SS2 Malayalam 2 PDF

Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
`mKw ˛ 2
NT-873-1-Soc. Sci-II-10-(M)-Vol-2
tIc-f-k¿°m¿
s]mXphnZym-`ym-kh
- I
- p∏v
kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

2019
tZio-b-Km\w
P\-K-W-a-\- -A-[n-\m-bI Pbtl
`mc-X -`m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm
{ZmhnU DXv°-e- _w-Km,
hn‘y-ln-am-N-e -b-ap\mKwKm,
D—e Pe-[nX-cwKm,
Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,
Xh-ip` Bin-j -am-tK,
Kmtl Xh- P-b- KmYm
P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl
`mc-X- `m-Ky-hn-[mXm,
Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
{]Xn⁄
C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv. F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚
ktlm-Z-co-ktlmZc-∑m-cm-Wv.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln- ° p∂p;
kºq¿Whpw sshhn-[y-]q¿W-hp-amb AXns‚
]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p∂p.
Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw
apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.
Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-
sSbpw t£a- Ø n\pw sFiz- c y- Ø n- \ pw- th≠n
{]bXv\n°pw.
State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram 695 012, Kerala
Website : www.scertkerala.gov.in, e-mail : scertkerala@gmail.com
Phone : 0471 - 2341883, Fax : 0471 - 2341869
Typesetting and Layout : SCERT
Printed at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30
© Department of Education, Government of Kerala
{]nb-s∏´ Ipń-Itf,
\mw hkn-°p∂ `qan F{X-am{Xw sshhn-[y-]q¿Whpw Ne-\m-fl-I-hp-
am-sW∂v CXn-t\m-SIw \nßƒ°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n-´p-≠v. {]Ir-
Xn-bnse sshhn-[y-ßsf a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS ]ptcm-KX - n°v DXIpwhn[w
D]-tbm-Ks - ∏-Sp-Øm≥ kmt¶-Xn-Ih- n-Zy-bpsS hc-thmsS \ap°v Ign-™n-
´p-≠v. \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-h-ÿ, aÆv F∂nh-sb-
°p-dn®v Bg-Øn¬ ]cn-Nb - s
- ∏-Sm\pw `qan-im-kv{X-Øn¬ ]pØ≥ kmt¶-
Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS km[y-X-Iƒ Fßs\ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØmw F∂-
Xns\°pdn-®v- kmam-\y-[m-cW t\Sm\pw Ign-bpw-hn-[-amWv ]Ømw
¢mknse ]mT-`m-K-ßƒ Hcp-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. am\-h-hn`h hnI-k\w A\n-
hm-cy-amb Ime-L-´-Øn-em-Wt√m \mw Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. \mw \nc-¥cw
CS-s]-Sp∂ kaq-lw, kaq-l-Ønse kmº-ØnIhn\n-abw, _m¶p-Iƒ,
Ah-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ, tZio-bh - c- p-am\w F∂o Bi-bß - fpw Cu
]mT-]p-kvXIw N¿® sNøp-∂p.
ka{K F∂ FUyp-t°-j-W¬ t]m¿épw Iyp.B¿.-tImUv tcJ-s∏-

Sp-Ønb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ¢mkvdqw ]T-\-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Bbm-k-
c-ln-Xhpw ck-I-chpw B°nXo¿°pw. tZio-b-sXm-gn¬ ss\]pWn N´-
°q-Spw (NSQF) Imen-I-{]-k-‡n-bp≈ Zpc-¥-\n-hm-c-Wam¿K-ßfpw
sF.kn.-Sn. km[y-X-Ifpw ]cn-K-Wn®mWv ]mT-]p-kvX-Iw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-´p-≈-Xv. Adnhpw kt¥m-jhpw {]Zm\w sNøp∂Xpw Pohn-X-K-‘n-
bpamb ]T-\m-\p-`-h-ß-ƒ Bkz-Zn®v AXn¬ ]s¶-SpØv sIm≠v Cu
]mT-]p-kvXIw IqSp-X¬ kºp-jvS-am-°p-hm≥ \nßƒ°m-h-s´. IqSp-
X¬ DØ-c-hm-ZnXzt_m[-tØmsS {]Ir-Xnb-n¬ CS-s]-Sm\pw Npa-X-em-
t_m-[-ap≈ ]uc-∑m-cmbn amdm\pw \nßsf Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw klm-
bn-°p-sa-∂p- hnizkn°p-∂p.
kvt\lmiw-kI-tfmsS
tUm. sP. {]kmZv

Ub-dI
- vS¿, Fkv.k
- n.-C.-B¿.Sn.
`mc- X - Ø ns‚ `c- W - L - S \
`mKw ,9I
auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ
51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm

]uc-s‚bpw I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv:
(I) `c- W - L - S - \ sb A\p- k - c n- ° p- I bpw AXns‚ BZ¿i- ß - s fbpw ÿm]- \ - ß - s fbpw

tZiob]Xm-Is - bbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(J) kzmX-{¥y-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-cØ - n\v {]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb al-\o-bm-
Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-Sc
- p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(K) `mc-XØ
- ns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-fiX
- bpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw kwc-£n-°p-
Ibpw sNøpI;
(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bhiy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ
A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(M) aX-]c
- hpw `mjm-]c
- hpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-bh
- p-amb sshhn-[y-ßƒ°Xo-Xa - mbn `mc-
X-Ønse F√m P\-ßƒ°p-an-Sb - n¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb kmtlm-Zc - y-at- \m-`m-hhpw
]pe¿Øp-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A¥- n\v Ipdhp hcp-Øp∂ BNm-cß - ƒ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°pI;
(N) \ΩpsS kwkvIm-cka-\zb-Øns‚ kº-∂a
- mb ]mc-ºc
- ysØ hne-aX
- n-°p-Ibpw \ne-\n-dp-
Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;
(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-Iß
- fpw \Zn-Ifpw h\yPo-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ {]IrXym D≈ ]cn-ÿnXn
kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw
sNøpI;
(P) imkv{Xo-ba- mb ImgvN∏
- mSpw am\-hn-IX
- bpw, At\z-jW
- Ø
- n\pw ]cnjvIcWØn\pw D≈
at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;
(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c£
- n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;
(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\Ø- n-s‚bpw e£y-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-XX
- e
- ß
- f
- n-te°v \nc¥cw Db-cØ- -
°-hÆw hy‡n-]c - hpw Iq´m-bX
- p-amb {]h¿Ø-\Ø- ns‚ F√m afi-eß - f
- nepw D¬Ir-
jvSX
- b
- v°p-th≠n A[zm-\n-°p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v {]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ipńt°m Xs‚ kwc-£-W-bn-ep≈
Ipń-Iƒt°m, AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£mI¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-
Øn-\p≈ Ah-kc - ß
- ƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
06. BIm-i° - Æ
- p-Ifpw
Adn-hns‚ hni-Ie
- \
- hpw ...................................... 95
07. sshhn-[y-ßf- psS C¥y ...................................... 111
08. C¥y-˛kmºØnI `qanimkv{Xw ........................... 137
09. [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]\
- ß
- fpw tkh-\ß
- fpw .................... 160
10. D]-t`m-‡m-hv :
kwXr-]vXnbpw kwc-£W
- hpw ............................... 180
Cu ]pkvXIØn¬ ]T\kuIcyØn\mbn
Nne Nn”ßƒ D]tbmKn®ncn°p∂p.
A[nIhmb\bv°v ˛ hnebncpØen\v
hnt[bamt°≠Xn√
]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ
{]h¿Ø\-ßƒ
hnebncpØ¬ tNmZy-ßƒ
XpS¿{]h¿Ø\ßƒ
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Isf `q]-S-ß-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw

XpS¿∂v hni-I-e\w sNøp-∂Xpw kw_-‘n®p≈ hkvXp-X-Iƒ
\nßƒ CXnt\mSIw a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn-ep-
≠mb hf¿® ùa-hn-h-c-ß-fpsS tiJ-cWw, `q]-S-ßƒ Xbm-dm-
°¬, XpS¿∂p≈ hni-I-e\w F∂nh IqSp-X¬ A\m-bm-khpw
Imcy-£a- hpam°p-∂p. Ir{Xna D]-{K-lß
- f
- psS hnt£-]W- h - pw ùa-
hn-hc hni-I-e-\-Øn\p≈ Iºyq-´¿ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fpsS D]-
tbm-Khpw Fß-s\bmWv `qan-im-kv{X-]-T-\sØ IqSpX¬ a\p-jy-
kv]¿in-bm-°p-∂-sX∂v Cu A[ym-b-Øn-eqsS a\- n-em-°mw.
BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 95

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w (Remote Sensing)

]sØm≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ombm-{K-lWw Is≠-Øn-b-
tXmsS hnh- c - t i- J - c WcwKØv Hcp henb am‰- Ø n\p
XpS°ambn. XpS¿∂v _eq-Wp-If - nepw hnam-\ß - f
- nepw Iymad-
Iƒ ÿm]n-®v Db¿∂ Xe-ß-fn¬\n∂v t^mt´msbSp-°m-
\p≈ km[y-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn. 1960 emWv
D]-{K-l-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw Bcw-`n-°p-
∂-Xv. Iyma-d-I-tfm-sSm∏w hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-\mbn hnhn-[-
Xcw kvIm\-dp-Ifpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ XpS-ßn. C{]-Imcw Hcp
hkvXp-hn-s\tbm {]tZ-i-sØtbm {]Xn-`m-ksØtbm kw_-
‘n-°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ kv]¿i-_‘w IqSmsX tiJ-cn-°p∂
coXn-bmWv hnZq-c-kw-thZ\w.
Nn{Xw 6.1
hnZq- c - k w- t h- Z - \ - Ø neqsS hnh- c - ß ƒ
hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\
- Ø- n¬ Hcp Du¿P Dd-hnSw tiJ- c n- ° m\p≈ D]- I - c - W - ß - f mWv
AXy-¥m-t]-£n-X-am-Wv. CXv sshZyp-X-Im- kwth-Z-I-ßƒ (Sensors). Iyma-dbpw
¥nI hnIn-c-W-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ kqcy-{]-Im- kv I m\- d p- I fpw kwth- Z - I - ß - f m- W v .
itam Ir{Xn-a-ambn krjvSn-°p∂ {]Im-i-t{km- hkvXp-°ƒ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂ sshZyp-
Xtkm BImw. kqcy- { ]- I m- i tam As√- ¶ n¬ X-Im-¥nI hnIn-c-W-sØ -(Electromag-
Ir{Xn-a-ambn krjvSn-°p∂ {]Im-itam hkvXp- netic Radiation) bmWv kwth- Z Iw
°fn¬ ]Xn-°p-tºm-gp-≠m-Ip∂ {]Im-i-Øns‚ ]I¿Øp-∂Xv.
{]Xn-^-e-\sØ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv hnZqc kwth-Z-I-ßƒ ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p∂ {]X-
kwth-Z\ {]{Inb km[y-am-Ip-∂-Xv. Hcp Iymad esØ πm‰vt^mw F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
D]-tbm-Kn®v Nn{X-ßƒ FSp-°p-tºmƒ Iymad Hcp hnam-\ß - ƒ, _eq-Wp-Iƒ, D]-{K-lß - ƒ
kwth-Z-Ihpw Iyma-d-bn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ F∂n- h - b n- s ems° kwth- Z - I - ß ƒ
^vfmjv Ir{Xn-a-ambn krjvSn® Du¿P-hp-amWv. ÿm]n-°mw.
hkvXp-°ƒ {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂Xpw hnIn-cWw Du¿P Dd-hn-Sw, πm‰vt^mw F∂nhsb
sNø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-amb sshZyp-X-Im-¥nI Xcw-K- ASn-ÿm-\-am°n hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\sØ
ßsf-bmWv hnZq-ck - w-th-Z\ kmt¶-Xn-Ih
- n-Zy-bn¬ NphsS tN¿°pw {]Imcw ]e-Xmbn Xcw-
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Xn-cn-°mw.
Du¿P Dd-hn-SsØ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ h¿Ko-I-c-Ww
hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\
- w
]tcm£ hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\w {]Xy£ hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\w
(Passive Remote Sensing) (Active Remote Sensing)
kutcm¿P-Øns‚ kwth- Z Iw ]pd- s ∏- S p- h n-
klm- b - t ØmsS \S- °p∂ Ir{Xn-a-amb {]Im-i-
Øp∂ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z- Øns‚ AYhm Du¿P-
\- a m- W n- X v. ChnsS Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS \S-
kwth- Z Iw kzbw Øp∂ hnZqc kwth-Z\ - a- mWv
Du¿Pw ]pd- s ∏- S p- h n- {]Xy£ hnZqc kwth-Z-\w.
°p-∂n-√.
Nn{Xw 6.2 Nn{Xw 6.3
96
BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
πm‰vt^m-ans\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbp≈ h¿Ko-I-cWw
`qX-e-Omb{KlWw BIm-iob hnZqc D]-{Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w

`q{]X-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw kwth-Z\w Ir{Xna D]-{K-l-ß-fn¬
ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Øns‚ Nn{X- hnam-\-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-®n-´p≈ LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ kwth-Z-
ßƒ Iymad D]-tbm-Kn®v Iyma-d-I-fpsS klm-b- Ißƒ hgn hnh-cti-J-
]I¿Øp∂ coXn-bmWv tØmsS BIm-iØp \n∂v cWw \S-Øp∂ {]{In-b-
`qXeOmb-{K-lWw `q{]-X-e-Øns‚ Nn{X-ßƒ bmWv D]{-Kl hnZqc
]I¿Øp∂ coXn-bmWv kwth-Z\w
BIm-iob hnZq-c
-kw-th-Z\w
Nn{Xw 6.4 Nn{Xw 6.5 Nn{Xw 6.6
hnhn[ Xcw hnZq- c - k w- t hZ\- c o- X n- I sf°pdn®v \nßƒ a\- k n-

em°nbt√m.
hnt\m-Z-bm-{Xbv°pw a‰pw t]mIp-tºmƒ \mw Iyma-d-Iƒ
D]-tbm-Kn®v {]IrXn Zriy-ßƒ ]I¿Øm-dns√? CXv GXv
Xcw kwth-Z\ coXn-bm-sW∂v ]d-bq.
BImiob hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\w
XmcXtay\ hnkvXr-Xn- Ip-d™ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS hnh-c-ti-J-c-W-Øn-
\mWv BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-sØ \mw B{i-bn-°m-dv. \ΩpsS Bh-
iy-ßƒ°-\p-kr-X-ambn GXp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw thW-
sa-¶nepw CØ-c-Øn¬ \SØmw F∂-XmWv CXns‚ t\´w. hnam\w
IS-∂p-t]m-Ip∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS XpS¿®-bm-bp≈ Nn{X-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂p
F∂Xpw Cu coXn-bpsS Hcp ta≥a-bm-Wv.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
XpS¿® \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ÃocntbmkvtIm∏ns‚ klm-b-Øm¬

{Xnam-\-X-e-ho£Ww e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw th≠n Hmtcm BIm-iob Nn{X-
Ønepw sXm´-p-apºp Nn{Xo-Icn® {]tZ-i-Øns‚ GI-tZiw 60 iX-am-\-
tØmfw `mKw IqSn ]I¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. CXns\ BIm-iob Nn{X-
ß-fnse Hmh¿em-∏v F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
Nn{Xw 6.7 {i≤n-°q. BIm-iob Nn{X-ß-fnse Hmh¿em∏v F∂ Bib-
Øns‚ Nn{Xo-Ic-W-amW-nXv
Iymad
A B C
Xd-\n-c∏v
Nn{Xw 6.7
X∂n-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-Øn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw 60 iX-am-\-tØmfw `mKw

Bh¿Øn®p hcp-∂-Xmbn ImWmw. Nn{Xw A bpsS `qcn-`mKw {]tZ-i-
ßfpw Nn{Xw B bnepw Nn{Xw B bnteXv Nn{Xw C bnepw Bh¿Øn®p
hcp-∂p.
Hmh¿em-t∏m-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp tPmUn BIm-iob
Nn{X-ßsf Ãocntbm s]b¿ (Stereopair) F∂p
hnfn°p∂p. Nn{Xw A bpw Nn{Xw B bpw As√-
¶n¬ Nn{Xw B bpw Nn{Xw C bpw Hmtcm
Ãocntbm s]bdpI-fmWv. Hmh¿-emt∏m-Sp-Iq-Snb
BIm-iob Nn{X-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw {Xnam-\-Zriyw
e`n- ° m≥ D]- t bm- K n- ° p∂ D]- I - c - W - a mWv
Ãocntbm kvtIm∏v (stereoscope) (Nn{Xw 6.8)
Hcp Ãocn- t bm- s ]- b - d ns\ Ãocn- t bm- k v t Im-
∏neqsS ho£n- ° p- t ºmƒ Dƒs∏´ {]- t Z- i -
Nn{Xw 6.8 Øns‚ {Xnam\ Zriyw e`y-am-Ip-∂p. Cßs\
98
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
e`y-am-Ip∂ {Xnam\ ZriysØ Ãocntbm-kvtIm-]nIv hnj≥ F∂v

hnfn°p∂p.
BIm-iob hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øn\v [mcmfw ta≥a-I-fp-s≠-¶nepw Nne
t]mcm-bva-Ifpw {i≤-bn¬s∏ń-´p-≠v. Ah Fs¥-√m-am-sW∂v t\m°q.
hnam-\-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ hnam\Øn\p ]d-∂p-b-

Ipep°w Nn{X-ß-fpsS cm\pw Cd-ßm\pw
KpW-ta-∑sb _m[n- Xpd mb ÿew
°p-∂p. Bh-iy-am-Wv.
C‘\w \nd-bv°p-∂-
hnkvXr-X-amb
Xn\v hnam\w CS-
{]tZ-i-ß-fpsS Nn{Xo-
bv°nsS \ne-Øn-d-°p-
I-cWw {]mtbm-Kn-I-
∂Xv sNehv h¿[n-∏n-
a√.
°p-∂p.
Ir{Xna D]-{K-l-ß-ƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hnZq-c-kw-thZ-\w km[y-am-b-
tXmsS Cu t]mcm-bva-Iƒ Gsd-°psd ]cn-l-cn°s∏´p. C\n \ap°v
D]-{K-l-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®p≈ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ coXnsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
Hcp {]tZ-isØ H∂msI ImWp-∂X - n\pw {Xnam\ Zriy-Øns‚

klm-b-Øm¬ `q{]-X-e-Øns‚ Db¿® Xmgv®-Iƒ th¿Xn-cn-®-
dn-bp-∂-Xn\pw BIm-iob Nn{X-ßƒ Gsd {]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-b-Xn-\m¬
c≠mw-tem-I-bp-≤-Im-eØpw XpS¿∂pw Ch hym]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°-
s∏´p. [cm-X-eob `q]-S-ß-fpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn\pw BIm-iob Nn{X-
ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-dp-≠v. C¥y-bn¬ BIm-iob Nn{X-ßƒ FSp-
°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv kzmX-{¥y-e-_vZn°v tij-am-Wv. C¥y≥ thyma-tk-
\, sIm¬°Ø Bÿm-\a - m-bp≈ Fbvtdm-kvt]kv Iº\n, \mj-W¬
dntam´v sk≥knwKv sk‚¿ F∂o GP≥kn-I-sf-bmWv C¥y-bn¬
BIm-iob k¿th \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈-Xv.
D]-{Kl hnZq-ck
- w-th-Z\w
Ir{Xna D]-{K-lß- f- n¬ LSn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ sk≥k-dp-Iƒ AYhm kwth-
ZI-ßƒ hgn hnh-c-ti-J-cWw \S-Øp∂ {]{In-b-bmWv D]-{Kl hnZq-
c-kw-th-Z-\w. Ir{Xna D]-{K-l-ßsf `qÿnc D]-{K-l-ßƒ, kuc-ÿnc
D]-{K-l-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn Xncn-°mw.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
`qÿnc D]-{K-l-ßƒ kuc-ÿnc D]-{K-l-ßƒ
Nn{Xw 6.9 Nn{Xw 6.10

`qan-bpsS {àWØns\m∏w k©cn°p∂ D]- {[ph- ß ƒ°v apI- f n- e qsS `qansb hew- h - b v -
{K-lß-fmWnh (Nn{Xw 6.9). CØcw D]-{K-l- °p∂ Ir{Xna D]-{K-l-ß-fm-Wn-h (Nn{Xw 6.10).
ßsf kw_-‘n® hkvXp-X-I-fmWv NphsS CØcw D]-{K-l-ßsf kw_-‘n® hkvXp-X-
I-fmWv NphsS
$ k©m-c-]Yw `qan-bn¬\n∂v GI-tZiw 36000 $ k©m-c-]Yw ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Øn¬\n∂v GI-
Intem-ao-‰¿ Db-c-Øn-em-Wv. tZiw 900 Intem-ao-‰¿ Db-c-Øn-emWv.
$ `qan-bpsS aq∂n-sem∂v `mKw \nco-£-W-]- $ `qÿnc D]-{K-l-ß-tf-°mƒ Ipd™ \nco-
cn-[n-bn¬ hcp-∂p. £-W-]-cn-[n.
$ `qan-bpsS {à-W-th-K-Øn\p Xpey-amb thK- $ IrXy- a mb CS- t h- f - I - f n¬ {]tZ- i - Ø ns‚
Øn¬ k©cn°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ F√m-bvt∏mgpw Bh¿Øn-®p≈ hnh-c-ti-J-cWw km[y-am-
`qan-bnse Htc {]tZ-isØ A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn®v Ip-∂p.
\ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.
$ Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ÿnc-am-b hnh-c-ti-J- $ {]IrXnhn`-h-ßƒ, `qhn-\n-tbmKw, `qK¿`-
c-W-Øn\v km[n-°p-∂p. Pew apX-em-b-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hnh-c-ti-J-
cWØn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p.
$ hm¿Øm- h n- \ n- a - b - Ø n\pw Zn\m- ¥ - c o£ $ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øn\v apJy-ambpw Cu D]-
ÿnXn a\- n-em-°m\pw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp- {K-l-ß-sf- {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
∂p.
$ C¥y-bpsS C≥km‰v D]-{K-l-ßƒ `qÿnc $ IRS, Landsat XpS- ß nb D]- { K- l - ß ƒ
D]-{K-l-ßƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fmWv. kuc-ÿnc D]-{K-l-ßƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-
ß-fm-Wv.
$ C¥y hnt£-]n-®n-´p≈ `qÿnc D]-{K-l-ß-sfbpw kuc-ÿnc D]-{K-l-ß-
sfbpw ]‰n C‚¿s\-‰ns‚ klm-b-tØmsS hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ
Xbm-dm-°q.
$ www.isro.gov.in, www.landsat.usgs.gov F∂o sh_vssk-‰p-Iƒ kμ¿in®v IqSp-
X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ Is≠-Øq.
ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-∂Xv kwth-Z-I-ßfpsS klm-b-ØmemsW∂p
\nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m.
100
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
hkvXp-°ƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂tXm {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂tXm

Bb sshZyp-X-Im-¥nI hnIn-c-W-sØ-bmWv kwth-ZIßƒ
]I¿Øp- ∂ Xv . ùtam- ] - c nX- e - Ø nse Hmtcm hkv X phpw
sshZyp- X - I m- ¥ nI hnIn- c - W - ß sf {]Xn- ^ - e n- ∏ n- ° p- ∂ Xv
hyXykv X Af- h n- e m- W v . DZm- l - c - W - Ø n\v kky- ß - f psS
Du¿P{]Xn-^-e-\-tijn Pem-i-b-ß-fpsSXn¬ \n∂pw hyXy-
kvX-am-Wv. Hmtcm hkvXphpw {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p∂ Du¿P-Øns‚
Af-hmWv B hkvXp-hns‚ kvs]Iv{S¬ knKvt\®¿.
Ir{Xna D]-{K-l-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ sk≥k-dp-Iƒ `qX-e-
Ønse hnhn[ hkvXp-°sf Ah-bpsS kvs]Iv{S¬ knKvt\®-
dns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xncn-®-dn™v hnh-c-ßƒ kmwJym-cq-
]-Øn¬ `qX-e-tI-{μ-ß-fn-te°v FØn-°p-∂p. Ah Iºyq-´-
dns‚ klm-bØ - m¬ hymJym-\n®v Nn{X-cq-]Ø
- n-em-°p-∂p. Ch-
bmWv D]-{K-l Nn{X-ßƒ (satellite imageries) (Nn{Xw 6.11).
Nn{Xw 6.11
D]-{K-l-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n-´p≈ Hcp sk≥k-dn\v Xncn-®-dn-bm≥
km[n-°p∂ `qX-e-Ønse G‰hpw sNdnb hkvXp-hns‚ hen∏-amWv
B sk≥k-dns‚ kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥. Nn{X-ßƒ {i≤n-°pI.
hyXykvX kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j\p≈ c≠v sk≥k-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-
Kn®v FSpØ D]-{KlNn{Xß-fm-Wn-h. H∂m-asØ Nn{XtØ°mƒ
(Nn{Xw 6.12 A) IqSp-X¬ hy‡-ambn `qkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ ImWm≥ Ign-
bp-∂Xv c≠m-a-tØ-Xn-emWt√m (Nn{Xw 6.12 B). C\n ]d-bq, Ch-bn¬
GXp Nn{X-sa-SpØ sk≥k-dn-\mWv IqSp-X¬ kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥?
kvt]jy¬ sdkeyqj≥ ˛ 1 Intem-ao-‰¿ kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥ ˛ 1 ao‰¿

A Nn{Xw 6.12 B
kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥ Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\\p-k-cn®v D]-{K-

l-Nn-{X-ßƒ°v F¥p am‰-am-Wp-≠m-Ip-∂Xv?

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
sdk-eyq-j-\nep≈ hyXym-k-Øn-\-\p-
Nne D]-{K-l-ßfpw Ah-bpsS sdk-eyq-
j≥ hnh-c-ßfpw NphsS \¬Ip-∂p. kcn®v D]-{KlNn{X-ß-fpsS hy‡-X-
kvt]jy¬ bnepw hyXym-k-ap-≠m-Ipw.
D]-{Klw kwth-ZIw sdk-eyq-j≥
(NXp-c{i ao‰-dn¬)
C‚¿s\- ‰ ns‚ klm- b - t ØmsS
hyXykvX D]-{K-lß
- ƒ e`y-am-°n-
em≥Uv km‰v aƒń kvs]IvSd¬ 79 x 79
bn-´p≈ D]-{Kl Nn{X-ßƒ ho£n®v
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 kvIm\¿
sdk-eyq-j-≥ ASnÿm\-am°n Nn{X-
kvt]m´v ]m≥t{Imam-‰nIv 20 x 20 ß-fnse hy‡X Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
Iymad
sF.B¿.-Fkv PAN LISS - III 5.8 x 5.8 hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-XnI hnZy-
Pntbm sF ]m≥t{Imam-‰nIv 0.46 bpsS {]tbm-P-\-ßƒ
aƒń kvs]IvSd¬
kvIm\¿ $ Imem-hÿm\n¿WbØn\v
$ kap-{Z-]-cy-thjWØn\v
hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w C¥y-bn¬ $ `qhn-\n-tbmKw a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v.
C¥y≥ thyma Nn{X-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw $ hcƒ® _m[nX {]tZ-i-ßƒ, sh≈-
1924 ¬ U¬‰ Nn{Xo-I-c-W-tØmsS Bcw-`n-®p. s∏m° _m[nX {]tZ- i - ß ƒ
1966 ¬ C¥y≥ thyma Nn{X-ß-fpsS hni-I-e-\- XpSßnbh Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
Øn\pw ]T-\-Øn-\p-ambn t^mt´m C‚¿{]-t´-
j≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v sUdm-Uq-Wn¬ ÿm]n-Xa - mbn. $ Dƒh-\-ß-fnse Im´pXo Is≠Øp-∂-
]n∂oSv Cu ÿm]\w C¥y≥ C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^v Xn\pw \nb-{¥-W-\-S-]SnIƒ kzoI-cn-
dntam´v sk≥knMv (IIRS) F∂mbn amdn. `mkvIc °p-∂-Xn\pw.
˛ I, `mkvIc - II F∂o D]-{K-l-ß-fpsS hnt£- $ hnf- I - f psS hnkv X rXn, IoS- _ m[
]-W-tØmsS 1970 ¬ C¥y-bn¬ D]-{Kl hnZq-c- F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®v hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-
kw-th-Z-\-Øn\v XpS°w Ipdn-®p. \mjW¬
cn-°p-∂-Xn\v.
dntam´v sk≥knMv sk‚¿ (NRSC) ap≥]v NRSA
F∂dnbs∏ńcp∂p, `mcXob _ln-cm-Imi Kth- $ hnf-I-fpsS hf¿®, IoS-_m-[-bpsS
jW ÿm]\w (ISRO), _ln-cm-Imi hIp-∏v hym]\w F∂nh a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn-
(DOS), kvt]bvkv Bπnt°j-≥ sk‚¿ (SAC) \v.
F∂o ÿm]-\-ßƒ _ln-cm-Imi kmt¶-Xn-I-
$ FÆ]cy-th-£-W-Øn\v.
hnZy kaq-l-\-∑-bv°mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂Xn¬ kZm hym]r-Xc - m-bn-cn-°p∂p. C¥y-bpsS $ `qK¿`- P - e - e `yX°v km- [ y- X - b p≈
dntam´v sk≥knMv D]-{K-lß - ƒ \¬Ip∂ hnh- {]tZ-i-ßƒ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
c-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Ww, kw`-c-Ww, kwkvI-cWw, $
hnX-cWw F∂n-hb - p-sS-sb√mw ]q¿W-amb Npa-
Xe ssl{Zm-_mZv Bÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ \mj- hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS
W¬ dntam´v sk≥knMv sk‚-dn-\m-Wv (NRSC) klm-b-Øm¬ [mcmfw -hn-h-c-ßƒ e`y-
https://nrsc.gov.in. am-Ip-∂p-sh∂v a\- n-em-bt√m. hnZq-c-kw-
th-Z\ am¿§-ß-fn-eq-sSbpw A√ms-Xbpw e`n-°p∂ `qhn-h-c-ßƒ hni-
I-e\w sNbvXv `q]-S-ßƒ, ]ń-I-Iƒ, {Km^p-Iƒ F∂n-h- Xbm-dm°p-
∂Xn\pw \ΩpsS At\z-j-W-ßƒ°v imkv{Xo-b-amb DØ-cßƒ Is≠-
Ø-p∂-Xn\pw `qhn-h-c-hy-hÿ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ Iºyq-´¿ A[n-jvTnX
kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZybneqsS \ap°v Ign-bpw.
102
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
`qhn-h-c-hy-hÿ (Geographic Information System - GIS)

