HOT TAPPING

HOT TAPPING

POLICY
This Company has developed the following procedures t o p r o t e c t e m p l o y e e s
p e r f o r m i n g hot tap work.
The Company will ensure that the policies and procedures include:
• A site hazard analysis (JSA/JHA),
• A description of the sequence of events,
• Safety precautions to address the hazards, and
• An emergency response plan.
The Company must ensure that:
• Only competent/qualified workers are permitted to carry out a hot tap operation,
• The point in the pressure-containing barrier to be hot tapped is checked and strong
enough for the hot tap to be done safely,
• Adequate working space is available at the location of the hot tap,
• Exit routes are available and their locations known by workers involved in the work,
• Workers wear appropriate personal protective equipment when a hot tap is performed on
equipment containing hydrocarbons, combustible fluids, superheated steam, or any other
hazardous material,
• Material being supplied to the equipment being hot tapped can be shut off immediately in
an emergency,
• The hot tap machine and fittings are of adequate design and capability for the process,
conditions, pressure, and temperature,
• The pressure in the equipment being hot tapped is as low as practical during the hot tap
operation.
The Company will ensure, where reasonably practicable, that a hot tap is not undertaken if at
the proposed hot tap location:
• The equipment contains a harmful substance,
• The equipment is in hydrogen service, or
• The equipment contains an explosive mixture.

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 HOT TAPPING
CONTROL OF HAZARDOUS ENERGY
Hot Tap: A procedure used in the repair, maintenance, and service activities, which involves
welding on a piece of equipment (pipelines, vessels or tanks) under pressure, in order to install
connections or appurtenances. It is commonly used to replace or add sections of pipeline
without the interruption of service for air, gas, water, steam, and petrochemical distribution
systems. Use proper Lockout/Tagout procedures.

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Flammable substance lines: The connection, by welding, of branches to pipelines carrying
flammable substances shall be performed in accordance with Welding or Hot Tapping on
Equipment Containing Flammables, API Std. PSD No. 2201-1963, which is incorporated by
reference as specified in 1910.6.
Federal, state, and local regulations or laws may contain additional requirements that must be
taken into account when a hot tap program is developed at a specific facility.

PERSONNEL COMPETENCY AND QUALIFICATIONS

Hot tap machine operators and welders must be qualified in accordance with applicable codes
and specifications. They should be thoroughly familiar with the welding and hot tap equipment
and procedures to be used. Only skilled competent personnel should mount and assemble the
hot tapping machine. These skills may be achieved either through on-the-job training or by a
formal training program provided by the manufacturer of the hot tapping machine.

SITE SPECIFIC PLAN

Prior to conducting welding or hot tapping on piping or equipment in service, a site specific plan
should be prepared which includes:
• Connection design, location, and carrier thickness.
• Hot tap procedure.
• Detailed written welding procedure (qualified in accordance with the applicable code)
documenting heat input, as appropriate.
• Health, safety, fire protection, emergency response, and other appropriate procedures
and instructions, including owner and user requirements.
Establish what needs to be accomplished, how the associated work is to be done, and whether
hot tapping is appropriate.
An analysis should be performed to determine if alternates to hot tapping exist within reasonable
engineering bounds, and whether hot tapping is appropriate.

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 HOT TAPPING
If, after review, hot tapping is required, follow all safety and regulatory requirements.
• Do a review to determine whether fire hazards in the vicinity can be moved to a safe
place.
• Designate the competent person for each job.
• Make sure all precautions used for hot work are followed.
Always minimize the risk; hot work has the potential of personnel exposure or ignition hazards
which could lead to a fire or explosion. The consequences of each hazard should be carefully
weighed along with unexpected conditions that might occur.
Make sure the plan covers firefighting, personnel evacuation, and/or alternate methods to finish
the hot work without incident.
OSHA 1910.147 Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout) provides a specific exemption
for performing hot tapping, with several criteria that must be met.
• Continuity of service is essential;
• Shutdown of the system is impractical;
• Documented procedures are followed;
• Special equipment is used which will provide proven effective protection for employees.
When all four of these factors cannot be met, the hot tapping should not be done and the work
must be performed in conformance with the requirements of the OSHA Lockout/Tagout
regulation. There may be other regulatory requirements for work on equipment subject to other
regulations.
Refer to the Attachments at the end of this Chapter.
The final safety plan should be a written procedure specific to the hot tapping job to be done. If
the specific job is reviewed and existing procedures are found to conform to the project needs,
they can be used. If they do not address the specifics, a revised procedure should be written.
If several hot taps are to be done then each needs to have a separate procedure and
permit.
The decision to authorize hot tapping should include a review of the metals consistency and line
contents to ensure that hot tapping is appropriate.

