THIRD YEAR

POWER YDRAULIC
EXERCISE

NAME:
Sec.:
B.N.:
1. A cylindrical container has a diameter of 0.5m and height of
1m. If it is to be filled with a liquid having a weight density of
2000N/m3, how many kg of this liquid must be added?

2. A liter of SAE 30 oil weights 8.70N. Calculate the oil’s

a. Weight density
b. Mass density
c. Specific gravity

3. For the fluid power automotive lift system of the figure below,
the hydraulic piston has a 250mm diameter. How much oil
pressure (kPa) is required to lift a 13,300N automobile?

4. In the hydraulic press shown in the figure, a force of 100N is

exerted on the small piston.
a. Determine the upward force on the large piston. The area of the
small piston is 50 cm2, and the area of the large piston is 500 cm2.
b. If the small piston moves 10cm, how far will the large piston
move? Assume the oil to be incompressible.
5. A 500 cm3 sample of oil is compressed in a cylinder until its
pressure is increased from 1atm to 50atm. If the bulk modulus
equals 1750MPa, find the percent change in volume of the oil.

6. An operator makes 20 complete cycles during a 15-sec interval

using the hand pump in the figure. Each complete cycle consists
of two pump strokes (intake and power). The pump has a 5.08 cm
diameter piston and the load cylinder has a 10.16cm diameter
piston. The average hand force is 88.9N during each power
stroke.
a. How much load can be lifted?
b. Through what distance will the load be moved during the 15sec
interval assuming no oil leakage? The pump piston has a 7.62cm
stroke.
c. What is the output power (Watt) assuming 90% efficiency?
7. For the pressure booster in the figure below, the following data
are given:
Inlet air pressure (P1) = 1MPa, Air Piston area (A1) = 0.02 m2
Oil Piston area (A2) = 0.001 m2, Load carrying capacity (F) =
300,000N
Find the required load piston area, A3.

8. Oil with specific gravity 0.9 enters a tee, as shown in figure,

with velocity v1=5m/s. the diameter at section 1 is 10cm, the
diameter at section 2 is 7cm, and the diameter at section 3 is 6cm.
If equal flow rates are to occur at sections 2 and 3, find v2, v3.

9. The power and the load carrying capacity of a hydraulic

cylinder (extension direction) are 10KW and20, 000N,
respectively. Find the piston velocity in units of m/s.

10. A hydraulic system is powered by a 5KW motor and operates

at 10Mpa. Assuming no losses, what is the flow rate through the
system in units of m3/s?
11. A hydraulic cylinder is to compress a car body down to bale
size in 8s. The operation requires a 3-m stroke and a 40-000N
force. If a 10 MPa pump has been selected, find
a-The required piston area (m2)
b-The necessary pump flow rate (m3/s)
c-The hydraulic power (kW) delivered by the cylinder

Hydraulic Pumps

12. What are the main parameters affecting the selection of a

particular type of pumps and explain in brief statements each
parameter.

13. A gear pump has a 75-mm outside diameter, a 50-mm inside

diameter, and a 25-mm width. If the volumetric efficiency is 90%
at rated pressure, what is the corresponding flow rate? The pump
speed is 100 rpm.

14. A pump having a displacement of 1.7cm3/rev is driven at 1500

rpm. If the pump has a volumetric efficiency of 87% and an overall
efficiency of 76%, calculate the pump delivery in lit/min, and the
power required to drive the pump when it is operating against a
pressure of 150 bars.

15. A vane pump has rotor diameter of 50-mm, a cam ring

diameter of 75mm, and a vane width 50-mm. If the eccentricity is
8mm, determine the volumetric displacement.

16. A gear pump delivers 15 l/min against a system pressure of

200 bars at a driven speed of 1430rpm. If the input power is 6.8
kW and the torque efficiency is 87%, calculate the pump
displacement in cm3/rev.
17. A hydraulic system requires 32 l/min of fluid at a pressure of
260 bars. The pump to be used is a manually-operated, variable
axial piston pump having a maximum displacement of 28cm 3/rev.
The pump is driven at 1430 rpm and has an overall efficiency of
85% and a volumetric efficiency of 90%. Calculate at what
percentage of maximum displacement, the pump has to be set?
What power is needed to drive the pump?

18. A hydraulic pump having a displacement of 8.8 ml/rev runs at

2880 rpm. If the volumetric and torque efficiencies are 0.93 and
0.91 respectively, determine the actual pump delivery and the
input power to the pump when it operates against a pressure of
350 bars.

