LITERATURE

Introduction to Literature Literary Standards

 A collection of recorded and unrecorded human 1. Artistry
experiences which attempt to mirror artistically  quality which appeals to our sense of beauty
what exist in real situations. (Chua, 20003) 2. Intellectual Beauty
 “Interpret the meanings of nature and life”-Henry  Literary pieces must stimulate our thoughts
Van Dyke 3. Suggestiveness
 give and evoke visions above and beyond the
 “Literature adds to reality,”-C.S Lewis
plane of ordinary life and experience
 literature/litteratura means “writing formed with
4. Spiritual Value
letters”  elevate the spirit by bringing out moral values
which make us better persons
Roles of Literature 5. Permanence
1. Transmitter of Values  endures and can be read again
2. Preserver of Ideals, Customs, and Traditions 6. Universality
3. Mirror of Culture  forever relevant
4. Agent of Change  appeals to on and all, anytime, anywhere because
5. Sources of Pleasure it deals with elemental feelings, fundamental
truths, and universal conditions.
7. Style
Aspects of Literature
 peculiar way in which a writer sees life, forms his
1. Craft ideas, and expresses them
 Technical skills with works
2. Fine Arts Classifications of Literature
 It aims to communicate a special vision or reality.
1. According to Form
3. Philosophical
 Oral
 it gives man the universal view of life and of
 Written
human nature
2. According to Appeal
4. Subject to Criticism
 According to Point of Time
 art of discriminating between the beauty and the
 Universal
faults of literary works based upon knowledge and
 Limited
taste.
 According to Point of Space
 International
Elements of Literature  National
1. Emotional Appeal  Local
 readers are moved or troubled 3. According to Genre
2. Intellectual Appeal  Prose
 readers are reminded with knowledge and  a type of literature based on the interplay
information of words and rhythm.
3. Humanistic Value  Poetry
 a person improves as he reaches a better outlook  A form of language that has no formal
in life metrical structure