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 HOT TAPPING
PROCEDURES
Before work begins, the following conditions must be in place:
• A competent person is committed to be present during the hot tapping.
• The area where the connection is to be made has been identified and physically marked.
• The metal thickness has been verified and any metal imperfections that might prevent a
proper weld have been completely evaluated and approved by a competent person. The
measurements must be recent enough to represent the current metal condition.
• A plan has been prepared to monitor and control process variables within their required
limits while hot tapping or welding is being performed.
• A contingency plan is in place.
• All necessary testing for flammable vapors, oxygen, and hazardous air contaminants has
been conducted.
• Potential safety and health hazards have been assessed and personnel protective
equipment (fire retardant clothing) is available for use as necessary.
• Appropriate hot work, hot tapping, and confined space entry if required, permits have
been obtained and approved.
• A dedicated fire watch has been established and equipped with a suitable fire extinguisher
or pressurized fire hose. This person must understand fire watch duties, be able to
communicate with the personnel working in the area and have been trained in the use of
the equipment.
• Signs and barriers have been provided when warranted to isolate the job site from
unauthorized personnel or the public.
• Procedures have been prepared and are in place to isolate the work area in the event of an
emergency.
• Personnel are trained and familiar with the hot tap or welding procedures and the use
and location of applicable equipment.
WELDING
• Select and use a welding procedure which is qualified for the specific application
as determined by a qualified person.
• Make sure that the welder is qualified for the specified procedure and appropriate code.
• Ensure that the fitting is positioned and supported before welding, so that
misalignment of the hot tapping machine will not occur.
• Always protect the weld area during cleaning, preparation, welding, and weld
inspection if blowing dirt, snow, or rain is present.
• Make sure that downstream pumps designed to be equipped with screens or
strainers have them in place in case of a lost coupon.

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 HOT TAPPING
INSPECTION
Make sure you visually inspect all attachment welds after welding and before attaching the
hot tap machine. Dye penetrant, ultrasonic, or magnetic particle inspection is also
recommended before the hot tapping machine is installed.
When these are interim tests conducted after the first weld pass, the weld area must be
thoroughly cleaned of any foreign material or residues before doing any more welding
passes. These procedures should not be relied upon to replace the need for hydrostatic or
pneumatic testing.
Remember; when reinforcing is specified, either the hot tap machine operator or the
owner of the in service equipment may want to pressure test the nozzle prior to installing
the reinforcing pad.
INSTALLATION
• The hot tap valve must be of adequate size and rating, be of the proper metal
consistency, and be a full opening valve. The hot tap valve should be tested for
seat leakage prior to installation.
• During installation, the valve should be centered on the nozzle flange or fixture.
• Run the boring bar through the valve opening to be sure the cutter does not jam or drag.
• Calculate the travel distance of the cutter to ensure that the tap can be completed
within the dimensional limits.
• Make sure that the cut will be stopped before the cutter or pilot drill touches the
opposite side of the tapped pipe or equipment.
• Make sure that the retrieved cut out coupon can be retracted far enough to
allow unimpeded closure of the tapping valve.
• Confirm that the bleed-off valve will hold pressure and is not plugged.
• Make sure that precautions have been established for safe bleed off and disposal
of material collected in the machine above the hot tap valve.
Test the weld and machine before cutting is started:
• Always check tightness of bolts, packing, packing nuts, and any bypass line to
avoid possible leakage.
• When the current temperature of the line or vessel will permit, conduct a hydrostatic
test of the welded attachment and hot tapping machine in accordance with the code.
The temperature of the metal should be considered to prevent brittle fracture.