19. A hydraulic circuit using 25 litres of fluid per minute is

supplied by a pump having a fixed displacement of 12.5cm3/rev
and is driven at 2880 rpm. The pump has volumetric and overall
efficiencies of 0.85 and 0.75 respectively. If the system pressure
is set to be 180 bars by the relief valve, calculate the quantity of
the fluid delivered by the pump, the power required to drive the
pump, and the heat generated owing to the excess flow passing
over the relief valve.

20. A hydraulic circuit consists of a fixed displacement gear

pump supplying hydraulic fluid to a cylinder which has a bore of
100 mm diameter, a rod of 56 mm diameter and a stroke of 400
mm. Pumps are available with displacement increasing in steps
of 1 ml/rev from 5 ml/rev; the volumetric and overall efficiencies
are 0.88 and 0.8 respectively. The pump is driven directly from an
electric motor with an on-load speed of 1430 rpm. Select a
suitable pump so that the cylinder reciprocates through a
complete cycle in 12 seconds.
 21. A pump having a displacement of 25 ml/rev is driven at 1440
rpm by a 10kW electric motor. If the pump’s overall and torque
efficiencies are 85% and 90% respectively. Determine the quantity
delivered by the pump and the maximum pressure the pump can
operate against without overloading the motor.

22. A pump driven at 1440 rpm having a displacement of 12.5

ml/rev and a volumetric efficiency of 87% is used to supply fluid
to a circuit with two cylinders. If the cylinder dimensions are 63
mm bore x 35 mm rod x 250 mm stroke, and 80 mm bore x 55 mm
rod x 150 mm stroke, find the minimum cycle time for both
cylinders to extend and retract fully.

23. A cylinder having a piston area 0.05m2 is connected to fixed

displacement pump through a Directional control valve which
used to control movement of cylinder. If the pump having a swept
volume of 7.5 cm3/rev which delivers 10 l/min is driven at 1450
rpm. If the pump needs driving torque=16N.m when it is operating
against a pressure of 120 bar. required:-
 Draw the Directional Control valve used to control cylinder
movement.
 Calculate:-
a) Overall efficiency.
b) Torque (Mechanical) efficiency.
c) Piston velocity.

24. A vane pump is to have a volumetric displacement of 115

cm3/rev. It has rotor diameter of 63.5mm, a cam ring diameter of
88.9mm, and a vane width 50.8mm. What must be the
eccentricity?
25. Find the offset angle for an axial piston pump that delivers
0.0019 m3/s at 3000 rpm. The pump has nine 15.9-mm diameter
pistons arranged on a 127-mm piston circle diameter

26. A pump has a displacement volume of 100 cm3. It delivers

0.0015 m3/s at 1000 rpm and 70 bars. If the prime mover input
torque is 120 N.m,
a. What is the overall efficiency of the pump?
b. What is the theoretical torque required to operate the pump?

27. In the following figure, a conveyor is driven by a hydraulic

motor D, and by using three pumps A, B, and C with
displacements 1.7, 3, and 6cm3/rev respectively. The motor
speed is 1500 rpm. If volumetric efficiency is 87% and torque
efficiency is 86%, calculate:
a) The flow delivery into the motor in different operation
cases (in lit/min).
b) The power required to drive the pump in different
operation cases if the pressure in the system is 150 bars.

b
a

A B C
28. A gear pump has a 82.6-mm outside diameter, a 57.2-mm
inside diameter, and a 25.4-mm width. If the actual pump flow at
1800 rpm and rated pressure is 0.00183 m3/s, what is the
volumetric efficiency?

29. Determine the overall efficiency of a pump driven by a 10-hp

prime mover if the pump delivers fluid at 40L/min at a pressure of
10MPa.

30. How much hydraulic power would a pump produce when

operating at 140 bars and delivering 0.001 m3/s of oil? What
power-rated electric motor would be selected to drive this pump if
its overall efficiency is 85%?

31. A pump has a displacement volume of 98.4 cm3. it delivers

0.00152 m3/s of oil at 1000 rpm and 70 bars. If the prime mover
input torque is 124.3 N.m,
a. What is the overall efficiency of the pump?
b. What is the theoretical torque required to operate the pump?