`q]-Sß
- ƒ, BIm-iob Nn{X-ßƒ, D]-{Kl Nn{X-ßƒ, ]ń-II - ƒ, k¿tΔ-
Iƒ XpS-ßnb hnh-c-t{km-X-kp-I-fn¬ \n∂pw tiJ-cn°p∂ hnh-c-ßƒ
`qhn-h-c-hy-hÿ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v Iºyq-´-dn¬ \nth-
in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ahsb hos≠-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw hni-I-e\w \S-Øp-
∂-Xn\pw `q]-S-ßƒ, ]ń-I-Iƒ, {Km^p-Iƒ F∂n-h-bneqsS Ahsb
hni-Zam°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap≈ Hcp Iºyq-´-d-[n-jvTnX hnhc k©b hyh-
ÿ-bmWv `qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ.
`qhn-hc hyh-ÿ-bpsS hnhn[ L´-ßƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-
amWv (Nn{Xw 6.13) Nph-sS.
Nn{Xw 6.13
kn. Un- Iƒ, kvIm\-dp-Iƒ XpS-ßnb hnhn[ kt¶-X-ß-fpsS klm-b-
Øm¬ ASn-ÿm\ hnh-c-ßƒ Iºyq-´-dn¬ {]th-in-∏n-°pI F∂-XmWv
BZy {]h¿Ø-\ L´w. tiJ-cn-°-s∏´ hnh-c-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am°n
`qhn-h-c-hy-hÿ tkm^v‰vshb-dp-I-fpsS klm-b-tØmsS hnhn[ hnj-
bm-[n-jvTnX ]mfn-I-fm°n am‰m≥ Ign-bp-∂p. am{X-hp-a√ ]e- hn-i-I-
e\ ]T-\-ßƒ°pw hnt[-b-am-°m\pw km[n-°p-∂p. hni-I-e\Øn\v
hnt[-b-am-°nb hnh-c-ßsf \ΩpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ°-\p-k-cn®v `q]-S-ß-
fmtbm ]ń-I -cq-]-Øntem kmwJnI (digital) cq]-Øntem Dev]-∂-ß-
fm°n am‰mw.
c≠p-Xcw hnh-c-ßsf B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv F√m hni-I-e-\-ßfpw `qhn-
h-c-hy-hÿ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂Xv. Ah GsX-√m-sa∂v t\m°mw.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
1. ÿm\ob hnh-cß
- ƒ
`qh≥ (https://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in) F∂ sh_vssk-‰n-s‚tbm A‰ve-
kn-s‚tbm klm-b-tØmsS \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ A£mw-i-tc-Jmwi
ÿm\w Is≠-Øq. ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Hmtcm khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°pw
AXn-t‚-Xmb Hcp ÿm\-ap≠v. \nb-X-amb A£mw-i-˛-tc-Jmwi ÿm\-
ap≈ ùtam-]c - n-Xe khn-ti-jX - I - sf ÿm\o-bh
- n-hc - ƒ (Spatial data)
- ß
F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.
`phs‚ klm-b-tØmsS \nß-fpsS kvIqfns‚ A£mw-i˛--tc-Jmwi
ÿm\w Is≠Øn tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øq.
A£mwiw : ......................................
tcJmwiw : ......................................
2. hnti-jW
- ß
- ƒ
ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse Hmtcm ÿm\ob hnh-csØ kw_-‘n®pw Iqń-
t®¿°m-hp∂ A[nI hnh-c-ß-fmWv hnti-j-W-ßƒ (Attributes)
\nß-fpsS kvIqfns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ NphsS tN¿Øn-´p≈ hnh-c-
ßƒ IqSn Is≠-Øq.
A[ym-]-I-cpsS FÆw : ..............................
¢mkvdq-ap-I-fpsS FÆw : ..............................
Ipń-I-fpsS FÆw : ..............................
kvIqƒsI-ńSw _lp-\n-e-bmtWm H‰-\n-e-bmtWm : AsX/A√
\nßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p∂ CØcw hnh-c-ß-fmWv hnti-j-W-
ßƒ. ùtam-]-cn-X-e-Ønse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS ÿm\ob hnh-c-
ßƒ, hnti-j-W-ßƒ F∂nh tiJ-cn®v `qhn-hc hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ Dƒs°m-
f-fn-°m-\m-bm-¬ B {]tZ-isØ kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnhn[ At\-z-j-W-
ßƒ°v IrX-yhpw imkv{Xo-b-hp-amb DØ-cw \¬Im≥ `qhn-hc hy-h-
ÿbneqsS km[y-am-Ipw.
]mfn-Iƒ
[cm-X-eob `q]-S-Øns‚ Hcp `mKw Nn{X-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 6.14) ImWn-®n-cn-
°p-∂Xv {i≤n-°q. \o¿®m-ep-Iƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ, kk-y-Pm-e-ßƒ, sIń-S-
ßƒ XpSßn {]Ir-Xn-Z-Øhpw a\p-j-y-\n-¿-Ωn-X-hp-amb \nc-h[n ùtam-
]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ CXn¬ I≠n-t√. Ch Hs∂m-∂mbn AS¿Øn
am‰n {]tXyI `q]-S-ß-fm-°n-bm-tem? `qhn-hc hy-h-ÿ-bn-eqsS CXv
km[y-am-Wv. Nn{X-Øn¬ \o¿®m-ep-Iƒ, tdmUp-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh - sb {]tXy-
I-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv I≠n-t√. `qhnh-c-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ hni-I-e-
\-Øn-\mbn Xbm-dm°n kq£n-°p∂ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX `q]-S-ßsf ]mfn-
104
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
Iƒ (layers) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]mfnI-ƒ hni-Ie-\

hnt[b-am-°p∂-Xn-eqsS ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈
ÿm\ob _‘w a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\v km[n-°pw.
[cm-X-eob `q]S ]mfn-Iƒ
Nn{Xw 6.14
Nn{Xw 6.14 ¬ dnk¿thm-b-dns‚ ASpØp-h-cp∂ \ZoirwJ-e-I-fpsS Nne
`mK-ßƒ Nn{XoIcn-®n-cn-°p∂p. GsXms° ]mfn-I-sf-bmWv CXn¬ D]-tbm-
Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Is≠-Øq.
X∂ncn-°p∂ [cm-X-eob `q]-S-Øn¬ \n∂pw at‰-sXms° ]mfn-Iƒ Xbm-
dm-°m-\mIpw?
`qhn-hc- h
- y-hÿbpsS hni-Ie
- \km[y-XI
- ƒ
ÿm\obhnh-c-ß-fm-bpw hnti-j-W-ß-fm-bpw tiJ-cn-°s∏-Sp∂ ùtam-]-cn-
Xe khn-ti-j-X-Isf hyXykvX coXnbnep≈ hni-I-e-\-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-am-
°m≥ `qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿbv°v Ign-bpw. irwJemhni-I-e\w, BhrØnhni-I-e-
\w, Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w F∂nh {][m-\-s∏´ hni-I-e\km[y-X-I-fm-Wv.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w (Overlay Analysis)

Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnhn[ ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS ]c-kv]-
c-_-‘-sØ-°p-dn®pw Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn Ah-bn-ep-≠mb am‰-sØ-°p-
dn®v a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. hnf-
I-fpsS hnkvXr-Xn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰--ßƒ, `qhn-\n-tbm-K-Ønse am‰-ßƒ
F∂n-h-sbms° a\- n-em-°m≥ Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w klm-b-I-am-Wv.
DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Xriq¿ Pn√-bnse s\¬∏m-S-ß-fpsS hnkvXrXnbn¬
2000 B≠ns\ At]£-n®v 2015 Bb-t∏m-tg°pw D≠mb am‰w a\- n-
em-°m≥ 2015 se `qhn-\n-tbmK `q]Shpw 2000 B≠nse `qhn-\n-tbmK
`q]-Shpw Hmh¿te sNbvXm¬ aXn-bmIpw.
BhrØn hni-I-e\w
\nß-fpsS hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn\v 3 In.ao. Np‰-f-hn-ep-ff hoSp-I-fpsS FÆw
Is≠-ØW-sa∂v Icp-XpI. CØcw kμ¿`-ß-fn¬ BhrØn hni-I-
e\ km[-yX Imc-y-£-a-a-mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°m\m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. \nß-fpsS
hnZym-e-bw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ÿm\ob hnh-c-ßsf `qhn-
hc hy-h-ÿ-bn-epsS BhrØn hni-I-e-\-Øn\v
hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ hnZ-ym-e-b-Øn-\p-Np‰pw
hrØm-IrXnbn¬ Hcp {]tX-yI taJe krjvSn-°p-
hm\pw B ta-J-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ hoSp-I-fpsS
FÆw IW-°m-°p-hm-\pw km[n°p-∂p. (Nn{Xw 6.15)
\nß-fpsS {]tZ-isØ 5 ao‰¿ hoXn-bp-ff tdmUv
k¿°m-cns‚ Xocp-am-\-{]-Imcw 8 ao‰¿ Bbn h¿≤n-
∏n- ° p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ n- c n- ° - s ´. `qhn- h - c - h y- h - ÿ - b nse
Bhr-Øn hni-I-e-\-km-[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bm¬ \ne-hnse tdmUn\v A\p-_-‘-ambn Bh-
iy-amb hoXn-bn¬ Hcp {]tXyI taJe krjvSn-
°m\mIpw. CXn-eqsS F{X-am{Xw `qan Gs‰-Sp-
Nn{Xw 6.15
t°≠n hcp-∂p, F{X t]¿ `h-\-c-ln-X-cm-Ip∂p
Fs∂ms° Ffp-∏Ø - n¬ a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
BhrØn hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ Hcp _nμp-hns\ Np‰n
hrØm-IrXn-bnepw tcJob khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ°v hi-
ß-fnepw Hcp {]tXyI taJe krjvSn-°s∏-Sp∂p.
Cu taJe BhrØn taJe (Buffer zone) F∂-dn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Nn{Xw 6.16
106
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
irwJe hni-I-e\w
a‰v c≠v hni-I-e-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw hy-X-y-kvX-ambn `q]-S-Ønse tcJob
khn-ti-j-X-Isf am{X-amWv irwJe hni-I-e-\-Øn\v hnt[-bam-°p-
∂Xv. tdmUv, sdbn¬th, \Zn-Iƒ, XpS-ßnb tcJob khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. CØcw hni-I-e\ km[y-X-I-fn-epsS Hcp {]tZ-i-
Øp-\n∂pw as‰mcp {]tZ-i-tØ°v Ffp-∏Ø-n¬ FØm-hp-∂Xpw Xnc°v
Ipd-™-Xp-amb hgn-Iƒ Is≠-Øm≥ km[n-°p-∂psh∂Xpw CØcw
hni-Ie- \ km[y-XI - f
- n-sem-∂mWv. hnt\m-Zk
- ©
- m-cn-Iƒ°v G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬ ÿe-ßƒ e`y-amb ka-b-Øn-\p-f-fn¬ kμ¿in°-°p-∂-Xn\pw
\n¿t±iw e`n°p∂p. A]-I-S-Øn¬s∏´ Bfns\ A]-IS ÿeØp
\n∂pw Xnc°v Ipd™ hgn-bn-eqsS A\p-tbm-Py-amb Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬
FØn-°p-∂Xn-\p-sams° Cu hni-I-e\ km[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-
hp-∂-Xm-Wv.
`qhn-h-c-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS {]tbm-P-\-ßƒ
$ ]e Dd-hn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ hnh-c-ßƒ kwtbm-Pn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$ hnh-c-ßƒ Ffp-∏-Øn¬ \ho-I-cn-°m\pw Iqń-t®¿°m\pw.
$ hnj-bm-[n-jvTnX]T-\-ßƒ \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v.
$ `qXekhn-ti-j-X-Isf ÿm\o-b-ambn {]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$ tiJ-cn® hnh-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v `mhn{]Xn-`m-k-ß-fp-sSbpw {]In-
b-I-fp-sSbpw Zriy-am-Xr-IIƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$ `q]-S-ß-ƒ, ]ń-I-Iƒ, {Km^p-Iƒ F∂nh \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$
D]-{K-lm-[n-jvTnX KXn-\n¿Wbkwhn[m-\-ßƒ
(Satellite based Navigation System)
ùtam-]-cn-Xe hkvXp-°-fpsS ÿm\hpw KXnbpw Is≠-Øm≥ C∂v
D]-{Klm-[n-jvTnX KXn-\n¿Wbkwhn-[m-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v.
`q]-S-\n¿am-Ww, KXm-KXw XpS-ßnb At\Iw taJ-e-I-fn¬ CXv {]tbm-
P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p. Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-SpI--fpsS KXn-\n¿Wbkwhn-[m-
\-amb t•m_¬ s]mkn-j-\nMv knÃw BWv hym]-Ia-mbn D]t-bm-Kn-
°-s∏-Sp-∂Xv.
t•m_¬ s]mknj\nMv knÃw (Global Positioning System)
ùtam-]-cn-Xe hkvXp-°-fpsS A£mw-i-˛-tc-Jmwi ÿm\w, Db-cw, Nn{Xw 6.17
kabw F∂nh a\- k n- e m- ° m≥ klm- b n- ° p∂ kwhn- [ m\- a mWv
t•m_¬ s]mkn-j-\nwKv knÃw (GPS). ùtam-]-cn-XeØn¬\n∂v 20000
apX¬ 20200 Intem-ao-‰¿ hsc-bp≈ Db-c-Øn¬ Bdv hyXykvX {à-W-
]-Y-ß-fn-embn 24 D]-{K-l-ß-fpsS Hcp t{iWn-bpsS klm-b-Øm-emWv
ÿm\\n¿Wbw \S-Øp-∂-Xv. D]-{K-l-ß-fn¬ \n∂p hcp∂ knKv\-ep-
Iƒ \ΩpsS ssIh-i-ap≈ kzoI-cW D]m-[n-bn¬ (Receiver) e`y-am-
bm¬ ÿm\w \n¿W-bn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. G‰hpw Npcpßn-bXv 4 D]-{K-l-

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
ßfn¬\n∂p hcp∂ knKv\-ep-Isf¶nepw e`n-®m¬

C¥y≥ doPy-\¬ \mhn-tK- am{Xta Pn.]n.- F kn\v A£mwiw, tcJmw- i w,
j≥ km‰-sse‰v knÃw (IRNSS) Dbcw, kabw XpS-ßnb hnh-c-ßƒ IrXy-X-tbmsS
Pn.]n.-Fk
- n\p kam\ambn C¥y kz¥- {]Z¿in- ∏ n- ° m≥ km[n- ° p- I - b p- ≈ q. ÿm\-
ambn hnI-kn-∏n® D]-{K-lm-[n-jvTnX \n¿Wbw IqSp-X¬ IrXy-ambn \S-Øm≥ IqSp-X¬
KXn-\n¿Wbkwhn-[m-\a - mWv C¥y≥ D]- { K- l - ß ƒ Cu kwhn- [ m- \ - Ø n¬ Ct∏mƒ
doPy-\¬ \mhn-tK-j≥ km‰-sse‰v Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ssk\nI Bh-iy-ßƒ°v
knÃw (IRNSS). C¥y°p ]pdsa ]mIn- th≠n-bmWv Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\m-SpI--ƒ Cu
ÿm\pw ssN\bpw C¥y≥ alm-k- kwhn-[m\w Bcw-`n-®-sX-¶nepw 1980 apX¬ CXv
ap-{Zhpw Dƒs∏sS 1500 Intem-ao-‰¿ s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°pw e`y-am-Ip∂p≠v.
Np‰-fhv CXns‚ \nco-£W]cn-[n-bn¬
Pn.]n.- F kns‚ IqSp- X ¬ km[y- X - I ƒ
hcpw.
Is≠Øn ]ńI-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
C\n apX¬ `ph≥...

kz¥w D]-{K-l-ßƒ am{Xw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn C¥y≥ taJ-e-bpsS kºq¿W-`q-]S \n¿ΩmWw F∂
Bh-iy-Øn-te-°mbn sF.F-kv.-B¿.H hnIkn∏n® D]-{K-lm[n-jvTnX `q]S \n¿ΩmW kwhn-[m-\-amWv
`ph≥. 2009 am¿®n¬ CXv {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-®p. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Hcp dntam´v sk≥knMv CtaPv t]m¿´-
emWv `ph≥. GIS kmt¶XnIhnZy, hnZqc kwth-Z\w F∂n-h-bpsS ]c-am-h[n km[y-X-Iƒ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn
Hm¨sse≥ `q]Sw Hcp-°pI F∂-XmWv `phs‚ apJy [¿Ωw. IRS t{iWn-bn-ep≈ D]-{K-l-ß-sf-bmWv hnh-c-
ti-J-c-W-Øn-\mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. KqKn¬ F¿Øv, hn°n am∏nb F∂n-h-tb-°mƒ Imcy-£-a-amb `q]S
\n¿ΩmW kwhn-[m-\-am-Wn-Xv. `ph-\n-eqsS e`y-am-Ip∂ ùtam-]-cn-Xe Nn{X-Øns‚ kvt]jy¬ dkeyq-j≥ 10 ao‰¿
BWv. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ AXoh IrXy-X-tbm-sS-bp≈ `q]-S-ßƒ Xøm-dm-°p-hm≥ `ph\p Ign-bp-∂p.
`phs‚ tkh-\-ß-fn-te°v \ap°v Fßs\ IS∂p sN√mw.
https://bhuvan-app1.nrsc.gov.in F∂ t]m¿´-¬ kμ¿in-®m¬ NphsS tN¿°p∂ tkh-\-ßƒ \ap°v e`y-
am-Ipw.
• `ph≥ 2D ˛ C¥y-bnse `q{]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS Zznam\ Nn{X-ßƒ
• `ph≥ 3D ˛ ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS {Xnam\
Zriyßƒ
• ]mcn-ÿn-Xn-Ihpw Imem-hÿ kw_-‘-hpamb hnh-c-
ßƒ
• Zpc¥ \nhm-cW klmb tkh-\-ßƒ
• kap{Z tkh-\-ßƒ
• Im¿jnI tkh-\-ßƒ
•
kvIqƒ `ph≥ Fs‚ `q]Sw
cmPy-Øns‚ {]IrXn hn`-hß - ƒ, ]cn-ÿnXn F∂n-hs- b-°p- C¥y-bnse GsXmcp `q{]tZiØn-s‚bpw D]-
dn®pw kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn¬ Ch-bpsS ]¶n-s\-°p- cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw GIS
dn®pw Ipń-I-fn¬ Ah-t_m[w hf¿Øp-∂-Xn-\m-bp≈ `q]- kmt¶-XnI hnZy-bpsS klm-b-tØmsS ]I¿-
Sm-[n-jvTnX e ˛ te¿WnMv kwhn-[m-\-amWv kvIqƒ `ph≥. Øn-sb-SpØv {]mtZ-inI `q]-Sß
- ƒ \n¿Ωn-°m≥
tZiob hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (NCERT), klm-bn-°p∂ kwhn-[m-\-amWv Create a map/
ISRO F∂nh kwbp-‡-ambmWv Cu kwhn-[m\w hnI- GIS.
- v. `ph≥ t]m¿´-ense 'kvIqƒ `ph≥' sF°-
kn-∏n-®n-´p-≈X A[ym-]-Is‚ klm-b-tØmsS Cu tkh\w
Wn¬ ¢nIv sNbvXv ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v Cu tkh\w D]-tbm-K- {]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn \nß-fpsS {]tZ-i-Øns‚
s∏-Sp-Ømw. `q]Sw Xøm-dm-°p-at√m?
108
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
sh≈-s∏m° \nb-{¥Ww
ka-Im-enI Ncn-{X-Ønse G‰hpw henb Ime-h¿jsISp-Xn-°mWv tIcfw 2018
¬ kmjywhln-®-Xv. \ΩpsS kwÿm\w t\cn´ {]f-b-Øns‚ Xo{h-Xbpw ImTn-
\yhpw AXv hnX® \mi\jvShpw hnh-c-Wm-Xo-X-am-Wv. CØcw {]IrXnZpc-¥-ßƒ hfsc
ê-{]-Z-ambn XcWw sNøp-∂-Xn¬ D]-{Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ \mw
Imcy-£-a-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. sh≈-s∏m° _m[nX {]tZ-i-ß-fpsS `q]Sw
Xbm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\pw sh≈-s∏m-°-sI-Sp-Xn-I-fpsS IW-s°-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\pw \Zn-bpsS {]f-
b-ti-j-ap≈ ÿnXn a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw, {]fb Pe-Øn¬ apßn-t∏mb {]tZ-i-ß-fnse
\mi-\-jvS-ßƒ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xn\pw \mw Cu kmt¶-XnIhnZy {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-
≠v. ùtam-]-cn-Xe hnh-c-ßƒ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\ kt¶-X-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v tiJ-cn®v
GIS s‚ klm-b-tØmsS hni-I-e-\-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am°n sh≈-s∏m° km[yXm {]tZ-
i-ßƒ Is≠Øn {]fb {]h-N\ tamUepIƒ Xbm-dm-°m-\m-hpw.
{ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ hf¿∂psIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bmWv `qhn-h-c-hy-

hÿ (GIS). hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fn¬ Cu kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy ê-{]-Z-ambn {]tbm-P-
\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. hyh-km-bw, hnZym-`ymkw, Irjn, Bkq-{X-Ww, Pe-tk-N-\w, h\-h¬°-
c-Ww, KXm-K-Xw, {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c¥\nc-hm-c-Ww, tcmK-\n-b-{¥-Ww, Itºmf hni-I-e\w,
\nIpXn ]ncn-hv, {]Xn-tcm[w, Sqdn-kw, {]IrXn hn`h]cn-]m-e\w XpS-ßnb taJ-e-I-
fn¬ GIS kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy {]tbm-P\s∏Sp-Øp-∂p. hmWnPyw, hm¿Øm-hn-\n-a-bw, hn`h
]cn-]m-e\w XpS-ßn-b-h-bnepw k¿thm-]cn Bkq-{X-W-˛-hn-I-k-\-Ønepw hf-sc-b-[nIw
{]tbm-P-\-I-c-amb Hcp kmt¶-XnI D]m-[n-bmbn GIS C∂v hf¿∂n-cn-°p-∂p. GIS kmt¶-
Xn-I-hn-Zy-bpsS hym]-I-amb D]-tbmKw A\-¥-amb sXmgn¬km-[y-X-I-fn-te-°mWv hgn-
sX-fn-°p-∂-Xv. \nc-h[n temtIm-Ø-c-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ C∂v GIS kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZy, hnZq-c-
kw-th-Z\w XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ Pntbm˛C≥^¿am‰nIvkv F∂ imkv{X-im-J-bn¬
\nc-h[n tImgvkp-Ifpw ]cn-io-e\- ]
- c
- n-]m-Sn-Ifpw \S-Øn hcp-∂p. CØcw tImgvkp-Ifnepw
]cn-io-e\ ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw `mK`m°m-Ip-∂-Xn-eqsS ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ°v anI® sXmgn-e-h-k-
c-ßƒ t\Sm-\m-Ipw. C¥y-bn¬ CØcw tImgvkp-Iƒ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ ÿm]-\-ß-
fpsS hnh-c-ßƒ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (www.iirs.gov.in)
Survey of India (www.surveyofindia.gov.in)
C¥y-bnse hnhn[ IIT Iƒ DZm-l-cWw : IIT kharagpur - Earth Science - (www.iitkgp.ac.in),
IIT Kanpur - Earth Science - (www.iitk.ac.in/es/)
AXn-thKw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v IpXn-°p-I-bmWv temIw. a\p-jys‚

AS-ßmØ At\z-jWXzcbpw Xf-cmØ ]cn-{i-a-hp-amWv Cu ]ptcm-
KXn-bpsSsb√mw ASn-ÿm-\w. ]pXnb I≠p-]n-SnØ-ßfpw kmt¶-Xn-
I-hn-Zy-bpsS hnIm-kh
- p-sams° a\p-jy-Po-hn-XsØ apsº-∂t- Ø-°mfpw
Gsd sa®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. a\p-jy-cm-in-bpsS apgp-h≥ t£a-Øn-\p-

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
ambn kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xnsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

Øm-\p≈ {ia-ß-fn¬ \nßfpw ]¶m-fn-bm-hp-a-t√m.
hne-bn-cp-Ømw
$ {]Xy-£˛]tcm£ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z-\-ßƒ XmcXay-s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ BIm-iobNn{X-ßfnse Hmh¿em]v -sIm-≠p≈ {]tbm-P-\-
sa¥v?
$ `qÿnc D]-{K-l-ßƒ, kuc-ÿnc D]-{Kl-ßƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-
dn®v hnh-cWw Xbm-dm-°pI.
$ hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\sØ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ taJ-e-Iƒ ]ń-I-
s∏-Sp-ØpI.
$ `qhnh-c-hy-h-ÿ-bn¬ ]mfn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂XpsIm≠p≈
kuI-cy-sa¥v?
$ Hmh¿te hni-I-e-\-Øns‚ km[y-X-Iƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
110
16,000 ASn°p apI-fn-emWv At∂cw Rßƒ Iymºv sNbvXn-cn°p-∂Xv. Hcp ]md-s°-
ń¬ Nmcn-\n∂v Rm≥ A¥-co-£-sØ-bpw Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-sfbpw ho£n-®p. Hcp tIm´-t]m-
se-bmWv Np‰pw ]¿hX-irw-K-ßƒ \ne-sIm-≈p-∂-Xv. AXv Ign-™m¬ sh≈n-t]mse
shń-Øn-f-ßp-∂ -ln-a-irw-K-ß-fpsS \nc-bm-Wv....
Ftßm´p t\m°nbmepw ]¿h-X-ßƒ am{Xw. H∂p Ign-™m¬ as‰m∂v F∂ hn[-
Øn¬ AX-ßs\ hym]n®p InS-°p-∂p. ]®-Øg - ∏
- p-sIm≠v Ae-¶mcw Nm¿Ønb Xmgvhc-
I-fpw `bm-\-I-amb hn[-Øn¬ IpØ-s\-°n-S-°p∂ H‰-b-Sn-∏m-X-Ifpw ...... XWp∏v cq£-
am-bn-Øp-S-ßn. s\Kn-bpsS I´≥Nmb samØn-°p-Sn-®p-sIm≠v Ipd®p ka-bw-IqSn AhnsS
X-ßnb tijw Kpl-bn-te°v Xncn-®p-t]m-∂p.
tZh-`q-an-bneqsS ˛ Fw.sI. cma-N-{μ≥
lnam-ebkm\p-°-fn-eqsS \nc-h[n bm{X- C¥ybpsS ÿm\w
Iƒ \S-Øn-b, k©m-cnbpw Fgp-Øp-Im-c-
A£mwiw : 8°4' hS°p apX¬ 3706' hS°p
\p-amb Fw.-sI. cma-N-{μs‚ "tZh-`q-an-bn- hsc
eqsS' F∂ ]pkvXI-Ønse Nne hcn-I-
tcJmwiw : 6807' Ing°p apX¬ 97025'
fmWv \nßƒ hmbn-®-Xv.
Ing°p hsc.
C¥ybpsS hS°v AXn-cmbn \ne-sIm-
≈p∂ ]¿hX`q{]- I r- X n- s b- ° p- d n- ® mWv C¥y≥ D]-Zzo]v
ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xv. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ aq∂p hi-ßfpw kap-
H´-\-h[n khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ \nd-™-XmWv {Z- Ø m¬ Np‰- s ∏´
C¥y-bpsS `q{]-Ir-Xn-. a™p-d™ ]¿h-X- `qhn-`m-Ka
- mWv D]-Zzo-]v.
ß-fn¬\n∂v DXv`hn®v ka-X-e-ß-fn-eqsS C¥y≥ D]- ` q- J - fi -
_lp- Z qcw Hgp- I n HSp- h n¬ IS- e n- t \mSp Øns‚ sX°p`mKw
tNcp∂ h≥\-Zn-Iƒ, Irjn- hym-]I - a- mbn \S- kap-{Z-Øm¬ Np‰-s∏´p ImW-s∏-Sp-∂X- n-\m¬
°p∂ AXn- h n- i m- e - a mb ka- X - e - ß ƒ, Cu `mKw C¥y≥ D]-Zzo]v F∂-dn-bs- ∏-Sp-∂p.
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
hnkvXr-X-amb ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, Np´p-s]m-≈p∂ acp-`q-an-Iƒ, ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb

Xoc-k-a-X-e-ßƒ, At\Iw Zzo]p-Iƒ.... A¤pX-Ic-amWv \ΩpsS cmPy-
Øns‚ sshhn-[yw. Cu `qan-imkv{X sshhn-[y-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-
j-W-amWv Cu A[ym-bw.
Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-ß-fpsS DØ-c-ßƒ A‰vekns‚ klm-b-
tØmsS Is≠-Øq.
$ C¥y≥ D]-`q-J-fi-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ cmPy-ßƒ.
$ C¥y-bp-ambn IcmXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ cmPy-ßƒ.
$ C¥y-bp-ambn kap{ZmXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ cmPy-ßƒ.
lna-h¬`qhn¬
Nn{Xw 7.1 \nco-£n-°q. C¥y-bpsS hS°p`mKØp≈ ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fmWv
CXn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv.
jv ]mao¿
nμ - p
p° C¥y
l Ip≥e
a p≥ DØ-c-]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ
b
c
ss
Ie
i
mk
- \-
ii
nc- I
a- m≥
- ƒ
iii
sse
kp
1
3 2
Nn{Xw 7.1
]mao¿]oT-`qan˛ Imivaocn\p hS°p]Sn-™mdv apX¬
temI-Øns‚ ta¬°qc C¥y-bpsS Ing-°≥ AXn¿Øn hsc
at[yjybn¬ ÿnXnsNøp∂ ]mao¿ ]oT-`qan Adn- Hcp h≥aXn¬ t]mse \ne-sIm≈p∂
b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv Cß-s\-bm-Wv. lnμp-°pjv, kpsse- Cu ]¿hX-\n-c-Isf DØc]¿h-X-ta-
am≥, Snbm≥jm≥, Ip≥ep≥, Imd-tImdw apX- Je F∂mWv ]dbp∂-Xv. DØc]¿h-
emb ]¿hX\nc- I ƒ ]mao¿ ]¿hXs°ń¬
X-ta-J-esb {Sm≥kv lnam-ebw, lnam-
\n∂p hn`n∂ Zni-I-fn-te°v ]ncn™pt]mIp--∂p.
Imd-tImdw ]¿hX\nc-bpsS XpS¿®-bmWv Sn_- ebw, Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\
‰nse ssIemk ]¿hX-\n-c-Iƒ. aq∂mbn Xncn-°mw. (]ńI 7.1)
112
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS C¥y
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
DØc]¿hXtaJe
{Sm≥kv lnam-ebw lnam-ebw Ing-°≥ ae\nc-Iƒ
(a) Imd-tImdw (i) lnam{Zn (1) ]XvIm-bn_pw
(b) eUm°v (ii) lnam-N¬ (2) \mKm Ip∂p-Iƒ
(c) kkvI¿ (iii) knhm-enIv (3) Kmtcm, Jmkn,
Pb-¥nb Ip∂p-Iƒ
(4) antkm Ip∂p-Iƒ
]ńI 7.1
DØ-c-]¿hX taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fmWv ]ń-I-bn¬.

\¬In-bn-´p≈ `q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 7.1) Ch-bpsS t]cp-Iƒ icn-bmb
ÿm\-ß-fn¬ FgpXnt®¿°q.
{Sm≥kv lnam-ebw
Imd-tIm-dw, eUm-°v, kkvI¿ F∂o ]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ tN¿∂-XmWv
{Sm≥kv lnam-eb - w. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw Db-ca
- p≈ sImSp-ap-Sn-bmb au≠v
K2 AYhm tKmUvhn≥ HmÃn≥ (8661 ao‰¿ Db-cw) ÿnXnsNøp-∂Xv
Imd-tImdw \nc-I-fn-em-Wv. {Sm≥kv lnam-e-bØns‚ icm-icn Dbcw
6000 ao‰-dmWv.
lnam-ebw
{Sm≥kv lnam-eb- Ø- n\pw Ing-°≥ ae-\n-cI
- ƒ°p-
an-S-bn¬ hS°p]Sn-™mdv˛sX°pIng°v Zni- au≠v Fh-dÃv
bnemWv lnameb ]¿hX\ncIƒ ÿnXn temI-Ønse G‰hpw Db-c-ap≈ Cu
sNøp∂Xv-. Cu ]¿hX\ncI-ƒ°v GI-tZ-iw sImSp-apSn lnam-e-b]¿h-X-Øn-em-Wv.
2400 In.ao. \of-ap-≠v. temI-Ønse Db-c-ta-dnb CXv t\∏m- f n¬ ÿnXnsNøp- ∂ p.
\nc-h[n sImSpapSnIƒ CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. Ing- CXns‚ Dbcw 8848 ao‰-dm-Wv.
°≥ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-te°p t]mIp-t¥mdpw ]¿h-X-
ß-fpsS Dbcw Ipd-™p-h-cp∂Xmbn ImWmw.
Imivao¿ {]tZ-iØv GItZiw 400 In.ao. hoXn-
bp≈ DØ- c - ] ¿hX\nc- I ƒ°v Acp- W m- N ¬
{]tZ-in¬ hoXn GI-tZiw 150 In.ao. BWv. GI-
tZiw 5 e£w NXp-c{i In.ao. hnkvXr-Xn-bp≈
Cu `q{]tZiw kam-¥-c-ß-fmb aq∂p ]¿h-X-
\n-c-Iƒ Dƒs∏-´-Xm-Wv. Ah Hmtcm-∂n-s‚bpw
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t\m°q.
sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS C¥y 113

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
lnam{Zn
$ G‰hpw Dbcw IqSnb
\nc.
$ icm-icn Dbcw 6000 ao‰¿.
$ KwK, bap\ F∂o \Zn-I- lnam-N¬
fpsS D¤hÿm\w. $ l nam-{ZnbpsS
$ 8000 ao‰- d n\p apI- f n¬ sX°p`mKØmbn
Db- c - a p≈ \nc- h [n ÿnXnsNøp∂p. knhm-enIv
sImSpapSn-Iƒ ÿnXn s - N- $ icm- i cn Dbcw $ lnam-N-en\p sX°p`mKØmbn ÿnXn
øp- ∂ p. (DZm: Im©≥ 3000 ao‰¿. sNøp∂p.
PwK, \μmtZhn) $ jnwe, Um¿Pn-enMv
XpS- ß nb kpJ- $ icm-icn Dbcw 1220 ao‰¿.
h m k t I { μ - ß ƒ $ lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ Cu ]¿hX\ncsb
Cu ]¿hX\nc-I- apdn®psIm≠v Hgp-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ ]e-bn-
fpsS sXt° Ncn- S-ß-fnepw XpS¿® \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.
hn- e mbn ÿnXn
sNøp∂p. $ \oftadn- b Xpw hnkvXrXhpamb
Xmgv h c- I ƒ ImW- s ∏- S p- ∂ p. Chsb
UqWp-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.(DZm :
sUdm-Uq¨)
DØ-c-]¿h-X-ta-J-e-I-fnse Npc-ßƒ
]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ apdn®pIS-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb kzm`m-hn-I ae-bn-
Sp-°p-I-fmWv Npc-ßƒ (Pass). Aw_cNpw-_n-I-fmb ]¿h-X\nc-
Iƒ°ncp-hißfnep-ap≈ P\-kw-kvIm-cß- sf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-
∂-Xn¬ Cu ]mXIƒ°p≈ ]¶v sNdp-sXm-∂p-a-√.
Npc-ßƒ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ

$ en]q teJv DØ-cm-Jfiv ˛ Sn_‰v
$ jn]vIn em lnam-N¬{]tZiv ˛ Sn_‰v
$ tkmPn em {io\-K¿ ˛ Im¿Kn¬
$ \mYp em kn°nw ˛ Sn_‰v
114
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
`q{]-tZ-iØns‚ Dbc-{I-a-a-\p-k-cn®v hyXy-kvX-ß-

lna-hms‚ P\\w
fmb kky-Pm-e-ßƒ Cu ]¿h-X-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬
C¥y≥ êIhpw bqtdjy≥ ê-
- n¬\n∂v 1000 apX¬ 2000
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. kap-{Z-\n-c∏ Ihpw Iqń-apńb-t∏mƒ Ch-bv°n-S-
ao‰¿hsc Db-c-ß-fn¬ HmIv, sNkv\´v, ta∏nƒ XpS- bn¬ ÿnXnsNbvXn-cp∂ sXYokv
ßnb hr£-ßfpw AXn\v apI-fn-te°p≈ Db-c-ß- kap{Z-Øns‚ ASn-Ø´v kΩ¿Z
Øm¬ aSßn Db¿∂mWv lnam-
fn¬ tZh-Zm-cp, kv{]qkv XpS-ßnb kvXq]n-Im{K eb]¿h- X \nc- I ƒ cq]- s ∏- ´ Xv
hr£ßfpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂mWv imkv{X-⁄-cpsS \nK-a-
\w. ChnsS\n∂p Is≠-Øn-bn-´p≈
Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-Iƒ kap-{Z-Po-hn-I-fp-sS t^mkn-ep-Iƒ
Cu hmZØn\v A\p-Iq-ea - mb sXfn-
kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂v GI-tZiw 500 apX¬ 3000 ao‰¿ hp-If
- m-Wv.
hsc Db-c-ap≈ Cu {]tZ-iw ]q¿hm-N¬ F∂pw
Adn-bs
- ∏-Sp-∂p. temI-ØnseXs∂ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
ag e`n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-amb Nndm-]p©n Chn-sS-bmWv.
Cu {]tZ-iØv \n_n-Uamb DjvW-ta-Jem ag-°m-
Sp-Ifp≠v.
$ Ing-°≥ ae-\n-cI
- ƒ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kwÿm-\ß
- ƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v
`q]-S-Øns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Is≠-Øq.
$ C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬ DØc]¿h-X-taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏´ ]¿h-