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 HOT TAPPING
SAFETY RULES AND PROCEDURES
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
• Always protect against slip, trip, and fall hazards from cables, hoses, and lines;
• Personal protective equipment must be worn (head, foot, eye, respiratory, and
thermal protection in accordance with requirements for the work environment);
• Utilize Fall protection procedures and equipment when necessary;
• Make sure there is protection from electrical hazards associated with welding
machines or electric lighting (use of bonding, grounding, low voltage, or GFCI);
• Make sure there is protection against eye and face injuries caused by flying
particles, molten metal, liquid chemicals, acids, caustic liquids, or irritating chemical
gases or vapors.
THERMAL BURNS
• High temperature contact exposure can cause serious burns.
• Avoid contact by using good work practices and protective clothing. Injuries have
occurred due to sparks or hot metal falling into pockets, folds of rolled up sleeves,
pants- cuffs, or work boots. Frayed clothing is easily ignited. Wear fire resistant
clothing.
HEALTH HAZARDS
• Always wear the proper protective equipment and make sure there is good ventilation.
• Health hazards can occur during or shortly after exposure (e.g. irritation of the eyes
or respiratory system caused by inhalation exposure to fumes).
• Make sure you know what is in the area you are working in. Materials used or
stored in the area (hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, or ammonia) can create hazards.
• Welding can create health hazards. Arc flash can cause eye irritation or burns.
Fumes from zinc can cause metal fume fever. Working in a hot environment can
cause heat stress and oxygen deficiency.
• Make sure there is an effective hazard communication program that identifies
materials warranting special attention that may be associated with the specific work
and workplace activity.
• Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) should be available to aid in identifying materials in the
area and contained in the piping or equipment to be hot tapped or welded upon.
For welding fumes, risk relates to inhalation exposure. Emphasis on monitoring,
ventilation, and respiratory protection are key factors in risk reduction.
• A hearing conservation program may be required depending on noise exposures.

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 HOT TAPPING
FUMES
Toxic fumes can be generated during welding. Fumes from welding on metals containing
alloys of lead, zinc, cadmium, beryllium, and certain other metals are recognized hazards.
Paints, particularly those containing lead, can produce toxic fumes when heated or burned.
Toxicity is an independent property of the hazardous material. The risk involved depends on
the composition and quantity of fumes in conjunction with exposure. The composition of the
welding consumables, the coatings or paints, the process used, and the circumstances and
conditions will affect the level of toxicity.
CONTROL PROCEDURES
• Where electrode material concerns are identified, investigate whether an approved
acceptable material substitution is available.
• The area should be cleaned for coatings.
• Appropriate ventilation should be considered in all cases.
• Respiratory protection may be necessary if monitoring indicates a need.
• Always determine the level of exposure through measurement and/or analysis, or
applicable prior experience.
• Make sure to minimize skin contact and breathing of vapors or fumes through
engineering or administrative controls, or provide the appropriate personal protective
equipment.
• Always keep work areas clean and well ventilated, clean up spills promptly.
• Use soap and water or approved cleaner to remove materials that contact skin. Do
not use gasoline or similar solvents.
• Promptly remove and wash oil-soaked clothing, and do not use oil soaked
leather gloves, aprons, or other materials.

FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS, VAPORS, SOLIDS, AND DUSTS

The work area around the hot tap work site should be hydrocarbon vapor and gas free. Check
the area for any drums or other portable containers containing flammable or combustible
materials.
When hot tapping is done on a vessel or piece of equipment within a unit while other parts of the
same unit are in operation, the site specific plan must determine that no unconfined flammable
or combustible material will be present in the work area, and that no reasonable
probability exists of any such material entering the area while hot work is being done.

