CHARACTERISTICS

Definition: Rational Function

A rational function is a function 𝑓 that is a quotient of
two polynomials, that is,

𝑷(𝒙)
𝑹 𝒙 = ,
𝑸(𝒙)
Where P and Q are polynomials and
𝑸(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎.
 RATIONAL FUNCTIONS
There are real-world relationships that can be modeled by
rational functions. The following is an example.

We can represent the speed of a runner as a function of

the time it takes to run in the track.
Let x represent the amount of time it takes a runner to run
100 meters. Then the speed s can be represented as a
function of time x as follows:
100
s (x ) =
x
The cost to print Bluebooks is given by the function
C(x) = 100x + 30,000
where x is the number of Blue Books printed. This formula
allows the Bluebook Committee to calculate the total cost of
printing Bluebooks for any number or orders they receive. (A
minimum number of orders is needed.)
If x number of Bluebooks are printed, they must sell x number
of Bluebooks as well.
How much should they sell each Bluebook?
100x + 30000
R(x) =
x
Examples of RATIONAL FUNCTION
1 x2  1
f (x)  f (x) 
x x 1
x5
f (x)  f ( x )  7 x 2
x2
x 2  2x  15
f (x) 
x3

Not a rational function!!!

f (x) 
1
x-5
2x f (x) =
x+3
Domain of Rational
Functions
The domain of a rational function is the
set of all real numbers except those
values that make the denominator 0.
 FUNCTION DOMAIN

𝑥 𝑥 ≠ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 ≠ −2

𝑥+1 𝑥+1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 = 𝑥 𝑥 ≠ 5, −1
𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 5 (𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1)

NOTE: DO NOT SIMPLIFY when getting the domain

Graphs of
Rational
Functions
Vertical Asymptotes

1 x
f x   f x  
x x 1

x 1 x2 1
f x   f x  
 x  2  x  2   x  4  x  3
Vertical Asymptote 𝒙 = 𝒂
as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎
from the left

as 𝑥 approaches 𝑎
from the right
Determining the Vertical Asymptote
When
𝑝(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑞(𝑥)

is in SIMPLIFIED FORM , if 𝒂 is a zero of the denominator

then the line 𝑥 = 𝑎 is a vertical asymptote.
FUNCTION VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE(S)

𝑥 = 2 and 𝑥 = −4
2𝑥 − 11
=
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 4)

𝑥−2 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 5 and 𝑥 = − 5
=
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 5)
FUNCTION VERTICAL ASYMPTOTE(S)

𝑥+1
𝑓 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 5
𝑥+1
=
(𝑥 − 5)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥=5
1
=
𝑥−5

NOTE: SIMPLIFY when getting the V.A.

 REFLECTION
• Is it possible for a function to have multiple
vertical asymptotes?
• Is it possible for the graph of a rational
function to cross its vertical asymptote/s?
𝑥 2 −3𝑥−1
• Does the function K x = have a
𝑥 2 +81
vertical asymptote? Why or why not?
 Horizontal Asymptotes

Case 1: deg n < deg m

Vertical
Asymptotes

Table of
x 1
Signs
f x  
1 f x  
Graphing x  x  1 x  2 
Rational
Functions

x2 1
f x  
x3
Graphs of
Rational
Functions
Horizontal Asymptotes
Homework
Case 2: deg n = deg m
Domain
x 1 2x  1
f x   f x  
Vertical
2x 6x  2
Asymptotes
1
3

Table of
Signs

Graphing
Rational
Functions

4x 2
f x   2
x 2
Graphs of
Rational
Functions
Horizontal Asymptotes
Homework
Case 3: deg n > deg m
Domain
x2
f x  
Vertical
Asymptotes
x 1

Table of
x
f x  
Signs

Graphing 2
Rational
Functions

x3 1
f x   2
x 2
Horizontal Asymptote y= 𝒃
Determining a Horizontal Asymptote
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = = =
𝑞(𝑥) 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏

Relationship of Degree Horizontal Asymptote

𝒏<𝒎 𝒚=𝟎

𝒏=𝒎 𝒂
𝒚=
𝒃

𝒏 > 𝒎 𝒃𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆

FUNCTION HORIZONTAL ASYMPTOTE

7
𝑦=−
11
𝒏=𝒎 𝒂
𝒚=
𝒃

𝑦=0

𝒏<𝒎 𝒚=𝟎
 REFLECTION
• Is it possible for a function to have multiple
horizontal asymptotes?
Determining the Zeros ( x – intercepts)
The zeros of a rational function are the zeros of its numerator
in simplified form.

