CHAPTER 1

Proper Waste Management and Rate of Dengue Cases in the Residence of

Barangay Malvar 7-A, Davao City

Practices on proper waste management of the residence can help our

community, country, and nation. Because nowadays, we are suffering from
environmental problems such as global warming, flash floods, water pollution,
etc. One of the causes of these problems is the misbehavior of the people
towards waste management. Some people are reckless in throwing their waste.
They do not think of the possible results of their actions on the environment as
well as on their health. Every individual should take the responsibility of
managing their wastes properly. Thus, there is a need to encourage the residents
to be part of this objective, protecting our health and environment through proper
waste management.

Proper waste management refers to the change of the environment to

minimize dengue productivity and human contact with the dengue by methods
such as destroying, altering, removing or recycling non-essential containers that
serve as vector habitats. Proper waste management involves the improvement of
water supply and water storage system, mosquito-proofing of water-storage
containers. Particularly, proper waste management is not intended to replace
other dengue disease control methods, but to assess and provide for the
development of "integrated control'' strategies.

Literature Foundation

Global

Dengue infection has further spread in already endemic areas and to new
areas in Asia. Sri Lanka was one of eight Asian countries where outbreaks of
dengue occurred. Sri Lanka has experienced severe outbreaks 2010 onwards. In
present, an increasing trend in the number of dengue cases had been reported in
Sri Lanka, (from January to June 2019, Epidemiology Unit of the Ministry of
Health, Nutrition and Indigenous Medicine reported 25,216 dengue cases).

Dengue (Aedes) mosquito lays eggs in stagnant water which can survive
up to one year. The eggs can withstand dry conditions and hatch when water is
available. Therefore, it is vital to keep neighborhoods clean and free of
receptacles that attract the dengue-carrying mosquitos. Water storage tanks,
pots, and discarded tires, etc. are all possible sites for mosquitos to breed. As the
eggs can survive up to one year in dry containers, the residence in Sri Lanka
should scrub clean the sites at least once a week (World Health Organization,
2019).

As discarded containers play a major role serving as breeding habitats for

Dengue (Aedes) mosquitoes, W.H.O World Health Organization conducted an
intervention study in the Sri Lanka focusing on proper waste management with
community mobilization through awareness programs and by introducing
household level composting systems for biodegradable waste together with the
introduction of improved garbage collecting system for other non-biodegradable
waste as a control strategy for dengue transmission (Bull World Health
Organization, 2010).

National

Dengue (Aedes) disease has risen in an alarming state in the Philippines

in recent years. From January 1st to August 6th of 2016, the Philippines'
Department of Health (DOH) reported an estimated suspected dengue cases of
84,085 in the country, which is 15.8% higher compared to the same period of last
year in 2015 with only 72,627 reported cases; out of this, 372 resulted to death
(Department of Health, 2016).

Out of the 10 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the

Philippines ranked fourth for having the highest number of dengue cases as of
2012 (Edillo & Halasa, 2015). This alarming rate is partly due to several factors
such as environmental degradation, climatic condition, lack of clean water supply,
inappropriate waste disposal and management, rapid urbanization, increasing
population, and poor mosquito surveillance and control system, all contributed to
the increasing number of dengue cases in the country (Bravo & Roque, 2014).

Local

According to Francisco C., dengue cases in the Davao Region increased

by about 60% to 4,345 during the first seven months of the year compared with
the same period last year, the regional office of the Department of Health
reported. The total, 21 deaths were recorded, up from 14 last years. Davao City,
the most populated urban area in the region, had the highest number of cases at
2,168 with 11 deaths, nearly double than what was reported last year. Among the
provinces, Davao del Norte had 562 cases with six deaths while all the others
reported one death each.
 The Buhangin district in Davao City had the most number of dengue
patients, which has been the case in the last five years despite continued
campaigns undertaken by both the DOH regional office and the City Health
Office.

According to Ebol (2016), the main factor contributing to the problem in

Buhangin is the lack of water supply in the area, and residents are storing water
in open containers that become breeding grounds for dengue-causing mosquitos.

This study is entitled "Proper waste management and Rate of Dengue

Cases in the Residence of Barangay Malvar 7-A, Davao City". The study will be
conducted outside the campus of Davao Doctors College. This research provides
a very serious problem and needs to be taken seriously because our health and
environment depends on it. The residents of Barangay Malvar 7-A must be
capable of proper waste disposal to protect health and the environment.

Statement of the Problem

This research aims to investigate the rate of dengue cases in the

Barangay Malvar 7-A. This study aims to know the importance of proper waste
management and applying it specifically to Barangay Malvar 7-A. This study will
look for the reason why proper waste management would help lessen the dengue
cases of the residents in the barangay.

The purpose of this study is to answer the following questions:

1. What is the level of knowledge of the residence in the community on

proper waste management?

Proper Waste Management (PWG)

 Recycling
 Discipline
 Living Environment
Rate of Dengue Cases
 Dengue cases

2. What is the number of dengue cases in the following area?

3. Is there a significant relationship between proper waste management and

dengue cases?
• Null Hypothesis

The researchers assumed that there is no significant relationship in the

proper waste management affecting the rate of dengue cases within the
Barangay Malvar 7-A.

Scope and Delimitation

The main focus of this study is to find out how environmental wastes will
affect the rate of dengue cases in the area within the Barangay Malvar 7-A. This
study yearns to identify possible causes of the illness to develop awareness and
assist the community about proper waste disposal.

The residence of Barangay Malvar 7-A was used as a respondent in

conducting a survey. Each of the respondents is given the same questionnaires
to answer.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study would be of great help to the Barangay,

Administrators and Future researcher in the following ways:

Barangay. This study would help the entire community to mitigate their waste
products. It will also inform them of the dangers of improper waste disposal.

Administrators. This study would help the Administrators to know what policies
and regulations they will implement when it comes to proper waste management
in the Barangay Marval 7-A.

