9990 Y18 SOW v3

Scheme of Work
Cambridge International AS & A Level

Psychology
9990
For examination from 2018
Contents
Contents ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Introduction........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3
General Introduction to AS Level Psychology ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Unit 1: The Biological Approach .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Unit 2: The Cognitive Approach .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
Unit 3: The Learning Approach ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Unit 4: The Social Approach ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
General Introduction to A Level Psychology ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 37
Unit 5: Psychology and Abnormality ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Unit 6: Psychology and Consumer Behaviour .................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Unit 7: Psychology and Health............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 84
Unit 8: Psychology and Organisations ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 99
Cambridge International AS & A Level Psychology 9990 – from 2018 Scheme of Work
Introduction
Overview
This scheme of work has been designed to support your teaching and lesson planning. Making full use of this scheme of work will help you to improve both your
teaching and your learners’ potential. It is important to have a scheme of work in place in order for you to guarantee that the syllabus is covered fully. You can
choose what approach to take and you know the nature of your institution and the levels of ability of your learners. What follows is just one possible approach you
could take.
Suggestions for independent study (I) and formative assessment (F) are also included. There is the potential for differentiation by resource, grouping, expected level
of outcome, and degree of teacher support throughout the scheme of work. Timings for activities and feedback are left to the judgement of the teacher, according to
the level of learners and size of the class. Length of time allocated to a task is another possible area for differentiation.
Key Concepts
This scheme of work is underpinned by the assumption that Psychology is a scientific discipline and, as such, is conducted using rigorous research methods. The
Key Concepts are highlighted as a separate item in the new syllabus and teachers should be aware that learners will be assessed on their direct knowledge and
understanding of the same. Learners should be able to describe and explain the Key Concepts as well as demonstrate their ability to apply them to novel situations
and evaluate them. Reference to the Key Concepts is made throughout the scheme of work using the key shown below:
Key Concept 1 (KC1) – Nature versus nurture

Key Concept 2 (KC2) – Ethics in psychological research
Key Concept 3 (KC3) – Choice of psychological methods
Key Concept 4 (KC4) – No one view of psychology is definitive
Key Concept 5 (KC5) – Relevance of psychology in contemporary society
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Guided learning hours

Guided learning hours give an indication of the amount of contact time teachers need to have with learners to deliver a particular course. Our syllabuses are
designed around 180 hours for Cambridge International AS Level, and 360 hours for Cambridge International A Level. The number of hours may vary depending on
local practice and your learners’ previous experience of the subject.
Suggested Suggested
Topic teaching time teaching time Notes
AS Level (%) A Level (%)
This unit outlines the basic key concepts and methods that inform the study of
General Introduction to
12 6 psychology as a scientific discipline. Learners will be introduced to the essential
Psychology
psychological terminology that they should use throughout the course.
This unit is concerned with the physiological approach that human experience
Unit 1: The Biological Approach 22 11
and behaviour originates from the biological organ – the brain.
This unit is concerned with the cognitive approach in which mental processes
Unit 2: The Cognitive Approach 22 11 constitute the origin of human experience and behaviour and that psychological
research should be based on rigorous scientific methods.
This unit is concerned with the developmental approach that our childhood
Unit 3: The Learning Approach 22 11
experiences have a significant impact upon our later experience and behaviour.
This unit is concerned with the social approach that human experience
Unit 4: The Social Approach 22 11 (cognitions and emotions) and behaviour stems from the people around us and
how their presence may or may not impact upon us.
Unit 5: Psychology and This unit is concerned with the psychology of abnormality. Learners will consider
Abnormality the definitions, symptoms, causes and treatments of a variety of disorders.
Choose two This unit is concerned with the psychology of consumer behaviour. Learners will
Unit 6: Psychology and
from the four consider consumer decision making; how aspects relating to the ‘product’ impact
Consumer Behaviour
specialist on behaviour and experience; and finally the effects of advertising.
n/a
options, each This unit is concerned with the psychology of health. The unit considers the
Unit 7: Psychology and Health are 25% of A relationship between patients and their medical providers and how we measure,
Level understand and treat different aspects of health and well-being.
Unit 8: Psychology and This unit is concerned with the psychology of organisations. This unit considers
Organisations the psychology of how to manage and motivating employees.
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Resources
The up-to-date resource list for this syllabus, including textbooks endorsed by Cambridge, is listed at www.cie.org.uk.
Endorsed textbooks have been written to be closely aligned to the syllabus they support, and have been through a detailed quality assurance process. As such,
all textbooks endorsed by Cambridge for this syllabus are the ideal resource to be used alongside this scheme of work as they cover each learning objective.
Teacher support
Teacher Support at https://teachers.cie.org.uk is a secure online resource bank and community forum for Cambridge teachers, where you can download
specimen and past question papers, mark schemes and other resources. We also offer online and face-to-face training; details of forthcoming training opportunities
are posted online. This scheme of work is available as PDF and an editable version in Microsoft Word format; both are available on Teacher Support.
If you are unable to use Microsoft Word you can download Open Office free of charge from www.openoffice.org
Websites
This scheme of work includes website links providing direct access to internet resources. Cambridge is not responsible for the accuracy or content of information
contained in these sites. The inclusion of a link to an external website should not be understood to be an endorsement of that website or the site's owners (or their
products/services).
The website pages referenced in this scheme of work were selected when the scheme of work was produced. Other aspects of the sites were not checked and
only the particular resources are recommended.
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How to get the most out of this scheme of work – integrating syllabus content, skills and teaching strategies
We have written this scheme of work for the Cambridge International AS & A Level Psychology 9990 syllabus and it provides some ideas and suggestions of how to
cover the content of the syllabus. We have designed the following features to help guide you through your course.
Learning objectives help your learners by making Suggested teaching activities give you lots of
it clear the knowledge they are trying to build. Pass ideas about how you can present learners with
these on to your learners by expressing them as new information without teacher talk or videos.
‘We are learning to / about…’. Try more active methods which get your learners
motivated and practising new skills.
Syllabus ref. and Key