X-\n-c-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.
DØ- c - ] ¿hX- t a- J - e - b n- e p- S - \ ofw s]mXpsh ê- ] pjv S n IqSnb
]¿hXaÆmWv ImWs-∏S-p∂-Xv.
lna-hms‚ aSn-Ø´- nse PohnXw

arK-]-cn-]m-e-\-amWv P\-ßƒ A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp Pohn-X-am¿Kw.
Chn-SsØ ]p¬ta-Sp-Isf B{i-bn-®mWv arK-]c - n-]m-e\
- w. Imivao¿, lnam-
N¬{]tZiv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ hymh-km-bnI ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ sNΩ-cn-
bm-Sp-Isf hf¿Øp-∂p. ]¿hX-\n-c-I-fn-¬\n∂v D¤-hn-°p∂ \Zn-Iƒ
Hgp-°n-s°m≠p hcp∂ F°¬ ASn™p-Iq-Sn-b-XmWv knhm-en-°ns‚
Xmgvhmc-ta-J-e. Dcp-f-°n-gßv, _m¿en, Ip¶p-a-∏qhv F∂nh IqSmsX
B∏nƒ, Hmd©v XpS-ßnb ]g-h¿K-ßfpw tXbn-ebpw Cu taJ-e-bn¬
IrjnsNøp-∂p. C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tXbne D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-
∂Xv Bkmw ae- \ n- c - I - f nemWv . Gsd {]IrXn`wKn- b p≈ DØ- c -

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
]¿hXtaJe hnt\mZk©m-cn-I-fpsS ]dp-Zo-k-bm-Wv.

knwe, Um¿Pn-en-Mv, Ipfp, aWmen XpS-ßnb kpJ-
hmktI{μ-ßƒ ChnsSbmWv.
DØ-c-]¿hX taJ-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw

C¥ybpsS Imem-h-ÿ, P\-Po-hnXw F∂nh cq]-s∏-
Imivao-cnse Ip¶p-a∏q Irjn Sp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ Cu ]¿h-X-ta-Je F{Xam{Xw ]¶p hln-
°p∂p F∂p t\m°q.
$ ]pcm- X - \ - I mew apX¬- X s∂ hS- ° p- ] - S n- ™ mdp
\n∂p≈ sshtZ-inI B{I-aW - ß
- f
- n¬\n∂v Hcp ]cn-
[n-hsc \sΩ kwc-£n-®pt]mcp-∂p.
$ a¨kqÏm‰p-Isf XS™p\n¿Øn DØ-tc-¥ybn¬
DS-\ofw ag- s]-øn°p∂p.
Bkm-anse Hcp tXbn-e-tØm´w
$ ssiXy-Im-eØv hS°p\n∂p hoip∂ hc≠ ioX-
°m-‰ns\ C¥y-bn-te°p IS°msX sNdp°p-∂p.
$ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ kky-P¥pPme-ß-ƒ DS-se-Sp-°p-
∂-Xn\v Imc-W-am-bn.
$ \Zn-I-fpsS D¤h{]tZiw.
$
KwK-bpsS D¤hÿm\-amb lnam-e-b-Ønse a™p-aqSnb sImSp-ap-Sn-Ifpw lnam-

tKmapJv Kpl \nIfpw ip≤-Pe - Ø
- ns‚ h≥ tiJ-cß
- f- m-Wv. Cu a™p-
-]m-fn-Iƒ DcpIn cq]w-sIm-≈p∂ \o¿®m-ep-Iƒ tN¿∂v
At\Iw alm-\-Zn-Iƒ P∑-sa-Sp°p∂p. Ch lnam-e-
b≥\Zn-Iƒ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xmgvhmc-ß-fnse [mcm-
f-amb agbpw Cu \Zn-Isf ]pjvSn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p≠v.
{][m\ lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
$ kn‘p-
$ KwK-
am\-k-tcm-h¿ XSmIw $ {_“-]p-{X
Sn_-‰n¬ {_“-]p-{Xsb
_w•m-tZ-in¬ {_“-]p- Rßƒ kmMvt]m
{Xsb Rßƒ Pap\ F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.
F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.
116
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
{][m-\- ln-am-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ, Ah- Hgp-Ip∂ kwÿm-\-ßƒ, t]mj-I-\-Zn-Iƒ

F∂nh NphsS \¬In-b `q]-S-Øns‚ (Nn{Xw 7.2) klm-b-tØmsS Is≠Øn
]ńI 7.2 ]q¿Øn-bm-°q. A‰ve-kns‚ klmbw tXSm≥ ad-°-cp-tX.
A^vKm\n-ÿm≥
mI
w C¥y
S
fm
¿X \Zn-Iƒ
hq
m≥ kn
‘
-
ÿ
In
p\-
Zn ss
]m Nn\ N\
m_
v
w hn a - Sn_
e
Q c _nbmkv m\k kt- c ‰v
Kw mh
- ¿
tK
m{X
kXvePv n
kmMvt]m
bap\
eqlnXv
KwK
kp_m≥kncn
t\
n
tImk
tK ∏m `q´m≥
maX Lm
Kfi
ƒ {X
]- p
am\kv
n Lcv XnkvX
Nº¬
Iv
n “
eqW Kw {_
´ph K
≥
t_ _w•mtZiv
sI
tkm¨
Zmtam-Z¿
lq•n
\¿ΩZ al aym≥am¿
m-\
Xm]vXn s Zn
]≥
tKm KwK
Zmh
- c
n
tK
mZm
h
- c
n
IrjvW
Z
Ad-_n-°S
- ¬ K`- { _wKmƒ Dƒ°S¬
Xpw
B≥U ]ka
Zzo
am≥˛\nt w
Imthcn
- ql
e£-Zzo]v
°m_- m¿
{ioe¶
C¥y≥ alm-k-ap{Zw
Nn{Xw 7.2

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
lnam-eb
- ≥ \Zn-Iƒ
lnam-e-b≥ D¤- h \ofw t]mjI Hgp-Ip∂ FØn-t®-cp∂
\Zn-Iƒ ÿm\w \Zn- I ƒ kwÿm-\-ßƒ kap{Zw
kn‘p Sn_-‰nse GI-tZiw $ Qew $ Ad-_n-°-S¬
am\k-tcm-h¿ 2880 In.ao. $ $
XSm-Iw (Cu \Zn-bpsS $ $
709 In.ao. $
am{Xta $
C¥y-bn-eqsS
Hgp-Ip-∂p≈q).
KwK KwtKm{Xn GI-tZiw $ bap\ $ _wKmƒ
lnam-\n-bnse 2500 In.ao. $ $ Dƒ°-S¬
tKmapJv Kpl $ $
$
{_“-]p{X Xn_-‰nse GI-tZiw $ XnkvX $ _wKmƒ
sNa˛bpMv-˛- 2900 In.ao. $ $ Dƒ°-S¬
XpMv lnam-\n- (C¥y-bnse $ $
\ofw 725 $
In.ao.)
]ńI 7.2
ka-X-e-ß-fn-eq-sS...
Ggv DØ-tc-¥y≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn-embn hym]n-®p-In-S-°p-∂ AXn-hn-im-
ehpw ê-`qbnjvThp-amb `q`m-KamWv DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew.
C¥y
DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew
]©m_v ˛ lcn-bm\ ka-Xew
acpÿen ˛ _mK¿ ka-Xew
KwKm ka-Xew
{_“-]p{X Xmgvhc
\Zn
Nn{Xw 7.3
118
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ÿm\w `q]-S-Øns‚ (Nn{Xw 7.3) klm-

b-tØmsS Is≠-Øq. DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-ew Dƒs∏Sp∂ kwÿm-\-
ßƒ GsXm-s°s-b∂v Is≠Øn Fgp-Xq.
$ ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ
$ _nlm¿
$
inema--fi e ê- I - ß ƒ XΩn¬ kwtbm- P n®v ùa- ] mfn aSßn
Db¿∂mWv lnam-eb]¿hXw cq]w-sIm-≠-sX∂p \nßƒ a\- n-em-
°n-bn´p≠v. lnam-e-b-Øns‚ cq]o-I-cWthf-bn¬ sX°v ]¿h-X-\n-c-
Iƒ°v kam-¥-c-ambn 2000 ao‰-dn¬ A[nIw XmgvN-bp≈ AKm[K¿Øw
krjvSn-°-s∏-´p.
lnam-e-b-Øn¬\n∂v Hgp-In-sb-Øp∂ \Zn-IfpsS At\-Im-bncw h¿j-
ß-fmbn XpS¿∂phcp∂ \nt£-]-W-{]-{In-b-bpsS ê-ambn AXn-hn-
im-e-amb ka-X-ew cq]w-sIm-≠p. GXm≠v Ggp e£w NXp-c{i Intem-
ao-‰¿ hnkvXr-Xn-bn-epw Intem-ao-‰-dp-I-tfmfw I\-Ønepw Ah-km-Z-ßƒ
\nt£-]n-°-s∏-´p-≠mb Cu ka-X-e-w temI-Øn-se-Xs∂ G‰hpw
hnkvXrX-amb F°¬ ka-X-e-ßfnsem-∂mWv. kn‘p-˛-Kw-K-˛-{_-“-
]p{Xm ka-Xew F∂pw CXv s]mXpsh Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. hf-sc-b-[nIw
ê-]pjvSn-bp≈ F°¬aÆv Cu ka-X-e-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wv.
C¥y-bn¬ F°¬aÆv ImW-s∏-Sp∂ a‰p {]tZ-i-ßƒ
GsXm-s°-bmWv?
DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-w GsX√mw `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-emWv

ÿnXnsNøp-∂-sX∂v A‰vekv \nco-£n-®v Is≠Øq.
\Zn-Iƒ sa\™ ka-X-e-ßƒ

GtXXp \Zn-If- psS \nt£-]W
- Ø
- ns‚ ê-am-bmWv cq]wsIm≠n-´p-≈Xv F∂-Xns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\-Øn¬ DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-esØ ]e `mK-ß-fmbn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v.
ka-X-e-Øns‚ t]cv `qcq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\p
Imc-W-amIp∂- \Zn-Iƒ
]©m_v ˛ lcn-bm\ ka-Xew kn‘phpw t]mjI\Zn-Ifpw
cmP-ÿm-\nse acp-ÿen˛_mK¿ ka-X-e-ßƒ eqWn, kc-kzXn \Zn-Iƒ
KwKm-k-a-Xew KwKbpw t]mjI\Zn-Ifpw
Bkmanse {_“-]p{Xm ka-Xew {_“-]p-{Xbpw t]mjI\Zn-Ifpw
DØ-ca - l
- m-ka
- X
- e-Øns‚ ÿm\w C¥ybpsS cq]t-cJ
- b
- n¬ tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øq.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
C¥y-bpsS [m\y-∏pc
tKmX-ºv, tNmfw, s\√v, Icn-ºv, ]cp-Øn, ]b¿h¿K-
ßƒ F∂n- ß s\ DØ- c - a - l m- k - a - X - e - ß - f n¬
IrjnsNøp∂ hnf-Iƒ \nc-h[n-bm-Wv. Cu {]tZ-iw
C¥y-bpsS "[m\y-∏pc' F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
temI-Ønse G‰hpw P\\n_n-U-amb {]tZ-i-ß-fn-
sem-∂mWv DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-ew.
sdbn¬, tdmUv, I\m¬ F∂n-h-bpsS irwJe G‰hpw
IqSp- X ¬ DØ- c - a - l m- k - a - X ew F∂ `q{]IrXn
hn`mKØn-em-Wv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
DØcalm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ]Sn™mdp `mKØv ag Xosc Ipd-hmWv. AXp-
sIm≠pXs∂ cmP-ÿm≥ kwÿm-\-Øns‚ an° {]tZ-i-ßfpw acp-
`qan-bm-Wv. Cu acp-`qan°v Ym¿ F∂mWv t]cv. C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-
X¬ NqSv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Pbvkm¬an¿ Cu acp-`q-an-bnemWv.
eqWn \Znbpw \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ°p apºv Chn-sS-bp≠mbn-cp∂ kckzXn-
\ZnbpamWv Cu ka-X-e-`m-KØns‚ -cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ ]¶p hln-®n-´p-
≈Xv.
Cu {]tZ-iØv P\-hmkw hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv. F¥p-
sIm≠v?
Cu¿∏w Xoscbn√mØ eh- W mw- i - a p≈ a- c p-
`qanaÆmWv ChnsS ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. -apƒs®-
SnIfpw Ip‰n-°m-Sp-If
- p-amWv Chn-SsØ kzm`m-hnI
kky-Pm-e-ßƒ. cmP-ÿm-\n¬ Hcm-≠n¬ e`n-°p-
∂Xnepw IqSp-X¬ ag tIc-f-Øn¬ Hcp Znh-k-
Øn¬ e`n-°p∂p Ft∂m¿°-Ww. Nn{Xw I≠nt√
(Nn{Xw 7.4). CXv Ym¿ acp-`q-an-bnse Hcp km[m-
Ym¿ a-cq-`qan cW ImgvN-bmWv.
cmP-ÿm-\n¬ {][m\ambpw IrjnsNøp∂ hnf-
Iƒ _Pvd, tPmh¿ F∂n-h-bm-Wv. Cu hnf-I-fpsS
hf¿®-bv°v Pew hfsc anX-amb Af-hn¬ am{Xta
Bh-iy-ap≈q. apJy-ambpw Pe-tkN\sØ B{i-
bn-®m-Wv Chn-SsØ Irjn.
kn‘p-\Z- nbpw AXns‚ t]mjI\Zn-Ifpw tN¿∂p
cq]w-\¬Inb hnim-e-amb ka-Xe{]tZ-i-am-Wv
]©m-_v, lcn-bm\ ka-Xe {]tZ-iw. tKmX-ºv,
tNmfw, Icnºv F∂nhbmWv {][m\ hnf-Iƒ.
Nn{Xw 7.4
"C¥ybpsS Im¿jnI kºZvhyh-ÿ-bn¬ DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚
kzm[o\w' F∂ hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ t]∏¿ Xbm-dm°n
¢mkn¬ Ah-Xc - n-∏n-°q. CXn-\mbn hm¿Øm-am-[y-aß
- f
- n¬\n∂pw hmb-
\-km-a-{Kn-I-fn¬\n∂pw IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-a-t√m.
120
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan
a[y-{]-tZ-iv, Qm¿J-fiv, OØokvKUv F∂o kwÿm-\-ßfpw alm-cmjv{S, I¿Wm-SIw,
Xan-gv\mSv, sXe-¶m-\, HUn-j, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS Nne {]tZ-i-
ßfpw Dƒs∏´ `qhn-`m-Kw D]-Zzo-]ob]oT-`qan F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
Dd-t∏-dnb ine-I-fm¬ \n¿an-X-amb D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan C¥y-bnse G‰hpw hnkvXr-X-hpw
]g°w sN∂-Xp-amb `qhn-`m-K-amWv.
D]-Zzo-]o-b-]o-T-`q-an-bnse sshhn-[y-am¿∂ ùXnI khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv `q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw
7.5). Ah Fs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠-Øn-sb-gp-Xq.
C¥y
D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan
nc
-
\
-
X
¿h
n]
√
-ch
B amƒhm ]oT-`qan
I®v D]-Zzo]v - ƒ
\ncI
hn‘ym tNm´m\mKv]q¿
\ncI- ƒ
IØn-bh
- m¿ kXv]pc
an
`- q
oT $ Bc-h-√n-
]
m≥
° ´w ]¿h-X-\nc
U -
L
h
q¿
]
$
$
- ´w
n-aL
]›
$
$
$
$
$
$
Nn{Xw 7.5

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
D]-Zzo-]ob]oT-`q-an-bnse ùXnI khn-ti-j-X-Isf ]mT-]p-kvX-I-

Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØv \¬In-bn-´p≈ C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.
\navt\m-∂Xn-Iƒ \nd™ Cu `qhn-`m-K-Øns‚ hnkvXrXn GI-tZiw 15
e£w NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰dmWv. ]¿h-X-ßƒ, ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, Xmgvhc-Iƒ
F∂n-ßs\ sshhn-[y-am¿∂ `q{]-Ir-Xn-bmWv Chn-sSbp-≈Xv. Cu taJ-
e-bnse G‰hpw Db-c-ta-dnb sImSp-apSn B\-ap-Sn-bm-Wv (2695m). CXv
tIc-f-Ønse CSp-°n- Pn-√-bn-emWv ÿnXn-sNøp-∂-Xv. hnhn-[-Xcw [mXp-
°-fpsS H´-\-h[n \nt£-]-ßƒ Cu taJ-e-bn-ep-≈Xn-\m¬ D]-Zzo-]ob
]oT-`qansb "[mXp-°fpsS Iehd' F∂pw hnfn-°mw.
Imen-I-ambn am{Xw ag e`n-°p∂ Chn-SsØ ss\k¿KnI kky-Pm-e-
ßƒ DjvW-ta-Jem Ce-s]m-gnbpw ImSp-I-fm-Wv. tX°v, km¬, Nμ-\w,
apf F∂n-h- ChnsS ImW-s∏-Sp∂p. [mcmfw ag e`n-°p∂ ]›n-a-L´
ae-\n-c-I-fpsS ]Sn-™m-d≥ Ncn-hp-I-fnemIs´, DjvWta-Jem ag-°m-Sp-
IfmWp-≈-Xv.
D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bpsS sX°p-`m-K-amb U°m¨ ]oT-`q-an-bpsS an°
{]tZi-ßfpw At\Iw Zi-e£w h¿j-ßƒ°p apºv Hgp-In-∏-c∂ emh
XWp-Øp-d-™p-≠m-b-Xm-Wv. {][m-\-ambpw _kmƒ´v F∂ Bt·bine-
I-fm¬ \n¿an-X-amb Cu ]oT-`q-an-bn¬ hym]-I-ambn IdpØ aÆv (Black
soil) ImW-s∏Sp∂p. Cu aÆv ]cp-Øn°rjn°vv A\p-tbm-Py-am-b-Xn-\m¬
"IdpØ ]cp-Øn-aÆv' F∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan{]tZ-
i-ß-fn¬ sNΩÆpw [mcm-f-ambn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Xmc-Xtay\ ê-]pjvSn
Ipd-hmb Cu- a-Ænse Ccp-ºns‚ Awiw CXn\v Nph∏p\ndw \¬Ip-
∂p. a¨kq¨ agbpw CS-hn´p≈ th\¬°m-ehpw amdnamdn A\p-`-h-
s∏-Sp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ em‰-ssd‰v aÆv cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p.
D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`qan At\Iw \Zn-I-fpsS D¤-h-{]-tZ-iw -IqSn-bm-Wv.
]oT-`qan {]tZ-iß
- f
- n-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂ {][m\ \Zn-It- f-sX-√m-sa∂v `q]Sw
(Nn{Xw 7.2) \nco-£n®v Is≠-Øq.
$ alm-\Zn
$
D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bnse Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂v D¤-hn-°p∂ \Zn-
Iƒ D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-Iƒ F∂m-W-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Cu \Zn-I-fnse \oscm-
gp°v ]q¿W-ambpw agsb B{i-bn-®mb-Xn-\m¬ th\¬°m-eØv sh≈w
Xosc- Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-°pw.
122
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
`q]Sw (7.2) \nco-£n®v D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-Isf Ah Hgp-Ip∂ Zni-bpsS

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xcw-X-cn®v Xmsg -X-∂n-cn-°p∂ ]ńI ]q¿Øn-
bm°q.
]Sn-™m-tdm-s´m-gp-Ip∂ Ing-t°m-s´m-gp-Ip∂
\Zn-Iƒ \Zn-Iƒ
$ \¿aZ $ alm-\Zn
$ $
$ $
D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-I-fn¬ NneXv KwK, bap-\ F∂o lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-I-

fpsS t]mj-I-\-Zn-I-fm-Wv. Ah GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v `q]-S-Øns‚
(Nn{Xw 7.2) klm-b-tØmsS Is≠-Øq.
Xmsg X∂n-cn-°p∂ ]ńI (]ńI 7.3)- ]cn-tim-[n®v {][m\ D]-Zzo-]ob
\Zn-IfpsS D¤-hw, \ofw, t]mj-I-\-Zn-Iƒ F∂nh a\- n-em-°q. Ah
GsX√mw kwÿm-\-ßfn-eqsS Hgp-Ip∂psh∂pw GXv IS-en¬ sN∂v
tNcp∂p F∂pw Is≠Øn ]ńI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p-a-t√m.
GI-tZi {][m\ t]mjI kwÿm sN∂ptNcp∂
\Zn D¤hw
\ofw \Zn-Iƒ \ßƒ IS¬
alm-\Zn ssa°mem\nc-Iƒ 857 In.ao. C_v, sS¬ $ $
(a[y-{]-tZ-iv)
tKmZm-hcn ]›n-a-L´w 1465 In.ao. C{μm-h-Xn, i_cn $ $
(alm-cm-jv{S-bnse
\mknIv Pn√)
IrjvW ]›n-a-L´w 1400 In.ao. òa, XpwK-`{Z $ $
(alm-cm-jv{S-bnse
alm-_-te-iz¿
Ip∂p-Iƒ)
Imthcn ]›n-a-L-´Ønse 800 In.ao. I_\n, Aa-cm-hXn $ $
{_“-Kncn\nc-Iƒ
(I¿Wm-S-Iw)
\¿aZ ssa°mem\nc-Iƒ 1312 In.ao. lnc¨, _≥P≥ $ $
(OØo-kvKU - v)
Xm]vXn ap≥Xmbv ]oT-`qan 724 In.ao. B\¿, Kn¿\ $ $
(a[y-{]t-Z-inse
ss_Xp¬ Pn√)
]ńI 7.3

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw

\ofw IqSn-bXv tKmZm-h-cn-bm-Wv.
an° D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-I-fnepw
sh≈®m´- w km[m- c - W - a mWv .
I¿Wm- S - I Ønse icm- h Xn-
\Znbn-ep≈ tPmKv ^mƒkv (225
ao‰¿) BWv Ch-bn¬ G‰hpw
Db-c-ap≈ sh≈-®m-´w.
tPmKv^mƒkv
an° D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-I-fpw sh≈-®m-´w krjvSn-®p-sIm-

≠mWv ka-XeØnte°p IS-°p-∂-Xv. CsX-¥p-sIm-≠m-
bn-cn°mw?
lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-I-fp-sSbpw D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-I-fp-sSbpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ

\nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. Ah-bpsS Hcp Xmc-X-ay-]T-\-am-hmw. ]ńI
{i≤n-°q.
lnam-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ D]-Zzo-]ob \Zn-Iƒ

$ lnam-e-b]¿hX-\n-c-I-fn¬ \n∂p¤hn $ D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-an-bnse ae-\n-c-I-fn¬
°p∂p. \n∂p-¤-hn-°p-∂p.
$ AXn-hn-kvXr-X-amb hrjvSn{]tZiw $ Xmc-X-tay\ hnkvXr-Xn -Ip-d™ hrjvSn
{]tZiw.
$ A]-c-Z\Xo{hX IqSp-X¬ $ A]-c-Z\Xo{hX Xmc-X-tay\ Ipdhv.
$ ]¿h-X-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ KncnIμ-cßƒ $ ImTn-\y-ta-dnb ineI-fn-eqsS
krjvSn-°p-Ibpw ka-X-e-ß-fn¬ Hgp-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ AKm[ Xmgvhc-Iƒ
hf™p]pf™v Hgp-Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂p. krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂n-√.
$ Db¿∂ Pe-tk-N\tijn $ Ipd™ Pe-tk-N\tijn.
$ ka-Xe{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Dƒ\m-S≥ $ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-XØn\v km[yX
Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øn\v km[yX. Xmc-X-tay\ Ipdhv.
$ $
]ńI 7.4
124
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
C¥ybnse {][m\ \Zo-Xo-c-\-K-c-ß-fpsS t]cp-I-fm-Wv NphsS \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv.

Ah GtXXv \Zo-Xo-c-ß-fn-em-sW∂p Is≠Øn X∂n-´p≈ amXrIbn¬ ]ńI
Xbm-dm-°q. A‰ve-kns‚ klm-b-tØmsS Cu \K-c-ß-fpsS ÿm\w Is≠Øn
C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.
\yqU¬ln, B{K, tZh-{]-bmKv, hmc-Wmkn, \Zo-Xo-c-\-K-c-ßƒ \Zn-Iƒ
Ae-l-_mZv, ]m‰v\, Kph-lXn, sIm¬°Ø,
$ \yqU¬ln $ bap\
ep[n-bm\, {io\-K¿, Al-Ω-Zm-_mZv, kqdØv,
hnP-b-hmU, Xncp-®n-d-∏≈n, X©m-hq¿, IpSIv $ $
]oT-`q-an-bnse PohnXw
]cp- Ø n, ]b- ¿ h¿K- ß ƒ, \ne- ° - S e, Icn- º v ,
tNmfw, dmKn, apfIv F∂nhbmWv Cu {]tZ-isØ
{][m-\- Im¿jnIhnf-Iƒ. Ccp-º-bn-cv, I¬°-cn,
amwK-\okv, t_mIvssk‰v, NpÆmºpI√v F∂n-h-
bmWv Chn-SsØ {][m\ [mXphn`-h-ßƒ. Irjn,
J\-\w, [mXp A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ F∂n-
h-bmWv {][m\ sXmgn¬taJ-e-Iƒ.
kpμ-c-Xo-c-ß-fn-eqsS...
Pe®mbNn{X-ßƒ t]mse at\m-l-c-ß-fmWv
C¥y-bnse Hmtcm IS¬Øo-c-hpw. Cu kpμ-c-
Xocßfn-eqsS ]›na_wKm-fn¬\n∂p KpP-dmØv
hsc \nßƒ Hcp bm{Xt]mIp-∂-Xmbn k¶¬∏n-
°q. F¶n¬ GsXms° kwÿm\-ßfn-eqsS
IS∂psNt√≠n hcpw?
$ HUnj
$

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
KpP-dm-Ønse dm≥ Hm^v I®n¬ XpSßn KwK-˛-{_-“-]p{X U¬‰m

{]tZiw hsc \ofp∂ Cu Xoc-{]-tZ-i-Øn\v GI-tZiw 6100 In.ao. \of-
ap≠v. C¥y-bpsS Xock-a-X-e-sØ c≠mbn -Xn-cn-°mw.
Xoc-ka- X
- e
- ß
- ƒ, Ah-bpsS khn-ti-jX
- I
- ƒ F∂nh `q]Shpw ]ńIbpw
\nco-£n®v a\- n-em-°q.
]Sn-™m-d≥ Xoc-k-a-Xew Ing-°≥ Xoc-k-a-Xew
$ Ad-_n-°-S-en\pw ]›n-a-L-´-Øn-\p- $ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en\pw ]q¿h-L-´-
an-S-bn¬. Øn\panS-bn¬.
$ dm≥ Hm^v I®v apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn $ kpμ-c-h-\-{]-tZiw apX¬ I\ym-Ip-amcn
hsc. hsc.
$ Xmc-X-tay\ hoXn- Ip-dhv. $ hoXn Xmc-X-tay\ IqSp-X¬.
$ KpP-dmØv Xoc-kaXew, sIm¶¨ $ tImd-a-fi¬ Xoc-k-a-Xew, hS-°≥
Xoc-k-a-X-ew, ae-_m¿ Xoc-k-a-Xew kn¿Im¿kv Xoc-k-a-X-ew F∂n-ßs\
F∂n-ßs\ Xncn°mw. Xncn°mw.
$ -Imbep-Ifpw Agnap-J-ßfpw $ sU¬‰ cq]o-I-cWw \S-°p-∂p.
ImW-s∏-Sp∂p.
$ $
126
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
Xocka-X-e-ßfn-ep-S-\ofw F°¬aÆns‚ km∂n-[y-ap-≠v. s\√v, sXßv

XpSßnb hnfIƒ Cu aÆn¬ hym]-I-ambn IrjnsNøp-∂p.
Ing-°≥ Xoc-{]-tZ-iØv U¬‰-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p∂p.
F∂m¬ ]Sn-™m-d≥XocØv U¬‰-Iƒ cq]w-sIm-≈p-
∂n-√. CsX-¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn-°mw?
]mT]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØp \¬In-bn-´p≈ C¥y-bpsS
cq]-tc-J-bn¬ Xoc-k-a-X-e-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.
Xoc-ka- X
- e
- ß
- f- nse PohnXw
Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse P\-ß-fpsS {][m\ sXmgn¬ a’y-_-‘-\-amWv.
Xoc-ka- X
- e
- ß
- fn¬ hnt\m-Zk
- ©
- m-cØ
- n\pw Gsd km[-yX
- I
- fp≠v. s\√v,
sXßv F∂nh ]Sn-™m-d≥XocsØ {][m\ Im¿jnIhnf-I-fm-Wv. Ing-
°≥ Xoc-k-a-X-e-Ønse Imthcn, IrjvW, tKmZm-hcn, alm-\Zn F∂o
\ZoXS-ß-fn¬ hym-]-I-ambn s\√v IrjnsNøp-∂p.
\ΩpsS kz¥w Zzo]p-I-fn-te-°v...

sIm®n-bn¬\n∂v Ad-_n-°-S-en-eqsS GI-tZ-iw 300 Intem-ao-‰¿ Xm≠n-
bm¬ e£-Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ FØmw.
36 Zzo]p-I-fmWv Ad-_n°S-ense Cu Zzo-]-k-aq-l-Øn-ep-≈Xv. Ch-bn¬
FI-tZiw 11 Zzo-]p-I-fn¬ am{Xta P\-hm-k-ap-≈q. _wKmcw, ISaØv,
an\n-t°mbv, Ih-cØn, AKØn, Bt{¥m-Øv, Ievt]-\n, Aan-\n-Zn-hn,
sNXvem-Øv, _n{X, In¬Øm≥ F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ Zzo]p-Iƒ. Ih-c-
Øn-bmWv e£-Z-zo-]ns‚ Xe-ÿm-\w.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
eKqWpIfpw aW¬Øo-c-ßfpw ]hn-g-∏p-‰p-I-fp-

amWv e£Zzo-]-k-aq-l-Øns‚ {]tX-y-IX. Irjn
\ma-am-{X-amb ChnsS kap{ZsØ B{i-bn-®mWv
apJy P\- P o- h n- X w. a’y- _ - ‘ \w, hnt\m- Z -
k©mcw F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ hcp-am\am¿K-
ßƒ.
]mT]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØp
\¬In-bn-´p≈ C¥-y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬
e£-Z-zo-]p-Iƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.
C\n \ap°v as‰mcp Zzo-]-k-aq-lw ]cn-N-b-s∏Smw.
_wKmƒ Dƒ°- S enemWv Cu Zzo- ] - k - a qlw
ÿnXnsNøp- ∂ - X v . GItZiw 200 Zzo- ] pIƒ
Dƒs∏-Sp∂ B≥U-am≥ Zzo]p-Ifpw 19 Zzo]p-Iƒ
e£Zzo]kaqlØnse Hcp eKq¨
Dƒs∏-Sp-∂ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]pIfpw AS-ßp-∂-
XmWv B≥U-am≥˛\nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]kaq-lw.
Ch-bn¬ `qcn-`mKw Zzo-]p-I-fnepw P\-hmk-an√.
an°-h-bnepw \n_n-U-h-\-ß-fm-Wv. C¥y-bnse
GI A·n]¿hXw Cu Zzo- ] - k - a q- l - Ø nse
_mc≥ Zzo-]n-emWp-≈-Xv. t]m¿´v sªb-dmWv Cu
Zzo]-k-aq-lØns‚ Xe-ÿm\w. \nt°m-_m¿
Zzo]p-If
- psS sXt° A‰-amb Cμn-cm-t]m-bn‚mWv
C¥y-bpsS sXt° A‰-ambn IW-°m-°p-∂Xv.
]mT]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØv
C¥-y-bpsS cq]tc-J-bn¬ Cu Zzo-]-k-aq-
lßƒ ASbm-f-s∏-Sp-Øq.
\nßƒ hnhn[ L´-ßf - n-embn ]q¿Øo-Ic
- n® `q]-
S-Øn\v "C¥y : `q{]-IrXn' F∂p \ma-I-cWw
sNøm≥ ad-°-cp-tX.
DØ-c-]¿h-X-ta-J-e, DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-ew, D]-Zzo-
]o-b-]o-T-`q-an, Xoc-k-a-X-e-ßƒ, Zzo]p-Iƒ F∂n-
ß-s\ A©v `q{]-Ir-Xn-hn-`m-K-ß-fmbn C¥ysb
Xcw-Xn-cn-°m-sa-∂pw Cu hn`m-K-ßƒ Hmtcm∂pw
F{]- I m- c - a m- W v C¥y- b nse P\- P o- h n- X sØ
B≥U-am≥˛\nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]-k-aq-l- kzm[o-\n-°p-∂s - X∂pw Ct∏mƒ t_m[y-am-bt√m.
Ønse Xt±-iob-cmb Zzo]p-hm-kn-Iƒ
128
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
Imem-hÿ ""C∂v hfsc I\Ø ag e`n-

C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ ®p. agam]n\n F∂ D]-I-
Ipń-I-fpsS kw`m-j-W-ßƒ {i≤n-°q. cWw D]-tbm-Kn®v Rßƒ
C¥y-bn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw F-t∏mgpw Imem- ag Af∂p kvIqƒ t\mókv-
hÿ Hcp-t]mseb√ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v t_m¿Un¬ {]Z¿-in-∏n-®p.''
Cu kw`m-j-Wß-fn¬\n∂p a\ n-em-°mw. tIcfw ˛ Pq¨ 15
`q{]-IrXnbnse sshhn-[yw-t]m-se-Øs∂ ""ISpØ hcƒ®bmWnhnsS.
Imem-h-ÿ-bnepw sshhn[yap≠v. F¥p-sIm- IpSn- s h- ≈ - Ø n- \ p- t ]mepw
≠mWv Imem- h - ÿ - b nse Cu {]mtZ- £maw. PqWmWv G‰hpw
inIsshhn[yw? Fs¥ms° LS-I-ß-fmWv NqtS-dnb amkw.''
Imem-h-ÿ-bn-ep≈ Cu hyXym-k-ßƒ°v cmP-ÿm≥ ˛tabv 10
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂Xv? \ap°v Is≠-Ømw. ""AXnssi-Xy-am-Wn-hn-sS.
C¥y-bpsS Imem-h-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ kvIqfp-Iƒ°v c≠p Znh-k-
LS-I-ßƒ ambn Ah-[n-bmWv. kap-{Z-
$ A£mwiobÿm\w Øn¬\n∂v Gsd AI-se-
$ `q{]-IrXn bm- b - X p- s Im- ≠ m- W - t {X
$ kap-{Z-km-ao]yw ChnsS C{Xbpw ssiXyw.''
$ kap-{Z-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂p≈ Dbcw cmP-ÿm≥ ˛P\p-hcn 10
$ ""sNss∂ Nn∂-kzman tÃUn-b-Øn¬ \S-
C¥y-bnse EXp-°sf s]mXpsh \membn - Øm\ncp∂ GI- Z n\
Xn-cn-°mw. {In°‰v a’cw ag-aqew
$ ssiXy-Imew am‰nh®p. Rßƒ
$ DjvW-Imew a’cw ImWm≥ Hcp-
$ sX°v-˛-]-Sn-™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ Imew ]mSv B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p.''
Xan-gv\mSv ˛
$ a¨kqWns‚ ]n≥hm-ß¬ Imew
\hw-_¿ 20
ssiXy-Imew
Unkw-_¿ ˛ P\p-h-cn ˛ s^{_p-hcn

Nn{Xw 7.6

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
Nn{Xw 7.6 {i≤n-®-t√m. DØtc¥y-bn¬\n∂p≈ Nne ssiXy-Ime

Zriyßfm-Wn-Xv. ]{X-ß-fn¬\n∂pw a‰pw DØ-tc-¥y-bnse sImSpw XWp-
∏n-s\-°p-dn®v \nßƒ a\- n-em-°n-bn-ńt√. F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wn-ßs\?
kqcys‚ Z£nWmb\Ime-ØmWv -C¥y-bn¬ ssiXy-Imew A\p-`-h-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv. Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ C¥y-bn¬ ]e-`mKß-fnepw I\Ø
aqS¬a™pw lnam- e bØns‚ Xmgv h c- I - f n¬ a™p- h ogv N bpw
D≠mhmdp≠v.
GsXms° amk-ßf
- n-emWv C¥y-bn¬ ssiXyw A\p`h-
s∏-Sp-∂X
- v?
`q]Sw {i≤n-°q (Nn{Xw 7.7).