Future Researcher. This study would help future researchers as the basis of
their study and additional literature for their future investigations.
Reference:

Business World Article, (2019), Dengue cases in Davao Region up 60% highest
in
Davao City. Retrieved on August 12, 2019. Retrieved from
https://www.bworldonline.com/dengue-cases-in-davao-region-up-60-
highest-in-davao-city/?fbclid=IwAR2lhZ5qrWZzinTVMr53o-bWq5OIoOq-
PmvUBsOYp2r-A_k1UPBQ50y3T2Q

Iguchi, J., Seposo, X. & Honda, Y. (2018), Meteorological factors affecting

dengue
Incidence in Davao, Philippines. Retrieved on May 15, 2018. Retrieved
from https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-
018-
55324?fbclid=IwAR2XBozaDOSpUVXIC0W7H0kq0Y25uNFElqN5loaJHoI
zDNDaDUUe73a59vo#Sec1

Kumar, A. (2014), Proper management of waste prevents dengue. Retrieved on

August 22, 2014. Retrieved from
https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Proper-management-of-
waste-prevents-dengue/articleshow/40618177.cms

Lomocho, J., Megan, J. & Alagos, (2013), Proper Waste Management: An

Answer to
Environmental Dilemma. Retrieved on March 25, 2013. Retrieved from
https://youthsofnewgeneration.weebly.com/chapter1introduction.html?fbcli
d=IwAR367wTnyq0Rt7P99UEi1eLQEPlV_kkZV7nXXwNZbYUVH1YEDgo
8pmPDg

Sommerfield, J. & Kroeger, A. (2012), Community mobilization and household

level
waste management for dengue vector control in Gampaha district of Sri
Lanka; an intervention study. Retrieved on January 2013. Retrieved from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3541909/

The World Health Organization (2019).Better environmental management for

control

of dengue. Retrieved on N.d. Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/heli/risks/vectors/denguecontrol/en/
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, (2019). Philippines:
Dengue

Cases Snapshot. Retrieved on July 17, 2019. Retrieved from

https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/philippines-dengue-cases-snapshot-
januaryjune2019?fbclid=IwAR2N17UUZ6EuzT0OAgOCm5unWXBtYBEL4
gJi0z_Sp9z490aSPTTflXrCdA

World Health Organization Sri Lanka (2010). Preventing Dengue in Sri Lanka.

Retrieved on July 9, 2010. Retrieved from

http://www.searo.who.int/srilanka/documents/dengu_outbreak_sl/en/

World Health Organization (2019). Dengue Control: Environmental management.

Retrieved on N.d. Retrieved from

https://www.who.int/denguecontrol/control_strategies/environmental_mana
gement/en/
 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Review of Related Studies

This chapter provides a review of related literature and studies after the
detailed and extensive search done by the researchers. It focuses on the
problems in regards the waste management and dengue prevention faced in this
study. It also includes the theoretical and conceptual framework to fully
understand the research done and lastly the definition of terms for better
comprehension.

Review of Related Literature

Every human being in the world needs to live in a healthy environment as

a necessity. For the well-being of both man and the environment, everyone
should take care of the surroundings. Improper waste segregation can cause a
difference in our living ecosystem, causing pollution and sickness.

Waste management helps in preventing environmental pollution and in

reducing the probability of acquiring certain diseases associated with improper
waste disposal such as dengue. A thorough investigation of this problem helps
inform the community about environmental health and wellness.

Proper Waste Management

Proper Waste management is the exact name for the collection,

transportation, disposal or recycling and monitoring of waste. This term is
assigned to the material, waste material that is produced through human
being activity. This material is managed to avoid its adverse effect on
human health and the environment. Most of the time, waste is managed to
get resources from it (Waste Management Resources, 2009).

According to Buchanan (2005), as cited by Sandham (2014),

management of waste has become one of the most significant problems
for mankind in this day and age. The industrialization of the world by
mankind has resulted in the production of waste volumes that are now
growing to such an extent that it negatively impacts on the world’s
environmental systems. The generation of these volumes of waste cannot
continue indefinitely as it results in the total destruction of environmental
systems that would also negatively impact on the survival of the human
race.
 As stated by Raghavan and Kamath (2013), one of the main causes
of environmental degradation is improper management in the disposal of
solid waste. It is a major cause of pollution and the outbreak of diseases in
many parts of the world. There is no permanent solution for environmental
problems, the only thing we can reduce and control waste generation by
proper awareness and practice. Proper management of the waste
generated is most important in this matter.

Waste management is a science that addresses the logistics,

environmental impact, social responsibility and cost of an organizations’
waste disposal. Solid Waste Management (SWM) has 3 basic
components namely collection, transportation, and disposal (Zagozewski
& Nilson, 2011).

Recycling

The most recognized environmental friendly way of dealing with

organizational waste is recycling. According to Madu (2007) as cited by
Saari (2017), defines it as ‘a process of converting materials that could
have been treated as wastes into valuable resources. Recycling is based
on separating recyclable material from other produced waste and then
getting rid of the non-recyclable material and finding new purposes for the
recyclable material. Without recycling there would be greenhouse gases
everywhere. The Compactor Management Company (CMC) stated that
these greenhouse gases pollute the environment and attract insects, flies,
and bugs. When you recycle the waste instead of sending it to landfills,
you are directly reducing the pollution.

According to the Baltimore Urban Debate League (BUDL) (2012),

the sites where recycling is done, if are not managed properly it will
become unhygienic. Abandoned dump sites can severely damage the
surrounding environment. Harmful chemicals in the trash can mix into
water and soil. This can cause water and soil pollution and harm plants
and fish in the streams and lakes. When it gets mixed with rainwater, a
poisonous mixture known as leachate is formed. This mixture can be
highly dangerous if it reaches the water supplies.
Discipline

Barrows and Griffin (2011) as cited by Punongbayan and Abu (2014),

asserted that the first step to improving waste management in schools is to
improve their accountability and discipline, and similarly, the regulations
placed on them.

According to Oliva (2011) as cited by Villanueva (2013) said that

discipline is an important component of solid waste management that
should be present to establish a good program for the community.
Awareness of solid waste management will create change in how people
look at garbage. People grew up thinking that garbage is garbage, it
should not be touched or one should not go near to it. They thought before
that all types of garbage should just be thrown in one container (Sarino,
2014).

According to Baula (2010), as cited by Punongbayan (2014),

awareness accompanied by participation is the key for residents to be
involved in the waste management program of the barangay where
effective and sustainable implementation of the proper waste management
practices could be achieved.