Learning objectives Suggested teaching activities
Concepts
Extension
activities provide
your more able Baron-Cohen et al. Learners can identify Ask learners to read through their notes on reliability and then go through the expectations of the Paper 1
(eyes test) and illustrate two evaluation questions. Learners should plan/prepare a response to a sample Paper 1 question. (I)
learners with Independent
strengths and four
further challenge  Psychometric tests problems associated Evaluate the reliability of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test – Revised version. (10 marks) study (I) gives
beyond the basic  Reliability with psychometric tests. your learners
content of the  Application of Learners try a Paper 1 ‘evaluate’ question and/or a strength and weakness question: the opportunity
psychology to a) Discuss at least two strengths and two weaknesses of using controls in the Baron-Cohen study on to develop their
course.
everyday life Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test – Revised version. [8 marks]
Innovation and b) Evaluate the study by Baron-Cohen study on Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test – Revised version. own ideas and
 Snapshot and
independent longitudinal studies [10 marks] understanding
learning are the (F) with direct input
basis of these from you.
Extension activity:
activities. BBC News – cartoons to aid autistic children at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6241733.stm
Past and specimen papers
Past/specimen papers and mark schemes are available to download at https://teachers.cie.org.uk
Past Papers, Specimen Papers and Mark Schemes are Formative assessment (F) is on-going
available for you to download at: assessment which informs you about the
https://teachers.cie.org.uk progress of your learners. Don’t forget to leave
time to review what your learner has learnt, you
Using these resources with your learners allows you to check could try question and answer, tests, quizzes,
their progress and give them confidence and understanding. ‘mind maps’, or ‘concept maps’. These kinds of
activities can be found in the scheme of work.
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General Introduction to AS Level Psychology
Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
General Learners should gain Conduct initial learner assessment: what they know; what they expect; why they are studying psychology etc.
introduction an understanding of
what they already Use this opportunity to discuss learning styles and psychometric tests and ask them to complete the learning
know and what they styles inventory, available at: www.learning-styles-online.com/inventory
can expect to learn.
Extension activity:
Ask learners to carry out some research and prepare a presentation on a key characteristic that will be covered or
provide supplementary reading/study during the course (e.g. autism and Asperger’s syndrome (Baron-Cohen);
phobias (Saavedra and Silverman); the Case of Little Albert (Watson); Kitty Genovese (Piliavin); theories of
dreaming (Dement and Kleitman); Pavlov’s dogs; the developmental approach etc.).
KC3 Learners will be able Ask learners what they know about conducting experiments and ask them to list the essential elements or
 Experiments to describe, explain processes.
 Correlations and apply the main
 Hypotheses features of Ask learners to imagine the equivalent parts when conducting psychology experiments and introduce the concept
and aims experimentation, of a laboratory study.
 Variables hypotheses,
correlations and Write/display the word ‘hypothesis’ and explain the relationship between the hypothesis and aim of an experiment.
variables. Ask learners what associations/understanding they have of this key term. Introduce the concept of a null and
alternate hypothesis if needed or review learners’ existing understanding of this.
Ask learners to develop an appropriate null-hypothesis for an area of study of their choice, and ask them to share.
Explain the concepts and differences between a directional (one-tailed) hypothesis and a non-directional (two-
tailed) hypothesis. Generate some examples (see notes about correlations below) to display and ask learners to
identify whether each is directional or non-directional. Ask them to explain how they decided which were one-tailed
and which were two-tailed.
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
Ask learners to generate or provide learners with examples of data that demonstrate a positive correlation and
others a negative correlation.
Explain what is meant by an independent variable and a dependent variable.
Ask learners to identify the independent variable and the dependent variable in different examples of experiments
or scenarios.
Explain what is meant by the operationalisation of an independent variable and a dependent variable.
Introduce the concepts of a field experiment and a natural experiment. Using one of these, ask learners to create
their own hypothesis and null-hypothesis; explain (and justify) whether it is a one or a two-tailed hypothesis;
whether they are expecting a positive or a negative correlation and demonstrate effective operationalisation of the
variables.
Peer review each in turn.
Information on these aspects of research methods can be accessed at: www.simplypsychology.org/research-

methods.html
 Experiments Learners will be able Explain the concept/ask learners to look up the concept of validity and reliability. Ask learners for suggestions
 Experimental to describe, explain about how we can ensure validity and reliability in psychological research.
design and identify issues
 Controlling of affecting the validity Go through the importance of controlling variables to enhance the validity in turn and explaining the significance of
variables and reliability of extraneous, uncontrolled, participant and situational variables and how they can distort the validity of the findings.
experiments.
Display the term ‘standardisation’ and ask learners what this means and how it can be used to enhance the
validity and reliability of research. Refer back to correlations covered in the previous class and explain the
connection between the two.
Explain what is meant by ‘experimental conditions’ and generate an example of a study with two or three
conditions (or a real example). Use this to describe and explain the differences between experimental designs,
namely; independent measures, matched pairs and repeated measures respectively. Information about
experimental design is available at: www.holah.co.uk/page-detail.php?slug=experimental
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
Use the discussion to introduce the concepts of:

 counterbalancing
 random allocation
 order effects – both fatigue and practice.
Categorise the different types of validity covered so far into ‘internal’ and ‘external’ validity accordingly. Introduce
the concept of demand characteristics (with examples) and ask learners to consider whether this would be
classified as an internal or external validity issue.
Extension activity:
Ask each learner to generate a glossary of terms in their notes and test each other on meanings and definitions of
these key concepts and terminology covered so far.
Information on validity and reliability can be accessed at:

http://psc.dss.ucdavis.edu/sommerb/sommerdemo/intro/validity.htm
 Types of data Learners can describe, Ask learners what they know and understand of quantitative and qualitative data. They should generate examples
explain and evaluate of each and share these. They can then consider the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative and qualitative
quantitative and data and tabulate these in their notes.
qualitative data and
conduct some data Hand out some quantitative data, ask each group to calculate the mean, the median and the mode as a measure
analysis. of central tendency and then identify the range and explain how this measure of spread is connected to the
measures of central tendency. Assign each group to construct a bar chart, a histogram and a scatter graph
respectively and use the data and display accordingly. Explain what is meant by ‘normal distribution’ and ask
learners whether the data they have analysed represents a ‘normal distribution’. A good description explaining the
difference between a bar chart and a histogram can be found at:
www.stattrek.com/statistics/charts/histogram.aspx?Tutorial=AP
Display a table of results from a study of your choice to show the mean and standard deviation.
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
 Sampling of Learners will Hand out some scenarios which capture different types of sampling (including opportunity sampling, random
participants understand the sampling, and volunteer sampling) and ask learners to identify the differences and evaluate each type of sampling
different types of strategy in turn. Label each scenario with the appropriate sampling strategy.
sampling.
Ask learners to add the two terms, ‘generalisability’ and ‘representative’ in their glossary of terms and connect
back to the concept of validity.
Outline the connection between the sample and the population. Information about sampling can be accessed at:
www.simplypsychology.org/sampling.html
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Unit 1: The Biological Approach
Core Studies
 Canli T., Zhao Z., Brewer J., Gabrieli J.D.E., and Cahill L. (2002), Event-Related Activation in the Human Amygdala Associates with Later Memory for
Individual Emotional Experience. The Journal of Neuroscience, 20 RC99
 Dement W. and Kleitman N. (1957), The relation of eye movements during sleep to dream activity. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 53(5). pp. 339–
346
 Schachter S. and Singer J.E. (1962), Cognitive, social and physiological determinants of emotional state. Psychological Review. 69(5). pp. 379–399
Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
KC4 Learners can Learners consider the key question, ‘What directly determines the way we behave?’ and share ideas.
The Biological understand and
Approach explain the Direct learners to visit the interactive BBC website available at:
assumptions and key www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/organs/brainmap/index.shtml
characteristics of the and complete the worksheet available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15625.
biological approach
and identify different
parts and functions of
the brain.
KC3 and KC5 Learners can describe Ask learners to discuss three key questions:
Schachter and and explain the key  Why do we sometimes feel more emotional than at other times?
Singer (two factors theories concerning  What causes us to feel emotions?
in emotion) emotional responses  Do we feel different emotions in different parts of the body and why?
and can consider
various modalities to Go through the James-Lang and the Cannon-Bard theories of emotion and ask learners to create flow diagrams of
test theories of each in their notes. These can be accessed at: www.allpsych.com/psychology101/emotion.html or
emotion. www.psychology.about.com/od/psychologytopics/a/theories-of-emotion.htm
Extension activity:
Introduce the Schachter-Singer theory and ask learners to try and design an experiment (both laboratory and field)
to test out Schachter and Singer’s two-factor theory and share their ideas.
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
Schachter and Learners can describe Hand out the original study (or a summary) and go through the study, considering:
Singer (two factors and explain the aim,  the physiological arousal (conditions and controls)
in emotion) the method and the  the attribution of the emotional response (conditions and controls).
findings of the study.
A summary of the study can be downloaded from:
www.holah.karoo.net/schachterstudy.htm
Ask learners to predict the emotional responses of the four physiological conditions across the two environmental
conditions.
Share findings and check for understanding.
Compare against the other theories and try and justify the advantages of the Schachter and Singer theory and
share points.
Schachter and Learners can identify Revisit the key concept concerning laboratory studies and the strengths and weaknesses of lab studies for
Singer (two factors and explain major learners’ notes.
in emotion) strengths and
weaknesses of the Ask learners to prepare a mind-map of the Schachter and Singer study, identifying the strengths and weaknesses
study. of lab studies in the context of the study and any recommendations they would make in applying the study or
mitigating against any of the weaknesses they have identified.
Show/share a question on the study as follows: ‘Evaluate the Schachter and Singer study of emotions.’ (10 marks)
and explain the structure to answering the question effectively.
Ask learners to identify two examples of quantitative and qualitative data/findings as revision exercise and explain
how these findings contribute to the overall conclusion of the study.
(F/I) Learners can use the matching quizzes on the ‘holah’ website: www.holah.karoo.net/schachterstudy.htm
As a means of self-assessment.
(F) Sample examination questions on the study by Schachter and Singer can be modified and used as starter and
plenary activities or as individual assessments/assignments as required.
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe Ask learners to try and recall which area of the brain is associated with emotion from the previous activity and
Canli et al. (brain and explain how the what they remember about it in terms of function/location etc. Check previous knowledge, experience and
scans and emotion) different areas and understanding of how the brain might be measured and go through some prepared material on different types of
functions can be brain scans, available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15624
scanned and
measured. Consider the implications for different parts of the brain having different functions in terms of head injuries and
recovery/elasticity of the brain.
Hand out a copy of the original study, available at: www.jneurosci.org/content/20/19/RC99.full.pdf and ask learners
to work through the following questions as a revision activity from the research methods they covered previously:
a) What correlations were mentioned and were they positive or negative?
b) Describe the sample and how representative it was.
c) What controls were put in place and what did they control for?
d) Summarise the main results.
e) What is your overall conclusion?
Ask learners to use their notes and evaluate the study in terms of:
 ecological validity
 population validity
 internal validity
(F) Share with them a Paper 1 question and ask learners to consider how they would match their ideas to the
expectations of the question.
Extension activity:
Assignment: Ask learners to create a crossword (online), a True/False activity, 10 multiple choice questions on
PowerPoint using the details from the study. These can then be used in the future as revision materials.
(I) Past paper questions on the study by Canli et al. can be modified and used as starter and plenary activities or
as individual assessments/assignments as required.
KC3 and KC 4 Learners can describe Learner presentation on the background to sleeping and dreaming (as allocated previously) is shared and peer
Dement and and explain different reviewed.
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
Kleitman (sleep and theories of sleeping