Actuator

32. A pump supplies oil at 0.0016 m3/s to a 40-mm diameter

double-acting hydraulic cylinder. If the load is 5000N (extending
and retracting) and the rod diameter is 20, find the:
a. Hydraulic pressure during the extending stroke
b. Piston velocity during the extending stroke
c. Cylinder kW power during the extending stroke
d. Hydraulic pressure during the retracting stroke e. Piston
velocity during the retracting stroke
f. Cylinder kW power during the retracting stroke
33. A hydraulic cylinder has a rod diameter equal to one-half the
piston diameter. Determine the difference in load-carry capacity
between extension and retraction if the pressure is constant

34. A pump having a theoretical delivery of 35 l/min and a

volumetric efficiency of 90% drives a cylinder having a bore of
110 mm, a rod diameter of 65 mm and a stroke of 700. Determine:
(a) The extension and retraction velocities of the cylinder.
(b) The time for one complete cycle.

35. A hydraulic motor has a 100-cm3 volumetric displacement. If

it has a pressure rating of 140 bars and receives oil from a 0.001-
m3/s theoretical flow rate-pump, find the motor
a. Speed
b. Theoretical Torque
c. Theoretical kW power

36. A hydraulic motor has an 82-cm3 volumetric displacement. If

it has a pressure rating of 70 bars and receives oil from a 0.0006-
m3/s theoretical flow rate-pump, find the motor:
a. Speed
b. Theoretical Torque
c. Theoretical kW power

37. A hydraulic motor has a displacement of 130 cm3 and

operates with a pressure of 105 bars and a speed of 2000 rpm. If
the actual flow rate consumed by the motor is 0.005 m3 /s and
the actual torque delivered by the motor is 200 N.m, find:
a. Volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiencies
b. kW power delivered by the motor
38. A hydraulic motor has a displacement of 164 cm3 and
operates with a pressure of 70 bars and a speed of 2000 rpm. If
the actual flow rate consumed by the motor is 0.006 m3 /s and
the actual torque delivered by the motor is 170 N.m, find
a. Volumetric, mechanical and overall efficiencies
b. kW power delivered by the motor

39. A hydrostatic transmission operating at 70 bars pressure has

the following characteristics:

Motor Pump
V D= ? VD=82 cm3
v = 92% v = 82%
m = 90% m = 88%
N = 400 rpm N = 500 rpm
Find:
• Displacement of the motor
• Pump input power
• Pump output flow rate
• Motor output power and torque.

40. A hydrostatic transmission operating at 105 bars pressure has

the following characteristics:
Motor Pump
VD= ? VD=100 cm3
v= 94% v = 85%
m= 92% m= 90%
N = 600 rpm N = 1000 rpm

• Find: - Displacement of the motor

• - Pump input power and pump output flow rate
• - Motor output power and torque.
41. A lathe head stock is directly driven by a hydraulic motor. The
lathe is used to turn a bar with maximum diameter of 60 mm. the
maximum tangential force on the lathe tool is 2kN and the maximum
rotational speed of the head stock is 700 rpm. The maximum
pressure set by the relief valve is 235 bars and the total pressure
drop between the relief valve and the hydraulic motor is 10 bars, the
back pressure at the motor being 5 bars. The overall and volumetric
efficiencies of the motor are 0.85 and 0.9 respectively. Determine
a. The minimum displacement in cm3/rad.
b. The flow rate to the motor at max speed.
c. The max hydraulic input power to the motor.

42. A hydraulic motor with a displacement of 475 cm3/rev is used to

drive directly a conveyor drum having a diameter of 0.7 m. the
pressure drop over the motor is 140 bars and the actual flow into the
motor is 48 lit/min. The overall and torque efficiencies of the motor
are 0.9 and 0.94 respectively. Determine
a. The torque at the conveyor drum.
b. The power supplied to the conveyor drum.
c. The linear speed of the conveyor belt.

43. A rotating feed table with a mass of 50 kg and a radius of

gyration of 0.4 m is driven by a hydraulic motor. The table has to be
accelerated from rest to a max speed of 120 rpm in 0.5 sec. the max
pressure drop across the motor is 200 bars. The volumetric and
torque efficiencies of the motor are 0.96 and 0.95 respectively.
Determine
a. A suitable displacement of the motor.
b. The actual pump delivery required to drive the motor at max
speed if the pump efficiencies are the same as the motor.
44. A hydraulic motor is required to develop a torque of 100 Nm at a
maximum speed of 600 rpm. The maximum pressure drop across the
motor is to be 150 bars. The torque and volumetric efficiencies are
both 0.9. Determine a suitable motor displacement and the flow
required to the motor.