Rate of Dengue Cases

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in

all regions of W.H.O (World Health Organization) in recent years. Dengue
virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes
aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae albopictus. This mosquito also
transmits chikungunya, yellow fever, and Zika infection. Dengue is
widespread throughout the tropics, with local variations in risk influenced
by rainfall, temperature and unplanned rapid urbanization (World Health
Organization, 2019).

According to Tran and Butenschoen (2013), Dengue disease

observations are presumed to detect dengue outbreaks at an early stage
and to save through early response activities, resources, and reduce the
social and economic impact of outbreaks on individuals, health systems
and economies.
 In proximity to human settlements, Dengue (Aedes aegypti)
mosquitoes breed primarily in artificial water containers, and the
mosquito’s life-cycle is closely associated with human activities. Larval
habitats are increasing rapidly in urban areas. Since there is no curative
treatment for dengue, targeted environmental and ecosystem
management is increasingly relevant. However, generalized community
clean-up campaigns or space-spray application of insecticides, have had
only a transient and limited effect or even no measurable effect at all on
disease incidence (W.H.O, World Health Organization, 2019)

The W.H.O World Health Organization, (2019) states that the

incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent
decades. Over 2.5 billion people over 40% of the world's population are
now at risk from dengue. WHO currently estimates there may be 50–100
million dengue infections worldwide every year. The only method to control
or prevent the transmission of dengue virus is to combat vector
mosquitoes through: reduction of breeding sites of mosquitoes (barrels,
drums, jars, pots, buckets, vases, bottles, tins, tires, water coolers etc.) by
environmental management and proper modification or disposing of solid
waste and removing artificial man-made habitats.

Living Environment

Dengue fever is frequently called a disease of impoverished places and it

is most closely associated with poor populations (World Health
Organization, 2012). The World Health Organization classifies dengue
fever as one of the world's 17 neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that
serve as proxies for poverty and disadvantage and prescribes population
targeted interventions to manage dengue in impoverished and
marginalized communities (World Health Organization, 2010). The role of
socio-economic development on dengue transmission and control was
buttressed by the decline of dengue in Europe and the USA as prosperity
in these regions increased (Murray, Quam & Wilder-Smith, 2013).

According to Gubler (2011), the evidence of endemic dengue in wealthy

households, neighborhoods, and cities appears to run counter to the
categorization of dengue as a disease of poverty. Indeed, Gubler has
argued that the large increase in global prevalence was actually driven by
economic growth in the post-WWII era. Dengue is the most rapidly
advancing vector-borne disease in the world and a major global public
health issue, particularly in tropical and sub-tropical environments. Up to
40% of the world's population, 2.5 billion people in over 100 countries live
in areas that put them at potential risk of infection, and between 50-100
 million infections are reported each year (Gómez-Dantés & Willoquet,
2009). Additionally, recent estimates suggest that the global burden of
dengue may be dramatically higher than this conservative and widely cited
estimate. While the disease burden is predominantly located in low-to-
middle income countries, the association with poverty remains in question
(Bhatt, Gething & Brady, 2013).

Review of Related Studies

Exposure Assessment Methods in Studies on Waste Management

and Health Effects: An Overview of Spinazzè and Borghi (2017). Focusing on
exposure assessment, it is worth noting that the “exposure” to chemical pollutants
from waste management processes means coming into contact with chemical
substances that can potentially cause adverse health effects, which are
modulated by the toxicity of substances, the susceptibility of exposed individuals,
and the extent and exposure pattern. The main pathways of exposure are
inhalation due to emissions from incinerators and landfills, consumption of
contaminated water (water supplies contaminated with landfill leachate) (Giusti,
2009). In regards, human exposure to pollutants resulting from either incinerators
or landfills can be negligible, if proper operating procedures are followed and
normal controls are maintained. It is mandatory that waste management facilities
are properly designed, operated, and monitored to ensure acceptable levels of
emissions for airborne pollutants as well as corresponding levels of
environmental and health risks. Levels of pollutants in water and food should be
controlled and regulated to reduce the likelihood of adverse impacts from these
pathways (Reis, 2011).

Waste and health: scientific evidence and knowledge gaps study of

Martuzzi and Mitis (2010). In the study, there are concerns over the health
effects of different waste management options, including landfilling, incineration,
disposal of healthcare and other hazardous waste. It is important to investigate
these possible effects in conjunction with other environmental hazards, as
concurrent exposures can result in synergistic health effects. In particular, it is of
interest to consider how possible health effects of waste may take place in
combination with other powerful health determinants depending on lifestyle and
the social environment.
 3R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle): Seminole Country Government,
(2012). In the study of Seminole Country Government, the Environmental
Protection Agency has determined a three steps approach for managing solid
waste. Each of these should be practiced to reduce the amount of material
headed for final disposal. They are in order of importance: Reduce, the best way
to manage solid waste. Buy only what you need. Use all that you buy. Avoid
heavily packaged products. Avoid disposable items like paper plates and plastic
silverware. Buy the largest size package for those items that you use are often.
Reuse the better way to manage solid waste. Reuse items use them over and
over until they are completely worn out.

Recycle, a good way to manage solid waste. Recycle means taking

something old and making it into something new. In Seminole County, all
residents who live in a single-family home can recycle right in front of their house.
Those residents who live in apartments or condominiums can drop off their
recyclables at several different locations. Old newspapers, plastic bottles, green,
clear and brown glass bottles, and jars, aluminum, and steel cans can all be
recycled at the curb. Simply rinse out containers and remove lids. That's it; it's
very simple and very worthwhile. Not only does it keep items out of the landfill,
recycling conserves natural resources (Seminole County Government, 2012).