dreams) and dreaming. Learners look up sleep cycles on the internet and draw in their notes. Go through the sleep cycle and introduce
use of the Electroencephalography (EEG) to determine the stages of sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) and
Learners can describe non-rapid eye movement (N-REM) sleep.
sleep cycles and
explain difficulties of Display the overall aim of the study on the board and ask learners to design an experiment to investigate the
investigating sleeping relationship between sleeping and dreaming using the EEG to determine the levels of sleep. Share ideas. Break
and dreaming. down the overall aim into the three hypotheses and divide them between the groups and repeat design activity and
share responses.
Learners can describe
and explain the aim, Hand out the study and ask learners to compare the original study with their experiments and evaluate each
the hypotheses, the difference in turn. Details of the study can be found at: www.holah.co.uk/study-summary.php?slug=dement
methodology and the
findings of the study. Ask learners to create an ‘organogram’ (diagram that shows the structure of an organisation), representing the
overall aim, the three hypotheses and the results relating to each. Learners go through the study and generate
short-answer questions.
(I) Review and modify and ‘reissue’ ten of the short-answer questions created to complete for homework.
A poster of this study is available at:
www.psychedout.org/uploads/2/7/9/7/27978279/a_level_psychology_sm_sleep_and_dreams_poster.pdf
Dement and Learners can identify In pairs or groups learners mind map to see how many evaluative issues they can identify in the study and share –
Kleitman (sleep and and illustrate two reward the winning pair/group.
dreams) strengths and four
weaknesses Ask learners to capture examples of both quantitative and qualitative data. They should consider the strengths and
associated with using weaknesses of using technical equipment compared to humans trying to record data or information in the same
technological way. Ask learners to record their ideas in their notes and supplement any gaps as necessary.
equipment in
psychological (I/F) Learners can check their understanding and recall by using the interactive activities, available at:
research. www.holah.co.uk/study-summary.php?slug=dement
Ask learners how the findings of the three biological studies could be applied and share. Ask learners what
limitations of the biological approach they have identified and capture accordingly.
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
(F) Display Section B, Question 7 from the 2018 Specimen Paper 2. Ask learners to consider what would
constitute an effective response and then display the mark scheme – comment on any discrepancies in
understanding.
Past and specimen examination papers
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Unit 2: The Cognitive Approach
Core Studies
 Andrade J. (2010), What Does Doodling do? Applied Cognitive Psychology 24:100 – 106
 Baron-Cohen S., Wheelwright S., Hill J., Raste Y. and Plumb I. (2001), The ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’ Test Revised Version: A Study with Normal
Adults, and Adults with Asperger’s Syndrome or High-functioning Autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 42(2). pp. 241–251
 Laney C., Morris, E.K., Bernstein D. M., Wakefield B.M., Loftus, E.F. (2008), Asparagus, a Love Story. Healthier Eating Could Be Just a False Memory
Away, Experimental Psychology. 55(5):291–300
Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
KC4 Learners gain an Introductory class discussion on cognitive processes, generating learner examples and questions. Use various
General understanding of what optical illusions, the Stroop Effect test etc. and ask learners to consider why they make the mistakes they do. The
Introduction to the constitutes the Optional illusion gallery: www.eyetricks.com
Cognitive Approach cognitive approach –
the assumptions, key Pass round an activity on the creation of false memories available at:
characteristics and www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15593
areas of focus.
Go through the main characteristics of the cognitive approach and discuss the implications (strengths and
weaknesses of each) which learners can tabulate in their notes. Information about the cognitive approach is
available at: www.holah.co.uk/study-area.php?slug=cognitive and share a video on the mental processes of
cognition: www.youtube.com/watch?v=rIIMVv7ksTg
KC2 and KC3 Learners undertake Explain to the class you will conduct a study about cognitive processes. Divide the class into two groups (based on
Andrade (Doodling) experiential activities the experimental conditions in the Andrade study) and issue instructions (on paper, as in the study) so each group
so they can explain: does not receive the instructions of the other groups, and play a pre-recorded telephone message (as outlined in
 Experiments  participation in an the appendix of the study) to each group separately. Continue to follow the procedure as outlined in the study.
 Types of data experiment Collect the response sheets.
 Demand  the strengths and
characteristics weaknesses of Explain that they have just participated in an experiment that they will study as part of their course. Redistribute
 Ethics quantitative data. the response sheets across the two groups, explaining the difference, and ask learners to mark each accordingly
 Variables  demand and share the results to be displayed on the board. Analyse the results across the conditions and see if those who
 Reliability characteristics doodled were better able to remember the names than those who didn’t. Use this activity to reinforce the strengths
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
 ethical guidelines and weaknesses of quantitative data.