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 HOT TAPPING
Precautions may include, but are not limited to:
• Cover common drains;
• Make sure all sewer traps are full and functional, using a steady flow of water when
necessary; caution must be taken to ensure that hydrocarbon does not enter the work
area from sewers.
• Halt transfer operations in areas where tanks are receiving flammable liquids or gases;
• Continually monitor to ensure that the atmosphere is free of flammable material;
• Block off any relief valves in the area.
Remember; in areas where hot tapping and associated welding are approved, process
operators should be made aware of the work in process and must not release flammable liquids
or vapor until the hot work has stopped.
Hot work should not be permitted where adjacent equipment is being opened, disassembled,
steamed, ventilated, or flushed without considering how such actions might affect the hot work.
COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS
Combustible materials should be removed from the work area or protected from welding
sparks or slag. Noncombustible covers or wetting down should be utilized.
METAL CHEMISTRY
Burn through and cracking: Burn through will occur when the unmelted area beneath the
weld pool can no longer contain the pressure within the pipe or equipment. Weld cracking
results when fast weld cooling rates produce a hard, crack-susceptible weld
microstructure. Fast cooling rates can be caused by flowing contents inside the piping and
equipment that removes heat quickly.
Careful thought should be given to evaluating heat transfer during welding to determine
the heat input and related welding variables in order to prevent overheating and burn
through of the in- service piping or equipment.
Evaluate the expected cooling rate of the weld to determine the heat inputs required to
produce welds and heat affected zones, which are free of cracking.
Make sure an engineering evaluation is conducted before in-service welding is
performed on materials that contain laminations or other imperfections. Vessels or lines
to be welded and hot tapped must also be inspected for adequate wall thickness and
absence of imperfections. To minimize the risk of burn through, the metal thickness
should be adequate for the pressure and temperature involved so that the hot tapping
machine, equipment, and personnel can be safely supported and operated.

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 HOT TAPPING
A determination must be made of the metal chemistry. The metal chemistry of the weld
materials, the hot tap fitting, and the welding rod electrode must be compatible with the
metal chemistry of the equipment to be welded or hot tapped. (E.g., a low-hydrogen
process and electrodes are often advisable to minimize weld-cracking problems.)
Special welding considerations may be needed for high tensile strength steels to avoid
weld cracking and the need for post weld heat treatment.
Burn through prevention: To avoid overheating and burn through, the welding procedure
specifications should be based on experience in performing welding operations on similar
piping or equipment, and/or be based on heat transfer analysis.
To minimize burn through, the first weld pass to equipment or piping less than ¼ in. (6.4
mm) thick should be made with a 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) or smaller diameter-welding electrode
to limit heat input. Subsequent passes should be made with a 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)
diameter electrode, or smaller if the metal thickness does not exceed 1/2 in. (12.7 mm).
The use of low heat input levels can increase the risk of cracking in high carbon
equivalent materials. For equipment and piping wall thicknesses greater than ½ in. (12.7
mm), where burn- through is not a primary concern, larger diameter electrodes may be
used.
Where burn-through is of concern, care should be taken by avoiding the use of
excessive welding current.
Using low hydrogen rods may be preferable to reduce the possibility of burn-through and
cracking when welding on high carbon-equivalency components.
FLOW IN LINES
For metal thickness less than ¼ in. (6.4 mm), some flow during hot tapping minimizes the
potential for several undesirable conditions. Overheating liquids, burn through caused by
elevated metal temperatures, and fluid thermal expansion in closed systems are less
likely when flow is maintained.
Higher flow increases the weld- c o o l i n g rate and the risk of cracking. When
welding, it is desirable to provide some minimum level of flow while avoiding high flow
rates. The need for a minimum level of flow is a trade-off between the need to minimize
the risks of burn-through and cracking.
References to use: Battelle Institute report Investigation and Prediction of Cooling Rates
During Pipeline Maintenance Welding and Battelle's Hot Tap Thermal Analysis Models or
Edison Welding Institute Project J6176.
For metal thickness between ¼ in. (6.4 mm) and ½ in. (12.7 mm), flow also increases the
weld-cooling rate and risk of cracking. Minimizing the flow rate reduces the risk of cracking
and keeps the risk of burn through low. For metal thickness greater than ½ in. (12.7 mm),
the effect of flow on both weld cooling rates and the risk of burn-through may be
negligible.

