 cm3 at 1 atm, when it is allowed to expand up to 1200 cm3 what will
be its pressure in mm of Hg.
7. It is desired to increase the volume of a fixed amount of gas from 87.5 to 118 cm3 while holding the
pressure constant. What would be the final temperature if the initial temperature is 23 °C.?
8. A sample of neon gas occupies a volume of 75.0 cm3 at very low pressure of 0.4 atm. Assuming
temperature remain constant what would be the volume at 1.0 atm. pressure?
9. A gas occupies a volume of 35.0 dm3 at 17 °C. If the gas temperature rises to 34°C at constant pressure,
would you expect the volume to double? If not calculate the new volume.

SLO NUMBER 5.4: LIQUID STATE (TYPICAL PROPERTIES)

SLO 5.4.1, 5.4.2: Summarize the properties of liquid like evaporation, vapor pressure,
boiling point, freezing point, diffusion and density & explain the effect of temperature
and external pressure on vapor pressure and boiling point
EVAPORATION: The process of changing of a liquid into a gas phase is called evaporation. It is reverse to
condensation in which a gas changes into liquid. Evaporation is an endothermic process (heat is
absorbed). Evaporation depends upon following factors:
 Surface area: Evaporation is a surface phenomenon. Greater is surface area, greater is
evaporation and vice versa.
 Temperature: At high temperature, rate of evaporation is high because at high temperature
kinetic energy of the molecules increases so high that they overcome the intermolecular forces
and evaporate rapidly.
 Intermolecular forces: If intermolecular forces are stronger, molecules face difficulty in
evaporation.
VAPOR PRESSURE: The pressure exerted by the vapors of a liquid at equilibrium with the liquid at a
particular temperature is called vapor pressure of a liquid. Vapor pressure of a liquid depends upon the
following factors.
 Nature of liquid: Vapor pressure depends upon the nature of liquid. Polar liquids have low
vapor pressure than non-polar liquids at the same temperature. This is because of strong
intermolecular forces between the polar molecules of liquids.
 Size of molecules: Small sized molecules can easily evaporate than big sized molecules hence,
small sized molecular liquids exert more vapor pressure.
 Temperature: At high temperature, vapor pressure is higher than at low temperature. At
elevated temperature, the kinetic energy of the molecules increases enough to enable them
to vaporize and exert pressure.
BOILING POINT: Boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the vapors pressure of a liquid
becomes equal to the atmospheric pressure or any external pressure. The boiling point of the liquid
depends upon the following factors:
 Nature of liquid: The polar liquids have higher boiling points than that of nonpolar liquids
because polar liquids have strong intermolecular force. Boiling points of a few liquids.
 Intermolecular forces: Substances having stronger intermolecular forces have high boiling
points, because such liquids attain a level of vapor pressure equal to external pressure at high
temperature.
  External pressure: Boiling points of a liquid depends upon external pressure. Boiling point of
a liquid is controlled by external pressure in such a way, that it can be increased by increasing
external pressure and vice versa. This principle is used in the working of ‘Pressure Cooker’.
FREEZING POINT: Temperature at which liquid and solid coexist in dynamic equilibrium and this is called
the freezing point of a liquid.
DIFFUSION: Diffusion is defined as spontaneous mixing up of molecules by random motion and collisions
to form a homogeneous mixture. The liquid molecules are always in a state of continuous motion. They
move from higher concentration to lower concentration.
DENSITY: The density of liquid depends upon its mass per unit volume. Liquids are denser than gases
because molecules of liquid are closely packed and the spaces between their molecules are negligible. As
the liquid molecules have strong intermolecular forces hence they cannot expand freely and have a fixed
volume.

SLO NUMBER 5.5: SOLID STATE (TYPICAL PROPERTIES)

SLO 5.5.1: Summarize the properties of solid like rigidity, melting point, sublimation &
density.
MELTING POINT: The temperature at which the solid starts melting and coexists in dynamic equilibrium
with liquid state is called melting point.
RIGIDITY: The particles of solids are not mobile. They have fixed positions. Therefore, solids are rigid in
their structure.
DENSITY: Solids are denser than liquids and gases because solid particles are closely packed and do not
have empty spaces between their particles. Therefore, they have the highest densities among the three
states of matter.
SUBLIMATION: Conversion of solid state in directly in gaseous state is called sublimation.

SLO 5.5.2: Differentiate between amorphous and crystalline solids.

CRYSTALLINE SOLID AMORPHOUS SOLID
Solid in which particles are arranged in a Solids in which particles are not regularly
definite three dimension pattern. arranged, or their shape are destroyed.
They have sharp melting point. They don’t have sharp melting point.
Physical properties of crystals are different in Physical properties are same in all directions which
different directions which is called Anisotropy is called isotropy.
They have fixed breaking point. They don’t have fixed breaking point.
They possess symmetry. They don’t possess symmetry.
Examples are Sugar, Salt and etc. Examples are Chalk, Sugar and etc.
 SLO NUMBER 5.6: TYPES OF SOLID
SLO 5.6.1: Define allotropes and explain allotropic forms of solid (for example carbon
and sulphur).
ALLOTROPY: The existence of an element in more than one forms in same physical state is called allotropy
and different forms are called as Allotropes.
ALLOTROPES: The existence of two or more kinds of molecules of an element each having different
number of atoms. Different arrangement of two or more atoms or molecules in a crystal of the element.
They always show different physical properties but have same chemical properties is known as Allotropes.
ALLOTROPIC FORMS OF CARBON:

DAIMOND GRAPHITE
They are shiny They are dull
Bad conductor of electricity Good conductor of electricity
They are hard They are soft
They are used as ornaments and also used in They are used in dry cells, nuclear reactor and
drilling. pencils.

ALLOTROPIC FORMS OF SULPHUR:

RHOMBIC MONOCLINIC
Stable at room temperature Stable between 96oC-119oC
Pale yellow crystals Dark yellow crystals
Melting point is 113oC Melting point is 119oC
Density is 2.08gm/cm3 Density is 1.96gm/cm3
Insoluble in water and soluble in carbon Insoluble in water and soluble in carbon
disulphide (CS2), turpentine disulphide (CS2).

PLASTIC SULPHUR:
 It is non-crystalline, elastic, soft and rubber like.
 It is unstable and revert to rhombic structure
 Its melting point is 113oC.
 It is insoluble in water and as well as carbon disulphide.
TRANSITION TEMPERATURE:
The temperature at which one allotrope changes into another is called Transition Temperature.