Trends in Dengue research in the Philippines: A systematic review

study by Agrupis and Ylade (2019). In the study of Agrupis and Ylade, (2019)
Trends in dengue research in the Philippines: A systematic review study stated
that dengue is a mosquito-borne, acute febrile illness that is an important public
health problem in tropical countries. In the early 1950’s, the disease was
described in the Philippines as hemorrhagic fever. Dengue continues to cause
considerable concern in the country because of its born widespread, the minimal
success of vector control strategies, the possibility of severe disease caused by
sequential infection by a different serotype, the potential for fatal outcomes and
the consequent social and economic burden. The four dengue virus serotypes
circulate in the country where the disease is predominantly reported among
children.
 A Case Study about the Improper Waste Disposal in Barangay Mojon
Tampoy by Alvarez, Bagus, and Burog (2017). Without an effective and
efficient waste management program, the waste generated from various human
activities, both industrial and domestic, can result in health hazards and have a
negative impact on the environment. An effective and efficient waste
management program is a way for an area to have a clean and safe environment.
Treatments and disposal methods depends on the type of problem that any
community has. Residents of any responsible citizen of the community are able
to conduct an appropriate solution for the sake of their environment. Based on
their research, it is also said that various human activity can result in a negative
impact that can also cause health hazards to the residents. Proper discipline and
awareness of residents is needed. Nowadays, the main problem of everybody
about solid waste management is the lack of discipline of some people that
causes growing rate of garbage problems that also affect air pollution, water and
soil contamination, floods and excessive breeding of rodents and vermin
(Alvarez, Bagus & Burog, 2017).

In conclusion, this chapter provides the overview related studies after the
detailed and extensive search done by the researchers. This study focuses on
the problems and results in regards to the waste management and dengue cases
faced in this study.

The important things that needed to improve including proper waste

management though it may help only a little for reducing the rate of dengue
cases. However, the researchers generally thought that knowing more about
waste management would encourage the residents to recycle and to have
discipline. These results can be interpreted as a need for educating people more
about recycling, why it is important, and how it works and it will also prevent
having a new health problem in the society such as vector-borne disease.
Theoretical Framework

In this research, essential theories have been considered:

Theory of Waste Management

This study supports the Theory of Waste Management. This theory

represents a more in-depth account of the domain and contains conceptual
analyses of waste, the activity upon waste, and a holistic view of the goals of
waste management. Waste Management Theory is founded on the expectation
that waste management is to prevent waste causing harm to human health such
as dengue outbreaks and the environment. Waste Management Theory is to be
constructed under the paradigm of Industrial Ecology as Industrial Ecology is
equally adaptable to incorporate waste minimization and/or resource use
optimization goals and values (Pongracz & Phillips, 2004).

Klaus Conrad Theory of Firm of Waste and Recycle

This firm deals explicitly with waste prevention, waste recycling, and waste
disposal. There are models that analyze these aspects but not a neoclassical
model which integrates all three aspects. The economics of exhaustible
resources deals with models of recycling and pollution control. This strand of the
literature looks into the interaction of stocks and flows of natural resources
including those of recyclable resources. These paths are based on the
interdependency between extraction of the resource and the reduction of the
stock of recyclable waste (Conrad, 2009).

Helmersson Dengue Transmission Theory

In theory, dengue transmission involves complex direct and indirect

processes. For a dengue outbreak to occur in an uninfected area, local
transmission must occur first with locally infected humans. This happens only
after four necessary conditions are met: sufficient susceptible humans, abundant
vector (Aedes mosquito) population, introduction of dengue virus, and a
conducive environment that promotes the vector’s ability to transmit dengue
(Helmersson, 2018).
Conceptual Framework

Figure 2.1 shows the conceptual framework of the study. The predictor
variable is the proper waste management, while the criterion variable is the rate
of dengue cases of the residence in Barangay Malvar 7-A.

The first variable is the proper waste management of the students.

According to Oliva as cited by Villanueva (2013), all of the methods of waste
prevention and waste management require public participation, said that
education is an important component of solid waste management that should be
present to establish a good program for the community.

According to Baula as cited by Punongbayan (2014), awareness

accompanied by participation is the key for residents to be involved in the waste
management program of the barangay where effective and sustainable
implementation of the proper waste management practices could be achieved.

The second variable is the rate of dengue cases of the residence.

According to W.H.O, (World Health Organization) as cited by Karla and Sharma,
(2014), globally it was estimated that approximately 70-100 million people were
infected every year.

Predictor Variable Criterion Variable

Major Variable Major Variable

 Proper Waste  Rate of Dengue

Management Cases
Sub-Variables
Sub- Variable
 Recycling  Living Environment
 Discipline
Fig. 2.1
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Alvarez, Baguz, and Burog (2017), A Case Study about the Improper Waste
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Saari (2017), The Benefits of Efficient Waste Management for Organizations.

Retrieved on April 13, 2017. Retrieved at
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/26087/bachelor_Saari
_Annastina_2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

Sandham and Ellis (2014), Waste management behavior: a case study

of school children in Mpumalanga, South Africa. Retrieved on May 2014.
Retrieved at
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.824.34&rep=rep
1&type=pdf

Smith, Simon, and Barker (2012), Ross, Macdonald, and a Theory for the
Dynamics and Control of Mosquito-Transmitted Pathogens. Retrieved on
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https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.100
2588

Tran and Butenschoen (2013), Cost of dengue outbreaks: Literature review

and country case studies. Retrieved on November 2013. Retrieved at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258334608_Cost_of_dengue_ou
tbreaks_Literature_review_and_country_case_studies

University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (2011), Climate Change

and Vector-Borne Disease. Retrieved on N/d. Retrieved at
https://scied.ucar.edu/longcontent/climate-change-and-vector-borne-
disease

Waste Management Resources (2019), Retrieved on N/d. Retrieved at

http://www.wrfound.org.uk/

World Health Organization (2012), Global strategy for dengue prevention and
Control. Retrieved on N/d. Retrieved at
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/75303/9789241504034_e
ng.pdf
World Health Organization (2010), Working to overcome the global impact of
neglected tropical diseases: first WHO report on neglected tropical
diseases. Retrieved on N/d. Retrieved on
https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44440/9789241564090_e
ng.pdf

World Health Organization (2019), Neglected tropical diseases.

Retrieved on N/d. Retrieved at
http://www.searo.who.int/entity/vector_borne_tropical_diseases/data/data_
factsheet/en/

World Health Organization (2019), Dengue and severe dengue.