P\p-hcnbn¬ C¥y-bnse hyXykvX
{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ icm-
icn ]I¬®qSns‚ Af-hmWv `q]-S-
Øn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈-Xv. Xm]-\ne
]cn-tim-[n®v Xm]-hy-Xn-bm-\-Øns‚
130C {Iaw Is≠- Ø q. Xm]- \ ne
D®a¿Zw sX°p\n∂v hS-t°m´v Ipd-™p-h-
cp∂ {]h-W-X-bmWv ImWp-∂Xv.
200C F¥p-sIm-≠m-Wn-ßs\ kw`-hn-°p-
180C ∂Xv?
kap-{Z-tØmSv ASpØv
210C ÿnXnsNøp∂ {]tZ-i-
240C
P\p-hcn
ß-fn¬ Db¿∂ Xm]-
\n-e-bt√ A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv?
26.50C
F¥p-sIm≠v?
ssiXy- I m- e Øv DØ- t c- ¥ y- b n¬
\yq\-a¿Zw Not to scale
]I¬ka-bØv anX-amb NqSpw cm{Xn-
Nn{Xw 7.7 Im-eß
- f
- n¬ ssiXyhpw A\p-`h - s
- ∏-
Sp-∂p. aWmen, jnwe XpS-ßnb Db¿∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ C°m-eØv
a™p-hogvN k¿h-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv.
"]›na Akz-ÿX' F∂ {]Xn-`mkw ssiXy-Im-eØ - ns‚ as‰mcp {]tXy-
I-X-bm-Wv. ssiXy-Im-eØv saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-en¬ cq]w-sIm-≈p∂
i‡-amb \yq\a¿Zw {ItaW Ing-t°m´p \oßn C¥y-bn-se-Øp-∂p.
CXv DØc ka-X-e-{]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬, {]tXy-In®v ]©m-_n¬ ssiXy-Ime
130
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
ag e`n-°p∂Xn\v Imc-Wa - m-Ip-∂p. Cu ag ssiXy-Imehnf-Iƒ°v Gsd

{]tbm-P-\-I-c-am-Wv. "]›na Akz-ÿX'sb C¥y-bn-se-Øn-°p-∂-Xn¬
sP‰v {]hm-l-ßƒ°v kp{]-[m\ ]¶p-≠v. t{Smt∏m∏mkn-eq-sS-bp≈
AXn-i-‡-amb hmbp{]hm-l-amWv P‰v {]hm-l-ßƒ.
DjvWI
- mew
Nn{X-ßƒ {i≤n°q (Nn{Xw 7.8).
C¥y-bnse hnhn[ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬
\n∂p≈ DjvW-Im-esØ Nn{X-ß-
fm-Wnh. sabvamk-Ønse Dujvam-
hns‚ hnX-c-W-{Iaw `q]-Sw ]cn-
tim-[n®v Is≠-Øq (Nn{Xw 7.9).
Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ßsf At]-£n®v DØ-
tc-¥y-bn¬ Dujvamhv hfsc IqSp-
X- e mWt√m. F¥p- s Im- ≠ m- W n- am¿®v ˛ G{]n¬˛ sabv ˛ Pq¨
ßs\?
Nn{Xw 7.8
kqcys‚ DØ-cmb\Ime-ØmWv
C¥y-bn¬ DjvWImew A\p-`-h-
s∏-Sp-∂X - v. DjvWIm-eØv cmPyØv
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ NqSv A\p-`-h-s∏-
Sp-∂X
- v cmP-ÿms‚ ]Sn-™mdp `mK-
Øp≈ _ma¿ (Barmer) F∂ ÿe-
Øm-Wv. C°me-b-fhn¬ hoip∂
Nne {]mtZ-inIhmX-ß-fmWv eq,
330C
amwtKm-j-thgvkv F∂nh. Ch-sb- \yq\a¿Zw
°p-dn®v ap≥ A[ym-bØ - n¬ ]Tn-®Xv
Hm¿°p-a-t√m.
290C
280C
Im¬ss_-imJn 250C
240C
sabv
DjvW-Im-eØv ]›n-a-_w-Km-fn¬
A\p- ` - h - s ∏- S m- d p≈ CSn- t bmSp
IqSnb i‡- a mb ag- b mWv 230C
Im¬ss_-im-Jn. Ae-dp∂ Im‰pw

Ben-∏ghogvNbpw CXns‚ khn- D®-a¿Zw Not to scale
ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv. Nn{Xw 7.9

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
sX°p]Sn™m-d≥ a¨kqÏmew
`q]Sw (Nn{Xw 7.10) t\m°q. sX°p]Sn-™m-
d≥ a¨kqÏm‰p-If - psS k©m-cK
- X
- n-bmWv
CXn¬ ImWn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Cu Im‰p-I-fmWv
C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb ag-°m-e-Øn\v
Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-Xv.
GsXms° amk-ß-fn-em-
bmWv C¥y-bn¬ sX°p-]-Sn-
™m-d≥ a¨kq¨ A\p-`h-
s∏-Sp-∂Xv?
Not to scale kqcy≥ DØ- c m¿[- t Km- f - Ø n- e m- b n- c ns°
DØ-tc-¥y≥ `mK-ß-fn¬ i‡-amb \yq\-
Nn{Xw 7.10 a¿Zw cq]wsIm≈p-∂p. C¥y≥ kap-{Z-Øn\p apIfn¬ Xmc-X-tay\
Db¿∂ a¿Zw \ne-\n-¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ CXv sX°p\n∂p hS-t°m-´v, AXm-
bXv C¥y≥ kap-{Z-Øn¬\n∂v C¥y≥ D]`qJ-fi-Øn-te°v Im‰p-ho-
im≥ CS-bm-°p-∂p. tImdn-tbm-enkv {]`m-h-Øm¬ Cu Im‰p-Iƒ k©m-
c-Zn-ibv°v he-tØm´p Xncn-bp-∂X
- n-\m¬ sX°p]Sn-™m-d≥ Im‰p-If - mbn
C¥y-bn¬ FØn-t®-cp-∂p.
Pq¨ -˛ -Pq-sse- ˛ -B-K-Ãv -˛ -sk-]vXw-_¿

Nn{Xw 7.11
132
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
C¥y≥ D]-Zzo-]ns‚ khn-tij BIrXn ImcWw sX°p]Sn-™m-d≥

a¨kqÏm‰v c≠p imJ-If - mbn ]ncn™v Ic-bn-te°p {]th-in-°p∂p.
$ Ad-_n-°S¬imJ
$ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬imJ
Pq¨ Bcw-`-tØmsS tIc-f-Xo-c-Øn-se-Øp∂ Ad-_n-°-S¬ imJ tIc-
f-Øn¬ hym]-I-amb ag \¬Ip-∂p. XpS¿∂v I¿Wm-S-Iw, tKmh, alm-
cm-jv{S, KpP-dmØv F∂o kwÿm-\ß
- f- psS ]Sn-™m-d≥ `mK-ßfnte°p
IS-°p-Ibpw AhnsS I\-Ø-a-gbv°v Imc-W-am-Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.
]›n-aL
- ´
- Ø
- ns‚ Ing-t°-Nc
- n-hn¬ C°m-eØv ag hfsc
Ipd-hm-Wv. Imc-W-sa-¥m-bn-cn°pw?
-KqP-dm-Øn-eqsS cmP-ÿm\n¬ {]th-in-°p∂ Cu a¨kqïmJ Bc-
h√n ]¿h-X-\n-c-Iƒ°v kam-¥-c-ambn IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\m¬ cmP-
ÿm-\n¬ hnc-f-ambn am{Xta ag e`y-am-°p-∂p-≈p.
tIc-fØ
- n¬ sX°p-]S- n-™m-d≥ a¨kqäg F¥p
t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p?
_wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬\n∂p IqSp-X¬ Cu¿∏w BKn-cWw sNbvXv apt∂-
dp∂ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S¬imJ kpμ-c-h\w U¬‰ ]n∂n´v ]›n-a-_w-Km-
fn¬ {]th-in-°p-Ibpw c≠mbn ]ncn-bp-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. Hcp imJ
{_“-]p{Xm ka-X-e-Øn-eqsS hS°pIng-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ FØn
hen-b-tXm-Xn¬ agbv°v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂p.
hS°pIng-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fnse h≥tXmXn-ep≈
agbn¬ Ing-°≥ ae-\n-c-I-fpsS {]k-‡n-sb¥v?
_wKmƒ ta-J-e-bn-eqsS KwKm-k-a-X-e-Øn-te°p {]th-in-°p∂ c≠m-
asØ imJ ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ, _nlm¿, DØ¿{]-tZiv XpS-ßnb kwÿm-
\-ß-fn¬ ag \¬Ip-∂p. ]©m_v ka-X-e-Øn¬ h®v Ad-_n-°-S¬
imJ-bp-ambn IqSn-t®¿∂v hS-t°m´p \oßp∂ Cu a¨kq¨ Im‰p-

Iƒ lnam-e-b-Øns‚ ASn-hm-c-ta-J-e-I-fn¬ I\Ø ag-\-¬Ip-∂p.
a¨kqWns‚ ]n≥hm-ß¬ Imew

sk]vXw-_¿ ]n∂n-Sp-∂-tXmsS kqcy≥ Z£n-Wm¿[tKmf-Øn-te°v
Ab\w sNøp-∂-Xn-\m¬ C¥y-bpsS DØ-c-k-a-Xe {]tZ-iØv I\Ø
D®-a¿Zw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂p. C¥y≥ alm-k-ap-{Z-Øn\p apI-fn¬ Xmc-X-tay\
Ipd-™- a¿Zw Bb-Xn-\m¬ C¥y-bpsS hS-°p`m-KØp\n∂v C¥y≥
alm-k-ap-{Z-Øn-te°v Im‰phoip-∂p. Nn{Xw 7.12 \nco-£n®v Cu Im‰p-I-
fpsS k©m-c-KXn a\- n-em-°q.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
F¥p- s Im- ≠ m- b n- c n°mw Cu

Im‰p-Iƒ°v he-tØm´p Znim-hy-
Xn-bm\w kw`-hn-°p-∂Xv?
hS°pIng-°≥ a¨kqÏm‰p-Iƒ F∂p

hnfn-°p∂ Cu Im‰p-Iƒ hc-≠ -Im-‰p-I-fm-b-
Xn-\m¬ CXv C¥y-bn¬ s]mXpsh ag-bp-≠m-
°p-∂n-√. hS-°v-˛-In-g°≥ a¨kq¨ Imew
F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ Cu Imew hmkvX-
h-Øn¬ ag-°m-e-Øn\pw ssiXy-Im-e-Øn-\p-
Not to scale an-S-bn-ep≈ Hcp CS-th-f-bm-Wv. HIvtSm-_¿
Nn{Xw 7.12 ˛ \hw-_¿ amk-ß-fn-embn C¥y-sbm-´msI A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp∂ Db¿∂
Dujvamhpw B¿{Z-Xbpw ]I¬k-a-b-ßsf Zp -l-am°p-∂p. Cu {]Xn-
`mkw "HIvtSm-_¿ NqSv' (October heat) F∂ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.
_wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-ense \yq\-a¿Z-Øm¬ BI¿jn-°-s∏´v Ic-bn¬\n∂p
IS-en-te°p \oßp∂ Im‰p-Iƒ _wKmƒ Dƒ°-S-en¬ \n∂v Cu¿∏w
BKn-cWw sNbvXv hS°pIng°v ˛ sX°p]Sn-™mdv Zni-bn¬ \oßp-∂-
Xn-\m¬ C¥y-bpsS sImd-am-fi¬ Xoc-Øv, {]tXy-In®v Xan-gv\mSv XocØv
I\-Ø-a-gbv°v Imc-W-am-Ip∂p F∂Xv Gsd {it≤-b-am-Wv. CXmWv
Xan-gv\m-Sns‚ {][m\ ag-°m-ew. tIc-fw, I¿Wm-S-I-Øns‚ Nne `mK-
ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw hS°pIng-°≥ a¨kqäg e`n-°m-dp-≠v.
tIc-f-Øn¬ hS°pIng-°≥ a¨kq¨ ag-°m-e-w F¥p-

t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏Sp∂p?
C¥y-bn¬ ag-bpsS hnX-cWw

`q]Sw (Nn{Xw 7.13) {i≤n-°q.
C¥y-bn¬ e`n-°p∂ ag-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Xbm-dm-°nbn-´p≈
`q]-Sa
- m-Wn-Xv. `q]Sw hni-Ie
- \w sNbvXv Xmsg ]d-bp∂ tNmZy-ßƒ°v
DØcw Is≠-Øq.
$ 200 sk.ao‰dn\p apI-fn¬ ag e`n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ
 tIcfw

$ 60 sk.ao‰dn\p Xmsg ag e`n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ
 cmP-ÿm≥

$ ag-bpsS hnX-c-W-Øn-ep≈ Cu Ak-¥p-en-Xm-h-ÿbv°v Imc-W-
sa-s¥√mw?
 `q{]-IrXn

134
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
200 sk.ao‰dn¬ IqSp-X¬

100 apX¬ 200 sk.ao.hsc
60 apX¬ 100 sk.ao.hsc
60 sk.ao‰dn¬ Ipdhv
Nn{Xw 7.13
"sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS C¥y' F∂ Xe-s°-ńs\ A\z¿Y-am-°p-∂-XmWv
C¥y-bnse Hmtcm `qan-imkv{X khn-ti-j-Xbpw. `q{]-Ir-Xn, Imem-
hÿ, PohnXcoXn, kwkvIm-cw, kky-P-¥p-Pm-e-ßƒ, {]Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-
ßƒ F∂nßs\ F√m taJ-e-I-fnepw Cu sshhn-[y-ß-fp-≠v. Cu
sshhn-[y-ßfmWv C¥y-bpsS kar-≤n°v ASn-ÿm-\w. Cu sshhn-[y-
ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww \ΩpsS IS-a-bm-Wv.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
hne-bn-cpØmw
$ ""lnam-eb
- ]¿h-X\ - n-cI
- ƒ {]Ir-Xn-ZØ
- a
- mb tIm´ F∂mWv Adn-
b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.'' {]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn-°p-I.
$ lnam-eb
- ≥ \Zn-Isf At]-£n®v D]-Zzo-]ob\Zn-Iƒ°p≈ hyXym-
k-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-amWv?
$ C¥y≥ kºZvhyh-ÿ-bpsS \s´-√mWv DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-ßƒ
˛ Cu {]kvXm-h\ hni-I-e\w sNbvXv \nK-a-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xq.
$ C¥y-bnse a‰p `q{]-tZ-i-ßsf At]-£n®v DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-Xew
P\-\n-_n-U-am-Wv. ImcWw Fgp-Xp-I.
XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
$ C¥y-bnse Hcp kwÿm-\-hp-ambn AXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ Ab¬
cmPyw, c≠v kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambn AXn¿Øn ]¶n-Sp∂ Ab¬
cmPyßƒ aq∂pw \mepw kwÿm-\-ß-fp-ambpw AXn¿Øn ]¶n-
Sp∂ cmPy-ßƒ F∂nh `q]Sw \nco-£n®p Is≠Øq.
$ C¥y-bnse {][m\ `q{]-IrXnhn`m-K-ßfpw D]-hn-`m-K-ßfpw
hy‡-am-°p∂ Hcp ^vtfmNm¿´v Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ {]Z¿in-
∏n-°q.
136
Nn{Xw 8.1
C¥y-bpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\v \nZm-\-amb Nne taJ-e-I-sfbmWv Nn{X-Øn¬ kqNn-
∏n-®n-´p-≈Xv (Nn{Xw 8.1). Ah GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v FgpXnt®¿°q.
$ Irjn
$
$
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Cu a\p-jy-{]-h¿Ø-\-ßsf C¥y-bpsS ùXnI khn-ti-j-
XIƒ KWy-ambn kzm[o-\n-°p-∂p-≠v. C¥y-bpsS ùXn-I-k-hn-ti-j-X-Isf°p-
dn®v Ign™ A[ym-b-Øn¬ N¿®-sN-bvXt-√m. sshhn-[y-am¿∂ {]IrXn hn`-
h-ßƒsIm≠v A\p-Krlo-X-amb cmPy-amWv C¥y. `qhn-kvXr-Xn, `q{]-IrXn
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ, Imem-h-ÿ, aÆn-\-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-bmWv \ΩpsS hn`-

h-k-ar-≤n°v B[m-cw. cmPy-]p-tcm-K-Xn°v hn`-h-e-`y-X-t]mse {][m-\-amWv
hn`hhn\n-tbm-K-hpw. Irjn, J\-\w, hyh-km-bw, KXm-K-Xw F∂n-ßs\
C¥y-bpsS kºZvhyh-ÿsb kzm[o-\n-°p∂ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fpsS `qan-
im-kv{X-]-c-amb khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Cu A[ym-b-Øn-eqsS ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
Irjnbpw Irjn-b-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßfpw
(Agriculture and Agro-based Industries)
C¥y Hcp Im¿jnIcmPy-am-Wv. P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠p-`mKw P\-
ßfpw Irjnsb B{i-bn®v Pohn-°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. `£y-hn-f-Iƒ IqSmsX Nne
hyh-km-b-ßƒ°p≈ Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°fpw Im¿jnItaJ-e-bn¬
\n∂v e`n-°p-∂p. sshhn[yam¿∂ Im¿jnIhnf-Iƒ C¥y-bpsS khn-ti-
j-XbmWv. hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb Im¿jnIhnf-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬ IrjnsNøp∂-
Xn\v klm-b-I-amb `qanimkv{XLS-I-ßƒ Fs¥m-s°-bmWv?
$ `q{]-IrXnsshhn[yw
$
F√m hnf-IfpsSbpw hf¿®bv°v Bh-iy-amb Imem-hÿm kml-N-cy-
ßƒ Hcp-t]m-se-b-√-t√m. Hmtcm ImeØn\pw Gsd A\p-tbm-Py-amb
Im¿jn-Ih- n-fI
- ƒ \ap-°p-≠v. Irjn sNøp∂ ImeØns‚ ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n¬
Jmcn^v, dm_n, sskZv F∂n-ßs\ aq∂v Im¿jnIIme-ßƒ C¥y-bn-
ep≠v. Cu Im¿jnI Ime-ßsf ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp≈ Im¿jnIhnf-I-
fpsS h¿Ko-I-cWw ]ńIbn¬ \¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv {i≤n-°p-a-t√m.
Im¿jnI hnf-bn-d-°¬ hnf-sh-Sp∏p {][m\

Ime-ßƒ Imew Imew hnf-Iƒ
Jmcn^v Pq¨ (a¨kq-Wns‚ \hw-_¿ BZy-hmcw s\√v, tNmfw, ]cpØn,
(Kharif) Bcw`w) (a¨kq-Wns‚ Xn\hn-f-Iƒ, NWw, Icn-ºv,
Ah-km-\w) \ne-°-Se
dm_n \hw-_¿ a[yw am¿®v tKmX-ºv, ]pI-bn-e, ISp-Iv,
(Rabi) (ssiXy-Im-em-cw-`w) (th\-ens‚ Bcw`w) ]b¿h¿K-ßƒ
sskZv am¿®v Pq¨ (a¨kqWns‚- ]g-h¿K-ßƒ,
(Zaid) (th\-ens‚ Bcw-`w) Bcw-`w) ]®-°-dn-Iƒ
sNdp [m\y-ßs - f-bmWv Xn\hnf-Iƒ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂Xv. `£y[m\y-

ß-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ tPmh¿, _Pvd, dmKn F∂n-h Xn\-hn-f-Iƒ
(Millets) F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏Sp-∂p.
138
C¥y-˛-km-º-ØnI `qan-imkv{Xw
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
Im¿jn-Ih
- n-fI
- ƒ
Irjn F∂ kwkvImcw
C¥y- b nse Im¿jn- I - h n- f - I sf AXn-Po-h-\-Øn-\mbn a\p-jy≥ aÆns\ t_m[-
`£y-hn-f-Iƒ, \mWy-hn-f-Iƒ F∂n- ]q¿hw {]tbm-P\ - s
- ∏-Sp-Øp∂ Hcp kwkvIm-ca - mWv
ßs\ Xcw- X n- c n- ° mw. `£y- Irjn (Agriculture). AXn-]p-cm-X-\-Imew apX¬
Xs∂ Irjn a\p-jys‚ {][m\ Pohn-tXm--]m-
hkvXp°-fmbn t\cn´v D]-tbm-Kn-
[nbmbn Is≠- Ø nbncp- ∂ p. "AK¿' (Ager),
°m-hp∂ hnf-I-fmWv `£y-hn-f-Iƒ. "Iƒ®¿ (Cultur)' F∂o c≠v em‰n≥ ]Z-ß-fn¬-
F∂m¬ hmWn-Py-˛-hym-h-km-bnI \n∂mWv "A{Kn-Iƒ®¿ (Agriculture)' F∂ Cw•ojv
{]m[m-\y-ap≈ hnf-I-fmWv \mWy- ]Zw cq]-s∏-ń-´p-≈-Xv. "Ager' F∂-Xn\v "Ic (land)'
F∂pw "cultur' F∂-Xn\v "Irjn' (Cultivation) F∂p-
hn-f-Iƒ.
amWv A¿Yw. em‰n-\n¬ "Agercultur'F∂m¬ Irjn
C¥y-bnse {][m\ `£yhnf-Iƒ, F∂mWv A¿Yw. Im¿jn-I-hn-f-I-fpsS D¬∏m-Z-\-
Ah-bpsS hnX-cWw, hf¿®bv°v tØm-sSm∏w ]pjv]-˛-ê Irjn, I∂p-Im-en-h-
f¿Ø¬, h\-h¬°-c-Ww, a’y-°rjn apX-emb
Bh-iy-amb `qan-im-kv{X-LS- I
- ß
- ƒ
{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw Irjn-bpsS ]cn-[n-bn¬ Dƒs∏-
F∂nh \ap°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw. Sp-∂p-≠v.
s\√v (Rice)
$ C¥y-bnse apJy-`-£y-hn-f-bmb s\√v Hcp Jmcn^v hnf-bm-Wv.

$ F°¬a-ÆmWv s\¬Ir-jn°v G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Pyw.
$ Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-e-bpw (240C ¬ apI-fn¬) [mcmfw agbpw (150cm ¬ IqSp-
X¬) s\¬Irjn°v Bh-iy-am-Wv.
$ ag Ipd™ {]tZ-i-ß-fnepw Pe-tk-N\kuI-cy-tØmsS s\¬Irjn
sNbvXp-h-cp-∂p.
$ \Zo-X-S-ß-fnepw Xoc-k-a-X-e-ß-fn-ep-amWv apJy-ambpw s\¬Irjn sNøp-
∂-Xv. knhm-enIv ]¿hX®cn-hp-I-fnepw X´p-I-fm°n s\¬Irjn sNbvXp-h-
cp-∂p.
C¥y-bn¬ s\¬Irjn sNøp∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fmWv `q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 8.2).
GsXms° kwÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv s\¬Irjn sNøp-∂sX∂v `q]-S-Øn¬
\n∂p Is≠-Øq.
C¥y-˛-km-º-ØnI `qan-imkv{Xw 139

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
Nn{Xw 8.2
tKmXºv (Wheat)
$ C¥y-bn¬ D¬∏m-Z\-Øn¬ c≠mwÿm\-Øp≈ `£y-hnf-bmb
tKmXºv Hcp dm_n hnf-bm-Wv.
$ \o¿hm¿®-bp≈ F°¬aÆmWv tKmX-ºpIr-jn°v DØ-aw.
$ apJy-ambpw antXm-jvW-ta-J-e-bn¬ Irjn-sN-øp∂ Cu hnfbv°v
10o sk¬jykv apX¬ 26o sk¬jykv hsc Xm]-\n-ebpw 75 sk.ao-
‰¿ agbpw Bh-iy-am-Wv.
140
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
Nn{Xw 8.3
$ ssiXy-Im-e-hn-f-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ apJy-ambpw Pe-tk-N-\sØ B{i-bn-

®mWv C¥y-bnse tKmX-ºpIrjn.
C¥y- b n¬ tKmXºpIrjn sNøp∂ kwÿm- \ - ß ƒ `q]- S - Ø n¬
(Nn{Xw 8.3) \n∂p Is≠-Øq.
tIc-fØ
- n¬ tKmXºpIrjn sNøm-ØXv
F¥p-sIm-≠m-bn-cn°mw?
tNmfw (Maize)
$ `£y-hn-f-IfpsS D¬]m-Z-\-Øn¬ tNmf-Øn\v
aq∂mwÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
$ DjvW-Im-eØpw ssiXy-Im-eØpw C¥y-bn¬
tNmfw Irjn-sN-øp-∂p.
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
$ icm-icn 75 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hm¿jnI h¿j-]m-X-w e`n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn-

emWv CXv Irjn sNøp-∂-Xv.
$ \o¿hm¿®-bp≈ ê-`q-bn-jvT-amb aÆmWv A\p-tbm-Pyw.
$ a[y-{]-tZ-iv, I¿Wm-S-Iw, cmP-ÿm≥, DØ¿{]-tZiv F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-
fn-emWv apJy-ambpw tNmfw IrjnsNøp-∂-Xv.
s\√v, tKmX-ºv, tNmfw F∂n-hsb IqSmsX _m¿fn, Xn\-hn-fI- ƒ, ]b¿h¿K-
ßƒ XpS-ßn-b-hbpw C¥y-bnse `£y-hn-f-I-fn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
C¥y-bnse {][m\ \mWy-hn-f-Isf h¿Ko-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p
t\m°q.
\mWy-hn-f-Iƒ
\mcp-hn-f-Iƒ ]m\obhn-f-Iƒ kpK-‘-hnf-Iƒ a‰p hnf-Iƒ

DZm: ]cp-Øn, DZm: tXbn-e, DZm: Gew, DZm: Icn-ºv,
NWw Im∏n Ipcp-ap-f-Iv d∫¿
]cp-Øn-°r-jnbpw ]cp-Øn-ØpWnhyh-k-mbhpw
`q]Sw (Nn{Xw 8.4) t\m°q.
C¥y-bn¬ ]cpØn°rjn sNøp∂ {]tZ-i-ßfpw {][m\
]cp-Øn-ØpWnhy-h-kmb tI{μ-ß-fp-amWv CXn¬ ImWn-
®n-´p-≈Xv. GsXms° kwÿm-\ß - f- n-emWv ]cpØn Irjn-
sN-øp-∂-sX∂p Is≠-Øq.
a™phogvN-bn-√mØ hf¿®m-Im-ehpw 20 apX¬ 30 Un{Kn
sk¬jy¬kv hsc Xm]- \ n- e bpw sNdn- b - t Xm- X n¬
hm¿jnI h¿j-]m-Xhpw ]cp-Øn-°r-jn°v Bh-iy-am-Wv.
IdpØaÆpw F°¬a-Æp-amWv G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Pyw.
hkv{X-\n¿am-W-cw-KØv temI-hym-]-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xn-\m¬ ]cp-Ønsb "bqWn-th-gvk¬ ss^_¿' F∂v
]dbp∂p. ]cpØn D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ C¥y°v \memw
ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb Irjn-b-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-
amWv ]cp-Øn-ØpWnhyh-km-bw. C¥y-bnse BZysØ
]cp-ØnØpWn an¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bXv 1818 ¬ sIm¬°-
Øbv°v kao-]-ap≈ t^m¿´v •mÃ-dn-em-Wv. F∂m¬
h≥tXm-Xn¬ D¬∏m-Z-\-am-cw-`n-°p-∂Xv 1854 ¬ apwss_-bnem-Wv. C¥y-bnse
G‰hpw {][m\ ]cp-Øn-ØpWn D¬∏m-Z-\-tI{μw apwss_ Bb-Xn-\m¬
Cu \K-csØ "tImt´m-tWm-t]m-fnkv' F∂p hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂p. apwss_
{][m\ ]cp-Øn-ØpWn hyh-km-b-tI{μambn amdm≥ A\p-Iq-e-amb kml-
N-cy-ßƒ Fs¥-√m-sa∂v t\m°q.
$ kao-]{- ]-tZ-iß
- f
- n¬\n∂v Akw-kvIr-Xh - k
- vXp-°f- psS kpK-aa- mb e`yX.
$ Ipd-™-\n-c-°n¬ Du¿P-e-`y-X.
$ aqwss_ Xpd-apJw tI{μo-I-cn-®p≈ Ib-‰n-d-°p-aXn km[y-X-Iƒ.
142
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
Nn{Xw 8.4
$ ip≤-P-e-e-`yX
$ a\p-jy-hn-`he`yX
apwss_ Ign-™m¬ KpP-dm-Ønse Al-ΩZm-_m-ZmWv {][m\ ]cp-
Øn-Øp-Wn-hy-h-km-b-tI-{μw. a‰v ]cpØnØpWn hyh-kmbtI{μ-ßƒ
`q]Sw (Nn{Xw 8.4) \nco-£n®v a\- n-em-°q.
NWw-Ir-jnbpw NW-hy-h-km-bhpw
C¥y-bnse as‰mcp \mcp-hn-f-bmWv NWw. NqSpw Cu¿∏-hp-ap≈ kml-
N-cy-ß-fn-emWv NWw hf-cp-∂-Xv. Db¿∂ Xm]-\n-ebpw 150 sk‚n-ao-‰-
dn¬ IqSp-X¬ agbpw NWw Irjn°v AXy-¥m-t]-£n-Xa - m-Wv. \o¿hm¿®-

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
bp≈ F°¬a-ÆmWv CXn\p th≠-Xv. ]›n-a-_w-

