ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION

PROJECT

HARABAGIU IOANA
RADESCU SIMINA
441G
Requirement

Consider an emitting array of antennas of 3 dipoles that:

-are of length λ/2 (corresponding to a resonant frequency f0 of 100MHz);
-positioned parallel to the x axis, along the z axis, symmetric; ignore the ground effects;
-separated by a distance d=0.6* λ;
-feed with I 01 = 1, β 01 =45deg., I 02 = 2 A, β 02 =46deg. , I 03 = 3 A, β 03 =91 deg.

With the help of NEC software:

a) represent the current distribution on one dipole (i) and the voltage distribution; compare with
the case when for the same dipole the current is kept at the same magnitude and β = 0deg;
explain.

One can calculate the wavelength:

𝑐0 3∗108
λ= = 100∗ 106 = 3 m, so the length of the dipoles is:
𝑓
λ
l = 2 = 150 cm and the distance between them:
d = 0,6* λ = 180 cm
Our system looks like that:
The current distribution for one dipole when β = 45°:

The phase for one dipole when β = 45°:

The current distribution for one dipole when β = 0°:

The phase for one dipole when β = 0°:

Voltage distribution:

Explanation: the phase is changed so the distribution angle (the orientation in plan) is changed.
b) represent in polar coordinates (in the far field zone) the radiated field for one element in two
perpendicular planes; compare with the case when for the same dipole the current is kept at the
same magnitude and β 0i =0deg; explain.
 First dipole, for β = 45°:

- Vertical plane (elevation):

- Horizontal plane (azimuth)

For the first dipole, for β = 0°:
- Vertical plane (elevation)

- Horizontal plane (azimuth)

Explanation: When we change the angle, nothing is changed because the representation is
affected only by the magnitude of the current running through the wire.
c) represent the input impedance of one dipole in a bandwidth (0.9*f0, 1.1*f0); calculate
(analytically) and represent the voltage stand wave ratio. Compare with the case when for the
same dipole the current is kept at the same magnitude and β 0i =0deg; explain.

The input impedance for a half-wavelength dipole is expressed by the formula:

Zin  Rin  jX in , where:

Z0  1 1   l 
Rin  C  ln  kl   Ci  kl   sin  kl   Si  2kl   2Si  kl   cos(kl ) C  ln  k   Ci  2kl   2Ci  kl  
2  2 2   2 


   kd 2   
   i   i   i   
Z0
X in   i 
2 S kl  cos    i   i  
kl  2 S kl  S 2 kl   sin kl 2C kl  C 2kl  C
2 
   2l   

C = Euler’s constant 0.5772

The theoretical impedance of a half wave dipole antenna is Z = 73 + j*42.5 [Ω] .

Using a Matlab script, the results were the following:

lambda=3e8/100e6
d=lambda/2
h=dipole('Length',d)

figure(1)
impedance (h,0.9*100e6:1e6:1.1*100e6)

figure(2)
vswr(h,0.9*100e6:1e6:1.1*100e6)
Using NEC, the diagrams look like the following:
- Standing wave ratio:
- Impedance:
Using the formulas for the reflection coefficient and the formula for the voltage stand wave
ration one can find the variation in frequency of the second.
𝑍𝑖𝑛 − 𝑍0
Γ=
𝑍𝑖𝑛 + 𝑍0
1 + | Γ|
𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅 =
1 − | Γ|
Z0=377Ω
Zin=78.2994 +j45.0801 Ω (at 100 MHz) => VSWR=4.8868
Zin=58.599 -j116.78Ω (at 90 MHz) => VSWR=7.0648
Zin=104 +j204.2Ω (at 110 MHz) => VSWR=4.7540
d) determine analytically the array factor

Our system is formed by N=3 elements positioned along z axis, parallel to x axis.
In order to find the total field of the array, we have to multiply the field generated by one
antenna by the array factor. This factor can be computed using the following formula:

AF = ∑𝑁
𝑛=1 𝑒
𝑗(𝑛−1)𝛹
where Ψ = kdcosγ + β

We also know that we can write cosγ as follows:

cosγ = âx·âr = âx· (âxsinθcosφ+ âysinθsinφ+ âxcosθ)= sinθcosφ

Because the dipoles are positioned along z axis, parallel to x axis, the two angles ϕ and θ are 0°.
The phase of the current is the following :
Replacing all the known terms in the formula, we have: β 01 =45deg, β 02 =46deg, β 03 =91deg.
From the relation above it result that Ψ1=pi/4, Ψ2=0.255*pi, Ψ3=0.5055*pi

AF = ∑𝑁
𝑛=1 𝑒
𝑗(𝑛−1)Ψ

𝐴𝐹 = 𝑒 𝑗(1−1)Ψ1 + 𝑒 𝑗(2−1)Ψ2 + 𝑒 𝑗(3−1)Ψ3

𝐴𝐹 = 1 + 𝑒 −jΨ2 + 𝑒 −2𝑗Ψ3

𝑒 −𝑗∗0.255𝜋 = cos(0.255𝜋) − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(0.255𝜋) = 0.999 − 0.012j

𝑒 −𝑗∗1.011𝜋 = cos(1.011𝜋) − 𝑗𝑠𝑖𝑛(1.011𝜋) =0.998-0.049j

𝐴𝐹 = 2.997 − 0.061𝑗

|𝐴𝐹| = 2.998

e) determine and represent the directivity of the array and the gain; explain

We know that the directivity of an antenna is the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given
direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.

The radiation intensity in a certain direction is the power radiated from an antenna per unit solid
angle and it can be computed with the formula:
𝑍 𝑘𝐼 𝑙
U = r2 * Wrad= 20 ( 4𝜋0 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ

Where: - Wrad – the radiation density;

 - r – the distance.

Maximizing U, one obtains:

𝑍0 𝑘𝐼0 𝑙 2
𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ( )
2 4𝜋

The averaged radiation intensity can be computed by dividing the total power radiated by the
antenna by 4 π.
4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
D= 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑

The formula for radiation density is:

2
𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙
|𝐼0|2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 )
𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑍0 [ ]
8𝑟 2 𝜋 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

In our case, θ = 0° , so one can notice that Wrad goes to infinity, therefore, the radiation intensity
will no longer depend on the observation point.
The directivity can be also expressed in the following way:

𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 2 )
2[ ] |
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷0 =
𝑄
Where:
1
𝑄 = 𝐶 + 𝑙𝑛(𝑘𝑙) − 𝐶𝑖 (𝑘𝑙) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑙)[𝑆𝑖 (2𝑘𝑙) − 2𝑆𝑖 (𝑘𝑙)]
2
1 𝑘𝑙
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘𝑙) [𝐶 + 𝑙𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶𝑖 (2𝑘𝑙) − 2𝐶𝑖 (𝑘𝑙)]
2 2

The connection between gain and directivity is given by the relation:

G(θ,Φ)=e1D(θ,Φ)
Gain diagram:
f) determine the half-power beamwidth of one dipole and of the array; explain.

The half-power beamwidth is the angle between the two directions in which the radiation
intensity is one-half the maximum value of the beam. It can be measured on the main lobe as the
difference between the angles at which the maximum power decreases by 3dB.

In the case of one dipole, the maximum gain is 2.15 dB. Using markers, one can find that the
half-power beamwidth is approximately 50°, measuring around 0.91 dB, on both directions, 25°
and respectively -25°.

In the case of the array, the maximum gain is 7.15 dB. The half-power beamwidth is
approximately 35° , measuring around 3.68 dB on direction 80° and 4.25 dB on direction 115°.
g) Include in the simulation a perfect ground. Represent ON THE SAME graph the radiation
patterns of the array with and without ground (in any of the 2 planes); explain; other additional
tools may be required to plot on the same graph.
The diagrams without the ground are the following ones:

After adding a perfect ground, the diagrams look like the following ones:
Explanation: In the case of adding a perfect ground, the number of lobes increases and there will
be no radiation in the z plane, that is the reason why it appears only in the upper half of the
diagram.