Retrieved on April 15, 2019. Retrieved at https://www.who.int/news-
room/fact-sheets/detail/dengue-and-severe-dengue

World Health Organization (2019), Better environmental management

for control of dengue. Retrieved on N/d. Retrieved at
https://www.who.int/heli/risks/vectors/denguecontrol/en/?fbclid=IwAR0x8b
dzHkIJxbz6kP4--_m3X4kaZERWs65pOVJvy0pesgbHChZ7KiJ2Pe4

Zagozewski and Nilson (2011), Perspectives on Past and Present Waste

Disposal Practices: A Community-Based Participatory Research Project in
Three Saskatchewan First Nations Communities. Retrieved on April 2011.
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https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51127518_Perspectives_on_Pas
t_and_Present_Waste_Disposal_Practices_A_Community
Based_Participatory_Research_Project_in_Three_Saskatchewan_First_N
ations_Communities
 CHAPTER 3

Methodology

This chapter provides the overall research methodology and present the
explanation about the procedures which are taken in this study in order to find out
the answer to the research questions. This study also includes research design,
respondents of the study, population and sample, research instruments, survey
questionnaire, and data gathering procedures.

Research Design

The purpose of this research study seeks to explore whether there is a

correlation between proper waste management and the rate of dengue cases
among the residents in the Barangay Malvar 7-A using Non-experimental
Descriptive Correlational Design. Under the correlation study, researchers used
explanatory design since this study will just investigate the degree of association
between the two variables (Caswell, 2012). In a descriptive correlational study,
the data are observed without prior intervention to a subject. It only focuses on
observation and gathering of data.

Respondents

In this study, the target population is General Malvar St. Davao City, while
the accessible population is the residence Barangay Malvar 7-A.

In this quantitative research, the researchers will use the probability

sampling method for the selection of participants in this study in order to produce
an accurate data given.

In this study, a stratified sampling procedure was used for selecting the
participants of the study. This technique was employed to ensure a fairly equal
representation of the variables for the study. The stratification would base on
proper waste management and rate of dengue cases among the resident in
Barangay Malvar 7-A. Stratified sampling technique was employed to select a
specific number of respondents.

The target population of this study are the 10 residents in Barangay Malvar
who had experienced dengue. 10% of the total number is given on the records of
the barangay. The researchers would not be using the Slovin’s formula on this to
come up with a specific number of respondents since the number of the target
respondents have been given by the barangay.
Research Instruments

In the instrument, the requirements for the designing of good data

collection instruments were considered. According to Creswell (2012), there are
four major types of information in quantitative research these are; performance
measurement, attitude measurement, behavior measurement, and factual
information. In this study, the type of data will use is performance measurement
since the process of collecting or analyzing information regarding the
performance of an individual, group, organization, system or component.

In this study, the researchers utilized a researcher-made survey

questionnaires made up of statement which aim to evaluate the proper waste
management and its relationship to the rate of dengue cases of the residence in
Barangay Malvar 7-A, Davao City. The Proper Waste Management
Questionnaire contained two indicators namely: Recycling and Discipline.
Meanwhile, the Rate of Dengue Cases contained an indicator namely: Living
Environment. The purpose of the survey was to identify what proper waste
management can do to help lessen the rate of dengue cases of the residents.
The researcher will approach the 10 residents of Barangay Malvar 7-A to take the
survey. The questionnaire used was designed to gather information about the
resident's knowledge and behavior towards proper waste management and how
it inflects the rate of dengue cases in the barangay.

The questionnaire involved the utilization of the Likert scale to measure

the levels of each variable of the study. The respondents express their viewpoint
and indicate how many times they agree or disagree with the statements with the
following five response choices: 5- Strongly Agree (SA), 4- Agree (A), 3- Neutral
(N), 2- Disagree (D), 1- Strongly Disagree (SD).

The response of the respondents in all statement indicators of the

questionnaire was tallied and analyzed using scale, descriptive equivalent, and
interpretation below.
 Scale in the Descriptive Equivalent Interpretation
Questionnaire
The selected Proper
Waste Management
5 Strongly Agree variable is a predictor
statement and is all times
experienced by the
respondents.
The selected Proper
Waste Management
4 Agree variable is predictor
statement and is
oftentimes experienced
by the respondents.
The selected Proper
Waste Management
3 Neutral variable is predictor
statement and is
occasionally experienced
by the respondents.
The selected Proper
Waste Management
2 Disagree variable is predictor
statement and is not
often experienced by the
respondents.
The selected Proper
Waste Management
1 Strongly Disagree variable is a predictor
statement and is not at all
experienced by the
respondents.

The responses on each item statement were interpreted accordingly. The

range of Means stated below is the basis of responses in all time of each
indicator. This would provide a typical index of the item statements in the
questionnaire.
 Range of Means Descriptive Equivalent Interpretation
This indicates that the
indicators for Proper
4.50- 5.00 Very High Waste Management is
very high and manifested
about 9-10 of 10
occasions.
This indicates that the
indicators for Proper
3.50- 4.49 High Waste Management is
high and manifested
about 7-8 of 10
occasions.
This indicates that the
2.50- 3.49 Moderate indicators for Proper
Waste Management is
moderate.
This indicates that the
indicators for Proper
1.50- 2.49 Low Waste Management is
low and manifested about
3-4 of 10 occasions.
This indicates that the
indicators for Proper
1.00- 1.49 Very Low Waste Management is
very low and manifested
about 0-2 of 10
occasions.

Data Gathering Procedure

In order to support the data, survey questionnaires will be conducted to

gather information. The researchers conduct personal visits to the residents
Barangay Malvar 7-A to ask permission for conducting the survey. The
researchers also sought information from the internet, books, articles, and case
studies. The researchers also read different materials that are relevant to the
study being conducted.
Statistical Treatment

The researcher will employ the following statistical treatment. The

Percentage, Weighted Mean and T-test are the tools used to interpret data.

1. Percentage. This will employ to determine the frequency counts and

percentage distribution of personal related variables of the respondents
(Aramay, 2017).

Formula: %= F/N × 100

% is the percentage
F is the Frequency
N is the total number of respondents
100 a constant value

2. Weighted Mean. This will be used to determine the assessment of the

respondents with regard to their personal profiles (Aramay, 2017).