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 HOT TAPPING
When welding or hot tapping on a flare line, there may be insufficient or interrupted flow
that can result in a flammable mixture during the welding operation. In these
circumstances, it may be necessary to purge or flood the line with steam, inert gas, or
hydrocarbon gas to prevent the formation of flammable mixtures.
METAL THICKNESS
Piping or equipment base metal thickness must provide support for the new connection
and the hot tapping machine. Alternately, reinforcing pads or auxiliary support of the hot
tapping machine may be provided. The base metal must be free of laminations, hydrogen
attack, or stress corrosion cracking.
Imperfections that might prevent a sound weld from being made must be evaluated by a
qualified person or competent person with appropriate experience to conduct the
evaluation.
Minimum base thickness requirements must be stated in the written documentation for
the job. A minimum base metal thickness of 3/16 in. (4.8 mm) is recommended for most
applications of welding and hot tapping.
The actual minimum thickness is a function of the thickness required for strength, plus a
safety factor, usually 3/32 in. (2.4 mm), to prevent burn through. Exceptions to the
recommended thickness may be permitted when metallurgical requirements and pressure
(vacuum) limitations specified by a qualified company specialist are met.
FITTINGS
Make sure a qualified or competent person selects the proper fitting for the connection.
Fittings must be properly sized to accommodate the hot tapping machine, to allow for full
depth of cutter penetration within the travel limits of the machine, and to allow for
uninterrupted tapping valve closure when the cutter and cut out coupon are retrieved.

POST WELD HEAT TREATMENT

Some equipment and piping is unsuitable for welding in service, because the metal chemistry or
thickness of the metal and/or the contents require post weld heat treatment which normally
cannot be done while the equipment or piping is pressurized. In such cases, mechanically
attached fittings or taking the equipment out of service should be considered.
When post weld heat treatment is performed, the work should be reviewed to identify potential
ignition sources and provide the appropriate permits and procedures.

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 HOT TAPPING
METAL TEMPERATURE
The site specific plan should include considering whether heating the weld area before
welding is needed when the metal temperature is low enough (below the atmospheric dew
point) so that moisture forms on the metal surface.
Welding should not be performed on lines or equipment when atmospheric
temperature is colder than –50°F (–45°C) unless special precautions, such as providing
temporary shelter, space heaters, etc., are taken.
Preheating may be required by the welding procedure to avoid cracking whenever the
base metal has high carbon equivalency or high tensile strength.
CONNECTIONS
Welding or hot tapping should not be permitted closer than 18 in. (46 cm) to a
flange or threaded connection or approximately 3 in. (8 cm) to a welded seam (including a
longitudinal seam of welded piping) unless determined by an engineering review to be
acceptable.
Make sure that the hot tap location ensures that the connection is positioned to allow for
the installation, operation, and removal of the hot tapping machine.
Access and egress in case of a potential release or emergency should be established and
communicated to all workers and must address emergency response needs.
Remember; welding and hot tap connections, r epa i r s, and alterations must be
designed to the applicable codes.
The design must cover the specification of gaskets, valves, and
bolts.
Reinforcing pads or saddles must be included in the design when required by the
applicable code.
UNDER VACUUM
Hot tapping and hot work must not be performed on vessels under vacuum (less than
atmospheric pressure) unless a qualified person concurs after performing an engineering
evaluation.

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 HOT TAPPING
Potential concerns:
• Heat from welding might cause the wall of the vessel to buckle locally and deform
inward at the hot work location.
• Deformation or buckling could cause the vessel to rapidly collapse.
• If welding penetrates the vessel wall, the reduced pressure could draw in oxygen
and allow the contents of the vessel to react at potentially violent rates. (There may be
a high probability of introducing air, along with flame, when welding on vessels under
vacuum.)
Prior to approving welding or hot tapping on vessels under vacuum, an engineering
evaluation should determine:
• What temperature would be reached during the hot work
• What the LEL will be in the vessel at the calculated temperature (fuel lean is
preferred since inadvertent introduction of air caused by breakthrough could bring
portions of a fuel-rich mixture into the combustible range).
• What precautions are necessary to prevent burning through the vessel wall?
PIPING AND EQUIPMENT CONTENTS
Welding and hot tapping should not be performed on piping or equipment containing these
materials:
• Vapor/air or vapor/oxygen mixtures near or within their flammable explosive range. The
higher temperature from the heat of welding may cause a vapor mixture to enter the
flammable range with the welding or subsequent hot tapping providing a source of
ignition.
• Oxygen or oxygen enriched atmosphere. The oxygen may cause a vapor mixture to
enter the flammable range and may affect the base metal being welded.
• Compressed air systems, unless known to be free of flammables and combustibles such
as lubricating oil residues.
• Hydrogen, unless an appropriate engineering review has been performed by a qualified
person who approves welding on such equipment. Carbon and ferritic alloy steel is
susceptible to high-temperature hydrogen attack during process operations. A review
must be conducted to ensure that the equipment has been operated within the Nelson
curve for the particular steel involved.
• Temperature-sensitive, chemically reactive materials (E.g. peroxides, chlorine, or other
chemicals that might violently decompose or become hazardous from the heat of
welding).
• Caustics, amines, and acids (HF acid), if the concentrations and temperatures are such
that the original fabrication specifications require post weld heat treatment. These
services may cause cracking in the weld area or heat affected zone.