Km-fnse KwK-˛{- _-“]- p{X U¬‰m-{]-tZ-ia
- mWv {][m\
NW D¬∏m-Z\ - t- a-Je
- . ]›n-a_
- w-Kmƒ, Akw, HUnj-
-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ am{X-amWv
{][m-\-ambpw NWw IrjnsNøp-∂-Xv.
C¥y- b psS cq]- t c- J - b n¬ NWw Irjn
sNøp∂- kw-ÿm-\-ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn
`q]-S-ti-J-c-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-°q.
Xmc-Xt- ay\ hne-Ip-d™ \mcphnf-bm-bX
- n-\m¬ C¥y-
bn¬ D¬∏m- Z n∏n°p∂ NW- \ m- c n\pw D¬∏- ∂ -
ßƒ°pw A¥m-cmjv{S hym]m-c-Øn¬ Gsd {]m[m-
\y-ap-≠v. NWap¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ C¥y°v temI-Øp
c≠mw ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
NW-\mcpsIm≠v Fs¥ms° D¬∏-∂-
ß-fmWv \n¿an-°p-∂Xv?
tXbne
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ tXbne D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ cmPy-amWv
C¥y. Akw, ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ, tIcfw, Xangv\mSv
F∂o kwÿm- \ - ß - f n- e mWv C¥y- b n¬ tXbne
tØm´-ßfp≈-Xv.
tXbne D¬∏m-ZI kwÿm-\-ßsf C¥y-bpsS
cq]-tc-J-bn¬ AS-bm-f-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-ti-J-c-
Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-°q.
200 apX¬ 250 sk‚n-ao-‰¿ hsc hm¿jnI h¿j-]m-
Xhpw 25o apX¬ 30o sk¬jykv hsc Xm]-\n-
ebpap≈ Ip∂n≥N-cn-hp-I-fmWv tXbn-e-°r-jn°v
G‰hpw A\p-tbm-Pyw. ssPhmw-i-ap≈ Pew hm¿∂p-t]m-Ip∂ aÆm-Wv
Cu tXm´-hn-fbv°v Bh-iyw.
tXbn-et- Øm-´ß - f
- n¬\n∂p tiJ-cn-°p∂ tXbne kao-]ØpXs∂-bp≈
^mIvSd - n-If
- n¬ kwkvIc- n®v hn]-W\w sNøp-∂p. C¥y-bpsS Hcp {][m\
Ib-‰p-aXnbn\-amWv tXbn-e.
tIc-f-Ønse CSp-°n, hb-\mSv Pn√-I-fn¬ tXbn-e- Irjn
sNøp-∂p. CXn-\v A\p-Iq-e-amb `qan-im-kv{X kml-N-cy-
ßƒ Fs¥√mamWv?
144
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
Im∏n
Hcp DjvW-ta-J-em-tXm-´-hn-f-bmb Im∏n-bpsS
D¬∏m- Z - \ - Ø n¬ C¥y Bdmwÿm\- Ø m- W v .
I¿Wm-S-Iw, tIc-fw, Xan-gv\mSv F∂o kwÿm-\-
ß-fn-embn ]›n-a-L-´-a-e-\n-c-I-fn-emWv C¥y-
bnse Im∏n-tØm-´-ßƒ. anX-amb Xm]-\n-ebpw
Db¿∂ h¿j- ] m- X - h p- a mWv Im∏n- ° r- j n°v
th≠Xv.
A¥m-cm-jv{S-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ Gsd Bh-iy-°m-cp≈ "Ad-_n°' F∂
ap¥nb C\w Im∏n-°p-cp-°-fmWv C¥y apJy-ambpw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv.
BsI D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ aq∂n¬ c≠p `mKhpw I¿Wm-S-I-Øn¬ \n∂m-
Wv. Im∏n-°p-cp- hnf-sh-Sp-Ø-tijw ^mIvS-dn-I-fn¬ kwkvI-cn®v hn]-
W\w sNøp-∂p.
Im∏n D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwÿm-\-ßsf `q]-S-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-SpØn
`q]-S-ti-J-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq.
kpK‘hnf-Iƒ
Gew, Ipcp-ap-f-Iv, PmXn, {Kmºq, C©n XpS-ßnb kpK-‘hnf-Iƒ°v
{]mNo-\-Imew apX¬t° ]pIƒs]‰ cmPy-amWv C¥y.
C¥y-bn-te°v bqtdm-]ysc BI¿jn-®-Xn¬ kpK-‘-hy-
RvP-\-ßƒ°p≈ {]k-‡nsb¥v?
]›n-a-L´ ae\nc-I-fn-emWv kpK-‘hnf-tØm-´-ßƒ Gsdbpw tI{μo-
I-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv. \o¿hm¿®-bp≈ h\-a-Æv, aW¬aÆv F∂n-hbpw [mcmfw
ag e`n-°p∂ DjvW-ta-Jem Imem-h-ÿ-bp-amWv ChnSsØ A\pIqe-
L-S-I-ßƒ.
IcnºpIrjnbpw ]©-kmchyh-km-bhpw
$ DjvW-ta-J-em hnf-bmb Icn-ºn\v NqSpw ag-bp-ap≈ Imem-h-
ÿ-bmWv th≠-Xv.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
$ IdpØ aÆv, F°¬aÆv XpSßnb aÆn-\-

ßƒ IcnºpIrjn°v A\p-tbm-Py-am-Wv.
$ Icnºv D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ C¥y°v c≠mw-ÿm-
\-am-Wp-≈-Xv.
`q]S-Øn¬(Nn{Xw 8.5) IcnºpIrjn sNøp∂ {]tZ-
i- ß ƒs°m∏w ]©- k m- c - h y- h - k m- b - t I- { μ- ß fpw
ImWn-®n-´p-≈Xv {i≤n-®n-t√. Icnºv hnf-sh-SpØp Ign-
™m¬ DS≥Xs∂ ^mIvS-dn-I-fn-se-Øn®v AXns‚
\osc-Sp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. As√-¶n¬ Icn-ºnse kqt{Im-
kns‚ Afhv Ipd-bpw.
Nn{Xw 8.5
]©-km-c-an-√p-Iƒ Icn-ºp¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ taJ-e-I-fn¬
Øs∂bmhm≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
146
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
DØ¿{]-tZ-imWv Icn-ºns‚bpw ]©-km-c-bpsSbpw D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬

H∂mwÿm\-Øv. ]©-km-cbpw i¿°-cbpw Icn-ºn¬\n-∂mWv D¬∏m-
Zn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
\¬Inbn-´p≈ `q]Sw (Nn{Xw 8.5) hni-I-e\w sNbvXv Icnºv D¬∏m-
Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwÿm-\-ßƒ Is≠-Øq.
d_¿
250 sk¬jykn¬ IqSnb Xm]-\n-ebpw 150
sk.ao-‰-dn\v apI-fn¬ ag-bp-amWv d_¿
Irjn°v A\pt-bmPyw. a‰p Irjn-Iƒ°v
s]mXpsh A\pIqe-a√ - mØ em‰-ssd‰v aÆv
d_¿Ir-jn°v Gsd A\p-tbm-Py-amWv.
tIc-f-amWv C¥y-bn¬ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬
d_¿ D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂ kwÿm\w. tIc-
f-Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ -h-cp-am-\-t{km-X- m-
Wn-Xv.
Xan- g v\m- ´ ns‚ Nne `mK- ß - f nepw IS¬ IS-s∂-Ønb d_¿
B≥Uam≥ ˛ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]p-I-fnepw
{_ko-emWv d_-dns‚ P∑-tZ-iw. 1875 ¬
sNdnb tXmXn¬ d_¿ Irjn sNbvXp-h-cp-
{_nó-jp-Im-c\
- mb k¿ hneyw sl≥dnbmWv
∂p. C¥y-bn-te°v BZy-ambn d_¿hnØp-Iƒ
d_- d n- \ p- ≠ m- I p∂ hne- b n- S nhv sIm≠p- h - ∂ - X v . a[y- X n- c p- h n- X mw- I q- d nse
G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ _m[n-°p∂ Ip∂n≥N-cn-hp-If - n¬ Bcw-`n® d_¿ Irjn
kwÿm\w tIc-f-am-Wv. F¥p- ae-_m-dn-te-°p-≠mb IpSn-tb-‰Ø - n-eqsS hS-
sIm≠v? °≥ Pn√-I-fn-te°pw hym]n-®p.
C¥y-bnse {][m\ Irjn-b-[n-jvTnX
hyh-km-b-ßƒ ]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øq.
[mXp-°fpw [mXp- A-[n-jvTn-X -hy-h-km-b-ßfpw (Minerals and

Mineral based industries)
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ [mXp-hn-`-h-ßƒsIm≠v A\p-Krlo-X-amb cmPy-amWv
C¥y. C¥y-bnse [mXp-hn-`-h-ß-fn¬ Gdnb ]¶pw D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT-`q-
an-bnse Bt·-b-˛-Im-bm-¥-cnX ine-I-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ImW-s∏-Sp-
∂p. Im¿jn-I-hn-f-Iƒ Irjn-b-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒs°-∂-t]mse
[mXp-hn-`-h-ßƒ hnhn[ [mXp A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-ßƒ°v Akw-
kvIr-X-h-kvXp-°ƒ {]Zm\w sNøp-∂p. C¥y-bpsS hymh-km-bnI ASn-
Ø-dbv°v \nZm-\-am-Ip-∂Xv Chn-SsØ [mXp-hn-`-h-ß-fm-Wv.
C¥y-bnse {][m\ [mXp°sf h¿Ko-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p
t\m°q.
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
[mXp-°ƒ
teml-[m-Xp-°ƒ Ateml[mXp-°ƒ
Ccp-ºns‚ Ccp-ºns‚
[mXpC‘-\-ßƒ a‰p [mXp-°ƒ
Awi-ap-≈h Awian√m-Øh
DZm: Ccp-º-bn-cv, DZm: kz¿Ww, sh≈n, DZm: I¬°cn,

DZm: A{`w
amwK-\o-kv sNºv, t_mIvssk‰v s]t{Sm-fn-bw
teml-ß-fpsS t{kmX- p-I-fmWv teml-[m-Xp-°ƒ. teml-[m-Xp-°sf

Ccp-ºns‚ Awi-ap-≈-h-sb∂pw A√m-Ø-h-sb∂pw Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw. C¥y-
bnse Nne {][m\ [mXp-°sf°p-dn®pw A\p-_‘ hyh-km-b-ß-sf°p-
dn®pw a\- n-em-°mw.
Ccp-ºbncp\nt£-]-ßfpw Ccp-ºp-cp°phyh-km-bhpw
Ccp-º-bn-cn¬\n∂mWv Ccpºv F∂ temlw th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
amKv\ss‰‰v, sla-ss‰-‰v, ensam-ssW-‰v, knU-ssd‰v F∂o \mep Xcw
Ccp-º-bncp\nt£-]-ßƒ C¥y-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. temI-sØ samØw
Ccp-º-bncp\nt£-]-Øns‚ 20 iX-am-\hpw C¥y-bn-emWv.
Ccp-º-bncp Ib-‰p-aXnbn¬ C¥y \memwÿm-\ØmWv. C¥y-bn¬
J\\w sNøp∂ Ccp-º-bn-cns‚ 50 apX¬ 60 iX-am-\w-hsc P∏m≥,
sImdn-b, bqtdm-]y≥ cmPy-ßƒ, Kƒ^v cmPy-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-te-
°mWv Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂Xv. Ccp-º-bn-cns‚ B`y-¥c D]-tbmKw h¿[n-
®n-´p-≠v. C¥y-bnse {][m\ Ccp-º-bncv J\-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ GsX-√m-sa∂v
]ńI \nco-£n®v a\- n-em-°q.
kwÿm\w {][m\ J\-\-ta-J-e-Iƒ
HUnj kpμ¿KUv, abq¿`-RvPv, Qm¿
Qm¿Jfiv knwKv`w, Zp¿Kv
I¿Wm-SIw s_√m-cn, NnIva-K-eq¿, jntam-K, Nn{X-Zp¿Kv
tKmh a¿a-tKmh
Xan-gv\mSv tkew, \oe-Kncn
148
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb [mXp -A-[n-jvTn-X -hy-h-km-b-amWv Ccp-ºp-

cp-°v hyh-km-bw. Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-km-bi
- m-eI
- ƒ°v Bh-iy-amb Akw-
kvIrX hkvXp-°fmWv Ccp-º-bncv, I¬°cn, amwK-\okv, NpÆm-ºpI√v,
tUmf-ssa‰v F∂n-h.
Ccp-ºp-cp°phyh-km-b-Ønse Hcp {][m\ Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-hmWv
I¬°-cn. C¥y-bnse Ccp-º-bncp\nt£-]-ßƒ I¬°-cn-∏m-S-ßƒ°v
kao-]-Ømbn ImW-s∏-Sp∂p F∂Xv Gsd hymh-km-bnI {]m[m-\y-
a¿ln-°p-∂p.
ta¬∏-d™ Akw-kvIrXhkvXp-°sf IqSmsX Pe-e-`y-X, KXm-K-X-
ku-I-cy-ßƒ, Ib-‰p-aXnkuI-cy-ßƒ, sXmgn-em-fn-I-fpsS e`yX XpS-
ßn-b-hbpw Ccp-ºp-cp°phyh-km-b-Øns‚ ÿm\-\n¿W-b-Øn\v ]cn-
K-Wn-°p-∂p.
{][m\ Ccp-ºp-cp°phyh-km-b-im-e-I-fpsS hni-Zmw-i-ß-fmWv ]ń-I-
bn¬.
Ccp-ºp-cp°pime ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ ÿew khn-ti-jX
Sm‰m Ccp-ºp-cp°p Iº\n Pwj-U]
v q¿ (Qm¿J-fi)v G‰hpw henb kzImcy- t a- J - e m
(TISCO) Ccp-ºp-cp°v hyh-kmbime.
C¥y≥ Ab¨ B‚ v Ão¬ Ipƒń, _¿¨]q¿, lncm-]q¿ s]mXp-ta-Je
- b
- nse BZy Ccp-ºp-cp°v
Iº\n (IISCO) (]›n-a_
- w-Kmƒ) hyh-kmbime.
hntiz-izcø Ab¨ B‚ v Ão¬ `{Zm-hXn (I¿Wm-SI
- w) Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse BZysØ Ccp-ºp-
h¿Ivkv enan-‰Uv (VISL) cp°v hyh-km-bi
- me.
lnμp-ÿm≥ Ão¬ enan-‰Uv, Zp¿Kv (OØo-kK
v U
- )v 1959 ¬ djy-bpsS kmt¶-XnI klm-
`nembv b-tØmsS ÿm]n-®p.
lnμp-ÿm≥ Ão¬ enan-‰Uv, kpμ¿KUv (HUn-j) 1959 ¬ P¿a\n-bpsS kmt¶-XnI klm-
dq¿t°e b-tØmsS ÿm]n-®p.
lnμp-ÿm≥ Ão¬ enan-‰Uv, Zp¿Km-]q¿ 1962 ¬ bp.sIbpsS kmt¶-XnI klm-
Zp¿Km-]q¿ (]›n-a_
- w-Kmƒ) b-tØmsS {]h¿Ø-\a- m-cw-`n-®p.
lnμp-ÿm≥ Ão¬ enan-‰Uv, 1964 ¬ djy-bpsS kmt¶-XnI klm-
s_m°mtdm s_m°mtdm (Qm¿J-fi)v b-tØmsS Bcw-`n-®p.
C¥y-bnse {][m\ Ccp-ºp-cp°pime-Isf C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬

tcJ-s∏-SpØn `q]-S-ti-J-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq.
amwK-\okv
$ Ccp-ºp-cp°phyh-km-b-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ {][m\ teml-[m-Xp-
hmWv amwK-\o-kv.
$ Ccp-º-bncp \nt£-]-ßƒ°p kao-]-am-bn s]mXpsh- amwK-\okv
\nt£-]-ßfpw I≠p-h-cp-∂p.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
$ HUn-j-bmWv D¬∏m-Z-\-Øn¬ G‰hpw ap∂n¬. I¿Wm-S-Iw, alm-cm-

jv{S, a[y-{]-tZiv F∂nh-bmWv a‰v {][m\ D¬∏m-ZI kwÿm-\-
ßƒ.
$ Ccp-ºp-ambn Iqń-°-e¿Øn k¶-c-tem-l-ßƒ \n¿an-°p-∂-Xn\v amwK-
\okv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
C¥y-bnse a‰p Nne [mXp-°sf kw_-‘n® hnh-c-ßƒ ]ńI \nco-
£n®v a\- n-em-°q.
{][m\ D¬∏m-ZI
[mXp-°ƒ D]-tbmKw
kwÿm-\-ßƒ
kz¿Ww (Gold) B`cW\n¿am-Ww I¿Wm-S-Iw
sh≈n B`cW\n¿am-Ww, Ce-IvtSmtπ-‰n-Mv, cmP-ÿm≥, Qm¿Jfiv,
(Silver) -t^mt´m-{Km^n I¿Wm-SIw
sNºv sshZyp-tXm-]-I-cW hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ Qm¿J-fiv, cmP-ÿm≥,

(Copper) Nme-I-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. a[y-{]-tZ-iv
t_mIvssk‰v Aep-an-\n-b-Øns‚ Abn-cmWv Qm¿J-fiv, OØo-kv
(Bauxite) t_mIvssk‰v. hnam-\w, sshZypX KUv, a[y-{]-tZ-iv, HUnj
D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, Km¿lnI D]-I-c-W-ßƒ
F∂nhbv°mbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
A{`w sshZyp-tXm-]-I-cW hyh-km-b-ß-fn¬ B{‘m-{]-tZ-iv, cmP-ÿm≥
(Mica) C≥kp-te-‰-dmbn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂p. Qm¿J-fiv, _nlm¿
\nßƒ ]ń-I-bn¬ ]cn-N-b-s∏´ teml-[m-Xp-°ƒ Ah ImW-s∏-

Sp∂ kwÿm-\-ßfn¬ hnhn[ Nn”-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v ASbmf-s∏-
SpØn `q]Sti-J-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq.
[mXp C‘-\-ßƒ
Irjn, hyh-km-bw, KXm-KXw XpSßn hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fnse Du¿Pmhiy-
ßƒ°v \mw B{i-bn-°p-∂-Xv [mXp-hn-`-h-ß-sf-bm-Wv. I¬°-cn, s]t{Sm-
fnbw, {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I-ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ Du¿P-hn-`-h-ßƒ.
Chsb t^mkn¬ C‘-\-ßƒ F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p. ChbpsS hni-Zmw-
i-ß-fmWv Nph-sS.
I¬°cn
$ C¥y-bnse apJy Xmt]m¿P-t{km-X mWv I¬°cn.
$ {][m\ hymh-km-bnI C‘-\-amWv I¬°cn.
150
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
$ _n‰p-an-\kv hn`m-K-Øn¬s∏´ CSØcw

\ne-hm-c-Øn-ep≈ I¬°cnbmWv C¥y-
bn¬ IqSp-X-embpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
$ ]›n- a - _ w- K mƒ, Qm¿J- fi v , HUnj,
OØo-kvKUv F∂nhbmWv {][m\ D¬∏m-
Z-I kwÿm-\-ßƒ.
$ Qm¿J-finse Qmdnb-bmWv C¥y-bnse
G‰hpw henb I¬°-cn-∏m-Sw.
I¬°cn∏mSw
$ Xan-gv\m-ńse s\bvthen-bn¬ enKvss\‰v
F∂ C‘-\-£-aX Ipd™ I¬°cn ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.
s]t{Sm-fn-bhpw {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-Ihpw
$ tdmUv-˛-sd-bn¬-˛-thyma KXm-KX taJ-e-I-ƒ°v apJy Du¿Pt{kmX-
mWv s]t{Sm-fnbw.
$ s]t{Smƒ, Uok¬ XpS-ßnb C‘-\-ßƒ IqSmsX cmk-h-f-ßƒ,
Ir{Xna- d-_¿, Ir{Xna-\m-cp-Iƒ, hmk-en≥ XpSßn hnhn[ Xcw D]-
D¬∏-∂-ßƒ s]t{Sm-fn-b-Øn¬\n∂p th¿Xn-cn-s®-Sp-°p-∂p.
$ Akanse "UnKvt_mbn'emWv C¥y-bn¬
BZy-ambn s]t{Sm-fnbw J\\w sNbvX-Xv.
$ Akw, KpP-dm-Øv, alm-cmjv{S F∂n-hb
- mWv
C¥y- b nse s]t{Sm- f nbw D¬∏m- Z I
kwÿm-\-ßƒ.
$ alm-cm-jv{S-bnse "apwss_-˛ssl'bmWv
C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb FÆ∏mSw.
$ s]t{Sm-fnbw J\-\-tØm-sSm∏w e`n-°p∂
C‘-\-amWv {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-Iw. Nne-bnSß-
ß-fn¬ {]Ir-Xn-hm-X-I-\n-t£-]-ßƒ am{X-
apwss_-˛ssl
ambpw ImWs∏- S p- ∂ p- ≠ v , {]tXy- I n®v
Xan-gv\m-Sv, B{‘m-{]tZiv Xo-c-ß-fn¬.
s]t{Sm-fnbw \nt£-]-ßƒ IqSp-Xepw kap-{Z-tØm-S-SpØv
ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂Xv F¥p-sIm-≠mWv?
BW-h-[m-Xp-°ƒ
bptd-\n-bw, tXmdn-bw F∂n-h-bmWv {][m\ BW-h-[m-Xp-°ƒ. Qm¿J-
fiv, cmP-ÿm≥, alm-cmjv{S kwÿm-\-ß-fnembn kº-∂-amb bptd-
\nbw \nt£-]-ß-fp-≠v. tIcfw, Xan-gv\mSv XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
fnse Xoc-tZ-ia
- W
- e
- n¬ ImWp∂ tamW-ssk-‰v, C¬a-ss\‰v F∂o [mXp-
°-fn¬\n∂p tXmdnbw D¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p.
C¥y-bnse {][m\ BW-thm¿P-\n-e-b-ß-fmWv Nph-sS.
$ Xmcm-∏q¿ (alm-cm-jv{S)
$ dmh-Xv-`´ (cmP-ÿm≥)
$ I¬-∏m°w, IqS¶pfw (Xan-gv\m-Sv)
$ ssIK (I¿Wm-S-Iw)
$ Im{Im-]md (KpP-dmØv)
IqS¶pfw AWp-i‡n\nebw
$ \tdmd (DØ¿{]-tZ-iv)
]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿Pt{km-X pIƒ
I¬°-cn, s]t{Sm-fnbw XpS-ßnb [mXp-hn-`-h-ß-f-mWv \mw Gsd°me-
ambn Du¿Pm-h-iy-ßƒ°mbn {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. AXp-sIm≠p
Xs∂ CØcw Du¿P-t{km-X- p-Isf ]mc-º-cy-t{km-X- p-Iƒ F∂p-
hn-fn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ CØcw [mXp-°ƒ ]p\ÿm-]n-°-s∏-Sm-Ø-h-
bmbXn\m¬ `qan-bn¬ Cu hn`-hß - ƒ ipjvIa - mbns°m≠n-cn-°p-Ib
- mWv.
IqSmsX, CØcw C‘-\-ßƒ IØn-°p-∂Xv h≥tXm-Xn¬ ]cn-ÿnXn
aen-\o-I-c-Whpw krjvSn-°p-∂p. CXn\v _Z-embn \man∂v ]mc-º-tcy-
Xc Du¿P-t{km-X- p-Iƒ hym]-I-ambn D]tbmKs∏-Sp-Øm≥ XpS-ßn-
bn- c n- ° p- ∂ p. kutcm¿Pw, Im‰n¬\n- ∂ p≈ Du¿Pw, Xnc- a m- e - b n¬
\n∂p≈ Du¿Pw, thentbm¿Pw, ssPh-hm-XIw F∂nh-bmWv C¥y-
bnse {][m\ ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿P-t{km-X- pI-ƒ. ]p\-ÿm-]-\-ti-jn-
bp-≈Xpw sNehp Ipd-™Xpw ]cn-ÿnXn{]iv\-ßƒ D≠m°m-Ø-Xp-
amb Cu t{kmX- p-Iƒ°v C¥y-bn¬ Gsd {]mapJyw \¬Inhcp-∂p.
hnhn[ ]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿P-t{km-X- p-I-fpsS ta∑-Iƒ At\z-jn-®--

dn™v "]mc-º-tcy-Xc Du¿P-t{km-X- p-Iƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ skan-\m¿
t]∏¿ Xbm-dm°n ¢mkn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°q.
152
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
KXm-KXw
Nn{X-ßƒ {i≤n-°pI.
sshhn-[y-am¿∂ Cu KXm-KX- a
- m¿K-
ßƒ cmPy-]p-tcm-K-Xn-sb F{]-Im-
c-amWv kzm[o-\n-°p-∂Xv F∂p
\ap°v t\m°mw.
D¬∏m- Z \taJ- e - I - ƒ °v Bh- i y-
amb Akw-kvIrX hkvXp-°ƒ Dd-
∏m-°p-∂-Xn\pw D¬∏-∂-ßƒ D]-
t`m-‡m-°-fn-te°v Bh-iym-\p-k-
cWw FØn-°p-∂-Xn\pw Imcy-£-
a-amb KXm-KXhyh-ÿ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. Hmtcm {]tZ-iØ
- n-s‚bpw ùXnIkml-Nc
- y-ßƒ°v
CWßpw hn[-amWv KXm-K-X-am¿Kßƒ Is≠Øp∂-Xv.
tdmUv KXm-KXw
cmPyØv Atßm-f-an-tßmfw hym]n®pInS-°p∂ {Kma-ß-sfbpw \K-c-
ß-sfbpw ]c-kv]cw _‘n-∏n-°p∂ G‰hpw {][m\ am¿Kw tdmUv
KXm-K-X-am-Wv.
\n¿am-W˛ \n¿hlW kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ ASnÿm-\-am°n C¥y-bnse
tdmUp-Isf h¿Ko-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv Fß-s\-sb∂p t\m°q.
tdmUp-Iƒ
tZiob kwÿm\ Pn√m {KmaoW

]mXIƒ sslth-Iƒ tdmUp-Iƒ tdmUp-Iƒ
cmPysØ hnhn[ kwÿm\ Xe- ÿ m- \ - Pn√m Bÿm-\ß - sf {Kma- ß - f nse B`y-
kwÿm- \ - X - e - ÿ m- \ - ßsf Pn√m Bÿm\- Pn√- b nse {][m\ ¥ck©mcw Dd- ∏ m-
ßƒ, {][m\ \K- c - ß- f p- a mbn _‘n- ∏ n- tI{μ-ß-fp-ambn °p∂ tdmUp-I-fmWv
ßƒ, Xpd- a p- J - ß ƒ °p∂ {][m- \ - t dm- U p- _‘n-∏n-°p∂ {KmaoW- t dm- U p- I ƒ.
XpS-ßnb tI{μßsf IfmWv kwÿm\ tdmUp-I-fmWv Pn√m C¥ybn¬ BsI
_‘n-∏n-°p∂ {][m\ sslth- I ƒ. Cu tdmUp- I ƒ. Cu tdmUv ssZ¿Ly-
tdmUp-I-fmWv tZio-b tdmUp-I-fpsS \n¿amW tdmUp-Iƒ \n¿an-°p- Øns‚ 80 iX- a m-
]m-X-Iƒ. Cu tdmUp- \n¿h-lW®paXe ∂Xpw ]cn-]m-en-°p- \hpw {KmaoWtdm-Up-
IfpsS \n¿amW \n¿h- kwÿm\ k¿°m- c p- ∂Xpw Pn√m ]©m-b- I- f m- W v. CXns‚
lW®pa- X e tI{μ Iƒ°m-Wv. Øp-I-fm-Wv. \n¿am-Whpw ]cn-]m-e-
k¿°m-cn-\m-Wv. \hpw Xt±i kzbw-`-
cW ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv
\n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv.
tIc-fØ
- n-eqsS IS∂pt]mIp∂ tZiob]mX-Iƒ GsX√mamWv?

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
C¥y-bnse saKm-\-K-c-ß-fmb U¬ln, apwss_, sNss∂, sIm¬°Ø

F∂n-hn-S-ßsf XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ Bdp-hcn ]mX-I-fmb kq∏¿
sslth-Isf tN¿Øv kph¿W NXp-jvtImW kq∏¿sslth F∂mWv
t]cv \n¬In-bn-´p-≈Xv. \mj-W¬sslth AtXm-dn-‰n-°mWv Cu tdmUp-
I-fpsS Npa-X-e.
C¥y-bn¬ F√m-bn-SØpw tdmUv km{μX Hcp-t]m-e-√. {]tZ-i-Øns‚
`q{]Ir-Xn-bpw kmº-ØnI hnI-k\
- X
- e
- h
- p-amWv apJy-ambpw tdmUv irwJ-
e-bpsS hnI-k-\-tØmXv \n¿Wbn-°p-∂-Xv.
DØ-ca- l
- m-ka- X
- e
- Ø
- n¬ tdmUv km{μX IqSp-Xe
- pw hS°p
Ing-°≥ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ Ipd-hp-am-Wv. F¥p-sIm≠v?
sdbn¬ KXm-KXw
Gjy-bnse G‰hpw henb sdbn¬th-
irw-Je C¥y-bn-em-Wv. C¥y-bnse
G‰hpw henb s]mXp- t a- J em
kwcw`wIqSn-bmWv C¥y≥ sdbn¬th.
k©m-cØ - n\pw Nc°pKXm-KX- Ø
- n\pw
Hcp-t]mse {][m-\-amWv sdbn¬K-Xm-
K-Xw. C¥y-bpsS hymh-km-bnIhf¿®-
bn¬ \n¿Wm-bI ÿm\-amWv sdbn¬-
thbv-°p-≈Xv.
1853 emWv C¥y-bn¬ sdbn¬ KXm-
KXw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. alm-cm-jv{S-bnse apwss_ apX¬ Xms\ hsc \ofp∂
34 In.ao. Zqc-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p XpS-°w. `c-W-\n¿hl-W-Øn-\mbn C¥y≥
sdbn¬thsb 16 taJ-e-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.
tIc-f-Ønse sdbn¬ irwJe GXp sdbn¬ taJ-e-bn-

emWv F∂v At\z-jn-®-dn-bq. CXns‚ Bÿm-\-sa-hn-
sS-bmWv?
154
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
]mf-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ AI-e-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬

sdbn¬th-bpsS h¿Ko-I-cWw Fß-s\-sb∂v ]ńI sIm¶¨ sdbn¬th
\nco-£n®v a\- n-em-°q. 1998¬ \n¿amWw ]q¿Øo-I-cn®
sIm¶¨ sdbn¬th C¥y≥
]mf-ßƒ C¥y-bnse
sdbn¬ tKPv sdbn¬th ssIh-cn® t\´-ß-fn¬
XΩn-ep≈ B\p-]m-XnI G‰hpw {it≤-ba- m-Wv. alm-cm-jv{S-
AIew ssZ¿Lyw bnse tdml apX¬ I¿Wm-S-I-
t{_mUvtKPv 1.676 ao‰¿ 74 % Ønse awK-em-]p-cw h
- sc 760 In.ao.
ao‰¿ tKPv 1 ao‰¿ 21 % BWv BsI \ofw. k©m-c-]m-X-
bn¬ 146 \Zn-Iƒ ]n∂n-Sp∂ Cu
\mtcm-tKPv 0.762 ao‰¿ / 5% ]mX-bn¬ GI-tZiw 2000 ]me-
0.610 ao‰¿ ßfpw 91 Xpc¶-ßfpap≠v. Gjy-
bnse G‰hpw henb sdbn¬
ao‰¿tK-Pv, \mtcm-tKPv ]mX-Isf t{_mUvtK-Pm°n Xpc¶w Chn-sS-bmWv (6.5 In.an).
am‰p-∂-Xn-\p≈ I¿a]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ sdbn¬th Xzcn-X- alm-cm-jv{S, tKmh, I¿Wm-SIw
K-Xn-bn¬ \SØnhcp-∂p. Bhn F©n-\p-Iƒ ]q¿W- F∂o kwÿm-\-ßƒ Cu kwcw-
ambpw am‰n Uok¬ F©n-\p-Ifpw Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ `-Øns‚ ]¶m-fn-I-fm-Wv.
F©n-\p-I-fp-am°n am‰n-bn-´p-≠v. IqSmsX {][m\ \K-
c-ßƒ tI{μo-I-cn®v sat{Sm sdbn¬ ]≤Xn \S-∏n-
em°nhcp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ sat{Sm sdbn¬ ]≤-Xn-I-

fpt≠m?
Pe-KX
- m-KXw
h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Nc°pKXm-K-X-Øn\v G‰hpw tbmPn® am¿KamWv Pe-
K-Xm-K-Xw. Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øns‚ s]mXp-hmb ta∑-Iƒ t\m°q.
$ G‰hpw sNehp Ipd™
KXm-KXam¿Kw.
$ h≥tXm-Xn-ep≈ Nc°p-
KXm-K-X-Øn\v DNn-Xw.
$ ]cn-ÿnXnaen-\o-I-cWw
D≠m-Ip-∂n-√.
$ A¥mcmjv{Shym]m-c-
Øn\v G‰hpw tbmPn-®Xv.
$

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
Pe-K-Xm-KXsØ s]mXpsh c≠mbn Xncn-°mw.

$ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-Xm-KXw
$ kap{ZPe-K-Xm-K-Xw
\Zn-Iƒ, Imb-ep-Iƒ, I\m-ep-Iƒ XpS-ßnb Pem-i-b-ß-sf-bmWv Dƒ\m-
S≥ Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øn-\mbn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. C¥-y-bn¬ Xmsg
]d- b p∂ Pemi- b - ß - s f- b mWv h≥tXm- X n¬ Dƒ\m- S ≥ Pe- K - X m- K -
Øn\mbn {]tbmP-\-s∏Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.
$ KwK, {_“-]p{Xm \Zn-Ifpw t]mjI\Zn-I-fpw.
$ tKmZm-h-cn, IrjvWm \Zn-Ifpw t]mj-I-\-Zn-Ifpw.
$ B{‘ ˛ Xan-gv\mSv {]tZ-isØ _°nMvlmw I\m¬.
$ tKmh-bnse amWvtUmhn, kphmcn \Zn-Iƒ.
$ tIc-f-Ønse Im-bep-Iƒ.
1986 ¬ Dƒ\m-S≥ Pe-K-X-mKX AtXm-dn‰n cq]wsIm≠tijw C¥-y-
bnse A©v Pe]m-X-Isf tZiob Pe-]m-X-I-fmb-n {]J-ym-]n-®p.
tZiob Pe-]mX 1 (NW 1) KwKm\Zn-bn¬ Ae-lm-_mZv apX¬
lm¬Un-b- hsc (1620In.ao.)
tZiob Pe-]mX 2 (NW 2) {_“- ] p{X\Zn- b n¬ kZnb apX¬
[q{_n hsc (891 In.ao.)
tZiob Pe-]mX 3 (NW 3) tIc-f-Øn¬ sIm√w apX¬ tIm´-]pdw
hsc- b p≈ ]›n- a - X o- c - I- \ m¬
(205 In.ao.)
tZiob Pe-]mX 4 (NW 4) tKmZm-hcn ˛ IrjvW \Zn-I-fp-ambn
tN¿∂v Im°n-\S apX¬ ]pXp-t®cn
hscbp≈ I\m¬ (1095 In.ao.)
tZiob Pe-]mX 5 (NW 5) ]q¿h-Xoc I\m-ep-ambn _‘n-∏n®p≈
{_“- W n ˛ alm- \ - Z n U¬‰ \Zo
hyhÿ (623 In.ao.)
k©mc- Ø n\pw Nc°pKXm- K - X -
Øn\pw am{X-a√, Dƒ\m-S≥ a’-y-_-
‘-\-Øn-\pw hnt\mZk©m-c-Øn--\pw
Dƒ\m-S≥ PeKXm-K-XsØ {]tbm-P-
\-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ hnt\mZk©m-c-ta-J-
e- b n¬ Dƒ\m- S ≥ PeKXmK- X -
Øn\v {]k-‡n-bp-t≠m? N¿®sNbvXv
Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°q.
156
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
C¥-y-bpsS ]Sn-™mdpw Ing-°p-ambn 12 Hmfw- {]-[m\ Xpd-ap-J-ßfpw

185 Hmfw sNdnb Xpd-ap-Jß
- f
- p-ap-≠v. A¥m-cmjv{S hmWn-Py- Ø
- n¬ C¥y-
bnse Xpd-ap-J-ßƒ°v {it≤-b-amb ÿm\-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Xmsg ]d-bp-
∂-h-bm-Wv C¥-y-bnse {][m\ Xpdap--J-ßƒ.
$ I≠ve $ XqØp-°pSn
$ apwss_ $ sNss∂
$ s\hmtjh $ hnim-J-]-´Ww
$ a¿atKmh $ ]mcZ-zo]v
$ awK-em-]pcw $ lm¬Unb
$ sIm®n $ sIm¬°Ø
h¿°vjo‰v
C¥--y-bnse {][m\ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fpsS ÿm\-amWv `q]-S-Øn¬ (Nn{Xw 8.6) AS-bm-f-s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. AXXn-S-ß-fn¬ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fpsS t]cv Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q. Bh-i-y-sa-
¶n¬ A‰vekv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-at√m.
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Nn{Xw 8.6

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
hngn™w Xpd-apJ ]≤Xn

hngn™w Bg-°-S¬ hnhn-t[m-t±iy Xpd-apJw bmYm¿Y-y-am-Ip-∂-tXmsS tIc-f-Øn\v c≠p
{][m-\- Xp-d-ap-J-ß-fm-Ipw. s]mXp ˛ kz-Im-cy ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS \S-∏n-em-°m≥ hn`m-h\w
sNøp∂ Cu ]≤-Xn-bpsS BZy L´w Is≠-bv\¿ Xpd-ap-J-ambmWv hnI-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
A¥m-cmjv{S I∏¬∏mX-tbmSv G‰hpw ASpØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p F∂Xpw kzm-`m-hnI
Bgw 24 ao‰-dn¬ IqSp-XemsW-∂Xpw \n¿ZnjvS Xpd-ap-J-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv.
thym-aK
- X
- m-KXw
Fb¿t]m¿´v AtXm-dn‰n Hm^v C¥-y-bpsS \nb-{¥-W-Øn-emWv C¥-y-
bpsS thym-a-K-Xm-K-Xw. CXn\p Iogn¬ 11 A¥-mcmjv{S hnam-\-Øm-h-f-
ß-f-S°w 126 hnam-\-Øm-h-f-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. Fb¿ C¥y, C¥y≥
Fb¿sse≥kv F∂o tIm¿]-td-j-\p-I-
fmWv bYm-{Iaw A¥m-cm-jv{S, B`y¥c
hnam\ k¿ho-kp-Iƒ ssIIm-cyw sNøp-
∂-Xv. \nc-h[n kzImcy Iº-\n-Ifpw
C¥ybn¬ hnam-\-k¿ho-kp-Iƒ \S-Øp-
∂p-≠v.
tIc-f-Øn¬ F{X A¥m-cmjv{S hnam-\-Ømhfß-fm-Wp-

≈Xv? GsX√mw?
hm°p-I-fn-eqsS h¿Wn-°m-\m-hm-Ø{X kº∂-amWv C¥y-bpsS hn`h-

ssh-hn[ysa∂v CXn-t\m-SIw \nßƒ°v t_m[y-am-bn-´p-≠m-Ipw. Cu
sshhn[y-ßsf IqSp-X¬ imkv{Xo-b-ambpw \oXn-bp-‡-ambpw D]-tbm-
K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Ign-™m¬ \ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ `mhn Gsd tim`-\-am-
Ipw; F°m-e-tØ-°pw.
hne-bn-cpØmw
$ ""ssiXy-Im-e-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-tØmsS Irjnbmcw-`n-°p-Ibpw
ag-°m-e-Øn\p apºmbn hnf-sh-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p''. C¥y-
bnse GXv Im¿jnIIme-sØ-°p-dn-®mWv Cu {]kvXm-h\? Cu
ImeØv Irjn-sN-øp∂ {][m\ hnf-Iƒ GsX√mw?
$ ]©-kmcan√p-Iƒ Icn-ºp¬∏m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬Øs∂
ÿm]n-°m≥ Imc-W-sa¥v?
$ eLp Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ Xbm-dm-°p-I.
158
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
i. kph¿W NXp-jvtImWw
ii. bqWn-th-gvk¬ ss^_¿
$ NphsS kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Xpd-ap-J-ßsf Xncn-®-dn-bp-I.
i. C¥y-bpsS sXt° A‰sØ {][m\ Xpd-apJw.
ii. I¿Wm-S-I-Ønse {][m\ Xpd-apJw.
iii. ]›na_wKm-fn¬ sIm¬°-Øbv°v ]pd-sa-bp≈ {][m\
Xpd-ap-Jw.
$ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ ÿe-ßƒ GXp [mXp-hn-`-h-Øn-s‚ e`yX-
bneqsS-bmWv {]kn-≤-am-bn-´p-≈Xv?
$ s\bvthen $ Qmdnb $ UnKvt_mbv
XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
$ C¥y-bnse {][m\ Im¿jnIhnf-I-fpsS hnX-c-W-`q-]Sw Nm¿´v

t]∏-dn¬ Xbm-dm°n ¢mkvap-dn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-°q.
$ C¥y- b nse {][m\ tZiob]mX- I ƒ A‰v e - k n¬\n∂p
Is≠Øn Hmtcm∂pw GtXXv ÿe-ßsf _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p-
sh∂v ImWn-°p∂ ]ńI Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ C¥y-bnse t{_mUvtK-Pv, ao‰¿tKPv, \mtcmtKPv ]mX-I-fn-
eqsSbp≈ Xoh-≠n-I-fpsS Nn{X-ßƒ C‚¿s\-‰n¬\n∂p tiJ-
cn®v Nn{X-ti-J-c-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øq.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
\nß-fpsS ]°-ep≈ GsX-¶nepw Id≥kn t\m´v ]cn-tim-[n-°q. C¥y-

bn¬ D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep≈ Id≥kn t\m´p-Iƒ
GsXm-s°-bmWv? Cu t\m´p-Iƒ A®-Sn-®n-d-
°m≥ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ ÿm]\w GXm-sW-∂-
dn-bmtam? Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nn{Xw
t\m°q.
CXv Fhn- s S- s b- ¶ nepw I≠n- ´ p- t ≠m?
C¥ybpsS Id≥kn t\m´p-I-fn¬ ImWm≥
Ign-bp∂ Nn”-am-Wn-Xv. C¥y-bn¬ t\m´v A®-
Sn-®n-d-°m≥ A[n-Im-c-ap≈ ÿm]-\-amb `mc-
Xob dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚ Nn”-am-WnXv.
`mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶n-s\-°p-dn®v IqSp-X¬
Imcy-ßƒ a\- n-em-°mw.
`mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶v Nn{Xw 9.1
C¥y-bpsS tI{μ-_m-¶mWv `mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶v. Cu ÿm]\w

1935 ¬ ÿm]n-X-am-bn. CXns‚ Bÿm\w apwss_ BWv. `mc-Xob
160
[\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚ {][m\ [¿aßƒ Fs¥m- s °- s b∂v Xmsg

sImSpØ Nm¿ń¬\n∂v Is≠-Øq.
`mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶v

[¿aßƒ
t\m´v hmbv] k¿°m-cns‚ _m¶p-I-fpsS

A®-Sn-®-nd-°¬ \nb-{¥n-°¬ _m¶v _m¶v
t\m´v A®-Sn-®nd-°¬
GsXm-s°- t\m´pI-fmWv \ne-hn¬ D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep≈Xv? Hcp cq]
Hgn-®p≈ F√m t\m´p-Ifpw A®-Sn-®n-d-°p-∂Xv `mc-Xob dnk¿hv
_m¶mWv. Hcp cq]-bpsS t\m´pw A\p-_‘ \mW-b-ßfpw ASn-®n-d-
°p-∂Xv tI{μ [\-Imcy hIp-∏m-Wv. t\m´-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\v \n›nX aqeyw
hcp∂ kz¿Wtam hntZi\mWyti-J-ctam Icp-X-embn kq£n°p∂p.
hmbv] \nb-{¥n-°¬
Nn{Xw 9.2
`mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶v t\m´v A®Sn®p hnX-cWw sNøpI hgn-tbm
hmbv]I- ƒ hgntbm BWv C¥y-bpsS kºZvhyh-ÿb - n¬ ]W-Øns‚
e`yX h¿[n-°p-∂-Xv. hmbv]-bpsS \nb{¥Ww dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚
Hcp {][m\ Npa-X-e-bm-Wv. ]eni\nc-°n¬ am‰w hcp-Øn-bmWv CXp
km[n-°p-∂-Xv. ]eni\nc°v IqSp-tºmƒ hmbv]-bpsS Afhv Ipd-bp-
∂p. ]eni\nc°v Ipd-bp-tºmƒ hmbv]-bpsS Afhv IqSp-∂p.
k¿°m-cns‚ _m¶v
tI{μ-˛kw-ÿm\ k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS _m¶mbn {]h¿Øn-°pI F∂Xv
dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚ [¿a-am-Wv. CX-\p-k-cn®v tI{μ˛-kw-ÿm\ k¿°m-
cp-I-fn¬\n∂v \nt£-]-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°pIbpw Ah¿°v hmbv] \¬Ip-
Ibpw a‰v _m¶nMv tkh-\-ßƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. k¿°m-cp-
Iƒ°mbn sNøp∂ Cu tkh-\-ßƒ°v bmsXmcp {]Xn-^-ehpw
hmßp-∂n-√.
[\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw 161

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
_m¶p-If- psS _m¶v

F√m _m¶p-I-fp-sSbpw Aa-c-°m-c-\mWv dnk¿hv _m¶v. _m¶p-I-fpsS
{]h¿Ø-\ßsf klm-bn-°p-Ibpw _m¶p-Iƒ°v D]-tZiw \¬Ip-Ibpw
sNøpI F∂Xv dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚ [¿a-amWv. dnk¿hv _m¶v F√m
_m¶p-I-fp-sSbpw ]Wkw_-‘-amb Imcy-ß-fpsS Ah-km\ B{i-b-
ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
F√m _m¶p-I-sfbpw \nb-{¥n-°p∂ ]c-tam-∂X _m¶mWv dnk¿hv
_m¶v F∂v a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. cmPyØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂ a‰v [\-
Imcy-ÿm-]-\-ß-sf \nb-{¥n-°pIbpw Bh-iy-amb \n¿tZ-i-ßfpw D]-
tZ-i-ßfpw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv dnk¿hv _m¶mWv.
[\Imcy-ÿm-]\
- ß
- ƒ
\nt£]w, hmbv] XpS-ßnb kmº-ØnI CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øp∂
ÿm]-\-ßfmWv [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ. Xmsg sImSp-Ø Nm¿´v ]cn-
tim-[n-°q.
[\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ
_m¶p-Iƒ _m¶nX-c- [-\-Im-cy-

ÿm-]\ - ß
- ƒ
hmWn-Py- kl-I-cW- hnI-k\ khn-tij

_m-¶p-Iƒ _m-¶p-Iƒ _m-¶p-Iƒ _m-¶p-Iƒ
_m¶nXc ayqNz¬ ^≠v C≥jz-d≥kv

[\-Im-cy-I-º-\n-Iƒ ÿm]-\-ßƒ Iº-\n-Iƒ
Nm¿´v hni-I-e\w sNbvXv kmº-ØnIcwKØp {]h¿Øn-°p∂ [\-

Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ Is≠-Øm-a-t√m. Ch-tbm-tcm∂pw ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.
_m¶p-Iƒ (Banks)
GsX-¶nepw _m¶v \nßƒ kμ¿in-®n-´p-t≠m? \nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØp
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ _m¶p-Iƒ GsXms°? FgpXn-t\m°q.
162
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
$ tÃ‰v _m¶v Hm^v C¥y

$
$
$
$
s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v \nt£-]-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-
Ibpw Bhiy°m¿°v hyh-ÿ-Iƒ°p hnt[-b- Nn{Xw 9.3
ambn hmbv]-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂ ÿm]-\-
ß-fmWv _m¶p-Iƒ. `mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶v Xbm-dm-°n-bn-´p≈ s]mXp-
\n-ba
- m-he
- n-bp-sSbpw \n_-‘\
- I
- f
- p-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\Ø
- n-emWv _m¶p-
Iƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nm¿´v t\m°q.
hy‡n-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-ßƒ, hy‡n-Iƒ, ÿm]-\-

k¿°m-¿ F∂n-h-bn¬ ßƒ, k¿°m-¿ F∂n-
_m¶p-Iƒ
\n∂v \nt£-]-ßƒ hbv°v hmbv]-Iƒ
kzoI-cn-°p∂p. \¬Ip∂p.
\nt£]-ØpI ]enitbmsS hmbv]-ØpI ]enitbmsS

XncnsI \¬Ip∂p. XncnsI hmßp∂p.
\nt£-]-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°p-tºmƒ Ahbv°v ]eni \¬Ip∂p F∂v

Nm¿ń¬\n∂v hy‡-am-W-t√m. AXp-t]mse hmbv] \¬Ip-tºmƒ
Ahbv°v ]eni Npa-Øp∂p F∂pw t_m[y-am-b-t√m. hmbv]bv°v
Npa-Øp∂ ]eni\nc°v \nt£-]-Øn\p \¬Ip∂ ]en-i\nc-°nt\-
°mƒ IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°pw. Cu ]en-i-Iƒ XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-amWv
_m¶ns‚ {][m\ hcp-am-\w.
\nß-fpsS ]cn-kc- Ø
- p≈ Hcp _m¶v kμ¿in®pw Nm¿´v
hni-I-e\w sNbvXpw _m¶p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-sØ-°p-
dn®v Hcp Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
_m¶p-I-fpsS hf¿® C¥y-bn¬

1770 ˛ ¬ Bcw-`n® _m¶v Hm^v lnμp-ÿm-≥ BWv C¥y-bnse B[p-
\nIcoXn-bn-ep≈ BZysØ _m¶v. A∂p-ap-X¬ C∂p-h-sc-bp≈
_m¶nMv taJ-e-bpsS hf¿®sb aq∂p L´-ßfmbn Xncn-°mw.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
1770 apX¬ 1969˛se _m¶v tZi-km¬°-cWw hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-

amWv BZy L´w. Cu L´Øn¬ _m¶v Hm^v
tZi-km¬IrX _m¶p-Iƒ _wKmƒ, _m¶v Hm^v t_mws_, _m¶v Hm^v
$ sk≥{S¬ _m¶v Hm^v C¥y a{Zmkv F∂o {]kn-U≥kn _m¶p-Iƒ {_nójv
$ _m¶v Hm^v C¥y CuÃv C¥ym Iº\n ÿm]n-®p. Cu L´-Øn¬
_m¶p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\hpw hf¿®bpw kmh-[m-
$ ]©m_v \mj-W¬ _m¶v
\-am-bn-cp-∂p.
$ _m¶v Hm^v _tdmU
1969 apX¬ 1990 hsc-bp≈ c≠mw L´Øn¬ _m¶p-
$ bpssW-‰Uv sImta-gvky¬ _m¶v I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w thK-Øn-em-bn. kmaq-lnI-]p-
$ Im\d _m¶v tcm-K-Xn-IqSn e£y-am°n _m¶p-Iƒ {]h¿Øn-
$ tZ\ _m¶v °Ww F∂ ImgvN∏ - mSv _m¶p-If- psS tZi-km¬°-
$ kn≥Un-t°‰v _m¶v c-W-Øn-te°p \bn-®p. 1969 ¬ 14 _m¶p-Ifpw 1980
¬ 6 _m¶p-Ifpw tZikm¬-°c - n-®p. tZi-km¬IrX
$ bqWn-b≥ _m¶v Hm^v C¥y
_m¶mb \yq _m¶v Hm^v C¥y 1993 ¬ ]©m_v
$ Ae-l-_mZv _m¶v \mj-W¬ _m¶n¬ ebn-∏n-®p.
$ C¥y≥ Hmh¿kokv _m¶v 1991 apX-ep≈ aq∂mw -L-´-Øn¬ _m¶nMv taJe
$ _m¶v Hm^v alm-cmjv{S ASn-ÿm-\-[¿a-ßƒ \nd-th-‰p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w a‰v
$ C¥y≥ _m¶v At\Iw tkh-\-ßƒ \S-∏m°n. thK-w, ka-b-em-
$ hnPbm _m¶v `w, \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ Ffp-∏-am-°¬ F∂n-hbv°v
klm-bIam-Ip∂ ]e ]cn-jvIm-cß - fpw _m¶p-Iƒ
$ tIm¿]-td-j≥ _m¶v
hcp- Ø n. F.Sn.- F w, {IUn‰v Im¿Uv , t^m¨
$ B{‘m _m¶v _m¶nMv, s\‰v _m¶nMv, tIm¿ _m¶nMv XpS-ßnb
$ Hmdn-b‚¬ _m¶v Hm^v sImtagvkv \qX-\-kw-hn-[m-\-ßƒ aq∂mwL-´-hn-I-k-\-Øns‚
$ ]©m_v B‚ v kn‘v _m¶v ê-am-Wv. Cu L-´Ø - n¬ ssek≥kv e`n® kzIm-
$ bpssW-‰Uv _m¶v Hm^v C¥y cy-_m-¶p-Iƒ \qX\{]h¿Ø-\ß - ƒ IqSp-X¬ thK-
Øn¬ \S-∏n-em-°p-Ibp≠mbn. CØcw _m¶p-Iƒ
]pØ≥ Xe-apd _m¶pIƒ F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.
s]mXp-ta-Jem _m¶p-Isf ebn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v _m¶nwKv taJ-e-bn¬
Ct∏mƒ [mcmfw am‰-ßƒ {]I-S-am-Wv. C¥y-bnse G‰hpw henb
_m¶mb Fkv.-_n.sF bn¬ 2017 G{]n¬ 1 \v tÃ‰v _m¶v Hm^v
{Smh≥Iq¿, tÃ‰v _m¶v Hm^v sslZ-cm-_m-Zv, tÃ‰v _m¶v Hm^v
ssakq¿, tÃ‰v _m¶v Hm^v ]mSym-e, `mc-Xob aln-fm-_m¶v F∂nh
ebn-∏n-®p.
_m¶p- I ƒ ASnÿm- \ - ] - c - a mbn Htc [¿a- a mWv \n¿h- l n- ° p-
∂sX¶nepw Nne {]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ hyXykvXX ]pe¿Øp-∂p.
{]h¿Ø\ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ _m¶p-Isf hmWnPy _m¶p-Iƒ,
kl-I-cW _m¶p-Iƒ, hnI-k\ _m¶p-Iƒ, khn-tij _m¶p-Iƒ
F∂n-ßs\ Xcw-Xn-cn-°p∂p.
164
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
hmWn-P y-_m-¶p-Iƒ (Commercial Banks)

_m¶nMv taJ-e-bnse ]g°w sN∂Xpw [mcmfw imJ-Ifp≈-Xp-amb
kwhn-[m-\-am-WnXv. cmPysØ kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ßfn¬ {][m\
]¶p hln-°p∂ Cu _m¶p-Iƒ P\-ß-fn¬\n∂v \nt£-]-ßƒ kzoI-
cn-°p-Ibpw hmWnPyw, hyh-kmbw, Irjn XpS-ßn-b-hbv°v hyh-ÿ-
Iƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn hmbv]-Iƒ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp∂p.
hmWn-Py-
_m-¶p-Iƒ
s]mXp-ta-Jem_m-¶p-Iƒ kzImcy _m-¶p-Iƒ
kzImcy C¥y≥ kzImcy hntZi

-_m-¶p-Iƒ -_m-¶p-Iƒ
hnhn[ Xcw hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v

^vtfmNm¿ń¬\n∂v a\ n-em-°q.
doPn-b-W¬ dqd¬
s]mXp- t a- J emhmWn- P y- _ m- ¶ p- I - f psS DS- a - ÿ X
_m¶p-Iƒ (RRBs)
]q¿Wambpw k¿°m-cn-\m-Wv. Ch-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w
C¥y-bpsS hnhn[ kwÿm-\ß - -
\nb-{¥n-°p∂Xv dnk¿hv _m¶mWv. `mc-Xob tÃ‰v
fn¬ {]mtZ-inI _m¶nMv tkh-
_m¶pw AXns‚ A\p- _ ‘ _m¶p- I fpw tZi-
\-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂X - n-\mbn 1975˛¬
km¬IrX _m¶p-Ifpw doPn-bW - ¬ dqd¬ _m¶p-Ifpw
ÿm]n® _m¶p-If - m-Wn-h. sNdp-
tN¿∂-XmWv s]mXp-ta-Jem hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ. InS I¿j-I¿, I¿jIsØmgn-em-
kzImcy C¥y≥ hmWnPy _m¶p-If - psSbpw kzImcy fn-Iƒ, sNdp-InS kwcw-`-I¿ XpS-
hntZi hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-If - p-sSbpw DS-aÿ - X kzImcy ßn-bh- ¿°v hmbv] \¬In klm-
hy‡n-I-ƒ°mWv. Ch dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚ \nb-{¥- bn-°p-∂p.
W-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-am-bmWp {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xv.
C¥y-bn¬ cPn-kv‰¿ sNbvXn-´p-≈Xpw Bÿm\w
hntZ-iØp {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-Xp-amb _m¶p-I-fm-Wv
kzImcy hntZi hmWnPy-_m¶pIƒ.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
hmWn-P y_m¶pI-fpsS [¿a-ßƒ

(Functions of Commercial Banks)
hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-I-fpsS {][m\ [¿a-ßƒ GsXm-s°-sb∂v t\m°mw.
\nt£-]-ßƒ (Deposits) kzoI-cn-°pI

s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v \nt£-]-ßƒ kzoI-cn-°pI F∂XmWv hmWn-
Py-_m-¶p-I-fpsS {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp [¿aw. \nt£-]n-°p∂ XpIbv°v
_m¶v ]eni \¬Ip-∂p. Xmsg sImSp-Ø ^vtfmNm¿´v hni-I-e\w
sNbvXp hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ GsXms° Xc-Øn¬ \nt£-]ß - ƒ kzoI-
cn-°p∂p F∂p Is≠-Øm-a-t√m.
\nt£-]-ßƒ
kºm-Zy-\n-t£]w {]NenX\nt£]w ÿnc-\n-t£]w Bh¿Øn-X-\n-t£]w

(Savings Deposit) (Current Deposit) (Fixed Deposit) (Recurring Deposit)
kºm-Zy-\n-t£]w (Savings Deposit)

s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v Ah-cpsS kºm-Zy-ßƒ \nt£-]n-°m≥ klm-bn-
°p∂ ]≤-XnbmWn-Xv. Cu \nt£-]-Øn\v _m¶p-Iƒ Ipd™ ]eni
\¬Ip-∂p. \nb-{¥-W-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-ambn \nt£-]-I\v Cu \nt£-
]-Øn¬\n∂p ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°m≥ Ah-k-c-ap≠v. Hcp Imebf-hn¬
F{X {]mhiyw ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pw F{X cq] ]n≥h-
en-°m≥ Ign-bp-sa∂pap≈ Imcy-Øn¬ ]e _m¶p-Ifpw ]e coXn
kzoI-cn®p ImWm-dp-≠v. \nt£-]-I\v _m¶v \¬Ip∂ ]mkv_p-°n¬
\nt£-]-ØpI-bp-sSbpw ]n≥h-en® XpI-bp-sSbpw hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ
D≠mIpw.
Hcp ]mkv_p°v ]cn-tim-[n®v Fs¥ms° hni-Zmw-iß
- f
- mWv AXn¬
D≈Xv F∂p Is≠Øn Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q.
$ A°u≠v \º¿
$
$
166
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
{]N-enX\nt£]w (Current Deposit)

Hcp Znhkw Xs∂ [mcmfw {]mhiyw ]Ww \nt£-]n-°m\pw ]n≥h-
en-°m\pw kuIcyw \¬Ip∂ \nt£-]-am-Wn-Xv. hyh-km-bn-Ifpw
hym]m-cn-I-fp-amWv CØcw \nt£-]-ßƒ IqSp-X-embn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-
∂-Xv. CØcw \nt£-]-Øn\v ]eni e`n-°pI-bn-√.
{]N-enX\nt£-]-ßƒ°p ]eni e`n-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥
ImcWw F¥v? N¿®sNøq.
ÿnc\nt£-]-w (Fixed Deposit)

hy‡n-Iƒ°pw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw \n›nX Ime-b-f-hn-te°v ]Ww
_m¶n¬ \nt£-]n-°m≥ tbmPn-®-XmWv ÿnc\nt£-]-ßƒ. \nt£]-
Øns‚ Imem-h[n ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bmWv ]eni\nc°v \n›-bn-°p-
∂-Xv. \n›nX Imem-h[n ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-tijw am{X-amWv ]Ww
]n≥h-en-°p-∂sX¶n¬ \n›-bn® \nc-°n¬ ]eni e`n-°pw. F∂m¬
\n›nX Imem-h-[n°v ap≥]v ]Ww ]n≥h-en-®m¬ ]en-i-\n-c°v Ipd-
bpw.
Bh¿ØnX\nt£]w (Recurring Deposit)

Hcp \n›nX XpI -hoXw Hcp {]tXyI Ime-b-f-hnte°v F√m- am-k-
hpw \nt£-]n-°p-∂XmWv Bh¿ØnX\nt£-]w. kºmZy \nt£-]-
tØ-°mƒ IqSnb ]eni\nc°v Cu \nt£-]-Øn\v e`n-°pw. F∂m¬
ÿnc\nt£-]-tØ-°mƒ ]eni\nc°v Ipd-hm-bn-cn-°pw. \nt£-]-
ØpI Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv ]n≥h-en-®m¬ ]eni\nc°v Ipd-
bpw.
hmbv]-Iƒ (Loans) \¬I¬
s]mXp-P-\-ß-fn¬\n∂v \nt£-]-ambn kzoI-cn-°p∂ XpI-bmWv
s]mXpsh _m¶v hmbv]-bmbn \¬Ip-∂-Xv. hy‡n-Iƒ°pw ÿm]-\-
ßƒ°pw _m¶p-Iƒ ]e-Xcw hmbv]-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. \nt£-]-ßƒ°v
\¬Ip∂ ]en-i\ - n-c°
- n-t\-°mƒ IqSp-Xe
- m-bn-cn°pw hmbv]I
- f
- psS ]en-
i-\n-c-°v. hmbv]m-Im-e-mh-[n, hmbv]bpsS Bh-iyw XpS-ßn-bh
A\pkcn®v hmbv]-bpsS ]en-i-\nc°n¬ hyXymkw hcpw.
km[m- c - W - b mbn hmbv ] - I ƒ GsX- ¶ nepw Hcp CuSv kzoI- c n- ® p-
sIm≠mWv \¬Ip-∂Xv. Nne CuSp-Iƒ Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
$ ùXn-I BkvXn-Iƒ ˛ kz¿Ww, hkvXp-hns‚ B[mcw apX-

em-bh.
$ ÿnc-\n-t£]]{X-ßƒ (Fixed Deposit Certificates)
iº-f-]{Xw (Salary certificate) kzoI-cn®pw _m¶p-Iƒ hmbv] \¬Im-
dp-≠v. CØcw CuSp-Iƒ kzoI-cn®v _m¶p-Iƒ hy‡n-Iƒ°pw ÿm]-
\-ßƒ°pw \¬Ip∂ hmbv]-bmWv ]Whmbv] (Cash Credit). _m¶p-
Iƒ GsXms° Bh-iy-ßƒ°mWv P\-ßƒ°v ]W-hmbv] \¬Ip-
∂Xv?
$ Irjn Bh-iy-ßƒ°v
$ hyh-kmb Bh-iy-ßƒ°v
$ hoSp \n¿an-°m≥
$ hml-\-ßƒ hmßm≥
$ ho´p-]-I-c-W-ßƒ hmßm≥
$
$
\nß-fpsS {]tZ-isØ GsX-¶nepw Hcp hmWn-Py-_m-¶v kμ¿int®m
_m¶v DtZym-K-ÿ-\p-ambn A`n-apJw \S-Øntbm _m¶v Fs¥√mw
Bh-iy-ßƒ°mWv hmbv] \¬Ip∂sX∂vv Is≠Øn ]ńI hn]p-
e-s∏-Sp-Øm-a-t√m.
hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ hy‡n-Iƒ°p \¬Ip∂ as‰mcp Xcw hmbv]b - mWv
Hmh¿{Um^v‰v. hy‡n-I-fpsS _m¶v A°u-≠n-ep≈ XpI-tb-°mƒ
IqSp-X¬ ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°m-\p≈ Ah-kc- a
- m-Wn-Xv. _m¶p-ambn XpS¿®-
bmbn CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ \S-Øp∂ hy‡n-Iƒ°mWv _m¶v Cu kuIcyw
\¬Ip-I. km[m-c-W-bmbn {]NenX\nt£]ap≈-h¿°mWv Cu Ah-
kcw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. Hmh¿{Um^v‰n\v Hcp DZm-l-cWw t\m°mw.
Hcp hy‡n-bpsS A°u-≠n¬ BsI-bp≈ ]Ww 10,000 cq] F∂pw
B hy‡n°v 12,000 cq] Bh-iy-ambn hcp∂psh∂pw Icp-Xp-I. _m¶v
12000 cq] \¬Im- d p≠v . A[n- I - a mbn \¬Inb 2000 cq]- b mWv
Hmh¿{Um^v‰v. A[n-I-XpIbv°v _m¶v ]eni CuSm-°pw.
168
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
_m¶p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\[¿a-ßƒ a\ n-em-bt√m. \nßƒ a\- n-

em-°nb hkvXp-X-Iƒ Xmsg \¬In-bn-´p≈ ]ń-I-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-
t®¿°mw.
_m¶ns‚ ASn-ÿm\[¿a-ßƒ
\nt£]w kzoI-cn-°¬ hmbv] \¬I¬
hnhn-[-Xcw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ hmbv]-Iƒ khn-ti-j

\nt£-]-ßƒ -X-Iƒ
$ $ $ $
$ $
$ $
$ $
$
$
$ $ $ $
$
$ $
$ $
$ $
$
_m¶p-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ a‰p kuI-cy-ßfpw

tkh-\ß
- fpw
_m¶p-Iƒ ASn-ÿm\[¿aßƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂tXmsSm∏w a‰p Nne
kuI-cy-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°v \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ s]mXp-P-\-ßƒ°p \¬Ip∂ Nne tkh-\-ßfpw
kuI-cy-ßfpw Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.
hy‡n-Iƒ°pw ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw Ah-cpsS hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ hkvXp-h-
I-Iƒ (kz¿Ww, ÿe-Øns‚ B[m-cw apX-em-bh) kpc-£n-X-ambn
kq£n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ tem°¿ kuIcyw an° -_m-¶p-Ifpw \¬Ip-∂p-
≠v. km[-\ß - ƒ kpc-£n-Xa
- mbn h®n-´p≈ tem°-dns‚ Hcp Xmt°m¬
DSa-ÿ\pw H∂v _m¶nepw kq£n-°pw. c≠pt]cpw IqSnt®¿∂m¬
am{Xta tem°¿ Xpd-°m-\m-hq. Cu kuIcyw A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xn\v
CS-]m-Sp-Im-cn¬\n∂v Hcp \n›n-X -XpI k¿hokv Nm¿Pmbn CuSm-
°p∂p.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
]Ww Hcp ÿe-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp ÿe-tØ°v Ab-°m≥ _m¶p-Iƒ