45. A displacement type cylinder has a rod of 65 mm diameter and is

powered by a hand pump with a displacement of 5 ml per double
stroke. The maximum operating pressure of the system is to be
limited to 350 bars.
a. Draw a suitable circuit diagram showing the cylinder,
pump and any additional valves required.
b. Calculate the number of double pumping strokes
needed to extend the cylinder rod by 50 mm.
c. Calculate the maximum load which could be raised
using this system.
Load 100.00 kg

Displacement Cylinder

Shut-off valve

Manual Hydraulic Pump

46. A mass of 2000 kg is to be accelerated horizontally up to a
velocity of 1 m/s from rest over a distance of 50 mm. The coefficient
of friction between the load and the guides is 0.15. Calculate the bore
of the cylinder required to accelerate this load if the maximum
allowable pressure at the full bore is 100 bars. (Take seal friction to
be equivalent to a pressure drop of 5 bars. Assume the back pressure
at the annulus end of the cylinder is zero)
100 bar
  0.15
2000 kg

47. In the following figure shows a lifting device. A differential

cylinder with the area ratio (Ratio between the area of the piston
head and the annulus area) of 2:1 is to lift 40kN 500 mm in 5 sec.
The maximum system pressure for the pump is to be 160 bars.
Calculate the piston diameter dP and find the piston rod diameter.
Determine the advance and return speeds for the piston and the
pump delivery. The mechanical, hydraulic efficiency of the cylinder
amounts to ηmh= 0.95. Pipe loss amounts to 5 bars, pressure drop
in the directional control valve 3 bars and back pressure from the
return movement 6 bar.
2:1

P
48. The hydraulic circuit in the following figure is used in a simple
hydraulic press. The pressing operation has to exert a force of 15
tonnes with a stroke 1 m. The load is pivoted and guided with front
flange mounting method of cylinder. Determine the pump delivery
if the required piston speed is 7 m/min.

Control Valves

49. The table below defines certain types of valves. It is required to

explain an application of each valve type. Give neat sketches to
explain your answers.
a- unloading relief valve c- over-centre valve
(brake valve)
b- Reducing valve d- pressure compensated
control valve
50. Define the function and the disadvantage of the circuit shown in
the following figure. Propose another circuit to avoid the
encountered disadvantage.
W

SOL1 SOL2

50. In the figure , a hydraulic cylinder actuates a 100kN press. The

weight (W) of the die and its attachments is 5kN. Consider cylinder
bore and rod diameters are 80 mm and 60mm respectively.
Determine the pump pressure which is needed to achieve the
pressing force.

W SOL1 SOL2

51. What is the function of the circuit shown in the following

figure?

A B
52. Choose the most correct answer from the list shown:

a. What five characteristics does the valve below have?

Normally open, 4-way, 2 position, detent, hydraulically actuated

Normally open, two-way, three position, spring return, solenoid
actuated
Normally closed, two-way, two position, spring return, solenoid
actuated
Normally open, two-way, two position, spring return,
hydraulically actuated

b.Which valve center position would be best to use with a fixed

displacement pump?

A B C
All of the choices would work equally well

c.Which of the valve actuators indicates a larger valve?

A B
Both valves are the same size
Either valve could be larger

d.The pressure reducing valve shown below is

Normally open
Normally closed
Non-adjustable
Solenoid actuated
53) a-The pressure-compensated flow control valve:
a is a pressure control valve c is a directional-control valve
b maintains constant speed of d does not change the
a pressure
cylinder or a motor upstream the valve

b- Sketch the symbols of a pressure relief valve and a pressure-

reducing valve then list three differences between these two
types of valves:

Relief Valve Pressure-reducing valve

1-
2-
3-

c) The function of the counter-balance valve is to:

a Set the maximum pressure of the c Unload the pump
system
b Control the speed of the cylinder d Support the load

d) A pressure relief valve has a pressure setting of 140 bars.

Compute the kW power loss across this valve if it returns all the
flow back to the tank from a 0.0016- m3/s pump.
54. Discuss the function of a sequence valve, give an application
for using this valve, and draw a simple circuit to perform this
application.

55. In the shown figure, a cylinder having a bore of 50 mm with a

rod diameter of 32 mm is used to lift a vertical load of 3 tones. The
flow delivered by the pump is 8 lit/min, the relief valve setting is
180 bars and the meter-out flow control valve is set at 4 lit/min.
determine:

 The extend speed,

 The pressure reading at gauge P1 when the cylinder is extending
at steady speed,
 The pressure registered on gauge P1 if the cylinder is extended
under no-load condition (load removed),
 The setting of the retract flow control valve if the retract speed is
the same as the extend speed.
P1

3 tonnes

SOL1 SOL2
56. An unloading valve is used to unload the pump in prob. (55). If the
pump discharge pressure during unloading equals 2 bars, how much
hydraulic kW power is being wasted.

