POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST

Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

ANTENNAS and
PROPAGATION
PROJECT

Students Professor
DUȚAN Andrei BĂDESCU Alina
BRAGĂ Răducu

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

Project No. 11

Consider an emitting array of antennas of 3 dipoles that:

-are of length λ/2 (corresponding to a resonant frequency f0 of 1100MHz)

-positioned parallel to the y axis, along the z axis, symmetric; ignore the ground
effects

-separated by a distance d=0.75* λ

-feed with I01=11A, β01=45deg., I02=12A, β02=56 deg. , I03= 13A, β03=101 deg.

a) represent the current distribution on one dipole (i) and the voltage distribution;
compare with the case when for the same dipole the current is kept at the same
magnitude and β0i=0deg; explain
b) represent in polar coordinates (in the far field zone) the radiated field for one
element in two perpendicular planes; compare with the case when for the same
dipole the current is kept at the same magnitude and β 0i=0deg; explain
c) represent the input impedance of one dipole in a bandwidth (0.9*f0, 1.1*f0);
calculate (analytically) and represent the voltage stand wave ratio. Compare
with the case when for the same dipole the current is kept at the same
magnitude and β0i=0deg; explain
d) determine analytically the array factor
e) determine and represent the directivity of the array and the gain; explain
f) determine the half-power beamwidth of one dipole and of the array; explain
g) Include in the simultation a perfect ground. Represent ON THE SAME graph
the radiation patterns of the array with and without ground (in any of the 2
planes); explain; other additional tools may be required to plot on the same
graph.
h) Determine (analytically) the current amplitudes and phases of the dipoles such
as the maximum gain is in the direction (theta,phi)=(110 deg,330 deg). If 110
deg>90) =>110 deg-> 110deg-90deg) ); If 330 deg>360) =>330 deg-> 330
deg-360deg) ). If the problem does not have a solution suggest an additional
change(s) such as the system fulfils the required task

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

The system of 3 infinitesimal dipoles looks in the following way:

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

The wavelenght is equal to:

𝑐0 3∗108
λ= = = 0,28 m, leading to
𝑓 1100∗ 106

λ
l = = 140 cm –lenght of the dipoles and d = 0,75* λ = 20 cm – distance between them.
2

a) represent the current distribution on each dipole

0 deg:

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

45 deg:

If we want to analytically determine the current distribution we should use the

formula:

1 𝑙
𝑎̂𝑧 𝐼0 sin [𝑘 ( − 𝑧)] , 0 ≤ 𝑧 ≤
2 2
𝐼={ 1 𝑙
𝑎̂𝑧 𝐼0 sin [𝑘 ( + 𝑧)] , − ≤ 𝑧 ≤ 0
2 2

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

b) represent in polar coordinates (in the far field zone) the radiated field for one
element in two perpendicular planes

The radiated field for one element, a half-wavelength dipole is:

->Vertical Plane – in elevation

->Horizontal Plane – in azimuth

For β = 0 deg the representation in polar coordinates is the same

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

c) represent the input impedance of one dipole

For a half-wavelength dipole, the input impedance is given by the formula:

Zin  Rin  jX in

Z0  1 1   l 
Rin  C  ln  kl   Ci  kl   sin  kl   Si  2kl   2Si  kl   cos(kl ) C  ln  k   Ci  2kl   2Ci  kl  
2  2 2   2 

Z 
   kd 2   

X in  0 2Si  kl   cos  kl   2Si  kl   Si  2kl    sin  kl   2Ci  kl   Ci  2kl   Ci   
2 
   2l   

C = Euler’s constant 0.5772

k = wave factor 2*π / λ

0 deg:

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

45 deg:

We can observe the value of the input impedance is slighty different from the ideal one,
having small errors.

d) determine the array factor

Our project is based on a linear array of N = 3 elements positioned along the Z axis,
just like the figure below (figure for N such elements):
--

For far field observations, the array factor is:

AF = ∑𝑁
𝑛=1 𝑒
𝑗(𝑛−1)𝛹
where Ψ = kdcosγ + β. In our case N=3 and

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

After computations this leads to:

𝑁 3
sin[ (𝑘𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝛽)] sin[ (𝑘𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝛽)]
2 2
AF = 1 = 1
sin[ (𝑘𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝛽)] sin[ (𝑘𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜙 + 𝛽)]
2 2

The difference in phase of the feeding : β = 0°

And the angles are: ϕ = 90° and also θ = 90° because the dipoles are parallel to Y axis
and along Z axis.

Computing the limit of the AF using L’Hospital rule leaded to AF = 3.

Varying the angle θ, we obtain a certain pattern for the array factor.

Physically placing the elements along the Z, X, or Y axis does not change the
characteristics of the array. Numerically they yield identical patterns even though their
mathematical forms are different.

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

e) determine the radiation intensity and directivity

Radiation intensity in a given direction is defined as “the power radiated from an

antenna per unit solid angle.” The radiation intensity is a far-field parameter, and it can
be obtained by simply multiplying the radiation density by the square of the distance.
U = r2 * Wrad

Directivity of an antenna is defined as “the ratio of the radiation intensity in a

given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.
The average radiation intensity is equal to the total power radiated by the antenna
divided by 4π. If the direction is not specified, the direction of maximum radiation
intensity is implied.
4𝜋𝑈 4𝜋𝑈𝑚𝑎𝑥
D= . The maximum directivity is Dmax = .
𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑃𝑟𝑎𝑑

The average Poynting vector is:

𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙 2
|2
|𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
𝑊𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑍0 2 2 [ 2 2 ]
8𝑟 𝜋 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃

The directivity:

𝑘𝑙 𝑘𝑙 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 ( )
2[ 2 2 ] |
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐷0 =
𝑄

where

1
𝑄 = 𝐶 + 𝑙𝑛(𝑘𝑙) − 𝐶𝑖 (𝑘𝑙) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑘𝑙)[𝑆𝑖 (2𝑘𝑙) − 2𝑆𝑖 (𝑘𝑙)]
2
1 𝑘𝑙
+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑘𝑙) [𝐶 + 𝑙𝑛 ( ) + 𝐶𝑖 (2𝑘𝑙) − 2𝐶𝑖 (𝑘𝑙)]
2 2

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

Gain:

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

f) determine the half-power beamwidth

The Half-Power BeamWidth is the angle measured on the main lobe, as the
difference between the angles at which it’s maximum power decrease by 3dB, the
beamwidth at which the maximum gain decreases by 3 dB.

Using the markers, we can observe that the approximate value of the HPBW is equal
to 80° (almost 75°-78°). The maximum gain is 6.86 dB, so we use the directions at 3.86
and 3.86 dB.

2019
 POLITEHNICA UNIVERSITY of BUCHAREST
Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology

g) Perfect ground:

Free Space:

2019