Hcp-°p∂ kuI-cy-amWv Unam-‚ v {Um^v‰v (Demand Draft). CXn\v
A°u≠v thW-sa-∂n-√.
_m¶v \¬Ip∂ Cu tkh-\-Øn-\mbn
_m¶n¬ \¬tI≠ At]£mt^mw,
_m¶v \¬Ip∂ Unam‚ v {Um^v‰ns‚
amXrI F∂n-hbmWv Nn{X-Øn¬.
Un.Un°p≈ At]£m- t ^mw
]cn-tim-[n®v Fs¥ms° hnh-c-
ß- f mWv \¬tI- ≠ Xv F∂p
Is≠Øn FgpXnt®¿°q.
temIØns‚ GXp `mK- Ø p- \ n∂pw
kz¥w A°u-≠n-tet°m as‰m-cm-fpsS
A°u-≠n-tet°m ]Ww Ab-°p-∂-
Xn\v _m¶v Ah-kcw \¬Ip-∂p. Cu
tkh- \ - a mWv sabn¬ {Sm≥kv ^ ¿.
sabn¬ {Sm≥kv ^ - d n- t \- ° mƒ thK- Nn{Xw 9.5
Øn¬ ktμ-i-Øn-eqsS ]Ww Ab-
bv°m≥ _m¶v G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ kwhn-[m-\-amWv sSen-{Km-^nIv
{Sm≥kv^¿.
_m¶n¬ t]mImsX GXp ka-bØpw ]Ww ]n≥h-
en-°m-\p≈ kwhn-[m\w F.Sn.Fw. (Automated
Teller Machine) hgn e`yam-Ip-∂p. C∂v an° _m¶p-
Iƒ°pw Cu kuIcyap≠v. Ct∏mƒ Nne _m¶p-
I-fpsS F.Sn.Fw. hgn ]Ww \nt£-]n-°m\pw
]n≥h-en-°m\pw Ah-k-c-ap≠v. CXn-\mbn _m¶v
\¬Ip-∂Xv F.Sn.Fw. U_n‰v Im¿Um-Wv.
F.Sn.Fw. Im¿Un¬ Fs¥√mw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- Nn{Xw 9.6
cn-°p∂p F∂p Is≠Øn Fgp-Xq.
$ Im¿Uns‚ \º¿
πmÃnIv aWn
$ _m¶ns‚ t]cv
]Ww ssIhiw Icp-
$ _m¶ns‚ Fwªw XmsX Im¿Uv D]-tbm-
$ Kn®v ]Wm-hi- y-ßƒ \nd-
-th-‰mw. CØcw Im¿Up-
Iƒ πmÃnIv aWn F∂-
dn-bs∏Sp-∂p.
170
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
F.Sn.-Fw. Im¿Uv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ {i≤n-t°≠ Imcy-ßƒ Adn-

™ns√¶n¬ Nne-t∏mƒ ]Ww \jvS-am-tb°mw.
{i≤n-t°-≠Xv:
$ Iu≠-dn¬ a‰mcpw Cs√∂v Dd-∏m-°pI.
$ F.Sn.-Fw. ]n≥ \º¿ as‰m-cmƒ°pw \¬Im-Xn-cn-°p-I.
$ ]Ww ]n≥h-en-®-tijw ckoXv kzoI-cn®v _m°n ]Ww Dd∏m-
°p-I.
$ Cu ckoXv Ae-£y-ambn hen-s®-dn-bmXn-cn-°p-I.
]Ww ssIbn¬ kq£n-°msX km[-\-ßƒ hmßm≥ klm-bn-°p∂
s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv kwhn-[m\w _m¶v Hcp-°p-∂p-≠v. s{IUn‰v Im¿Uv
F∂Xv Hcp πmÃn-Iv Im¿Um-Wv. A°u-≠n¬ ]W-an-√msX CXp-]-
tbm-Kn®v km[-\ß
- fpw tkh-\ß
- fpw hmßm≥ Ign-bpw. \n›nX Znhk-
Øn-\p-≈n¬ ]Ww _m¶n¬ \nt£-]n-®m¬ aXn-bm-Ipw. CXn\v _m¶v
A°u≠v A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
\nt£-]-I-cpsS C≥jz-d≥kv {]oan-bw, sSen-t^m¨ Nm¿Pv, sshZypXn
Nm¿Pv apX-em-bh AS-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw samss_¬ doNm¿Pv sNøp-∂-
Xn\pw bm{Xm-Sn-°-‰p-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂-Xn\pap≈ tkh-\-ßƒ _m¶p-
Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p. BZy-Im-eØv {Sj-dn-I-fn¬°qSn am{Xw \S-∂n-cp∂
Nne k¿°m¿ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Ct∏mƒ _m¶p-I-fn-eqsS \S-∂p-h-cp-
∂p. k¿ho-kn¬ \n∂p hncan® hy‡n-Iƒ°v Ah-cpsS s]≥j≥XpI
_m¶p-hgn \¬Ip-∂p-≠v.
CØcw tkh-\-ßƒ P\-ßƒ°v \¬Ip-tºmƒ _m¶p-Iƒ Hcp
\n›nX- XpI k¿hokv Nm¿Pmtbm IΩo-j-\mtbm CuSm-°p-∂p.
_m¶ns‚ GsX-¶nepw kuI-cy-ßƒ \nßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-
bn-´p-t≠m? Ds≠-¶n¬ A\p-`hw ¢mkn¬ ]¶p-hbv°pat√m.
_m¶nMv cwKsØ B[p-\nI -{]-hWX-Iƒ
kmt¶-XnIanI-thmsS tkh\w \¬Ip∂ _m¶p-I-fpsS Nne \qX\
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t\m°mw.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv _m¶nMv (E-Banking)

_m¶p-Iƒ Iºyq-´¿h¬°-cn-°pIbpw F.Sn.Fw. kuIcyw e`y-am-°p-
I-bpw hgn _m¶nMv tkh\w GXp _m¶p-hgnbpw e`n-°p-∂-Xv Ffp-
∏-ambn. s\‰v _m¶nMn-eqsSbpw sSen-_m-¶nMneqsSbpw F√m-hn[
CS-]m-Sp-Ifpw \S-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂ coXn-bmWv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv _m¶nMv.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
F√m ka-bØpw _m¶nMv, F√m-bn-SØpw _m¶nMv, s\‰v _m¶nMv,

samss_¬ t^mWn-eq-sS-bp≈ _m¶nMv F∂nh Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv
_m¶nßns‚ `mK-am-Wv. _m¶nMv D]-I-c-W-ß-fp-sStbm DtZym-K-ÿ-
cp-sStbm klmbw CXn-\m-h-iy-an-√. _m¶v A°u≠pw s\‰v _m¶nMv
kuIcyhpw am{Xw aXn-bm-Ipw. CXv Fß-s\-sbms° klm-bI-am-
Ip∂p?
$ hoń¬\n∂p Xs∂ temIsØhnsSbpw ]Ww Ab-bv°m\pw
_n√p-Iƒ AS-bv°m\pw Ign-bpw.
$ Ipd™ kabw aXn-bmhpw.
$ CXn-\p≈ k¿hokv Nm¿Pv Ipd-hm-Wv.
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv _m¶nMv hgn-bp≈ Nne kuI-cy-ßƒ t\m°mw.
tIm¿ _m¶nMv (CORE Banking - Centralised Online Real

time Exchange Banking)
F√m _m¶p-I-fp-sSbpw imJ-Iƒ Hcp sk≥{S¬ sk¿h-dns‚ Iogn¬
sIm≠p-h∂v _m¶nMv tkh-\-ßƒ Hcp _m¶n¬\n∂p as‰mcp _m¶n-
te°v km[y-am-Ip-∂X
- c
- Ø
- n¬ {Iao-Ic
- n-®n-´p-≈ Hcp kuI-cy-amWv tIm¿
_m¶nMv. CXp-hgn F.Sn.-Fw, sU_n‰v Im¿Uv, {IUn‰v Im¿Uv, s\‰v
_m¶nMv, sSen-_m-¶nMv, samss_¬ _m¶nMv F∂nh-sb√mw Hcp
IpS-°o-gn¬ h∂p. CtXmsS _m¶nMv CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ efnX-am-bn.
Cu kuIcyw D]-tbm-Kn®v Hcp ÿeØp≈ Hcp hy‡n°v Xs‚
_m¶v A°u-≠n¬\n∂v ]Ww as‰mcp ÿeØp≈ Xs‚ kplr-
Øns‚ _m¶nse A°u-≠n-te°v Ab-°m≥ Ign-bpw.
kl-I-cW _m¶p-Iƒ (Co-operative Banks)
"kl-I-c-Ww, kzbw-k-lm-bw, ]c-kv]-c-k-lmbw' F∂XmWv kl-I-
cW _m¶p-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø-\-X-Øzw. km[m-cW°m¿°v, {]tXy-In®v
{Kmao-W¿°v kmº-Øn-I-k-lmbw \¬IpI F∂-XmWv kl-I-cW
_m¶ns‚ {][m-\ -e-£yw. Irjn-°m¿, ssIsØm-gn-ep-Im¿, sNdp-InS
hyh-km-bn-Iƒ XpS-ßn-b-h-cmWv kl-I-cW _m¶n¬\n∂v IqSp-X¬
tkh-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂-h-bmWv kl-I-
cW _m¶p-I-fpsS {][m\ Dt±-iy-ßƒ.
$ P\-ßƒ°v hmbv] \¬Ip-I.
$ kzIm-cy-]-W-an-S-]mSv \S-Øp∂ hy‡n-I-fn¬\n∂v {KmaoWsc
c£n-°pI.
172
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
$ Ipd™ ]en-i-\n-c-°n¬ hmbv] \¬Ip-I.

$ P\-ß-fn¬ kºm-Zy-ioew hf¿Øp-I.
kl-I-c-W-_m-¶p-I-fpsS hnhn[ Xe-ßƒ Nn{Xo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv
t\m°q.
$ kwÿm-\sØ klIcWcwK-sØ Db¿∂ LSIw.

kwÿm\ kl-I-cW
$ Pn√m klIcW _m¶pIƒ°pw {]mYanI klIcW
_m-¶v _m¶n\pw kmºØnIklmbw.
$ Pn√bnse hnhn[ tI{μßfn¬ {]h¿Øn°p∂p.

Pn√m kl-I-cW
$ {]mYanI klIcW _m¶pIƒ°v klmbhpw
_
- m-¶p-Iƒ D]tZihpw.
$ {Kma-ß-fn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
$ {]h¿Ø-\- {]tZ-i-Øns‚ ]cn[n Ipdhv.
{]mY-anI kl-I-cW- $ {Kmao-W-cpsS kºm-Zy-ioew t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.
_m-¶p-Iƒ $ {Kmao-W¿°p Ipd™ ]eni\nc-°n¬ hmbv].
hmWnPy _m¶p-I-sf-t∏mse ASn-ÿm\ _m¶nMv [¿aßƒ \n¿h-

ln-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w kl-I-cW_m-¶p-Iƒ {KmaoWtaJ-e-bnepw \K-
c-ß-fnepw hkn-°p∂ hy‡n-Iƒ°v ]e -X-c-Ønep≈ hmbv]Iƒ
A\p-h-Zn-°p-∂p-≠v.
\nß-fpsS {]tZ-iØp {]h¿Øn-°p∂ GsX-¶nepw kl-I-c-W-
_m¶v kμ¿in-t®m Ahn-SpsØ Hcp DtZym-K-ÿ-\p-ambn A`n-apJw
\S-Øntbm kl-I-cW _m¶v \¬Ip∂ hmbv]Isf-°p-dn®v IqSp-
X¬ Imcy-ßƒ a\ n-em°n Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
hnI-k\
- _
- m-¶p-Iƒ
hmWn-Py-_m-¶p-Iƒ, kl-I-cW_m¶p-Iƒ F∂n-hbv°v ]pdsa kmº-
Øn-I-cw-KØv hnI-k-\-_m-¶p-I-fpw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. hyh-kmbime-
I-fpsS kmt¶-Xn-I-h¬°-c-Ww, \ho-I-cWw XpS-ßnb Bh-iy-
ßƒ°mbn CØcw _m¶p-Iƒ Zo¿L-Ime hmbv]-Iƒ \¬In klm-
bn-°p-∂p. Ct∏mƒ Im¿jnIcwKØpw hmWnPy-cw-KØpw Cu _m¶p-
Iƒ hmbv]-Iƒ \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. hnI-k\ _m¶p-I-fpsS Nne {][m\
khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ NphsS \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂p.
$ hnhn[ taJ-e-I-fpsS (Irjn, hyh-km-bw, hmWn-Pyw...) hnI-
k-\-Øn\p klm-bn-°p∂ GP‚mbn {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
$ hoSp\n¿am-Ww, sNdp-In-S-hy-h-km-bw, ASn-ÿm\kuI-cy-hn-

I-k\w F∂n-hbv°v hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p.
C¥y-bnse hnI-k-\-_m-¶p-Iƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-amWv C≥U-kv{Sn-b¬
^n\m≥kv tIm¿]-td-j≥ Hm^v C¥y (IFCI).
khn-tij _m¶p-Iƒ (Specialised Banks)
Nne {]tXyI taJ-e-I-fpsS hnI-k-\-Øn\p am{X-ambn kmº-ØnI
klmbw \¬Ip∂ ÿm]-\-ß-fm-Wn-h. Hcp kwcw`w XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-
\p≈ F√m klm-bhpw CØcw _m¶p-Iƒ sNbvXphcp-∂p. Nne
khn-tij _m¶p-Ifpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw hni-Z-am-°p∂
]ńI t\m°q.
_m¶v khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ
$ FIvknw _m¶v Hm^v C¥y $ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ Ib‰n Ab°p∂Xn\pw Cd-°p-
(Export Import Bank of India) aXn sNøp-∂-Xn\pw hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p.
$ Cu taJ-eI-fn-te°p IS∂ph-cp-∂- hy‡n-Iƒ
°mh-iy-amb \n¿tZi-ßƒ \¬Ip-∂p.
$ C¥y≥ sNdp-InS hyh-kmb $ ]pXnb sNdp-InShyh-kmbw XpS-ßm\pw
hnI-k\ _m¶v hyh-km-b-ßƒ B[p-\n-I-h¬°-cn-°m\pw
(Small Industries Development klmbw \¬Ip-∂p.
Bank of India - SIDBI ) $ {KmaoWhyh-km-bsØ DW¿Øp-I-bmWv
e£yw.
$ \_m¿Uv (National Bank for $ {KmaoWhnI-k-\-Øn\pw Im¿jnIhnI-k-\-
Agricultural and Rural Øn-\pambn {]h¿Øn-°p∂ C¥y-bpsS
Development - NABARD) ]c-tam-∂X _m¶v.
$ {KmaoWhnI-k-\-Øn-\mbn {]h¿Øn-°p∂
_m¶p-Isf GtIm-]n-∏n-°p∂ _m¶m-WnXv
$ Ir-jn, ssIsØm-gn¬, sNdp-InShyh-kmbw
XpS-ßnbhbv°v kmº-ØnIklmbw \¬Ip-∂p.
{]tXyI e£y-tØmsS _m¶nMv cwK-tØ°v ]pXp-Xmbn Nne _m¶p-

Iƒ IS-∂p-h-∂n-´p-≠v. Ch-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-h-bm-Wv:
$ aln-fm-_m-¶p-Iƒ
$ s]bvsa‚ v _m¶p-Iƒ
$ ap{Zm-_m¶v (Micro Units Development and Refinance Agency
Bank)
174
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
2013 \hw-_-dn¬ Bcw-`n® _m¶mWv `mc-Xob alnfm _m¶v. "h\nXm

im‡o-I-c-Ww C¥y-bpsS im‡o-I-cWw' F∂-Xmbncp-∂p CXns‚
ap{Zm-hmIyw. F√m P\-hn-`m-K-ß-fn¬\n∂pw \nt£]w kzoI-cn-°p-
tºm-ƒ Cu _m¶v hmbv] \¬Ip-∂Xv IqSp-Xepw h\n-X-Iƒ°m-bncp-
∂p. F∂m¬ `mc-Xob alnfm _m¶v Ct∏mƒ Fkv.-_n.sF bn¬
ebn∏n°-s∏-´p.
Ipd™ hcp-am-\-°m-scbpw sNdp-InS hyh-km-bn-Isfbpw IpSn-tb‰
sØmgn- e m- f n- I - s fbpw klm- b n- ° m- \ mbn cq]w- s Im- ≠ - h - b m- W v
s]bvsa‚ v _m¶p-Iƒ. Ch _m¶v \¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ßƒ ]q¿W-ambpw
\¬Ip-∂n-√. Ch-bpsS Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ t\m°mw.
$ Hcp e£w cq]-hsc am{Xta hy‡n-bn¬\n∂v \nt£-]-ambn
kzoI-cn-°p-I-bp-≈q.
$ \nt£-]-ßƒ°v `mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶v \n›-bn-®n-´p≈
]eni \¬Ip-∂p.
$ Ch hmbv] \¬Ip-∂n-√.
$ _m¶n-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ°v \n›nX ôkv IΩo-j-\mbn CuSm-°pw.
$ sU_n‰v Im¿Uv \¬Ipw; {IUn‰v Im¿Uv \¬In-√.
sNdp-In-S hmbv] \¬Ip-∂X - n-\mbn ASpØ ImeØv A\p-hZ- n® as‰mcp
_m¶mWv ap{Zm- _ m- ¶ v . sNdp- I nS kwcw- ` - I ¿°pw ssat{Im- ^ n-
\m≥kn\pw ap{Zm-_m¶v kmº-ØnIklmbw \¬Ip-∂p.
kmº-Øn-I-cw-KØp {]h¿Øn-°p∂ _m¶p-Iƒ \mw ]cn-N-b-s∏´p
Ign-™p. Ch-bv°p-]p-dta _m¶n-Xc [\-Imcyÿm]-\ß
- f
- pw {]h¿Øn-
°p-∂p-≠v.
_m¶n-Xc [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßƒ (Non Banking

Financial Institutions)
[\-ImcycwKØp {]h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw _m¶v \¬Ip∂ F√m [¿a-ßfpw
\n¿h-ln-°m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ ÿm]-\ß
- f
- m-Wn-h. \nt£-]ß
- ƒ
kzoI-cn-°p-I, hmbv]-Iƒ \¬IpI F∂o ASn-ÿm\[¿a-ßƒ Ch
sNøp-∂p. F∂m¬ sN°v D]-tbm-Kn®v ]Ww ]n≥h-en-°¬, sabn¬
{Sm≥kv^¿, tem°¿ F∂o tkh-\-ßƒ ChnsS\n∂v e`n-°n-√.
C¥y-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {][m\ _m¶n-Xc ÿm]-\-ßfpw Ah-
bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw t\m°mw.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
_m¶nXc [\-Im-cy-I-º-\n-Iƒ (Non Banking Finacial

Companies)
`mc- X ob dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚ ta¬t\m- ´ - Ø n¬ {]h¿Øn- ° p∂
_m¶nXc [\-Im-cy-ÿm-]-\-ßfm-Wn-h. 1936 se Iº\n BIvSv
{]Imcw cPn-Ã¿ sNbvXn-´p≈ Ch _m¶p-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm\[¿a-ßƒ
\n¿h-ln-°p-∂p-≠v. CØcw ÿm]-\-ßƒ \¬Ip∂ {][m\ tkh-\-
ßƒ:
$ lb¿ ]¿t®-kn\v hmbv]- \¬Ip∂p.
$ hoSp\n¿am-W-Øn\p hmbv] \¬Ip∂p.
$ kz¿W-∏-Wb-Øn-t∑¬ hmbv] \¬Ip∂p.
$ ÿnc-\n-t£-]-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hmbv] -\¬Ip-∂p.
$ Nnń-Iƒ \S-Øp-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ {][m\ _m¶n-Xc [\-Imcy Iº-\n-bmWv
tIc-f tÃ‰v ^n\m≥jy¬ F‚¿ss{]-kkv (KSFE).
ASp-Øp≈ KSFE {_m©v kμ¿in®v Ah-sb-°p-dn-®p-ff IqSp-X¬
hnh-c-ßƒ Is≠Øn Ipdn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
ayqNz¬ ^≠v ÿm]-\-ßƒ (Mutual Fund Institutions)

ayqNz¬ ^≠v Hcp \nt£]am¿K-am-Wv. km[m-c-W-°m¿°v t\cn´v
Hmlcn°tºm-f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°m≥ ]e-t∏mgpw Ign-bm-dn-√. Cu
]cn-anXn adn-I-S-°m≥ ayqNz¬ ^≠v kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS Ign-bpw.
\nt£-]-I-cn¬\n∂v ]Ww kam-l-cn®v Hmlcn°tºm-f-Ønepw IS∏-
{X-ßƒ, ASn-ÿm\ hnI-k\ taJe F∂n-h-bnepw \nt£-]n-°p-∂p.
CXn-eqsS e`n-°p∂ em`w AYhm \jvSw \nt£-]-I¿°vv hoXn®v
\¬Ip-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv.
kzIm-cy-ta-J-e-bn-epw s]mXp-ta-J-e-bnepw Ct∏mƒ CØcw ÿm]-\-
ßƒ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ ÿm]-
\-ß-ƒ°v DZm-l-c-W-ßfmWv bqWn‰v {SÃv Hm^v C¥y (UTI), sse^v
C≥jz-d≥kv tIm¿∏-td-j≥ ayqNz¬ ^≠v (F¬.-sF.-kn.-Fw.-F-^v),
Fkv.-_n.sF. ayqNz¬ ^≠v F∂n-h.
C≥jz-d≥kv Iº-\n-Iƒ
hy‡n-I-fpsS Poh\pw kzØn\pw kmº-ØnIkwc-£Ww \¬Ip∂
ÿm]-\-ß-fm-Wv C≥jz-d≥kv Iº-\n-Iƒ. Ch kmaq-lnIkpc-£n-X-
Xzhpw hy‡n-K-X-t£-ahpw Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂p. C¥y-bpsS BZysØ
C≥jz-d≥kv Iº\n 1818 ¬ sIm¬°-Ø-bn-emWv ÿm]n-®-Xv.
176
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
s]mXp- t a- J - e - b nepw kzIm- c y- t a- J -

hy‡n-bpsS Poh≥
ebnepw C∂v C≥jz-d≥kv ÿm]-\ß - ƒ
C≥jz-¿ sNøm-hp-∂h
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p.
kzØp-°ƒ
C¥y- b n¬ hy‡n- b psS Poh\pw
hml-\ß- ƒ
BtcmKyhpw kwc- £ n- ° p- ∂ - X n\mbn ÿm]-\-ß-fnse hkvXp-h-I-Iƒ
{]h¿Øn-°p∂ Hcp {][m\ ÿm]-\- Im¿jn-I-hn-f-Iƒ
amWv sse^v C≥jz-d≥kv tIm¿]-td-j≥ Ib-‰p-aXn D¬∏-∂-ßƒ
Hm^v C¥y (F¬.-sF.kn.) Xm¬°m-enI kwcw-`-ßƒ
A]-I-Sw, {]Ir-Xn-Zp-c-¥-ßƒ XpS-ßn-b- (k¿°-kv, hn]-W-\-ta-f...)
h-aqew hy‡n-Iƒ°p-≠m-Ip∂ \jvS-ß-
fn¬\n∂v kwc-£n-°p∂ t\m¨ sse^v C≥jz-d≥kv Iº-\n-Ifpw
C¥y-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. P\-d¬ C≥jz-d≥kv Iº-\n-bpw \mev
A\p-_‘ Iº-\n-I-fp-amWv s]mXp-ta-JemcwKØv {]h¿Øn-°p∂
t\m¨ sse^v C≥jz-d≥kv Iº-\n-Iƒ.
ssat{Im ^n\m≥kv (Micro finance)
km[m-c-W-°m¿°v eLp-hm-bv]-bpƒs∏sS hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ kmº-
ØnItkh- \ - ß ƒ \¬IpI F∂- X mWv ssat{Im^n\m≥kns‚
e£yw. kaq-lØ- nse Xmgv∂ hcp-am-\°
- m-cn¬ kºm-Zy-ioew hf¿Øp-
∂-Xn\pw kzbw-sXm-gn¬ Is≠-Øp-∂-Xn\pw CXp klm-bn-°p-∂p.
tIc-f-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p∂ IpSpw-_-{io, ]pcpj kzbw-k-lm-b-kw-
L-ßƒ F∂nh CXn\v DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv.
ChbpsS Nne {][m\ e£y-ßƒ t\m°mw.
$ hy‡n-I-fn¬\n∂v ]Ww kam-l-cn®v Iq´mb -km-º-ØnI hnI-
k-\-Øn\v klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ ]mh-s∏-´-h-cpsS Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øm≥ klm-bn-°p-∂p.
$ kºm-Zy-ioew hf¿Øp-∂p.
$ hy‡n-KX Ign-hp-Iƒ {Kq∏v hnI-k-\-Øn\v {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p.
$ AwKßƒ°v Bh-iy-k-a-bØv hmbv] \¬Ip-∂p.
$ sNdp-InS kwcw-`-ßƒ Bcw-`n-°p-∂p.
Hcp {]tZ- i sØ kv { XoIƒ/]pcp- j - ∑ m¿ HØptN¿∂v sNdnb
kwLßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°p-∂p. CXv km[m-c-W-bmbn 20 AwK-ß-fn¬
IqSm-dn-√. Hmtcm AwKhpw \n›nX XpI kwL-Øn¬ \nt£-]n-°p-
∂p. _m¶p-Iƒ Cu kwL-ßƒ°v Ipd™ \nc-°n¬ hmbv] -\¬Ip-
∂p. Cßs\ AwK-ß-fn¬\n∂p kam-l-cn-°p∂ XpIbpw Ipd™
\nc-°n¬ _m¶p-Iƒ \¬Ip∂ hmbv]-I-fp-amWv ChbpsS {]h¿Ø-
kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
aq-e-[-\w. Cu XpI Bh-iy-ap≈ AwK-ßƒ°v hmbv]-bmbn \¬Ip-

∂p.
Cu aqe-[\w D]-tbm-Kn®v Xt±-i-kz-bw-`-cW ÿm]-\-ß-fpsS klm-
b-tØmsS [mcmfw sNdp-InS bqWn-‰p-Iƒ {]h¿Øn®p hcp-∂p. {]mtZ-
inI ]W-an-S-]mSpImcn¬\n∂v ]mh-s∏-´-hsc c£n-°m≥ kzbw-k-
lmb kwLßfpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS Ign-bp-∂p. tIc-f-Øn¬
Cu kwL-ßƒ \SØp∂ Nne bqWn-‰p-IfmWv Xmsg sImSp-Øncn-
°p∂-Xv. IqSp-X¬ Is≠Øn Fgp-Xn-t®¿°q.
$ A®m¿, ]e-lm-c-bq-Wn-‰p-Iƒ
$ tkm∏v, hmjnMv ]uU¿ bqWn-‰p-Iƒ
$ tlm´¬
$ Un.Sn.]n. sk‚-dp-Iƒ
$
Hcp ssa{t{Imkwcw`w Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xn\pw D]-tZiw \¬Ip-∂-Xn\pw
\mw Fs¥√mw Adnhpw ss\]p-Wyhpw t\Sn-bn-cn-°-Ww. CXn-\mbn
Hcp {]mtbm-KnI {]h¿Ø\w \S-Ømw.
kz¥w {]tZ-isØ IpSpw-_{io bqWn‰v/kzbw-klmb kwL-w
kμ¿in®v Ah-cpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßsf°p-dn®v Xmsg \¬In-bn-
´p≈hbpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnh-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°mw.
$ kwcw-`-IXz Bibw cq]-s∏-´-sX-ß-s\?
$ cPn-kvt{S-j≥ \S-]-Sn-{I-a-ßƒ
$ kwcw`w XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-\p≈ t{]mPIvSv dnt∏m¿ń¬ Fs¥ms°
Dƒs°m-≈n-°mw.
$ aqe-[-\-kz-cq-]Ww
$ hmbv] FhnsS \ns∂√mw e`y-amIpw? \n_-‘-\-Iƒ Fs¥ms°?
$ kwcw-`-I≥ kq£n-t°≠ cPn-Ã-dp-Ifpw tcJ-I-fpw.
$ D¬∏-∂-Øns‚ hn]-W\ km[yX
$ D¬∏m-Z\˛hn-X-cW {Iao-I-cWw
$ em`-\-jvS-ßƒ ]¶p-h-bv°p-∂-sX-ßs\?
apI-fn¬ \¬Inb {]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-cn-°p∂ hnj-b-
ß-fn¬ Adnhpw ss\]p-Wyhpw t\Sn-bm¬ ssat{Im-kw-cw`w XpS-ßm≥
B{K- l n- ° p- ∂ - h ¿°v D]- t Ziw \¬Ip∂ ssat{Im- ^ n- \ m≥kv
I¨kƒ´‚mbn `mhn-bn¬ \nßƒ°pw {]h¿Øn-°m≥ km[n-°pw.
178
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
hne-bn-cpØmw
$ "`mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m¶v F√m _m¶p-I-fp-sSbpw ]Wkw_-
‘-amb Imcy-ß-fn¬ Ah-km\ B{i-b-ambn {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂p.' dnk¿hv _m¶ns‚ [¿a- ß fpsS ASn- ÿ m- \ - Ø n¬
{]kvXm-h\ km[q-I-cn-°p-I.
$ _m¶p-Iƒ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ ASn-ÿm\[¿a-ßƒ hni-Z-am-°pI.
$ s]bva‚ v _m¶p- I ƒ, ap{Zm- _ m- ¶ v F∂n- h - b psS
{]h¿Ø\e£yw hy‡-am-°p-I.
$ ssat{Im-^n-\m≥kv km[m-cW°m¿°v Fßs\ klm-b-I--
am-Ip-∂psh∂v hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
XpS¿{]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ
$ hnhn-[-Xcw _m¶p-I-fpsS Nn”-ßƒ tiJ-cn®v Hcp B¬_w
Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ \nß-fpsS kao-]-Øp≈ ]Øp hoSpIƒ kμ¿in®v [\-Im-cy-
ÿm-]-\-ß-fp-ambn \SØp∂ ]WanS-]m-SpI-sf-°p-dn®v hnh-
cß-ƒ tiJ-cn®v dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
kqN\Iƒ :
˛ Fs¥ms° tkh-\-ßfmWv D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv?
˛ GXp-Xcw ÿm]-\-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Ks-∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv?
˛ ÿm]\- ß - f psS {]h¿Ø\- ß ƒ sa®s∏- S p- Ø m- \ p≈
\n¿tZ-i-ßƒ.
$ `mc-Xob dnk¿hv _m-¶ns‚ \b-ßfpw \S-]-Sn-I-fp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ hm¿Ø-Iƒ am[ya-ßfn¬\n∂v tiJ-cn®v N¿® kwL-Sn-
∏n-°pI.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
Nn{X-ßƒ {i≤n-°q. \mw hnhn[ Bh-iy-ßƒ°mbn CØcw ÿm]-\-

ß-fn¬ t]mIm-dp-≠-t√m. GXv Bh-iy-Øns‚ k^-eo-I-c-W-Øn-\mWv
Chtbm-tcm∂pw kμ¿in-°p-∂sX∂vv N¿®sNbvXv FgpXnt\m°q.
$ Blm-c-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb ]®-°dn hmßp-∂-Xn-\v.
$ NnIn’ e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v.
$
$
180
D]-t`m-‡m-hv : kwXr-]vXnbpw kwc-£-Whpw
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
\ΩpsS hnhn[ Bh-iy-ß-fpsS ]ńI Xbm-dm-°n-bmtem?