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 HOT TAPPING
• Certain unsaturated hydrocarbons (ethylene) may experience exothermic decomposition
due to high temperatures caused by welding; creating localized hot spots on piping or
equipment walls that could lead to failure.
• Where hot work is being clone on the outside surface of a vessel or piping precautions
should be in place to protect against overpressure due to thermal expansion of the
contents.

MACHINES
• Hot tapping machines may be powered by hand, air, hydraulic fluid, or electricity. These
machines must be able to retain and remove the blank or coupon.
• Make sure seals and materials of construction of the hot tapping machine are compatible
with the contents in the piping or vessel.
• Material of the drill or cutter must be suitable for effective penetration of the metal of the
piping or vessel being tapped.
• Make sure that hot tapping machines are designed and constructed to withstand the
temperatures, pressures, and mechanical stress which may be imposed during their
operation.
• Hot tap machines must be special equipment that will provide proven effective protection
for employees. This provision is in accordance with U.S. Federal OSHA requirements in
1910.147 Lockout/Tagout.
• Before hot tapping is attempted, the machine, cutter, and pilot bit should be carefully
inspected to ensure that they are in satisfactory condition and capable of being left in
service (if necessary) in the event of mechanical problems or hot tap valve leakage.
• All hot tapping machines have maximum and minimum working pressure, and high and
low temperature ratings.
• During hot tapping, careful thought must be given to the possibility of operational upsets
that may alter the process temperature or pressure.
• Always remember that the hot tapping machine may have to remain in place for an
extended period of time if removal of the machine is not successful.
REMEMBER
Knowledge, experience, and planning along with good procedures, competent
personnel with appropriate skills who perform their work in conformance to procedures,
and proper equipment are keys to safe and successful hot tapping.
Hot tapping should not be emergency work; when precautions cannot be established in
advance and accommodated, then the unit or equipment should be taken out of service or
shut down.

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 HOT TAPPING
TANKS OR VESSELS
Make sure that welding on the exterior of tanks or vessels in service is not conducted unless
controls are established, and in place, to prevent flammable vapors from reaching the area of
the welding. Work must be stopped immediately should any flammable vapors be detected in
the welding area.
Hazards associated with welding or hot tapping on tanks in operation include (but are not limited
to):
• Tank venting, with vapors reaching the work area where welding is taking place.
• Product within the tank rising and overflowing.
• Inadvertently allowing the liquid level within the tank to fall below the point of welding,
thereby losing the heat sink provided by the liquid, and exposing the vapor space within
the tank to an ignition source.
Make sure that welding is not conducted above the liquid level or on a vessel that is double
walled and/or which has an internal lining such as glass, polymeric or alloy cladding until
inspection and analysis are made by a qualified person to determine whether it is possible to
perform the work safely.
When welding and hot tapping is to be done on the outside surface of a vessel, and if the
area is otherwise safe for the use of an open flame, precautions should be taken:
• Make sure pressure within the vessel is maintained in a range determined to be
acceptable by a qualified person during the job analysis.
• Atmosphere within the vessel must be incapable of being ignited because it is too rich or
too lean or is non-combustible or non-reactive as determined during the job analysis and
reviews based on the chemical analysis or other reliable information.
• Make sure welding is not performed on metal contacting a vapor space without a heat
sink.
• Liquid level in the tank must be maintained at least 3 ft. (1 m) above the area where the
work is being performed when welding or hot tapping on atmospheric tanks in service
(because of the potential danger of creating an explosive atmosphere inside the tank
vapor space).
• Remember; to the extent possible, the tank should be static with no flow in or out.
• Make sure that measurements of atmospheric tank levels are verified by a hand tape
gauge to verify the accuracy of automatic or remote reading gauges.
• Always take adequate precautions to prevent burning through the tank or vessel wall
during welding associated with hot tapping.
• Make sure that when under a vacuum, the additional evaluations and precautions are
addressed.