Formula: X= Fx / N

X is the weighted mean

F is the frequency
x is the weight of each item
N is the number of cases

3. Spearman’s correlation coefficient. The researchers used the Spearman’s

correlation coefficient to analyze the data. Spearman’s correlation
coefficient is a statistical measure of the strength of a monotonic
relationship between paired data. In a sample, it is denoted by and is by
design constrained as follows: - 1≤ Rs ≤ 1

And its interpretation is similar to that of Pearson’s the closer is to the

stronger the monotonic relationship. The calculation of Spearman’s
correlation coefficient and subsequent significance testing of it requires the
following data assumptions to hold: interval or ratio level or ordinal,
monotonically related (Lund Research, 2018).

4. Pearson-r. Likert Scale.

1. Proper Waste Management

2. Rate of Dengue Cases

Reference:

Aramay, R. (2017). Research and Methodology: Statistical Treatment.

Retrieved on N/d. Retrieved at
https://www.academia.edu/7729576/Chapter_3_RESEARCH_AND_METH
ODOLOGY

Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry & research design: Choosing among

Five approaches. Retrieved on January 2017. Retrieved at
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/qualitative-inquiry-and-research-
design/book246896#description

Hayyi, A. (2014). The Correlation between Explicit Grammatical Knowledge and

Writing Ability of EFL Students. Retrieved on July 2, 2014. Retrieved at
http://repository.upi.edu/7096/

Lund Research, (2018). Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation. Retrieved on N/d.

Retrieved at https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/spearmans-rank-
order-correlation-statistical-guide.php

Maheshwari, V. (2017). Sampling Techniques in Quantitative Research.

Retrieved on September 3, 2017. Retrieved at
http://www.vkmaheshwari.com/WP/?p=2455

Mertler, C. A. (2014). Action Research Improving Schools and Empowering

Educators. Retrieved on January 4, 2011. Retrieved at
https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/node/57305/print

Walliman, N. (2011). Your Research Project Designing and Planning Your Work.
Retrieved on May 16, 2011. Retrieved at https://us.sagepub.com/en-
us/nam/your-research-project/book234415
 CHAPTER 4

Results and Discussions

Shown in this chapter are the results of the study relative to the questions
posed in Chapter 1. Results are presented and examined under the following
sub-headings: Level of Recycling; Level of Discipline; Level of the Living
Environment of the residents in Barangay Malvar 7-A and Significant Relationship
Between Proper Waste Management and Rate of Dengue cases.

Level of Knowledge on Proper Waste Management in terms of Recycling

Table 4.1 shows the level of knowledge in recycling. The overall mean is
3.86 with a standard deviation of 0.28 (High).

Specific item question yields the following results: Residents’ put their
recyclable in the recycle bin has a mean of 3.40 and standard deviation of 1.43
(moderate); Residents’ separate recyclables and non- recyclables materials has
a mean of 4.20 and standard deviation of 1.17 (High); Residents’ isolate different
types of recyclables has a mean of 4.00 and a standard deviation of 1.00 (High);
Residents’ make use of the renewable materials has a mean of 3.80 and a
standard deviation of 1.08 (High); Residents’ identified what kind of waste their
going to segregate has a mean of 4.00 and a standard deviation of 0.77 (High);
Residents’ are more responsible in disposing the solid wastes has a mean of
3.90 and a standard deviation of 0.70 (High); Residents’ find recycling useful for
the development of our community has a mean of 4.00 and a standard deviation
of 0.63 (High); Residents’ throw the waste in their proper places has a mean of
3.70 and standard deviation of 1.19 (High); Residents’ make use the recyclables
materials as crafting materials has a mean of 3.40 and a standard deviation of
1.43 (moderate); Residents’ believe that one man’s waste is another man’s
treasure has a mean of 3.70 and a standard deviation of 1.10 (High). Item
questions numbers 2 up to 10 except 1 and 9 connote that the item questions are
high and manifested about 9 out of 10 occasions. Item question number 1 and 9
indicates that the question is moderate and manifested about 5 out of 10
occasions.

The item question number 2 got the highest mean of 4.20 which is
described as high. Results showed that the residents make use the recyclables
materials as crafting materials is a huge factor for them to keep maintaining
proper waste disposal as crafting materials. In line with the finding, Madu (2007)
as cited by Saari (2017), states that defines it as ‘a process of converting
materials that could have been treated as wastes into valuable resources.
Recycling is based on separating recyclable material from other produced waste
and then getting rid of the non-recyclable material and finding new purposes for
the recyclable material. Without recycling there would be greenhouse gases
everywhere. The Compactor Management Company (CMC) stated that these
greenhouse gases pollute the environment and attract insects, flies, and bugs.
When you recycle the waste instead of sending it to landfills, you are directly
reducing the pollution.

Table 4.1 Level of Knowledge on Proper Waste Management in terms of

Recycling
Item Statements Mean Descriptive
Equivalent
1. Residents put their recyclables in the recycle bin 3.40 Moderate
2. Residents separate recyclables and non- 4.20 High
recyclables materials
3. Residents isolate different types of recyclables 4.00 High
4. Residents make use of the renewable materials 3.80 High
5. Residents identified what kind of waste they are 4.00 High
going to segregate
6. Residents are responsible for disposing the solid 3.90 High
wastes
7. Residents find recycling useful for the 4.00 High
development of our community
8. Residents throw the waste in their proper places 3.70 High
9. Residents use the recyclables materials as 3.40 Moderate
crafting materials
10. Residents believe that one man’s waste is 3.70 High
another man’s treasure

Overall 3.86 High

On the other hand, item question number 1 and 9 got a moderate mean of
3.40 and with a moderate descriptive equivalent. This means that residents’
separate recyclables and non- recyclables materials is rarely practiced.
Interpretation

The highest level of awareness on the proper waste management is I

separate recyclable and non-recyclable materials with a mean of 4.20 and a
standard deviation of 1.17. The lowest level of awareness on the proper waste
management is that I put my recyclables to the recycle bin and I make use of the
recyclables as crafting materials with a mean of 3.40 and a standard deviation of
1.43. The overall total for the level of awareness on the proper waste
management is 3.86 and a standard deviation of 0.28 and interpreted s high,
therefore, it indicates that the indicators for Proper Waste Management are high
and manifested about 7-8 out of 10 occasions. In line with the finding, Citizen
Communications (2018) emphasized that most people know when to put out their
trash and curbside recycling. That’s a decent start. But when it comes to knowing
what their local haulers actually accept, more than 30 percent of people are
unsure. About the same number of people don’t feel confident about the reasons
to recycle or the benefits of recycling. That’s a large slice of folks who are readily
dissuaded from recycling, or likely sources of high contamination rates, all due to
lack of basic information. Further, where recycling knowledge really breaks down
is when it comes to understanding what happens to recyclables after they’re
tossed in the bin, and what products can be made from the items you recycle.
About 80 percent of people claim clueless in these areas.