Blm-cw, hkv{Xw, ]m¿∏n-Sw, hnZym-`ym-kw, Btcm-Kyw, hnt\mZw
XpSßnb At\Iw Bh-iy-ßƒ B[p-\nIa\p-jy\v Ds≠∂v hy‡-
am-b-t√m. CXn-\mbn km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ß-fp-am-Wt√m \mw D]-tbm-
K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. \mw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ km[-\-ßfpw tkh-\-ßfpw
GsX-√m-am-sW∂v Is≠-Øq.
\ap-°m-h-iy-amb F√m km[-\-ßfpw hne sImSp-ØmtWm D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂Xv? F√m tkh-\-ßƒ°pw {]Xn-êw \¬tI-≠n-h-cm-dpt≠m?
sh≈-hpw hmbp-hp-a-S°w hne sImSpØv D]-tbm-Knt°-≠n-h-cp∂ kml-
N-cy-at√ C∂p-≈-Xv? AXns‚ Imc-W-ß-sf-°p-dn®v Nn¥n-®p-t\m-°q.
$ hn`-h-ß-fpsS e`-yX°pdhv.
$ Bh-i-y-ß-fpsS h¿[\hv.
$
$
D]-t`m-Kw, D]-t`m-‡mhv
a\p-jys‚ Bh-iy-ßƒ Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂X - n-\mbn km[-\ß
- fpw tkh-
\-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv D]-t`mKw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
hne-sIm-SptØm sImSp-°m-sa∂ Icm-dntem GsX-¶nepw km[-\tam
tkh-\tam hmßn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Bƒ D]-t`m-‡m-hm-Wv. \ΩpsS
Bh- i y- ß ƒ \n¿h- l n- ° m≥ apJy- a mbpw \mw B{i- b n- ° p- ∂ Xv
hn¬∏\tI{μ-ß-sfbpw tkh-\-tI-{μ-ß-sf-bp-am-Wv. D¬∏m-Z-\hpw hnX-
c-Whpw D]-t`m-Khpw ]c-kv]cw _‘-s∏´ kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ß-
fm-Wv. F√m kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-\-ßfpw D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v th≠n-
bm-Wt√m.
D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ kwXr]vXn
""\ΩpsS ]cn-kcw kμ¿in-°p∂ G‰hpw {][m-\-s∏´
Bƒ D]-t`m-‡m-hm-Wv. At±lw \sΩ B{i-bn-°p-I-
b√; \mw At±-lsØ B{i-bn-°p-I-bm-Wv. At±lw
\ΩpsS tPmen°v XS- -a√; AXns‚ e£y-am-Wv. At±lw
\ΩpsS CS-]m-Sn¬ Hcp A\y-\-√; At±lw AXns‚ `mK-
am-Wv. At±-l-Øn\v tkh\w \¬Ip-∂Xphgn \Ωƒ
HuZmcyw sNbvXp-sIm-Sp-°p-I-b√ sNøp-∂-Xv, tkhn-°m-
\p≈ Ah-kcw Hcp-°n-Ø-cp-∂Xp hgn At±lw \ap°v
Hcp HuZmcyw sNbvXp XcpI-bmWv.''
Km‘nPn
D]-t`m-‡m-hv : kwXr-]vXnbpw kwc-£-Whpw 181

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
Km‘n-Pn-bpsS hm°p-Iƒ {i≤n-®-t√m. CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ kao-]-\-

amtWm F√m hn¬∏\tI{μ-ß-fn¬\n∂pw tkh\tI{μ-ß-fn¬
\n∂pw D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v e`n-°p-∂-Xv? N¿®sNøq.
\mw km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-tºmƒ Htc km[-\-Øn\v hnhn[ IS-I-fn¬
hy-X-ykvX hne \¬tI-≠n-h-cm-dp-≠t√m. \ymb-amb hnebv°v km[-\-
ßƒ e`n-°-W-sa-∂m-Wt√m \mw B{K-ln-°p-∂-Xv. km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-
tºmgpw tkh-\-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-tºmgpw as‰s¥√mamWv D]-
t`m-‡mhv {]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv?
$ KpW-ta∑
$ hnizm-kyX
$ hn¬∏-\m-\-¥ctkh\w
$
$
Cu A\p-`hw hmbn-°q.
A\phpw hn\phpw PqWn¬ kvIqfn¬ FØn-bXv ]pXnb IpS-If - p-am-bn-

´m-Wv. c≠p-t]cpw kq£n®v D]-tbm-Kn-®n´pw A\p-hns‚ IpS c≠mgvN
Ign-™-t∏m-tg°pw Xpd-°m≥ ]‰mØ hn[w XI-cm-dmbn. hn\p Xs‚
IpS h¿jm-h-km\w hsc \∂mbn D]-tbm-Kn-®p.
apI-fn¬ sImSpØ A\p-`-h-Øn¬ kwXr]vXn e`n-®Xv GXv D]-t`m-
‡m-hn-\mWv? F¥p-sIm≠v?
CØcw A\p-`-h-ßƒ \nßfpsS Pohn-X-Ønepw D≠m-Im-dnt√? Ah
¢mkn¬ ]¶p-hbv°p-I.
km[-\-ß-fpsSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw D]-t`mK-Øns‚ ê-ambn D]-
t`m-‡m-°-fpsS Bh-iy-ßƒ k^-eo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv kwXr]vXn
F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-Xv.
IS-bn¬\n∂p hmßp∂ `£-Wkm-[-\-ßƒ Ign®v Akp-J-ßƒ ]nSn-
s]-´-Xp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ ImWm-dp-≠-t√m.
D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ NqjWw sNø-s∏-Sp-Itbm I_-fn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Itbm
sNøp∂ CØcw kμ¿`-ßƒ \nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.
$ KpW-ta-∑-bn-√mØ km[-\-ßƒ hn¬°p-∂-Xv.
$ ambw tN¿°p-∂Xv.
182
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
$ AanXhne CuSm-°p-∂Xv.
$ Af-hnepw Xq°-Ønepw Ir{Xnaw ImWn-°p-∂X.v
$ tkh-\-ßƒ e`y-am-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ime-Xm-akw hcp-∂X.v
$
$
D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ Nqj-W-Øn\p hn[-b-cm-Ip∂Xv hnj-b-am°n Im¿´q-
Wp-Iƒ hc®pw dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw Nn{X-ßfpw tiJ-cn®pw ¢mkv Xe-
Øn¬ Hcp {]Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°mw.
hn]-Wnbn¬ C∂v D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v t\cn-tS≠nhcp∂

{]iv\-ßƒ Fs¥√mw?
D]-t`m-KØns‚ hym]vXnbpw k¶o¿WXbpw h¿[n®t∏mƒ D]-t`m-‡mhv
I_-fn-∏n-°-s∏-Sp∂ kml-N-cy-ßfpw IqSp-X-embn.
Nqj-W-ßƒ°p hnt[-b-cm-ImsX kpK-a-ambn D]-t`mKw \S-Øp-∂-Xn\v
D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ°v km[n-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. CXn\v \nb-a-ßƒ, `c-W-]-c-amb
kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ, D]-t`m-IvXr-hn-Zym-`ymkw apX-em-bh Bh-iy-am-Wv.
C¥y-bn¬ {]m_-ey-Øn-ep≈ Nne \nb-a-ßƒ t\m°mw.
1986 se D]-t`mIvXrkwc£W \nbaw

(Consumer Protection Act 1986)
D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Ah-Im-i-ßƒ kv]jvS-ambn \n¿h-Nn-°p-Ibpw D]-
t`mIvXrkwc-£-W-Øn-\mbn C¥y-bn¬ {]tXyIw \oXn-\ymb kwhn-
[m-\-ßƒ ÿm]n-X-am-hp-Ibpw sNbvXXv 1986 se D]-t`mIvXr-kw-c-
£W \nbaØns‚ ê-am-bm-Wv.
Cu \nbaw A\p-im-kn-°p∂ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßfn¬ {][m-
\-s∏-´h GsX-√m-am-sW∂v t\m°q.
$ Poh\pw kzØn\pw lm\n-I-c-am-Ip∂ km[-\-ßƒ hn]-W\w sNøp-
∂-Xn¬\n∂v kwc-£Ww e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.
$ km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw KpW-ta∑ kw_-‘n® hnh-
c-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.
$ \ymbhnebv°v km[-\hpw tkh-\hpw e`n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.
$ A[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS apºn¬ X¿°-ßƒ°p ]cn-lmcw tXSm-\p≈ Ah-
Im-iw.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
$ D]-t`mIvXrhnZym-`ymkw e`n-°m-\p≈ Ah-Im-iw.

Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ ê-ambn ÿm]n-°-s∏-´-h-bmWv D]-t`mIvXr tImS-
XnIƒ.
D]-t`m-IvXr-tIm-SX
- n-Iƒ
D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v D¬∏m-Z-I-cn¬\nt∂m hnX-c-W-°m-cn¬\nt∂m Xr]vXn-
I-c-a-√mØ A\p-`-h-ßƒ D≠m-Ip-tºmƒ D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ \nb-a-]-c-
ambn klm-bn-°m≥ Npa-X-e-s∏´ kwhn-[m-\-amWv D]-t`mIvXrtImS-
Xn-Iƒ. D]-t`mIvXr X¿°-ß-fn-en-S-s]´v \jvS]cn-lm-c-apƒs∏sS D]-
t`m-‡m-hn\v \oXn e`yam°p-∂-Xn¬ D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-Iƒ \n¿Wm-
bI ]¶v hln-°p-∂p. D]-t`m-‡m-°-fn¬ Bflhnizmkw krjvSn-°p-
Ibpw Pohn-X-Øn¬ KpW-]-c-amb am‰w h-cp-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xn\v
D]-t`m-IvXr-tIm-S-Xn-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂p≠v.
C¥y-bnse D]-t`m-‡m-°ƒ C∂v {XnXe D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-I-fpsS
tkh\w ê-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ønhcp-∂p.
Pn√m- ˛ kwÿm\ ˛ tZiob D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-I-fpsS LS-\bpw
A[n-Im-c-ßfpw Xmsg tN¿Øn-cn-°p∂ ]ń-I-bn¬\n∂v Is≠-Ømw.
D]-t`m-IvXr-
tIm-SX
- nIƒ LS\ A[n-Im-cw
Pn√m D]- t `mIv X rX¿° ˛ Pn√-mXe-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn- 20 e£w cq] hsc-bp≈ D]-
]cn-lmc t^mdw °p∂p. t`mIv X rX¿°- ß - f n¬ D]-
˛ {]kn- U ‚pw c≠v AwK- t`m- ‡ m- h ns‚ ]cmXn
ßfpw. kzoI- c n- ® v sXfn- s h- S p∏v
˛ HcwKsa¶nepw h\nX. \SØn Xo¿∏pI¬∏n-°p∂p.
kwÿm\ D]- t `mIvXr ˛ kwÿm-\Xe-Øn¬ 20 e£w cq]bv°v apI-fn¬
X¿°]cnlmc IΩo-j≥ {]h¿Øn-°p∂p. Hcp tImSn hsc-bp≈ X¿°-
˛ {]kn- U ‚pw c≠v AwK- ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-°p-∂p.
ßfpw.
˛ HcwK-sa-¶nepw h\nX.
˛ IqSp-X¬ AwK-ßsf \nb-an-
°m≥ kwÿm\ k¿°m-
cn\v A[n-Im-c-ap≠v.
tZiob D]-t`m-IvXr-X¿°- ˛ tZiobXe-Øn¬ {]h¿Øn- Hcp tImSn cq]bv°papI-fn¬
]cn-lmc IΩo-j≥ °p∂p. \jvS-]-cn-lmcw Bh-iy-s∏-
˛ {]kn- U ‚pw \men¬ Ipd- Sp∂ X¿°-ß-fn¬ Xo¿∏p
bmØ AwK-ßfpw. I¬∏n-°p-∂p.
˛ IqSp-X¬ AwK-ßsf \nb-an-
°m≥ tI{μk¿°m- c n\v
A[n-Imcw.
184
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
km[m- c W tImSXn \S- ] - S n- { I- a - ß - f n¬\n∂v hyXy- k v X - a mWv D]-

t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-I-fpsS \S-]Sn{Ia-ßƒ. D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-I-fpsS
{][m\ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ch-bm-Wv:
$ \S-]Sn{Ia-ß-ƒ efnXam-Wv.
$ AXn-thKw \oXn Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂p.
$ hyh-lmcs®ehv hfsc Ipd-hm-Wv.
D]-t`m-‡m-hn-\p-≠m-hp∂ IjvS\jvS-ßƒ tImS-Xnsb [cn-∏n-°p-∂Xn\v
]cmXn sh≈-°-S-em-kn¬ efn-X-ambn FgpXn ka¿∏n-®m¬ aXn. ]cm-
Xn-°m-c≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ \jvS]- c
- n-lm-cØ
- ns‚ aqey-a\
- p-kc
- n®v Ipd™
ôkv CuSm-°p-∂p-≠v.
]cm-Xn- ka¿∏n°m-\p≈ amXrImt^mw ]cn-tim-[n®v ]cm-Xn-bn¬

Dƒs∏-Sp-tØ≠sXs¥-√m-sa∂v Is≠-Øm-a-t√m.
D]-t`mIvXrX¿°-Øn¬ ]cmXn \¬Im-hp∂ kμ¿`-ßƒ:
$ hne-bv°p- hm-ßnb km[-\-Øn\v tISp-]m-Sp-Iƒ/t]mcm-bva-Iƒ kw`-
hn-°pI.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
$ hnhn[ k¿°m¿/k¿°m-cnXc/kzIm-cy-ÿm-]-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v e`n®

tkh-\-Øn-\v -t]m-cm-bva-Iƒ D≠m-hp-I.
$ \nb- a m- \ p- k rXw tcJ- s ∏- S p- Ø n- b n- ´ p- ≈ tXm \n¿W- b n- ° - s ∏- ´ n-
´p≈tXm Bb hne-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ XpI CuSm-°pI.
$ ambw tN¿°¬ \ntcm-[\\nb-aw ewLn°p-I.
$ Poh\v lm\n-I-cambtXm kpc-£n-X-a-√m-ØtXm Bb km[-\-ßƒ
hn¬°p-I.
$ \ymbc-ln-Xhpw D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ kzmX-{¥ysØ ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-
∂-Xp-amb hym]mc\S-]-Sn-Iƒ aqe-w \jvSap≠m-hp-I.
$ hn¬∏\ Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp∂Xn\p th≠n- sX‰n-≤-cn-∏n-°p∂ ]c-ky-ßƒ
\¬IpI.
"]c-ky-ßƒ A\p-{K-ltam im]tam' F∂ hnj-b-hp-ambn _‘-
s∏´ kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-I.
Hcp bqWn-th-gvkn-‰n-bpsS ÃUn sk‚dn¬ Hcp hnZym¿Yn tNcpIbpw
ôk-S-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ ]T\kma-{Kn-Iƒ bYm-k-abw
e`n-°m-Xn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ hnZ-ym¿Yn ÃUn sk‚dpambn _‘-s∏-´p. bqWn-
th-gvkn‰n tImgvkv \n¿Ø-em-°n-b-Xmbn ÃUn-sk‚¿ hnZ-ym¿Ynsb
Adn-bn-®p. AS® ôkv Xncn-®p- \¬Im≥ ÃUn-sk‚¿ Xbm-dm-bn-√.
CXn-s\-Xnsc D]-t`m-IvXr-tIm-SXnbn¬ ]cmXn t_m[n-∏n-®p. hmßnb
ôkv ]q¿W-ambn Xncn-®p-\¬Im≥ tImSXn hn[n-°p-Ibpw hnZ-ym¿Yn°v
]Ww XncnsI e`n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-eqsS ]cn-lmcw e`n® Hc\p`-h-amWv \nßƒ hmbn-
®-Xv.
D]-t`mIvXr-tIm-SXn hn[nI-ƒ kw_-‘n® hm¿Ø-Iƒ am[-y-a-ß-fn¬
\n∂v tiJ-cn-°q.
D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-Iƒ D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Ah-Im-iß

- ƒ
kwc-£n°p-∂-Xn¬ F{X-tØmfw ]cym-]vX-am-sW∂v
hne-bn-cp-Øp-I.
D]-t`mIvXrX¿°-ß-fn¬ D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-Iƒhgn e`n-°p∂ ]cn-
lm-c-ßƒ Xmsg sImSp-Ø-h-bm-Wv.
$ ]Icw km[\w \¬I¬.
$ \¬Inb ]Ww/A[n-I-ambn CuSm-°nb ]Ww Xncn®p \¬I¬.
186
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
$ \jvSw \nI-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ XpI e`y-am-°¬.

$ tkh-\-Ønse tIm´-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m-\p≈ \n¿tZiw \¬I¬.
$ tZmj-I-c-amb hym]mc\S-]-Sn-Iƒ \n¿Ø-em-°¬.
$ lm\n-I-c-amb `£y-h-kvXp-°-fpsS hn¬∏\ \ntcm-[n°¬.
$ ]cmXns®e-hv e`y-am-°¬.
1986 se D]-t`mIvXrkwc-£W \nb-a{- ]-Imcw D]-t`m-IvXr-tIm-SX
- n-Iƒ°p
]pdsa {XnXe D]-tZ-i-I-k-an-XnIƒ°pw cq]w-sIm-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. Pn√m D]-
t`m-IvXrkwc-£W Iu¨kn¬, kwÿm\ D]-t`m-IvXrkwc-£W
Iu¨kn¬, tZiob D]-t`m-IvXrkwc-£W Iu¨kn¬ F∂n-h-bm-
Wh. AXXp k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ Ah-Im-i-ß-fp-ambn
_‘-s∏´ -Im-c-y-ß-fn¬ D]-tZiw \¬IpI F∂-XmWv Cu kan-Xn-I-
fpsS [¿aw.
Hcp \nbahnZ-Kv[-\p-ambn D]-t`mIvXrtImSXn \S-]-Sn-Isf∏‰n A`n-
apJw \SØn dnt∏m¿´v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
1986 se D]-t`mIvXrkwc£W \nb-a-Øn\v ]pdsa D]-t`mIvXrkwc-
£-W-Øn-\mbn \ne-hn-ep≈ {][m\s∏´ \nb-a-ßƒ t\m°q.
km[\ hn¬∏\ \nbaw 1930
km[-\ß
- ƒ hmßp-∂X - n-\p≈ hyh-ÿI - ƒ ]men-°s
- ∏-Sp-∂p-sh∂v Dd∏p
hcp-Øp-∂p. Kmc‚n, hmd-‚ n, hn¬∏-\m-\-¥ctkh\w F∂n-h-bpsS
ewL\w Cu \nb-a-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p.
Im¿jntIm¬∏∂ (t{KUnMvv & am¿°n-Mv) \nbaw, 1937
Im¿jntIm¬∏-∂-ßfpsS \ne-hmcw \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv Cu \nb-a-a-\p-k-
cn-®m-Wv.
Ah-iy-km-[\ \nbaw, 1955
sIm≈-em-`w, ]qgvØn-hbv-]v, Icn-©¥ F∂n-h-bn¬\n∂v Cu \nbaw
D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-∂p.
Af-hv-˛-Xq° \ne-hmc \nbaw, 1976
Af-hnepw Xq°-Ønepw D≈ I_-fn-∏n-°-ep-Iƒ XS-bp-∂-Xn\v Cu
\nbaw D]-I-cn-°p-∂p.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
`cWXe-Ønse kwhn-[m-\-ßƒ
y-
m - Ã p - I -fn¬ `£ r- eoK¬
sa
sN°vt
]
I p-∏ns‚
t\X Pn√-bn¬ t{Sm-fPn hIp∏
h - v
m
kp-c£ cn-tim-[\ i‡ °me a \S-Ønb HmW
] vX- n∂¬ ] -
Xz-Øn¬ msS hnj-en-] bn¬ A
fh
cn-tim-[
-\-
am-°n-b
-tX c-f- - v˛- X
-
-° -dn-I -fpsS tI y- \S-Øn
b 271
q° sh ń∏v
amb ]® ≈ hchv KW Xnsc t
Isk-Sp
t]¿s°
-
p
Øn-te-° 2015 B -Øp.
pd-™p. KÃv 27
ambn I
KÃv 27
2015 B
Cu ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ {i≤n-°q. hm¿Ø-bn¬ GsX√mw hIp-∏p-IfmWv

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv? CØ-c-Øn¬ D]-t`m-‡m-°-fpsS
Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ kwc-£n-°p-∂-Xn\v hnhn[ hIp-∏p-Ifpw ÿm]-\-ßfpw
{]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ NneXv ]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.
$ eoK¬ sat{Sm-fPn hIp∏v  Af-hv ˛ Xq° \ne-hmcw Dd∏phcp-

Øp-∂p.
$ `£ykpc£mhIp∏v  `£yhkvXp-°-fpsS KpW-ta∑ Dd∏p

hcp-Øp-∂p.
$ tI{μ Huj[hne  acp-∂p-I-fpsS hne \nb-{¥n-°p-∂p.

\nb-{¥W IΩn‰n
$ {UKvkv I¨t{Smƒ hIp∏v  acp-∂p-I-fpsS KpW-ta∑, kpc-£n-

XXzw F∂nh Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-∂p.
$ ^pUv tk^v‰n B‚ v  D¬∏mZ-\w, hnX-c-Ww, kw`-c-Ww,

Ãmt‚¿Uv AtXm-dn‰n hn¬∏\, Cd-°p-aXn XpS-ßnb
Hm^v C¥y hnhn[ L´-ß-fn¬ `£y-h-kvXp-°-
fpsS KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°p-∂p.
CØcØnep≈ IqSp-X¬ ÿm]-\ß - fpw hIp-∏p-If

- pw Is≠Øn Ah-
bp-ambn _‘s∏´ ]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn-°p-I.
188
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
km[-\ß
- f
- p-sSbpw ÿm]-\ß
- f
- p-sSbpw \ne-hmcw hne-bn-cpØn AXns‚
ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Nne Nn”-ßƒ \¬In-h-cp-∂p-≠v. km[-\-ß-fpsSbpw
ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw KpW-ta∑ Dd∏phcp-Øm≥ D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ Cu
Nn”-ßƒ klm-bn°p-∂p. Ah-bn¬ NneXv t\m°q.
$ _yqtdm Hm^v C¥y≥ Ãm≥tU¿Uv (BIS) D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS

\n›nX KpW-\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°p∂Xn\v ISI ap{Z \¬Ip∂p.
sshZypX D]-I-c-W-ßƒ, kna‚ v, t]∏¿, s]bn‚ v, Kymkv knen-
≠¿ XpS-ßnb D¬∏-∂-ß-fn¬ Cu Nn”w ImWmw.
$ C‚¿\mj-W¬ Hm¿K-ss\-tk-j≥ t^m¿ Ãm≥tU¿ssU-tk-
j≥ (ISO) C¥y-b-S°w \q‰nbn-cp-]-Xn-e-[nIw -cm-j-v{S-ß-fnse
km[-\-ß-fp-sSbpw tkh-\-ß-fpsSbpw KpW-ta∑ km£y-s∏-Sp-
Øp-∂p.
Bip-]-{Xn-I-ƒ, _m¶p-Iƒ, apX-emb tkh\ÿm]-\-ßƒ°pw
\nch[n D¬∏-∂-ß-ƒ°pw sF. F-k.v H. AwKo-Imcw \¬Ip∂p.
$ kz¿Wm-`-c-W-ß-fpsS ]cn-ip≤n kqNn-∏n-°p∂p.
$ C
- e-Itv {Sm-WnIv, Ce-I{v Sn-°¬, D]-Ic
- W
- ßfpsS kpc£ km£y-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\v Cu Nnlv\w A¥¿tZ-io-b-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-
°p-∂p.
$ Im¿jnI ˛ h\ D¬∏-∂-ß-fpsS KpWta∑ Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v

AKvam¿°v F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Cu Nn”w D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
• kky-˛k-tky-Xc Blm-c-h-kvXp-°-ƒ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ Cu Nn”-

ßƒ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p.
$ ]g-h¿Kß-fn¬\n∂pw ]®-°d - n-If

- n¬\n∂pap≈ D¬∏-∂ß - f
- psS
kpc- £ n- X Xzhpw \ne- h m- c hpw km£y- s ∏- S p- Ø p∂p. ^pUv
s{]mU-Iv‰vkv Hm¿U¿ F∂-Xns‚ Npcp°cq]-amWv F^v.-]n.H.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
CØcw Nn”-ßƒ ImW-s∏-Sp∂ hnhn[ D¬∏-∂-ßƒ Is≠Øn

]ń-I-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.
kaq-l-Øns‚ CS-s]-S¬
HutZym-KnIkwhn-[m-\-ßfpw \nb-a-ßfpwsIm≠p am{Xw D]-t`m-‡m-
°-fpsS kwXr]vXn ]q¿W-ambpw Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\m-hn-√. Pm{KX-bp≈
Hcp kaq-l-Øns‚ CS-s]-S¬ C°mcy-Øn¬ A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.
GsX√mw hn[-Øn-emWv kmaq-lnI CS-s]-S-ep-Iƒ km[y-am-hp-I?
$ D]-t`mIvXrkwL-S-\-I-fpsS {]h¿Ø\w
$ D]-t`mIvXrt_m[-h¬°-cWw
$ s]mXpXm¬∏cy l¿Pn-Iƒ ka¿∏n-°¬
$
$
D]-t`mIvXrhnZym-`ymkw
F√m-hcpw D]-t`m-‡m-°-fmW-t√m. D¬∏-∂-ßfpsS sshhn-[yw, hy‡n-
]-c-amb Xm¬∏-cy-ßƒ, s]cp-In-h-cp∂ Bh-iy-ßƒ, Itºm-f-i-‡n-
IfpsS kzm[o\w F∂n-h-sb√mw D]-t`m-KsØ k¶o¿Whpw hn]p-e-
am-°n-bn-´p-≠v. D]-t`m-‡mhv icn-bmb ioe-ßƒ B¿Pn-°p-∂-Xn\v D]-
t`m-IvXrhnZym-`ymkw A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. D]-t`mIvXrhnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v
GsX√mw am¿K-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Ømw?
$ t_m[-h¬°-cW]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ
$ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØ¬
$ Zn\m-N-cWw
tZiob D]-t`m-IvXr Zn\w $
Unkw-_¿ 24 C¥-y-bn¬ tZiob D]-
t`m-IvXr-Zn-\-ambn BN-cn-°p-∂p. 1985 $
¬ sFI- y - c mjv { Sk` D]- t `m- I v X r D]-t`m-IvXrhn-Zym-`ymkw GsX√mw hn[-Øn-emWv
kwc- £ Ww kw_- ‘ n® am¿K- D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ im‡o-I-cn-°p-∂Xv?
tcJIƒ Dƒs°m- ≈ p∂ {]tabw
AwKo-I-cn-®p. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\- -$ Bh-iy-ßƒ IrXy-ambn \nP-s∏-SpØn D]-
Øn¬ `mc-X-k¿°m¿ ka-{K-amb D]- t`mKw \S-Øm≥ Xbm-dm-hp-∂p.
t`m-IvXr kwc£W\nbaw ]mkm°n. -$ D¬∏∂- ß - s fbpw tkh- \ - ß - s fbpw kw_-
Cu \nbaw \ne- h n¬ h∂Xv 1986
‘n®v Adnhv t\Sm≥ k∂-≤-cm-hp-∂p.
Unkw-_¿ 24 \mWv.
190
Ãm≥tU¿Uv X
-$ icn-bmb Xnc-s™-Sp-°-en\v {]m]vXn t\Sp∂p.

$ Ah-Imit_m[ap≈ D]-t`m-‡m-hmbn amdp∂p.
-$ D]-t`mIvXr{]iv\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-Sm≥ tijn t\Sp∂p.
D]-t`mIvXrhnZ-ym-`-ymkw \¬Ip-∂-Xns‚ ê-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp∂ D]-t`m-
IvXr-io-e-ßƒ GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v {i≤n-°q.
$ km[\-ßƒ hmßp-tºmƒ _n√v tNmZn®v hmßpI.
$ Afhpw Xq°hpw icn-bm-sW∂v t_m[y-s∏-SpI.
$ ]m°v sNbvX km[-\-ßƒ hmßp-tºmƒ D¬∏-∂-Øns‚ t]cv,
]m°v sNbvX XobXn, Imem-h-[n, Xq°w, hne, \n¿am-Xm-hns‚/
hnX-c-W-°m-cpsS ta¬hn-emkw F∂nh Ds≠∂v Dd∏phcp-
ØpI.
$ km[-\ß
- f
- psS \ne-hmcw kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Nn”-ßƒ {i≤n-°pI.
$ hmßp∂ km[\-ßf - psS D]-tbm-K{- Iaw, {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p∂ hn[w
F∂nh a\- n-em-°pI.
icn-bmb D]-t`m-IvXrioe-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈n®v D]t`mIvXrt_m[-
h¬°-c-W-Øn-\mbn Hcp Npa¿]{XnI Xbm-dm-°p-I.
D]-t`mIvXrhnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚ {]m[m\yw hy‡-am-°n

Ipdn∏p Xbm-dm-°pI.
k¿°m-cpIfp-sSbpw k¿°m-cnXckwhn-[m-\-ß-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øn-

s‚bpw Iq´mb {ia-ßf
- n-eqsS am{Xta k¥p-jvSa
- mb Hcp D]-t`mIvXrkaq-
lsØ krjvSn-°m≥ Ign-bq.
hne-bn-cp-Ømw
$ "D]-t`m-‡m-hns‚ kwXr-]vXn-bmWv F√m kmº-ØnI{]h¿Ø-
\-ß-fp-sSbpw {][m\ e£yw.' Cu {]kvXm-h-\-tbmSv \nßƒ
tbmPn-°p-∂pt≠m? F¥p-sIm≠v?
$ D]- t `m- ‡ mhv Nqj- W - Ø n\p hnt[- b - a m- I p∂ kμ¿`- ß ƒ
GsX√mw?
$ D]-t`mIvXrkwc-£W \nb-a-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p≈ D]-
t`m-‡m-°-fpsS Ah-Im-i-ßƒ GsX-√mw?
$ "D]- t `m- ‡ m- ° - f psS Ah- I mikwc- £ - W - Ø ns‚ Imh¬-
°mcmWv D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-Iƒ'. {]kvXm-h\ ka¿Yn-°p-I.

kmaqlyimkv{Xw II
$ ]c-ky-ß-ƒ D]-t`m-‡m-hns\ tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[n-°p-∂sXß-

s\-bm-Wv? DZm-l-c-W-k-lnXw hy‡-am-°p-I.
$ eoK¬ sat{Sm-fPn hIp-∏v, Pn√m -D-]-t`mIvXr X¿°]cn-lm-c--
t^mdw F∂n-h-bpsS {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I.
$ temI D]-t`mIvXrZn\-tØm-S-\p-_-‘n®v kvIqfn¬ \S-Øp∂
skan-\m¿ hnj-bm-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ Fs¥√mw Imcy-ßƒ Dƒs∏-
SpØmw?
$ \nßfpsS {]tZ- i sØ D]- t `mIv X r{]iv \ - ß - f n¬ \nßƒ
GsX√mw hn[-Øn¬ CS-s]-Sp-sa∂v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I.
XpS¿{]h¿Ø\ßƒ
$ D]-t`mIvXrkwc-£Ww kw_-‘n® hnhn[ Xcw cN-\-Ifpw
tiJ-c-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp- ]-Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°p-I.
$ D]-t`mIvXrt_m[-h¬°-c-W-Øn-\p-X-Ip∂ ss…Up-Iƒ Xbm-
dm°n ]h¿ t]mb‚ v {]k-t‚-j≥ \SØp-I.
$ D]-t`mIvXrtImS-Xn-I-fp-sS-bpw D]-t`m‡r kwc£-WØn-\m-
bp≈ a‰p ÿm]-\-ß-fp-sSbpw {]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ kw_-‘n®
]{X-hm¿Ø-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ¢mkvXe {]Z¿i\w kwL-Sn-∏n-°pI.
192

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Ãm≥tU¿Uv X

kwÿm\ hnZym-`ymk Kth-jW ]cn-io-e\ kanXn (SCERT), tIcfw

State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)

ka{K F∂ FUyp-t°-j-W¬ t]m¿´epw Iyp.B¿.-tImUv tcJ-s∏-

tUm. sP. {]kmZv

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ ˛ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h `mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm

(I) `c- W - L - S - \ sb A\p- k - c n- ° p- I bpw AXns‚ BZ¿i- ß - s fbpw ÿm]- \ - ß - s fbpw

]T-\-]p-tcm-KXn \n¿W-bn-°p∂ tNmZy-ßƒ

`utam-]-cn-Xe khn-ti-j-X-Isf `q]-S-ß-fn¬ Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw

BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 95

hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w (Remote Sensing)

πm‰vt^m-ans\ ASn-ÿm-\-am°nbp≈ h¿Ko-I-cWw

`qX-e-Omb{KlWw BIm-iob hnZqc D]-{Kl hnZq-c-kw-th-Z\w

Nn{Xw 6.4 Nn{Xw 6.5 Nn{Xw 6.6

hnhn[ Xcw hnZq- c - k w- t hZ\- c o- X n- I sf°pdn®v \nßƒ a\- k n-

BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 97

XpS¿® \ne-\n¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ÃocntbmkvtIm∏ns‚ klm-b-Øm¬

X∂n-cn-°p∂ Nn{X-Øn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw 60 iX-am-\-tØmfw `mKw

e`y-am-Ip∂ {Xnam\ ZriysØ Ãocntbm-kvtIm-]nIv hnj≥ F∂v

hnam-\-Øn-\p-≠m-Ip∂ hnam\Øn\p ]d-∂p-b-

Hcp {]tZ-isØ H∂msI ImWp-∂X - n\pw {Xnam\ Zriy-Øns‚

BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 99

`qÿnc D]-{K-l-ßƒ kuc-ÿnc D]-{K-l-ßƒ

Nn{Xw 6.9 Nn{Xw 6.10

hkvXp-°ƒ ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂tXm {]Xn-^-en-∏n-°p-∂tXm

kvt]jy¬ sdkeyqj≥ ˛ 1 Intem-ao-‰¿ kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥ ˛ 1 ao‰¿

kvt]jy¬ sdk-eyq-j≥ Ipd-bp-∂-Xn\\p-k-cn®v D]-{K-

BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 101

`qhn-h-c-hy-hÿ (Geographic Information System - GIS)

BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 103

Iƒ (layers) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. A\p-tbm-Py-amb ]mfnI-ƒ hni-Ie-\

BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 105

Hmh¿te hni-I-e\w (Overlay Analysis)

BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 107

ßfn¬\n∂p hcp∂ knKv\-ep-Isf¶nepw e`n-®m¬

C\n apX¬ `ph≥...

{ZpX-K-Xn-bn¬ hf¿∂psIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Hcp kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bmWv `qhn-h-c-hy-

AXn-thKw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te°v IpXn-°p-I-bmWv temIw. a\p-jys‚

BIm-i-°-Æp-Ifpw Adn-hns‚ hni-I-e-\hpw 109

ambn kmt¶-XnIhnZy-bn-ep-≠m-bn-´p≈ ]ptcm-K-Xnsb D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-

hnkvXr-X-amb ]oT-`q-an-Iƒ, Np´p-s]m-≈p∂ acp-`q-an-Iƒ, ssZ¿Ly-ta-dnb

DØ-c-]¿hX taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]¿h-X-\n-c-I-fmWv ]´n-I-bn¬.

sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS C¥y 113

Npc-ßƒ _‘n-∏n-°p∂ {]tZ-i-ßƒ

`q{]-tZ-iØns‚ Dbc-{I-a-a-\p-k-cn®v hyXy-kvX-ß-

$ C¥y-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bn¬ DØc]¿h-X-taJ-e-bn¬ Dƒs∏´ ]¿h-

lna-hms‚ aSn-Ø´- nse PohnXw

sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS C¥y 115

]¿hXtaJe hnt\mZk©m-cn-I-fpsS ]dp-Zo-k-bm-Wv.

DØ-c-]¿hX taJ-e-bpsS {]m[m\yw

KwK-bpsS D¤hÿm\-amb lnam-e-b-Ønse a™p-aqSnb sImSp-ap-Sn-Ifpw lnam-

{][m-\- ln-am-e-b≥ \Zn-Iƒ, Ah- Hgp-Ip∂ kwÿm-\-ßƒ, t]mj-I-\-Zn-Iƒ

sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS C¥y 117

DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-Øns‚ ÿm\w `q]-S-Øns‚ (Nn{Xw 7.3) klm-

DØ-c-a-lm-k-a-X-e-w GsX√mw `q{]-IrXn hn`m-K-ßƒ°n-S-bn-emWv

\Zn-Iƒ sa\™ ka-X-e-ßƒ

sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS C¥y 119

sshhn-[y-ß-fpsS C¥y 121

D]-Zzo-]ob]oT-`q-an-bnse `uXnI khn-ti-j-X-Isf ]mT-]p-kvX-I-