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 HOT TAPPING
DECKS OF FLOATING ROOF TANKS
Welding must not be permitted on the decks of floating roof tanks in service. Floating roof tanks
are subject to unique flammability hazards in specific locations:
• Inside the pontoons.
• Between the deck and liquid surface near the tank roof gauge float compartment.
• Near the roof seal vent.
• Near the floating roof lift leg vent.
• Between the primary and secondary seal.
• Near the roof drain.
ABOVE OR BELOW GRADE
For hot tapping and welding work above or below grade, provisions must be made for an easily
accessible means of egress.
Tests must be conducted for oxygen, flammable vapors, and toxic air contaminants, and
permit(s) issued listing the requirements and approving the entry into the confined space and
hot work, to assure that the atmosphere in excavations and confined spaces is safe for entry
and hot work.
Make sure that the job analysis determines if regulatory Permit Required Confined Space
provisions (1910.146), training (1926.21) or ventilation (1926.353(b)) apply.
When oxygen deficiency, flammable vapors, or hazardous air contaminants are present, an air
mover or other positive means of ventilation must he provided.
Respiratory equipment may be required to provide protection from hazardous contaminants,
vapors, or fumes emitted as a result of welding.
Air monitoring may be required during work activity to assure that air quality remains within the
permitted safe work levels.

LINED PIPING, LINED EQUIPMENT, OR CASED LINES

Welding or hot tapping should not be permitted on in-service lines or equipment with cladding,
or with glass, lead, refractory, plastic or strip linings, unless specifically authorized by
specialized procedures or following an engineering evaluation.
When welding or hot tapping on underground lines that run through casings, care must be
taken to assure that the annular space is gas free and that the work is performed on the pipeline
and not on the casing.

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 HOT TAPPING
HOT TAPPING ON PIPING
Remember; hot tapping on piping may have specific regulatory
requirements.
Flow should be established in the line to carry heat away from the weld site and to
prevent buildup of hydrostatic pressure due to liquid expansion in static blocked-in piping.
Reviews of piping and consumable welding material should be included in the job analysis.
A review should determine potential thermal or personnel hazards associated with the
material contained in the piping. The need for knowledgeable review by qualified persons
increases as temperatures and pressures increase.

UPSTREAM OF EQUIPMENT AND VALVES

Always avoid hot tapping upstream of rotating equipment or automatic control valves, unless
such equipment is protected from the cuttings by filters or traps.

© Revision Date: Dec -14 IIPP 16

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 HOT TAPPING

Lockout/Tagout
Company:
This procedure establishes the minimum requirements for the lockout of
energy isolating devices whenever maintenance or servicing is done on
machines or equipment. It shall be used to ensure that the machine or
equipment is stopped, isolated from all potentially hazardous energy
Equipment: sources, and locked out before employees perform any servicing or
maintenance where the unexpected energization or start-up of the
machine or equipment or release of stored energy could cause injury.
1. Notify Employees: Notify all affected employees that servicing or maintenance is required on a
machine or equipment and that the machine or equipment must be shut down and locked out to
perform the servicing or maintenance. (Document name or job title of authorized and affected employees)
Authorized Employees Affected Employees

2. Prepare for Shutdown: The authorized 3. Equipment Shutdown: If the machine or equipment is
employee shall refer to the company operating, shut it down by the normal stopping
procedure to identify the type and procedure (depress the stop button, open switch, close
magnitude of the energy that the machine valve, etc.).
or equipment utilizes, shall understand the Type of Operating Controls:
hazards of the energy, and shall know the
methods to control the energy.
Location of Operating
Type(s) of Energy Magnitude

Mechanical Controls:
Potential

Electrical

Thermal

Chemical
4. Equipment Isolation: Set the energy isolating
device(s) so that the machine or equipment is 5. Lock out the energy isolating device(s)
isolated from the energy source(s). with individual locks
Type(s) of
Location(s) of energy
energy isolating
isolating device(s)
device(s)

© Revision Date: Dec -14 IIPP 17

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 HOT TAPPING

Lockout/Tagout
(page 2)
Company: Equipment:

6. Release Stored Energy: Stored or residual energy (such as that in capacitors, springs, elevated
machine members, hydraulic systems, etc.) must be dissipated or restrained by methods such
as grounding,
repositioning, blocking, bleeding down, etc.
Type(s) of Energy Method(s) to dissipate or restrain
Mechanical

Potential
Electrical
Thermal

Chemical
7. Verify Isolation: Ensure that the equipment is disconnected from the energy source(s) by first checking that
no personnel are exposed, then verify the isolation of the equipment by operating the push button or other
normal operating control(s) or by testing to make certain the equipment will not operate.