Level of Residents’ Discipline in Waste Management

Table 4.2 shows the level of residents’ discipline in proper waste

management. The overall mean is 3.89 with a standard deviation of 0.24 (High).

Specific item questions yield the following results: Residents’ reinforce

proper discipline in the community has a mean of 3.80 and a standard deviation
of 1.08 (High); Residents observe proper waste management has a mean of 4.10
and a standard deviation of 1.14 (High); Residents’ collect the garbage until they
find somewhere they can safely discard has a mean of 3.70 and a standard
deviation of 1.19 (high); Residents’ are aware of the environmental impact of
improper waste disposal has a mean of 4.00 and a standard deviation of 0.77
(high); Residents’ encourage other people to clean their surroundings has a
mean of 4.00 and a standard deviation of 0.63 (high); Residents’ clean the place
every day has a mean of 3.60 and a standard deviation of 1.11 (High); Residents’
monitor their surroundings while cleaning has a mean of 4.00 and a standard
deviation of 0.77 (high); Residents’ participate in every general cleaning has a
mean of 3.60 and a standard deviation of 1.36 (High); Residents’ follow 3R’s rule
(reduce, reuse, recycle) has a mean of 4.10 and a standard deviation of 0.83
(High); Residents’ compost any biodegradable items has a mean of 4.00 and a
standard deviation of 1.18 (High). Items question number 1 to 10 entails that the
indicator for discipline is high and manifested about 9 out of 10 occasions.
 The table shows the Level of Awareness on the Proper Waste
Management in terms of discipline of the residence of Brgy. Malvar 7-A with the
mean, standard deviation, and interpretation.

Table 4.2 Level of Residents’ Discipline in Waste Management

Item Statements Mean Descriptive
Equivalent
1. Residents who reinforce proper discipline in the 3.80 High
community
2.Residents observe proper waste management 4.10 High

3. Residents’ collect the garbage until they find 3.70 High

somewhere they can safely discard
4. Residents’ are aware of the environmental impact 4.00 High
of improper waste disposal
5. Residents’ encourage other people to clean their 4.00 High
surroundings
6. Residents’ clean the place every day 3.60 High
7. Residents’ monitor their surroundings while 4.00 High
cleaning
8. Residents’ participate in every general cleaning 3.60 High
9. Residents’ follow 3R’s rule (reduce, reuse, 4.10 High
recycle)
10. Residents’ compost any biodegradable items 4.00 High

Overall 3.89 High

The item question number 1 to 10 got the highest mean which is described
as high. The item result shows the residents applied proper discipline in
managing waste.
Interpretation

The highest level of awareness on the proper waste management is I

follow 3R’s rule and I ensure that the place observed proper waste management
with a mean of 4.10 and a standard deviation of 1.14 and 0.83. the lowest level of
awareness on the proper waste management is I clean the place every day with
a mean of 3.60 and a standard deviation of 1.1. The overall total for the Level of
Awareness on the Proper Waste Management in terms of discipline is 3.89 and a
standard deviation of 0.24 as interpreted as high, therefore, it indicates that the
indicator for Proper Waste Management is high and manifested about 7-8 out of
10 occasions. Inline in the study of Oliva (2011) as cited by Villanueva (2013)
states that discipline is an important component of solid waste management that
should be present to establish a good program for the community. Awareness of
solid waste management will create change in how people look at garbage.The
item question number 1 to 10 except 3 to 5 got the moderate mean. The item
question 1 to 10 shows except 3 to 5 that the residents somehow applied
discipline is waste managing.

Generally, the Level of Knowledge in Proper Waste Management is high.

This implies that the respondents perform recycling with proper discipline. In the
study of Alvarez, Bagus, and Burog (2017), Without an effective and efficient
waste management program, the waste generated from various human activities,
both industrial and domestic, can result in health hazards and have a negative
impact on the environment. An effective and efficient waste management
program is a way for an area to have a clean and safe environment. Treatments
and disposal methods depends on the type of problem that any community has.
Residents of any responsible citizen of the community are able to conduct an
appropriate solution for the sake of their environment. Based on their research, it
is also said that various human activity can result in a negative impact that can
also cause health hazards to the residents. Proper discipline and awareness of
residents is needed. Nowadays, the main problem of everybody about solid
waste management is the lack of discipline of some people that causes growing
rate of garbage problems that also affect air pollution, water and soil
contamination, floods and excessive breeding of rodents and vermin

Level of Residents Knowledge in Living Environment

Table 4.3 shows the level of dengue cases in terms of the living
environment of the Brgy. Malvar 7-A. The overall mean is 3.83 with a standard
deviation of 0.18 (High).

Specific item questions yield the following results: Respondents' feel

comfortable every time they wake up in the morning has a mean of 4.40 and
standard deviation of 0.80 (high); Respondent is aware of the diseases that had
infected them or their family has a mean of 4.00 and standard deviation of 0.89
(High); Respondents' make sure that their house is clean and litter free has a
mean of 4.00 and standard deviation of 1.18 (High); Respondents' see mosquitos
hovering around and inside their house has a mean of 4.30 and standard
deviation of 1.19 (High); Respondents’ feel a sharp scratching after staying in one
place for too long has a mean of 4.10 and standard deviation of 0.83 (High);
Respondents make sure to check if there are waters inside the containers has a
mean of 3.90 and a standard deviation of 1.04 (High); Respondents' ensure that
there are no stagnant water in their house has a mean of 3.60 and a standard
deviation of 1.11 (High); Respondents' frequently use insect repellent spray to
avoid mosquito spreading has a mean of 3.30 and a standard deviation of 1.19
(moderate); Respondents' burned dry leaves outside my house has a mean of
3.10 and a standard deviation of 1.22 (moderate); Respondents' are aware of all
the dangers that mosquitos can lethally cause has a mean of 3.60 and a standard
deviation of 1.36 (High).