𝑝(𝑥)
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑞(𝑥)

The zeros of 𝑓 are the values of 𝑥 when 𝑝 𝑥 = 0

 Find the zeros of the following:
FUNCTION ZERO(S)
𝑥−3
𝑓 𝑥 = 3
𝑥−2

2𝑥 3
ℎ 𝑥 = 2 0
𝑥 +1

𝑥2 − 1
𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥+1

(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1) 1
=
𝑥+1

=𝑥−1
Characteristics of RF
 Domain (from the original function)
 Asymptotes
 Vertical Asymptote From the
 Horizontal Asymptote simplified
 Intercepts form
 𝒙-intercepts/Zeros

 𝒚-intercepts
Let’s practice
 Determine the characteristics of the
following rational functions.
Domain  Zeros/𝒙-intercept
VA  𝒚-intercept
HA

 Write your answer on your drill board

and raise it after 10-15 seconds.
 Ready?
Let’s Practice
Domain of
𝟏
𝒓 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐

Answer
𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟐
Let’s Practice
Vertical Asymptote of
𝟏
𝒓 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐

Answer
𝒙=𝟐
Let’s Practice
Horizontal Asymptote of
𝟏
𝒓 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐

Answer
𝒚=𝟎
Let’s Practice
𝒙-intercept(s) of
𝟏
𝒓 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐

Answer
𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
Let’s Practice
𝒚-intercept of
𝟏
𝒓 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐

Answer
𝟏
−
𝟐
Let’s Practice
Domain of
𝟒𝒙
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟒

Answer
𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ ±𝟐
Let’s Practice
Vertical Asymptote of
𝟒𝒙
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟒

Answer
𝒙 = 𝟐, 𝒙 = −𝟐
Let’s Practice
Horizontal Asymptote of
𝟒𝒙
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟒

Answer
𝒚=𝟎
Let’s Practice
𝒙-intercept(s) of
𝟒𝒙
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟒

Answer
𝟎
Let’s Practice
𝒚-intercept of
𝟒𝒙
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 −𝟒

Answer
𝟎
Let’s Practice
Domain of
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒒 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

Answer
𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ ±𝟑
Let’s Practice
Vertical Asymptote of
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒒 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

Answer
𝒙 = 𝟑, 𝒙 = −𝟑
Let’s Practice
Horizontal Asymptote of
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒒 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

Answer
𝒚=𝟑
Let’s Practice
𝒙-intercept(s) of
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒒 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

Answer
𝟏
− ,𝟐
𝟑
Let’s Practice
𝒚-intercept of
𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟓𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒒 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 − 𝟗

Answer
𝟐
𝟗
Let’s Practice
Domain of
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔

Answer
𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟐, 𝒙 ≠ −𝟑
Let’s Practice
Vertical Asymptote of
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔

Answer
𝒙=𝟐
Let’s Practice
Horizontal Asymptote of
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔

Answer
𝒚=𝟏
Let’s Practice
𝒙-intercept(s) of
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔

Answer
𝟒
Let’s Practice
𝒚-intercept of
𝟐
𝒙 − 𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐
𝒔 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙−𝟔

Answer
𝟐
Let’s Practice
Domain of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙
𝒕 𝒙 =
𝟑−𝒙

Answer
𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟑
Let’s Practice
Vertical Asymptote of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙
𝒕 𝒙 =
𝟑−𝒙

Answer
𝒙=𝟑
Let’s Practice
Horizontal Asymptote of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙
𝒕 𝒙 =
𝟑−𝒙

Answer
𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
Let’s Practice
𝒙-intercept(s) of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙
𝒕 𝒙 =
𝟑−𝒙

Answer
𝟎, 𝟏
Let’s Practice
𝒚-intercept of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙
𝒕 𝒙 =
𝟑−𝒙

Answer
𝟎
Let’s Practice
Domain of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙−𝟔
𝒗 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟏

Answer
𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ −𝟏
Let’s Practice
Vertical Asymptote of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙−𝟔
𝒗 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟏

Answer
𝒙 = −𝟏
Let’s Practice
Horizontal Asymptote of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙−𝟔
𝒗 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟏

Answer
𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆
Let’s Practice
𝒙-intercept(s) of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙−𝟔
𝒗 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟏

Answer
−𝟐, 𝟑
Let’s Practice
𝒚-intercept of
𝟐
𝒙 −𝒙−𝟔
𝒗 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟏

Answer
−𝟔
GRAPHING
Recall
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙−𝟓
Given 𝒈 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙−𝟏𝟓
Determine the ff. characteristics.
 Domain
 VA
 HA
 𝒙-intercept(s)
 𝒚-intercept
Guidelines for Graphing
Rational Functions
Suppose 𝑟 is a rational function.