Method to verify isolation:

Caution: Return operating control(s) to neutral or "off" position after verifying the isolation of the equipment.

8 . The machine or equipment is now locked out.

© Revision Date: Dec -14 IIPP 18

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 HOT TAPPING
Restoring Equipment to Service
When the servicing or maintenance is completed and the machine or equipment is ready to
return to normal operating condition, the following steps shall be taken:
(1) Check the machine or equipment and the immediate area around the
machine to ensure that nonessential items have been removed and that
the machine or equipment components are operationally intact.
(2) Check the work area to ensure that all employees have been safely
positioned or removed from the area.
(3) Verify that the controls are in neutral.
(4) Remove the lockout devices and reenergize the machine or equipment.
Note: The removal of some forms of blocking may require reenergization of
the machine before safe removal.
Notify affected employees that the servicing or maintenance is completed and the
machine or equipment is ready for use.

© Revision Date: Dec -14 IIPP 19

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 HOT TAPPING

HOT TAP PERMIT

Contractor:
Subcontractor:
Project: Contract No.
Location:
Date of Hot Tap: Time:
Service being tapped: Line Number:
Line Type and Size Tap Size:
If the answer to any of the following questions is yes, the hot tap cannot be made!
YES NO
Is hot tap diameter greater than 50% of run pipe diameter?
If yes, a full encirclement pad or split tee is required.
Is stress relief required?
Is pressure greater than 700psi (4.83 MPa)?
Pressure Reading:
Is temperature less than 70°F (21°C) or greater than 600°F (315°C)?
Temperature Reading:
Is pipe or plate minimum thickness less than 3/16 of an inch (4.8 mm)?
Thickness Reading:
Is required flow rate in line specified in job plan?
Flow Rate:
Does hot tap area include existing weld seams?
Are there any obstructions that may interfere with tapping machine clearance?
Is tank or liquid vessel level less than 3 feet (915 mm) above tap location? Level:
Is hot tap upstream of rotating equipment without filters or traps?
Preparations Checklist Date Completed By (Print Name)

Careful consideration has determined hot tap is required.

Engineering design, with drawing approvals complete, is
prepared.
There are exceptions to the requirements; detailed in the
JSA (write N/A as appropriate)
Welding procedure is developed and signed.
Inspection has demonstrated the machine, cutter, and pilot
bit are in satisfactory condition.
JSA is detailed, complete, and signed.
Hot tap procedure is detailed, complete, and signed.
Inspection has determined the area/material to be hot
tapped is within the requirements
SIGNATURES Date
Construction Mgr.:
Construction Engineer:
Subcontractor:
Project Safety:
Client Representative:
Registered Professional Mechanical Engineer:

© Revision Date: Dec -14 IIPP 20

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 HIGHWAY & ROADWORK SAFETY PROGRAM

Job Safety Analysis

Project: Activity:

Contract:

Location:
# Job Steps Potential Hazards Safe Procedures/Controls
Pre-hot tap pipe inspections
(E.g. diameter, checking ovality,
actual wall thickness, evidence of
1 corrosion, soundness of any
longitudinal seam, carbon
equivalent etc.)

Preparation of pipe external

service for weld/joint
2

Exclusion of moisture during

operation (e.g. tent, preheat
3 etc.)

Fit up and alignment

© Revision Date: Dec -14 IIPP 21

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 Hot Tapping

5 Weld/joint cleanliness

6 Welding /jointing
operation

7 Tapping operation

8 Pressure Testing

9 Commissioning
/purging

10 Final inspections tests

11

12

Equipment to be Inspection Training requirements

used requirements

© Revision Date: Dec -14 IIPP 22

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