Table 4.3 Level of Residents Knowledge in Living Environment

Item Statements Mean Descriptive
Equivalent
1. Residents feel comfortable every time they wake 4.40 High
up in the morning.
2. Residents are aware of the diseases that had 4.00 High
infected them or their family.
3. Residents make sure that their house is clean and 4.00 High
litter-free.
4. Residents see mosquitos hovering around and 4.30 High
inside their house.
5. Residents feel a sharp scratching after staying in 4.10 High
one place for too long.
6. Residents make sure to check if there are waters 3.90 High
inside the containers.
7. Residents ensure that there are no stagnant water 3.60 High
in their house.
8. Residents frequently use insect repellent spray to 3.30 Moderate
avoid mosquito spreading.
9. Residents burned dry leaves outside their house. 3.10 Moderate
10. Residents are aware of all the dangers that 3.60 High
mosquitos can lethally cause.

Overall 3.83 High

 Item questions numbers 1 to 10 except 8 and 9 indicates that the item
questions are high and manifested about 8-9 out of 10 occasions. Item question
number 8 and 9 signifies that the question is moderate and manifested about 5
out of 10 occasions.

Interpretation

The table shows the level of dengue cases in terms of living environment
is I see mosquitos hovering around and inside my house with a mean of 4.30 and
a standard deviation of 1.19. The lowest level of awareness on the proper waste
management is I burned dry leaves outside my house with a mean of 3.10 and a
standard deviation of 1.22. The overall total for the level of dengue cases in terms
of living environment is 3.83 and a standard deviation of 0.18 and interpreted as
high, therefore, it indicates that the indicators for the level of dengue cases in
terms of living environment is high and manifested about 7-8 out of 10 occasions.
Inline in the study of Alvarez, Bagus, and Burog (2017) stated that without an
effective and efficient waste management program, the waste generated from
various human activities, both industrial and domestic, can result in health
hazards and have a negative impact on the environment. An effective and
efficient waste management program is a way for an area to have a clean and
safe environment. Treatments and disposal methods depends on the type of
problem that any community has.

Significant relationship between Proper Waste Management and Dengue

cases

The table shows the significant relationship between the Proper Waste
Management and Dengue Cases of the residence of Brgy. Malvar 7-A with the
degree of freedom, Pearson r (correlation), P-value and the decision.

VARIABLE MEAN R-value P- value Decision

Proper waste management 3.88 0.37 0.009 Reject

Dengue cases 3.83 0.37 0.009 Reject

Proper Waste Management has a mean of 3.88 and the r-value of 0.37.
While the Dengue cases have a mean of 3.83 and the r-value of 0.37. The
variables both have the same p-value which is 0.009. Therefore the null
hypothesis is rejected.
 CHAPTER 5

Summary, Conclusions, and Discussions

This chapter presents the summary of the findings, conclusions, and

recommendations based on the data analyzed in the previous chapter.

Summary

Summary based on the results of the study; the findings are summarized
as follows:

1. The overall total for the level of awareness on the proper waste
management is 3.86 and a standard deviation of 0.28 and interpreted s
high, therefore, it indicates that the indicators for Proper Waste
Management is high and manifested about 7-8 out of 10 occasions.

2. There are 10 dengue cases reported in the Brgy. Malvar 7-A. The
researchers did not get the overall population because the specific number
of respondents are given by the barangay officials.

3. The overall mean for Proper Waste Management is 3.88 and Dengue
cases is 3.83. The r-value is 0.037 and interpreted as weak positive
correlation and a p-value of 0.009, therefore, the decision is there is a
weak positive significant relationship between the Proper Waste
Management and Dengue cases of the residence of Brgy. Malvar 7-A.
Conclusion

Based on the summary of the study, the following conclusions are shown
below:

1. In General, the Level of Knowledge in Proper Waste Management is

high. This implies that the respondents perform recycling with proper
discipline.

2. The 10 dengue cases of this study are the 10 residents in Malvar 7-A
who reported in the barangay.

3. There is a relationship between the Proper Waste Management and

Rate of Dengue cases in Barangay Malvar 7-A.

Recommendation

In view of the findings of the study, the following recommendations are

offered by the researchers.

Barangay. The barangay would help mitigate their waste products throughout the
community. They will also inform them of hazards associated with improper
disposal of waste.

Administrators. The administrators should know what policies and regulations

they are going to implement in the Barangay Malvar 7-A when it comes to proper
waste management.

Future Researcher. The future researchers should furthermore investigate other

factors that can prevent dengue cases in their future studies as the basis for their
analysis and additional literature.
Reference:

Agrupis and Ylade (2019), Trends in dengue research in the Philippines:

A systematic review. Retrieved on April 25, 2019. Retrieved at
https://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0007
280&fbclid=IwAR0L5o3KhvWnoTDunP2cnZlK9PKYkjSBDaSfG6aVDCHtn
JVmS8Dn4hwTBBQ

Alvarez, Baguz, and Burog (2017), A Case Study about the Improper Waste
Disposal in Barangay Mojon Tampoy. Retrieved on May 2017. Retrieved
at
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331702185_A_Case_Study_abo
ut_the_Improper_Waste_Disposal_in_Barangay_Mojon_Tampoy

Saari (2017), The Benefits of Efficient Waste Management for Organizations.

Retrieved on April 13, 2017. Retrieved at
https://aaltodoc.aalto.fi/bitstream/handle/123456789/26087/bachelor_Saari
_Annastina_2017.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Proper Waste Management and Rate of Dengue Cases in the Residence of
Barangay Malvar 7-A, Davao City

_______________________________________________

A Research Paper Presented to

Mr. Eric Palmerola, a Practical Research Instructor
of Davao Doctors College Incorporated
Gen. Malvar St., Davao City
________________________________________________

In Partial Fulfillment of
The Requirements in Practical Research STEM
________________________________________________

Dulos, Rex
Gono, Leah
Gumama, Alinor
Morales, John Manuel
Raval, Niña
Rincal, Sheine

Researchers

October 2019