 the concept of
independent and Ask learners how they felt about being deceived and why it was necessary. Introduce the concept of demand
dependent characteristics and ask learners to include them in their glossary.
variables
 reliability. Introduce learners to the ethical guidelines used for psychological research purposes and check for
understanding. Ask learners to create a table headed ‘keeping ethical guidelines’ (this could be hand written, or
typed in Word, or Excel) with the seven ethical issues along the top and space for all 12 studies down the left side.
As a revision activity, ask learners to go through the three pieces of research studied previously and consider
which ethical guidelines were followed (or not) and indicate with a tick or a cross and comment accordingly.
(F) Ask learners to review their notes on research methods and identify the independent and dependent variables
and to comment about how valid and reliable the experiment was on a scale of 1 to 10 and justify their responses.
(I) Ask learners to read through the original study, available at:
http://pignottia.faculty.mjc.edu/math134/homework/doodlingCaseStudy.pdf in preparation for the next lesson.
Andrade (Doodling) Learners can describe Ask learners if they have any questions concerning their reading of the study and respond accordingly.
and explain the key
 Psychometric terms, the background, (F) Project/share specimen Papers 1 and 2 on the board and refer learners to some of the short (1), (2) and (3)
tests the key features and mark answer questions. They should go through the study again and create their own short ‘knowledge and
 Application of the findings of the understanding’ questions following the style of the specimen papers.
psychology to study and can
everyday life evaluate it accordingly. Introduce the concept of a psychometric test and ask learners to include this term in their glossary. Mind map the
strengths and weaknesses of psychometric tests and record as appropriate.
Organise a competition to identify four other strengths or weaknesses of the research and share on the board
(they cannot repeat an issue already identified) and reward the winning group. Correct and discuss any anomalies
and ask learners to capture the points in their notes accordingly.
(I) Ask learners to create a revision activity – a crossword, a true/false activity; some multiple-choice questions, a
mind-map or poster for display etc. (one they have not done before) from the study.
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
Extension activity:
Ask learners who these findings/conclusions may be useful to and how and why. They should be able to present
their ideas/suggestions to the rest of the class. This should add valuable ideas to their notes as they are effectively
evaluating the study.
KC4 Learners gain Learner presentations (see introductory session where learners are allocated different presentation topics) on
Baron-Cohen et al. knowledge and autism and Asperger’s syndrome. They should list the key characteristics of each, noting the major differences
(eyes test) understanding of between the two.
autism, Asperger’s
syndrome and the Introduce the Theory of Mind using the Sally-Anne Test (if necessary demonstrate). Explain the background and
Theory of Mind. aims of the study. A video clip of the Sally-Anne Test is available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=QjkTQtggLH4
Learners participate to Look at the original Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. Learners should compete in groups to see how many
be able to explain the differences they can identify between the original version and the revised version they undertook. They should
difference between the record these as a list. Reward the winning group. The Baron Cohen Eyes Test (original version) is available at:
original test and the www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/7634
revised version.
Baron-Cohen et al. Learners can describe Ask learners how many differences between the original and the revised version of the test they can remember
(eyes test) and explain the key from the previous lesson.
terms, the background,
the key features and Share a prepared presentation/hand-out which divides the study into background information, sampling strategy
the findings of the and method. Presentations, articles and worksheets on the study are available at:
study. www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/search/search_do/19729 The original study can be found at:
http://docs.autismresearchcentre.com/papers/2001_BCetal_adulteyes.pdf A summary can be accessed at:
www.holah.co.uk/summary/baroncohen/
Ask learners to predict the results considering the experimental group and each control group in turn across the
Autism Quotient and the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test-Revised Version tests. Show/share the results and
learners self-assess their predictions.
Analyse the data – ask learners to consider what the findings mean.
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
Baron-Cohen et al. Learners can identify Learners revise and list the key aspects of psychometric tests and tabulate their strengths and weaknesses, using
(eyes test) and illustrate two the Baron-Cohen study as an illustrative example.
strengths and four
 Psychometric problems associated Ask learners to consider how the participants might have performed at these tests if they were unwell that
tests with psychometric particular day and consider ways that could mitigate against this temporal effect.
 Reliability tests.
 Application of Learners should attempt to evaluate the Baron-Cohen study using in light of the concepts covered so far. They
psychology to should identify illustrative points they would use to support each point they have raised.
everyday
lifeLongitudinal (I) Ask learners to read through their notes on reliability and then go through the expectations of the Paper 1
studies evaluation questions. Learners should plan/prepare a response to the following sample Paper 1 question:
Evaluate the reliability of the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test – Revised version. (10 marks)
Ask learners who the findings/conclusions may be useful to, including an explanation of how and why. They
should be able to present their ideas/suggestions to the rest of the class. This should help them to add valuable
ideas to their notes as they are effectively evaluating the study.
(I/F) Homework/assignment: Learners try a Paper 1 ‘evaluate’ question and/or a strength and weakness
question:
Extension activity:
BBC News – cartoons to aid autistic children at: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/6241733.stm
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Key Concepts
KC2, KC3 and Learners should be Ask learners to recall a memorable school event from the past. Share the various perspectives and get them to
KC4 able to describe and consider the reliability of memories generally.
Laney et al (false explain the key terms,
memory) the background and Introduce learners to different models of memory and different types of memory and consider the importance of
the key features of the the research into memory. Show YouTube clip of Clive Wearing at www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vwigmktix2Y
study.
Extension activity:
Those learners keen to find out more about memory can access the website (10 facts about memory:
www.psychology.about.com/od/memory/ss/ten-facts-about-memory.htm?nl=1) and share their most interesting
fact with the class as a starter activity for the following lesson.
Laney et al (false Learners can describe Share the background to the study, the original study is available at:
memory) and explain the key https://webfiles.uci.edu/eloftus/Laney_Asparagus_ExperimentalPsych08.pdf and the abstract can be found at:
terms, the background http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/zea/55/5/291/
and the method of the
first experiment of the Ask learners to consider what they would need to do to test this hypothesis. They should design a study and share
study. their ideas with the rest of the class. They should listen to the designs of other learners and decide which would be
the most valid and reliable and why.
Display or share the sample and procedure for Experiment 1. Discuss the use of questionnaires and ask learners
to identify all the ‘controls’ used for both session 1 and 2. Ask learners to prepare a mind-map or a presentation on
the material covered so far.
KC5 Learners can describe (F) Learners recap detail from previous lesson. This could be done as a question and answer activity (Q&A), a
Laney et al (false and explain the key quiz or a true/false activity.
memory) terms, the background,
the method and the Share/display the two critical questions concerning whether false memories were formed and whether this had
 Application of results of the study. consequences. Ask learners which results from which questionnaire would help the researchers answer these two
psychology to questions.
everyday life
Share the results from the study and ask learners to make the connections between the data collected and the
conclusions drawn in relation to Experiment 1. Ask learners to add these to their mind-maps and/or presentations.
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Key Concepts
Share the background, the subjects and the procedure of Experiment 2 and ask learners to:
a) identify controls used
b) predict the results.
Share the results for all the different measures and ask learners to summarise them for their notes and add these
to their mind-maps and/or presentations.
Hold a class discussion about the importance of distinguishing between believers versus non-believers in relation
to the significance of the results.
Extension activity:
Ask learners who these findings/conclusions may be useful to and how and why. They should be able to present
their ideas/suggestions to the rest of the class. This should add value to their notes as they are effectively
evaluating the study.
KC2 Learners consider the Ask learners to consider what ethical issues were broken and complete their table on keeping ethical guidelines
Laney et al. (false use of ethics in for all the three cognitive studies.
memory) psychological
research. Ask learners to:
 Ethics a) identify what type of data has been collected
 Self-reports Learners can identify b) recall the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative data
and illustrate two c) plan a response to the following question: Evaluate the use of quantitative data in the study by Laney et al.
strengths and four on false memories. (8 marks)
problems associated
with self-reports, Learners identify the key characteristics of self-reports and tabulate the strengths and weaknesses of
whether questionnaires and interviews, listing any new psychological terms in their glossary with appropriate definitions.
questionnaires or Website on self-reports: www.holah.co.uk/page-investigation.php?slug=selfreport
interviews and can and
can evaluate each (F) Ask learners to review the strengths and weaknesses of using self-reports and plan a response an exam
aspect of the study in question on this.
turn.
(F) Ask learners to share their responses and peer mark to check for understanding of both the material in
question and the expectations of the mark scheme.
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Key Concepts
Discuss the use of restricted samples and ask learners to tabulate the strengths and weaknesses of using
restricted samples (with examples form any of the studies covered so far).
(I) Homework Assignment: Ask learners to evaluate the study by Laney et al. on false memories. They should
incorporate two other strengths and two other weaknesses of a method other self-reports.
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Unit 3: The Learning Approach
Core Studies
 Bandura A., Ross D. and Ross S.A. (1961), Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models. Journal of Abnormal and Social
Psychology. 63(3). pp. 575–582
 Saavedra L.M. and Silverman W.K. (2002), Case Study: Disgust and a Specific Phobia of Buttons. Journal of the American Academy and Adolescent
Psychiatry, 41(11): 1376–1379
 Pepperberg I.M. (1987), Acquisition of the same/different concept by an African Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus): Learning with respect to categories of
color, shape, and material. Animal Learning & Behavior, 15(4): 423–432
Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
KC4 and KC1 Learners understand Learner presentations (see introductory session under General Introduction to Psychology when presentations
The learning and can explain the were allocated) and schedule appropriately, on:
approach and the assumptions and key  behaviourism
behaviourist characteristics of the  Pavlov’s dogs
perspective. learning approach  Little Albert.
based on the
behaviourist (I) Assignment: Share a number of selected psychology based websites (including but not exclusively):
perspective, classical  www.holah.net/
and operant  www.holah.co.uk/
conditioning and  www.simplypsychology.org/ (this is particularly useful on all forms of Behaviourism)
understand social  www.psychlotron.org.uk/
learning theory.
 www.psychblog.co.uk/
 www.all-about-psychology.com/a-level-psychology.html
 www.psychology.about.com
 www.allpsych.com/psychology101/learning/
Learners create a document, leaflet or a poster outlining the behaviourist perspective, classical and operant
conditioning and social learning theory.
Share/present the video clip that introduces aspects of the learning approach and Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment
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Key Concepts
which can be accessed at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_hQTGR8YqI
A variety of resources connected with these learning objectives can be accessed at:
www.sites.google.com/a/bromsgrove.in.th/psychology/home/the-as-level/edexcel-as-level/the-learning-approach
KC1 Learners gain greater Ask learners to generate explanations for why people start smoking and share responses.
The learning understanding of
approach and the social learning theory Show or print the article on efforts to ban smoking at home to reduce the incidence of teen smoking, available at:
behaviourist (SLT) and its www.psychblog.co.uk/is-a-home-smoking-ban-enough-to-stop-teen-smoking-808.html
perspective. importance and
relevance. Watch video clip of the ‘Children See, Children Do Campaign’ and reiterate the relevance of the research in this
area at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=KHi2dxSf9hw
Learners practise their
skills at designing Extension activity:
experiments, Ask groups to design an experiment to investigate the extent to which children learn through observation and
incorporating the imitation. This should include details of the sample, method, experimental conditions, the independent and
necessary level of dependent variables (differentiate according to ability on how much guidance is given).
detail.
Bandura et al. Learners can describe Show as an introduction an image of the aggressive model and a child ‘bashing Bobo’: www.cdn-
(aggression) and explain the 1.simplypsychology.org/bobo-doll.jpg as a precursor to the lesson and ask learners to try and explain what the
sample and the picture is about.
 Reliability conditions of the
experiment. Explain the study briefly and hand out a summarised version of the study. A summarised version of the study can
be found at: www.holah.co.uk/study-summary.php?slug=bandura
Learners can identify
and explain the Ask learners to create a tree diagram of the sample and how they were allocated across the conditions –
controls effected in the emphasising the three independent variables.
study.
Refer learners to the pre-test and explain how this was used as a control for pre-existing levels of aggression.
Ask learners to continue reading through the study, underlining as many other controls as they can.
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Key Concepts
Ask learners to consider how reliable the experiment was in relation to the procedure or how the results were
collected.
KC1 and KC5 Learners assess their (F) Create a true/false exercise on the major learning points from the previous lesson and learners self-assess
Bandura et al ability to recall the their ability to recall the salient facts.
(aggression) relevant detail from the
study so far. Ask learners to create a table (four columns), with each column capturing one of the four main hypotheses. They
 Nature/Nurture should read the study to find the results specific to each of the hypotheses and insert them into their tables.
Debate Learners can describe
 Application of and explain the Introduce the debate concerning nature versus nurture and how each of the results supports either one side of the
Psychology to results, relate them to debate or the other. Add these explanations into their tables of results/explanations.
everyday life Social Learning
Theory and apply Ask learners to consider whether the results overall support or reject SLT.
them.
Using previous knowledge and understanding, learners evaluate the study, identifying and illustrating the strengths
Learners practise their and weaknesses. They should identify and be able to explain what they consider to be the main strength and the
evaluation skills and main weakness.
can identify and
illustrate the major Ask learners to consider the implications of these findings in relation to:
evaluative issues a) parenting
evident in the study. b) TV censorship
c) Education.
Share ideas regarding the application of these findings to everyday life.
(I/F) Assessment: Learners complete a Paper 1 question where they have to evaluate a study on the basis of two
strengths and two weaknesses. They should complete this in timed conditions and pass to a partner for peer
marking exercise.
Extension activity:
Ask learners to look through a sample Paper 1 and Paper 2 and devise five of their own questions using the
Bandura study on aggression.
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Key Concepts
KC4 and KC1 Leaners can describe Learner presentation on phobias which is peer reviewed (based on earlier allocation of presentation titles).
Saavedra and and explain the
Silverman (button Behaviourist approach Use the resultant Q&A/discussion to introduce the classification of phobias by the diagnostic and statistical manual
phobia) can be sued to explain (DSM). The classification can be displayed from: www.theravive.com/therapedia/Specific-Phobia-DSM--5-300.29-
phobias. (ICD--10--CM-Multiple-Codes)
Learners can describe, Ask learners if anyone has first-hand knowledge of a phobia and is willing to share their experience.
and explain the
sample and the Ask learners to suggest how classical conditioning could be used to explain phobias and share ideas accordingly.
interventions used to In pairs discuss how classical and operant conditioning could explain a phobia of buttons.
cure a young boy of
his phobia. Introduce the difference between the two concepts of ‘fear’ and ‘disgust’ (using learners’ suggestions if possible)
and how they manifest themselves in the continuance of a phobia. Introduce the concept of action-research and
ask learners to record a definition in their glossary.
Share the case study conducted by Saavedra and Silverman concerning the young boy who had a phobia of
buttons. The full text can be accessed at:
https://teachers.cie.org.uk/community/resources/pt_view_resource?id=2540 and ask learners to read through the
introduction/background to the study, highlighting any vocabulary or issues they need assistance in understanding.
Ask learners to summarise the following:

a) the sample
b) origin of the phobia
c) problems experienced as the phobia progressed
d) duration of the phobia
e) difference between his specific phobia and the symptoms of OCD
Share a video clip of a conventional treatment of a specific phobia (systematic desensitisation) about a woman
who was treated for a phobia of feathers, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMZ5o2uruXY
Go through the Intervention Procedure and Result section explaining how the treatment was administered and
what recordings were measured and the difficulties experienced by the psychologists in treating their patient.
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Key Concepts
Extension activity:
Ask learners how the young boy’s responses were different from the woman with the phobia of feathers and share.
KC2 Learners can describe Create some multiple-choice questions or a true/false activity to encourage learners to recall the information
Saavedra and and explain the results covered during the previous class.
Silverman (button of the interventions
phobia) used to cure a young Ask learners to read through the section under Disgust Imagery and Cognitions and check for understanding.
boy of his phobia and They can then consider (and record):
 Qualitative data can evaluate all a) the types of data that were recorded and the advantages and disadvantages of each
 Use of children aspects of the study. b) the data collection tools that were used and the advantages and disadvantages of these
in c) the ethical guidelines that were ignored in carrying out the treatment
psychological d) was the boy cured of his phobia by the end of the treatment period?
research e) to what extent did they find the study ‘useful’.
 Case studies Ask learners whether this study supports the nature or the nurture side of the debate and check for understanding.
Ask learners to identify examples of any qualitative data collected and use them to develop an essay plan on the
strengths and weaknesses of using qualitative data in psychological research.
Ask learners to consider what problems psychologists might experience when studying children and generate a
class discussion. Show a YouTube clip of a replication of Piaget’s conservation experiment, available at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=MpREJIrpgv8 and ask learners to describe the behaviour of the children and add any
further challenges they have identified to their list. Supplement with the advantages children present when being
studied.
Ask learners to mind map what problems psychologists might experience when studying only one, or very few
participant(s). Supplement with the advantages of conducting case studies and ask learners to tabulate the
strengths and weaknesses of case studies.
Ask learners to reconsider the question concerning how useful the findings of the study are in light of this new
information/further evaluation and create and present an argument that the findings are not useful.
Extension activity:
Ask learners to complete their ethics table/spread sheet for the last two studies.
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Key Concepts
KC4 Learners can describe (F) Divide the class into three groups and ask learners to review their understanding of operant conditioning and
Pepperberg (parrot and explain the key suggest how it can be used to train children, adults and animals. Ask them to share their responses with
learning) components of examples.
Pepperberg’s study on
Alex’s acquisition of Insert ‘Alex the parrot’ into YouTube and ask learners what video clips they would like to view about Alex. Ask
the same/different learners what labels Alex was able to apply to various objects placed in front of him.
concepts.
Ask learners to think about how they would test whether Alex was able to understand and respond to the concepts
of ‘same’ and ‘different.’
Ask learners to peer review and critique the various suggestions made. Challenge and guide until learners
appreciate how these concepts were tested in the study.
Pass round the study (differentiate depending on learners’ ability) and ask learners to bullet point or mind-map the
salient features about the sample, the method and the response measures. The original study is available at:
www.link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03205051
(F) In groups, ask learners to allocate the following information to members of the group. Each person should
research and report back to their group one of the points below:
a) the M/R approach to training and the rewards used to recognise and reinforce the desired behaviour
b) the reasons for the frequency of and the multi-concept aspect of Alex’s training
c) the controls incorporated both before and during the tests
d) the testing procedures.
Ask learners to tabulate the results for ‘tests on familiar objects’ and ‘transfer tests with novel objects’ and review
the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative data. Learners should try to add examples where they can.
Discuss:
a) why the period taken for Alex to develop the ability to vocalise the labels was not taken as a measure of
his cognitive ability or comprehension of the concepts.
b) why Alex’s responses on the transfer tests might have been better than on the tests on familiar objects
c) the principles of a double-blind test compared to a single blind test. Ask learners to record these terms in
their glossary.
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Key Concepts
Extension activity:
Learners review Paper 1 and Paper 2 questions and create eight questions of their own in this style based on the
Pepperberg study. They should also write a mark scheme for each of their questions.
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Unit 4: The Social Approach
Core Studies
 Milgram S. (1963), Behavioral Study of Obedience. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 67(4) pp. 371–378
 Piliavin I M, Rodin J and Piliavin J (1969), Good Samaritanism: An Underground Phenomenon? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 13(4) pp.
289–299
 Yamamoto S., Humle T., Tanaka M. (2012) Chimpanzees’ flexible targeted helping based on an understanding of conspecifics’ goals. Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences. 109(9): 3588-2952
Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
KC4 Learners understand Create and pass round various ‘scenarios’ asking learners to predict how people might behave and compare
The Social and can explain the responses. Then change a key character or location in the scenario and ask them what impact the change might
Approach assumptions and key make and why.
characteristics of the
social approach. Go through the main characteristics of the social approach and verbally discuss the implications (strengths and
weaknesses of each).
KC5 Learners can describe Learner presentations on the concepts of Obedience, Compliance and Authority outlining the similarities and the
Milgram and explain the differences between them (as one of the allocated presentations from the beginning of the course) and which is
(obedience) background and the peer reviewed.
procedure of the study.
Ask learners to make a few predictions about ‘how many people would?’ against a number of findings from
investigations on obedience, e.g. the original study, Hofling’s study (1966), Sheridan and King (1972) etc. and
display them on the wall. A link to Hofling’s study (1966) is: www.simplypsychology.org/hofling-obedience.html and
to Sheridan and King (1972): www.madsciencemuseum.com/msm/pl/shock_puppy
Show Derren Brown’s recent version of the study and explain to learners they are going to study Milgram’s original
experiment, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=y6GxIuljT3w
Role play: prepare and pass round scripts and pair word combinations to willing learners (with stage directions) for
the roles of ‘Experimenter’, ‘Mr Wallace’ and ‘Participant’ and let learners role play the ‘scenario’ with Mr Wallace
being seated outside the classroom door. Observe the discomfort of the Participant and generate a class
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Key Concepts
discussion on observations and feelings once the role play is over. The original study can be found at:
www.isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic606668.files/Course%20Readings/94%20The%20Moral%20Self/milgram.
obedience.1963.pdf
Milgram Learners can describe Ask learners to share one thing from the previous lesson. Check their knowledge and understanding of the
(obedience) and explain the Holocaust.
background to the
study, the sample and Show clips from the original study and ask them to describe the participants they view, these are available at:
the selection strategy www.youtube.com/watch?v=7TqJFp4y4zo
adopted and the
findings/explanations (I) Hand out study notes on the background, the sample, the method and procedure and ask learners to read,
of the study. checking on their individual levels of accuracy and understanding. Check their ability to identify the sampling
strategy used to recruit the participants. An abridged version of the study can be found at:
www.holah.co.uk/summary/milgram/
Show or share the results and ask learners to tabulate them both numerically and by percentage in their notes
(under quantitative data) and maintain a discussion about the use of quantitative data; the conclusions that can be
drawn, the conflicts experienced and introducing the idea of the ‘agentic’ state. Information on the ‘agentic state’ is
available at: www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html
Compare their predictions on the wall with the actual findings of the studies mentioned and discuss the
differences.
Ask learners to recall the distress of the participants and list their observations (under qualitative data),
supplementing accordingly.
Ask learners to consider what conflicts might have been causing the distress of the participants and list them
under ‘Explanations’.
Extension activity:
Ask learners to research the ‘agentic state’ for inclusion in their notes.
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Key Concepts
KC2 and KC3 Learners can evaluate Show/share some of the exercises and learners can test their knowledge and understanding accordingly. Quizzes
Milgram various components of and other activities are at: www.holah.co.uk/summary/milgram/
(obedience) the study for revision
purposes. Using previous evaluation tables, learners try to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the study and capture
 situational those that are specific to conducting laboratory studies in a separate table.
versus
dispositional Learners decide which findings can be attributed to an individual explanation and which findings can be attributed
explanations to a situational explanation. Ask learners to create a mnemonic to help them remember the nine situational
variables that Milgram argued contributed to the participants’ high levels of obedience.
Learners prepare a response to the following question: Evaluate the use of restricted samples in Milgram’s study
on obedience. (8)
Ask learners how these findings might be useful to ‘who’ and ‘how’ and share ideas and suggestions.
(I) Homework assignment: Learners prepare a revision activity (mind-map or poster for display, multiple choice
questions, True/False activity or an online crossword etc.)
Extension activity:
Explore the recent study conducted by Slater and compare the effects of using a virtual environment in practical
and ethical terms, available at: www.journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0000039 or
www.psychologyexplainstheworld.yolasite.com/virtual-reality-and-milgram.php
KC2, KC3 and Learners begin to Ask learners to consider the factors that might encourage/discourage helping behaviour from their experience and
KC5 recognise and list accordingly. Ask them to consider some local/international charitable appeals and consider which they think
Piliavin et al. appreciate the factors are the most effective and why – again, list down the attributes of the successful appeals. Activities on altruism:
(subway that encourage/ www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/social/AQA_A2_altruism_discussionstim.pdf
Samaritans) discourage helping www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/social/A2_AQA_altruism_bystandersituations.pdf
behaviour.
Learner presentation on the murder of Kitty Genovese which is critiqued by peers.
Learners can describe
and explain the Pass round the story of Kitty Genovese and ask learners to identify all the features of the story that might have
background to the encouraged/discouraged intervention (and what types of intervention) that might have saved Kitty and share. A
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Key Concepts
study and the key newspaper article on the Kitty Genovese murder can be accessed from: www.nytimes.com/1964/03/27/37-who-
terms associated with saw-murder-didnt-call-the-police.html?_r=0
it.
Show the ‘smoke filled room’ YouTube clip and explain the impact of the murder on social psychologists and
attempts made to explore diffusion of responsibility, bystander apathy and pluralistic ignorance under laboratory
conditions which is available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=KE5YwN4NW5o
Piliavin et al. Learners can describe Ask learners to define key terms from the previous lesson.
(subway and explain the
Samaritans) background, the key Explain the aim of the Piliavin study to enhance the ecological validity of previous research in this area and
terms, the sample, share/present the sample and method of the Piliavin study. An abridged version of the Piliavin study is available
method and the at: www.holah.co.uk/summary/piliavin/ or there is a PowerPoint presentation at:
findings of the study. www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/5823
Ask learners to predict the results by asking a leading (and probing for %) question concerning each result in turn
and giving immediate feedback.
Ask learners to list the results and then play a memory game to see how many they can remember after three
minutes.
Piliavin et al. Learners understand Ask learners to recall the features of successful charitable campaigns and factors affecting helping behaviour.
(subway and can explain and Show/present/share the Arousal:Cost/Reward Model and explain in general terms. Information/presentation on
Samaritans) apply the Arousal: Arousal:Cost/Reward Model can be found at: www.holah.co.uk/study/piliavin/ or a PowerPoint presentation at:
Cost/Reward Model to www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/5823
novel situations.
Ask learners to list examples of arousal (or not). They can then deliberate on costs of helping/not helping and
rewards for helping/not helping and share to compile a general list in their notes.
Create and hand out a number of scenarios (differentiate according to ability) and ask learners to apply the model
to predict helping behaviour. Ask each pair to generate another scenario and pass to their classmates for
consideration and reflection. Close the session with activities available at: www.holah.co.uk/summary/piliavin/
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Piliavin et al. Learners can identify Learners identify key characteristics of field experiments (supplement where necessary) and tabulate their
(subway and illustrate two strengths and weaknesses having reviewed the table concerning laboratory studies and listing any new
Samaritans) strengths and four psychological terms in their glossary of terms.
problems associated
 Experiments with using field Learners identify key characteristics of using observation as a data collection tool (supplement where necessary)
 Observation experiments and and tabulate their strengths and weaknesses having reviewed the table concerning laboratory studies and listing
observation to conduct any new psychological terms in their glossary of terms.
psychological
research. Learners then try to evaluate the Piliavin study using all the evaluative issues covered so far and identify the
illustrative points they would use to support each point in turn.
Extension activity:
Create some examination type questions for individual learners so that they can self-assess their knowledge,
understanding and examination skills.
KC4 Learners can describe Ask learners to share any examples they might have from previous knowledge of animals’ helping behaviours and
Yamamoto et al. and explain the share.
(chimpanzee background to the
helping) study and revise the Ask learners how they might test animals’ helping behaviour and consider which animals, what kind of study,
issues pertaining to which experimental design, the data collected method to be used and justify each component in turn. Share
 The use of the use of animals in suggestions.
animals in psychological
psychological research. Ask learners to look up and add the meanings of ‘prosocial behaviour’ and ‘targeted helping’ into their Glossary of
research Terms.
 Experiments
 Experimental Share the background to the study conducted by Yamamoto et al (2012). The original study can be accessed at:
design www.pnas.org/content/109/9/3588.full.pdf on chimpanzee helping and ask learners to identify the advantages of
 Data collection i. Using chimpanzees in comparative psychology?
tools ii. Focusing on ‘targeted helping’?
iii. The connection between ‘targeted helping’ and the Theory of Mind.
Yamamoto et al. Learners are able to Display the video clips as follows:
(chimpanzee describe and explain Clip 1: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ac4-Tzk4TCM
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Key Concepts
helping) the sample, the Clip 2: www.youtube.com/watch?v=hS4ndnr2UyQ