57. The system in the fig has a hydraulic cylinder with the suspended
load W. the cylinder piston and rod diameters are 50 mm and 25 mm
respectively. The pressure relief valve setting is 5000 kPa. Determine
the pressure p2 for a constant cylinder speed if
(a) W=8890 N.
(b) W=0 (load removed).

58. For the system in prob. (57) determine the cylinder speeds for
parts a and b if the flow control valve has a capacity coefficient of
0.72 Lpm/(kpa)1/2. The fluid is hydraulic oil with a specific gravity of
0.90.

59. For the double-pump system of the following fig. what should be
the pressure settings of the unloading valve and pressure relief valve
under the following conditions?
a. Sheet metal punching operation requires 2000 lb.
b. Hydraulic cylinder has a 1.5-in-diameter piston and a 0.5-in-
diameter rod.
c. During rapid extension of the cylinder, a frictional pressure loss of
100 psi occurs in the line from the high
–flow pump to the blank end of the cylinder. During the same time a
50-psi pressure loss occurs in the return line from the rod end of the
cylinder to the oil tank. Frictional pressure losses in these lines are
negligibly small during the punching operation.
d. Assume that the unloading valve and pressure relief valve
pressure settings (for their full pump flow requirements) should be
50% higher than the pressure required to overcome frictional
pressure losses and the cylinder punching load,

respectively.

60. When the directional control valve in the system of the given fig.
returns to its center position, the cylinder rod moves in a given
direction. Is this direction extension or retraction? During this
movement determine the force and the velocity. The piston and rod
diameters are 75mm and 25mm respectively. The pump flow rate is
8Lpm and the system pressure is 7MPa.
61. For the system shown (for the extension strokes of the cylinders),
what pump pressure is required if the cylinder loads are 22000N each
and cylinder 1 has a piston area of 65cm2?

62. Repeat prb. (61) for the retraction strokes of the cylinders (load
pull to the right). The piston and rod area of cylinder 2 equals 50 cm2
and 15 cm2, respectievely.
63. For the circuit shown in the figure , d =120 mm, D= 200, the
pump flow rate is 160 l/min and the set pressure of the relief valve
is 150 bar. Calculate the velocities and thrust forces in extension
and retraction of the cylinder rod. Determine the condition at which
the thrust in advance is double the thrust in retract

64. in the given figure, solenoid A is energized during the extend

stroke, but not during retract. How does this affect the function of
the circuit?

SOL1 SOL2
A

1 00.0 0 Bar
3 00 .0 0 Bar
65. The circuit shown in the following figure is used for a sheet
metal rolling application. Given that:
- Rolling sheet speed is 0.1 m/sec and the roller diameter is 20 cm.
- Sheet thickness before reduction is 5 mm. The coefficient of
friction between roller and sheet is 0.25
- The cylinder G dimensions are: 180 mm bore diameter and 110
mm rod diameter. The normal resisting force acting on cylinder G =
20kN
- The torque and overall efficiencies of both the pump and the
motor are 95% and 85% respectively.
- The hydraulic motor displacement is 100 cm3/rev
a- Explain how this circuit works.
b-Determine the setting values of the valves A, D and F.
c- Define the function of the valves D and F.
66.a) The cylinder shown in figure 1 which contains draughting
errors can’t be retracted. Using standard valves modify the circuit
so that the cylinder can be retracted by the manual directional
control valve. The extend function must, however, be unchanged.

6.b) What is special about the check valve in figure 12 and what is
its purpose?

Figure 1
Figure 1

58- For the circuit shown in Fig. , d =140 mm, D= 200, the pump flow rate is
160 l/min and the set pressure of the relief valve is 150 bar. Calculate the

velocities and thrust forces in extension and retraction of the cylinder rod.

57- Define the function of the circuit shown in Fig. Define also the function of symbol
A
1.
67. The circuit in Fig. is indented to hydraulically lock a loaded
cylinder in any position and to control the speed.
i) Comment on the suitability of the circuit and modify if necessary.
ii) Define the function of the check valve C
iii) Suggest a pressure setting for the relief valve if the load is 20
tones and the cylinder bore 200 mm diameter

68. Consider the valve shown in the shown figure, the ratio AA:Ax is
1:1.2. If the force exerted by the control spring is equivalent to 4
bars and the pilot pressure is 8 bars. When the flow is from A to B,
determine the PA to just open the valve. If the flow is from B to A,
determine the PB to just open the valve. Comment on your answer.