Theories of Literature
1. Imitative
 follow the examples of other authors
2. Representative
 any literary work is a substitute for reality
3. Appreciative
 literature gives us a bigger view of life
4. Symbolic
 literature is scattered in other meanings
Origin and Growth of the Philippine Literature  Moro-moro
- morality play celebrating the victory of the
1. Pre-Spanish Christians against the Moros
 Origin in Oral Tradition
 Riddles 4. Philippine Revolution (1896)
- Canon in the Philippine Literature  Sampling of the strength of character and
- Handed down from mouth to mouth powerful writing from the revolutionists they
 Tanaga and Dalit opposed Spanish colonization
- Short forms of Poetry  Andres Bonifacio - Katapusang Hibik ng Pilipinas
- give moral and ethical lessons  Dr. Pio Valenzuela - Reason yet Again!
 Apolinario Mabini - The True Decalogue
2. Pre-Christian Tribes
 Folktales and Myth 5. American Period
- Sample stories from the Tinguian, Igorot,  English - medium of instruction
Subanun, Manadaya, and the Bukidnon  Dead Stars - first Philippine modern short story
indigeneous tribes of the Philippines published in Philippine Herald in 1925 by Paz
- 1900’s foreigners published to stud and compile Marquez Benitez
them  The Fence and Footnote to Youth - among Jose
- Tinguian Folktale (Abra) Garcia Villa’s collections
- The Widow’s Son  The Small Key - Paz Latorena won the 3rd prize in
- The Creation Myth Jose Garcia Villa’s Roll of Honor for the Best
- How the Moon and Stars Came to Be Stories of 1927
- The Children of Limokon
6. 21st Century Literature (2001-present)
3. Spanish Colonization (1565-1898)  Philippines and World Literature produced
 Text are satires aimed at the abuses of the friars  Carlos Palanca Awards for Literature - most
in the country prestigious national writing award in the
 Cry for reform in the church and in the state from Philippines
1872 to 1892  Essay
 Jose Rizal (Noli me Tangere; El Filibusterismo), - Cogito Ergo Sum by Quuena N. Lee-Chua (2001)
Graciano Lopez Jaena (Fray Botod), and Marcelo  Future Fiction
H. del Pilar (Dasalan at Tocsohan) - Bagong Developments sa PAgbuo ng Mito ng
 Luwa Lungsod by Ricardo Fernando, III (2003)
- witty quatrain recited by the loser of the bordon,  Poetry
the most popular game during belasyon or vigil - Five Fragments: a Confession by Lawrence
for the dead Lacambra Ypil (2006)
 Composo  Play
- ballas that sings the life of a folk hero or a - Time Waits by Debbie Ann Tan (2007)
significant incident in the community  Kabataan Essay
 Flores de Mayo - Gulayan Klasrum by Christopher S. Rosales
- devotional song-prayer held throughout the (2010)
month of May  Ilokano Short Story
 Pasyon - “Saddam” by Ariel S. Tabag (2011)
- recounts the sufferings of Christ chanted during  Hiligaynon Short Story
Holy Week - “Monyeka” by Alice Tan-Gonzales (2014)
 Pagdayaw  Hiligaynon Short Story
- an extensive ode praising the queen’s beauty - “Monyeka” by Alice Tan-Gonzales (2014)
and virtue
 Corrido
- long verse narratives on chivalric-heroic themes
Regional Literature Hiniraya Language
 Recorded or unrecorded literature part of the  “Iraya” which means “a high place where water
entire country comes from”
 Consists of distinctive linguistic, cultural, and  One of the many minor languages of the Malayo-
traditional characteristics common among the Polynesian group of languages.
people within the community.  The mother tongue of the region is “Kiniray-a”
 Western Visayas literature or Panayanon also called “Karay-a”, however it is better known
literature, as Hiniraya.
- includes written or orally transmitted in the
provinces which Panay island is divided: Iloilo, Hiligaynon VS Hinaraya
Capiz, Antique, and Aklan, it also include the  The Hiligaynon is a modern language that evolved
provinces of Guimaras and Negros Occidental from Kinaray-a(Deriada, 1997)
literature.  Hiniraya as being responsible for enriching the
Hiligaynon language.(Norado, 1989)
Origin and Development  Factors
 Literary forms were shared and passed from A. The difference in the usage of letter “L” in
generation to generation orally and were Hiligaynon and letter “R” in Hinaraya
published later on B. The increase in vocabulary through the use of
 Shorter Narratives several words for the same meaning
– myths and stories of local heroes
 Gnomic Verses Notable Writers
– short, didactic, general truth  FLAVIANO ZARAGOZA CANO
 Paktaton - hailed from Cabanatuan, Iloilo
– witty riddles mainly for entertainment - wrote in both Spanish and Hiligaynon
 Ritual Chants - his masterpiece, “De Mactan A Tirad” (From
– verses recited by a babaylan on an occasion like Mactan to Tirad), won the first Commonwealth
planting, harvesting or healing the sick. Literary Contest in Spanish in 1940
 Poetic Joust  AUGURIO M. ABETO
– verbal battle in rhyme - from Binalbagan, Negros Occidental
- unforgettable for his “Dalawidaw” and
Metrical Tales from Western Visayas “Tuburan”
 Haraya – it refers to the imagination, illusion or  Angel Magahum
vision. - first Hiligaynon novelist who wrote the first
 Maragtas – History of Panay from the first novel in Hiligaynon, “Benjamin”.
inhabitants and the Bornean immigrants, from  Other fellow Hiligaynon poets of note were:
which they descended, to the arrival of the - Delfin Gumban
Spaniards. - Serapion C. Torre
 Hinilawod – the longest and oldest epic of Panay  Magdalena Jalandoni
- first Hiligaynon writer to won the Republic
Hiligaynon Language Cultural Heritage Award in 1969 her famous
 “ilig” which means “to flow” works include “Ang Bantay Sang Patyo” (The
 occupation of the people living in the upper Graveyard Caretaker) and “Ang Dalaga Sa
region of Panay known as bamboo floaters Tienda” (the Young Woman in the Market)
 To float downstream (“ilawod”) from upstream  Ramon Muzones
(“iraya”) - a novelist whose literary ingenuity is illustrated
 Through misconception of the Spaniards, in his many unforgettable novels such as “Margo
Iligaynon (“manog-ilig sang kawayan”) sa Tubig”, “Tamblot”, “Dama de Noche” and
 Today, Hiligaynon is formally applied to dominant many more.
language - leading vernacular magazines, “Hiligaynon” and
“Yuhum”