1. DOMAIN. Find the domain of 𝑟.

2. SIMPLIFY. Reduce 𝑟(𝑥) to lowest terms, if
applicable. Cancelled factors give rise
to holes in the graph.
3. INTERCEPTS. Find the 𝑥- intercepts by
equating the numerator of the reduced
fraction to zero. Find the 𝑦- intercept
through 𝑟 0 .
Guidelines for Graphing
Rational Functions
4. ASYMPTOTES+HOLES. Using the reduced
fraction, determine the location of any vertical
asymptote or holes in the graph, if they exist.
Note: Never cross VA
5. ASYMPTOTES. Using the reduced fraction, find
the horizontal asymptote, if one exists. Check
if the graph of 𝑟 intersects its horizontal
asymptote by equating 𝑟 with the value of H.A.
6. ToS. Use table of signs to determine the
behavior of the graph at each region.
In summary:
Graphing Rational Functions:

1. Determine the domain.

2. Plot the x and y -intercepts. From
simplified
3. Graph the VA and HA
form
4. Use a table of signs to determine where
the graph is located.
 𝑥+3
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−2

1. Determine the domain.

𝑥𝑥≠2

2. Plot the x and y

-intercepts.
x – int: −3

3
y- int: − 2 

3. Graph the VA and HA.

VA: 𝑥 = 2

HA: 𝑦 = 1
 𝑥+3
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥−2

NOTE: We take

the fraction’s

sign to know where
the graph lies.

𝑥+3 − 0 + +
𝑥−2 − − 0 +

+ −3 − 2 +
 𝑥−1
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2

1. Determine the domain.

𝑥 𝑥 ≠ −2

2. Plot the x and y

-intercepts.
x – int: 1

1 
y- int: − 2

3. Graph the VA and HA.

VA: 𝑥 = −2

HA: 𝑦 = 1
 𝑥−1
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+2




𝑥 −1 − − 0 +
𝑥+2 − 0 + +

+ −2 − 1 +
 3𝑥 − 6
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+3

1. Determine the domain.

𝑥 𝑥 ≠ −3

2. Plot the x and y

-intercepts.
x – int: 2

y - int: −2


3. Graph the VA and HA.

VA: 𝑥 = −3

HA: 𝑦 = 3
 3𝑥 − 6
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥+3

3𝑥 − 6 − − 0 +
𝑥+3 − 0 + +

+ −3 − 2 +
Let’s try this
Graph the ff.:

−2𝑥+1
1. 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥+4

𝑥−4
2. ℎ 𝑥 =
8−𝑥
 𝑥 2
+ 3𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4)
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = = =𝑥−1
𝑥+4 𝑥 + 4

1. Determine the domain.

𝑥 𝑥 ≠ −4

2. Plot the x and y

-intercepts.

x – int: 1 
y - int: −1

3. Graph the VA and HA. 

VA: 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
NOTE: x cannot be –Hole4 on
HA: 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒 ( – 4, ?) ( – 4, – 5) the
𝑥 − 1 = −4 − 1 = −5 graph
Determining if the graph has a hole.
When simplifying happens and factors are
cancelled out.

𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 4 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 4)
𝑓 𝑥 = = =𝑥−1
𝑥+4 𝑥+4

Domain: 𝑥 𝑥 ≠ −4
The function has a hole at (−4, −5).
NOTE: The x- coordinate/s of the hole/s is/are the
zero/s of the cancelled factor/s.
Using the simplified function, plug-in the x-coordinate/s
to determine the corresponding y-coordinate/s.
 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 1
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 = =
𝑥 −𝑥−2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 1

1. Determine the domain.

𝑥 𝑥 ≠ −1,2

2. Plot the x and y

-intercepts. 

x – int: 𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑒
y - int: 1

3. Graph the VA and HA.

NOTE: x cannot be 2
VA: 𝑥 = −1
( 2, ?) 1 = 1 = 1
HA: 𝑦 = 0 𝑥+1 2+1 3 1
2,
Hole on the graph at 3
 𝑥−2 𝑥−2 1
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 = =
𝑥 −𝑥−2 (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 + 1




𝑥+1 − +
0
−1
Let’s Try We graph this

𝒙𝟐 −𝟒𝒙−𝟓 𝒙−𝟓 𝒙+𝟏

Graph 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐
=
𝒙 −𝟐𝒙−𝟏𝟓 𝒙−𝟓 𝒙+𝟑
Determine the ff. characteristics.
 Domain: 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ −𝟑, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟓
𝟑
 VA: 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝑯𝑶𝑳𝑬: 𝟓,
𝟒
 HA: 𝒚=𝟏 𝒘𝒊𝒍𝒍 𝒏𝒐𝒕 𝒄𝒓𝒐𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝑨
 𝒙-intercept(s): −𝟏
 𝒚-intercept: 𝟏
𝟑
Exercises:
Graph the following:

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒
1. 𝒈 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟐

𝒙−𝟒
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏𝒙 − 𝟒
Try these…
𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙+𝟐
 𝒉 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟒
𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
 𝒋 𝒙 =
𝒙−𝟒 𝒙+𝟑
𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟓𝒙−𝟐
 𝒌 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟐 −𝟗
Recall
Graphing Rational Functions
1. Domain
2. Asymptotes
3. Intercepts
4. Table of Signs
Recall
𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏
Graph 𝒇 𝒙 =
𝒙𝟑 +𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙
CROSSING HA & OBLIQUE ASYMPTOTE
 2𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 + 3
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 =
3𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 6 (3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)

1. Determine the domain.

2
𝑥 𝑥 ≠ −3,
3
2. Plot the x and y
-intercepts.
3
𝑥 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡: −
2 

1
𝑦 − 𝑖𝑛𝑡: −
2
3. Graph the VA and HA.
2
VA: 𝑥 = −3, 𝑥 =
3

HA: 𝑦 = 0
 2𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 + 3
Graph 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 =
3𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 6 (3𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 3)




2𝑥 + 3 − − 0 + +
3𝑥 − 2 − − − 0 +
𝑥+3 − 0 + + +
3 − 2
− −3 + − +
2 3
Determining if the graph will cross it HA
2𝑥 + 3
𝑓 𝑥 = 2 HA: 𝑦 =0
3𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 6
Equate the value of the HA to the function.
2𝑥 + 3
0= 2
3𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 6
Solve for x.
0 = 2𝑥 + 3
3
− =𝑥
2
If the value obtained is a real number,
then the graph will cross the HA at that x value.
3
The graph will cross the HA at − , 0 .
2
 𝑥2 − 1
Graph 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 6
Exercises:
Graph the following:

𝑥2 − 4
1. 𝑔 𝑥 = 2
𝑥 − 4𝑥 − 5

(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 3)
2. ℎ 𝑥 =
(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 − 4)(𝑥 + 1)
True or False. Given the graph of Q, where Q is a
Rational Function and x = 0, x = 5, y = 0 are asymptotes.
1. The domain of Q is y
𝑥 𝑥 ∈ ℝ, 𝑥 ≠ −2,0,5

2. Q(0) = 1.
–3–2
3. The range of Q is the set of
x
real numbers. 1 5

4. ( x + 2 ) is a common factor of
the numerator and denominator of Q.

5. The degree of the numerator of Q is less than

the degree of the denominator of Q.
Try these
Graph the following:

4−𝑥
1. 𝑔 𝑥 =
𝑥+1

(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 1)
2. ℎ 𝑥 =
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 1)
Recall: Determining a Horizontal Asympt
𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 = = =
𝑞(𝑥) 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑏

Relationship of Degree Horizontal Asymptote

𝒎<𝒏 𝒚=𝟎

𝒎=𝒏 𝒂
𝒚=
𝒃

𝒎 > 𝒏 𝒃𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒏𝒍𝒚 𝒏𝒐𝒏𝒆

𝑶𝒃𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝑨𝒔𝒚𝒎𝒑𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒆
Oblique Asymptote
A slant (oblique) asymptote occurs
when the polynomial in the numerator is
a higher degree than the polynomial in
the denominator.
2
x
f x  
x 1
Oblique Asymptote
A slant (oblique) asymptote occurs
when the polynomial in the numerator is
a higher degree than the polynomial in
the denominator.
Finding the Oblique
Asymptote
1. Divide the numerator by the
denominator using either long
division or synthetic division.
2. The QUOTIENT (neglecting the
remainder) is the equation of the line
of the oblique asymptote.
Example
𝟐𝒙𝟐
Graph 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 0 + +
𝒙−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 − − 0 +

Domain: 𝒙 𝒙 ∈ ℝ, 𝒙 ≠ 𝟏 − 0 − 1 +

VA: 𝒙 = 𝟏
OA: 𝟏 𝟐 𝟎
𝟐
𝟎
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐
𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 + •
𝒙−𝟏
𝒙-intercept(s): 𝟎
𝒚-intercept: 𝟎
Try these
Find the oblique asymptote of the
following, then sketch its graph.

𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙−𝟒
1. 𝒈 𝒙 =
𝟑−𝒙
𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟔
2. 𝒉 𝒙 =
𝒙+𝟏
𝟑
𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙
𝟐
3. 𝒌 𝒙 =
𝟐𝒙+𝟏