method and the results
 The use of of the study and and ask learners to identify/suggest:
animals in evaluate each aspect  the main difference between the first condition and the second condition
psychological in turn.  the objects that were in the tray
research  the gestures used to ask for help
 Experiments  why some of the objects might have been dropped in the first clip but not in the second clip
 Experimental
design Share the sample and the method/procedure (including the two conditions), the data collection method used and
 Data collection ask learners to identify the experimental design, remind themselves of the advantages and disadvantages of
tools repeated measures and observation and evaluate each remaining aspect in turn.
 Hypotheses
and aims Display/share Fig. 2 and ask learners to analyse the results of the three conditions and check for correct
understanding. Ask learners to capture in their notes.
Share the original study and ask learners to identify two different instances of individual differences and capture
them in their notes, e.g. Pan’s responses (concerning her preference for the brush) and Ayumu’s response of
standing in the ‘can’t see’ condition. Explain why Pan and Ayumu’s responses were not included in the final
statistical analysis.
Ask learners what conclusions they can draw from the findings. Ask learners to make a comparison between the
helping behaviours of the chimpanzees and the helping behaviours of young children.
Share the video clip available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z-eU5xZW7cU which demonstrates some studies
on the helping behaviours of children and chimpanzees. Ask learners to identify the similarities and differences.
Ask learners how useful they consider this study is and justify their answers and share.
KC3 Learners reinforce Based on their knowledge and understanding of the study, ask learners to create a directional and a non-
Yamamoto et al. their learning of the directional hypothesis about chimpanzee targeted helping behaviours.
(chimpanzee material and the
helping) examination practice (I/F) Assessment: Use sample questions from past papers to assess learner understanding of the study by
by applying the subject Yamamoto et al.
matter to a variety of
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Key Concepts
examination type Extension activity:

questions. Ask learners to prepare a revision activity they haven’t attempted before (i.e. crosswords, puzzles, matching
activities, multiple choice questions etc.)
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General Introduction to A Level Psychology
Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
Introduction Learners should Ask learners to recall studies from the AS Level that exemplify the issues and debates they were introduced to.
become familiar with Encourage them to identify two examples for each and be able to explain why psychologists are concerned with
the key issues and these issues and debates and how these have influenced experiment design and ethical decisions. The issues
debates at A Level and and debates they should consider are:
be able to recall the  the application of psychology to everyday life
key issues and  individual and situational explanations
debates from AS level  nature versus nurture
 the use of children in psychological research
 the use of animals in psychological research
(I) Ask learners to go away and research each of the new issues and debates they have to consider at A Level.
They should write a paragraph briefly describing/defining each:
 cultural bias
 reductionism
 psychometrics
 determinism
 longitudinal research
Extension activity:
Learners could begin to consider the role these debates might play in research design, results analysis and ethical
decision.
KC3 and KC5 Learners will be able Get learners to find a definition of both cultural bias and ethnocentrism from a dictionary or preferably a
Cultural bias to describe, explain psychology dictionary. Let them analyse the differences between the two.
and identify issues
associated with Learners need to find out two differences between their own culture and a different culture. They must then
cultural bias attempt to design a study (let them choose the research method etc.) that tests these ‘differences’ fairly across the
two cultures. Let them present their findings to the rest of the class.
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(F) Ask learners to consider what examples of cultural bias are seen in their designs and what could be done to
overcome them (if at all possible).
KC4 Learners will be able Get learners to find definitions of reductionism from various sources. From them, they must them come up with a
Reductionism to describe and definition that encompasses all of the definitions they find. This can form the definition they use throughout the A
explain and Level part of the course.
reductionism and the
implication for this in Allow learners to explore the concept of the polar opposite: Holism. Can holism exist?
psychological research
Extension activity:
What are the benefits and drawbacks of looking as something holistically rather than from a reductionist
perspective?
KC3 Learners will be able Get learners to find a definition of ‘psychometrics’ and two different examples of psychometric tests. Let them
Psychometrics to describe, explain participate in one of the tests they found (there are many online but choose ones that are not socially sensitive).
and identify issues
associated with (F) Learners can write an account of how they felt the test went, was it measuring what it was supposed to
psychometric tests measure and any limitations of the test.
KC4 Learners will be able Get learners to find a definition of Determinism and Soft Determinism. Let them compare the two for similarities
Determinism to describe, explain and differences.
and identify issues
associated with Allow learners to explore the concept of the polar opposite: Free Will. Can Free Will exist? Can they think of any
determinism examples from their AS Level studies that show Free Will in participants?
KC3 Learners will be able Get learners to find a definition of a longitudinal study and to find an example of a real psychological study that fits
Longitudinal studies to describe and into the definition. Allow them to discuss the strengths and weaknesses of using longitudinal research in
explain longitudinal psychology.
studies and be able to
rationalise why they (F) Get learners to design a longitudinal study – supply them with a few examples which they can choose from.
might chose this study They should justify their decisions and produce a poster of their efforts.
design.
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Unit 5: Psychology and Abnormality
Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
KC4 and KC5 Learners have an Ask learners to list as many evaluative issues as they can remember from their AS material and create a table of
General understanding and an the advantages and disadvantages of each.
introduction to appreciation of the
psychology and objectives and Introduce learners to this unit and generate discussion about its importance, why it should concern us and each
abnormality expectations of the sub-section in turn, extrapolating previous knowledge and understanding of the key issues and concepts.
unit.
Allocate a number of presentations on specific items from the syllabus depending on the number of learners in the
Learners can describe, class, e.g. different types of schizophrenia, the case studies of Little Albert and Little Hans etc.
explain and apply the
various definitions of Ask learners to define abnormality and share their ideas with the rest of the class.
abnormality.
Consider their suggestions in light of smoking, having an IQ of 120, base-jumping etc. and refine their ideas
further. Categorise their ideas under themes as close to the ‘models’ as possible.
Pass round the worksheet ‘What do we mean by abnormal?’ at:

www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDefining.html and ask learners to discuss their responses.
Show the presentation on defining abnormality:

www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AS_AQA_abnormality_definitions.ppt and ask learners to match the
four definitions with their ideas on the board.
Pass around the worksheet on ‘Applying definitions of abnormality’ which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDefining.html and ask learners to apply the definitions to the various
scenarios.
Extension activity:
Ask learners to listen to the ‘psyCast’: www.psychlotron.org.uk/podcasts/abnormalitydefinitionspsycast.zip
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Key Concepts
General Learners can Ask learners to generate examples on post-it notes of issues or behaviours that may be difficult to categorise
Introduction to understand and under the four definitions and cluster them together for later comparison.
Psychology and appreciate the
Abnormality problems with defining Show the PowerPoint introducing problems of defining abnormality available at:
and diagnosing www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/6615
abnormality.
Ask learners to compare with their clusters of notes and ask them to give an example (of their choice) that
demonstrates the problems of defining abnormalities issuing these four definitions.
Pass round the worksheet about problems of defining abnormality for reading and responding. Definitions of
abnormality criticisms activity can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AS_AQA_abnormality_definitioncounterexamples.pdf
Having struggled with definitions, ask learners to explain how they might ‘classify’ abnormality. Ask learners what
criteria they might use to distinguish one abnormality from another.
Ask learners to consider what questions they might ask a potential patient (what information might they consider
important) and role play if appropriate.
Introduce learners to the DSM – V (TR) and show/share the FAQ page for learners to read. The introduction/FAQ
page can be accessed at: www.psychology.about.com/od/psychotherapy/f/faq_dsm.htm
Show a short video demonstrating how the DSM is used in diagnosis which can be accessed at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=7vhiW3HcD1Y
Share a set of flash cards and ask learners to devise a revision game using the cards and explain any new
terminology as it arises – these can be accessed at :www.flashcarddb.com/cardset/118110-explaining-assessing-
and-classifying-abnormality-flashcards
Show the ‘quizlet’ activity website and allow learners to choose the games they want to try which is available at:
www.quizlet.com/10275344/5-axes-of-dsm-iv-tr-flash-cards/
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Key Concepts
Extension activity:
Ask learners to create a diagram or an ‘organisational chart’ using PowerPoint of the five axes with an
example/descriptor for each.
KC4 Learners can describe, Pass round the cards for the ‘Articulate’ game on defining abnormality so far. The ‘Articulate’ game on defining
General explain the models of abnormality can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/391
introduction to abnormality, identify
psychology and the assumptions on Show an introductory PowerPoint outlining the four major models and how they interact with each other leading
abnormality which each are based into learner presentations on each. The introductory PowerPoint, Models of abnormality introductory slides can be
and evaluate the accessed at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AS_AQA_abnormal_modelsintro.ppt
medical/biological
model. Issue a summary sheet of all the models and their assumptions which can be accessed at:
www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/1935
Ask learners to complete a matching activity to assess learning at:

A poster can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/6609 and an effective mind-map

poster can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/452 both of which can be displayed in
the classroom for easy reference.
Introduce learners to the biological model using a presentation which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indModels.html and the evaluation of the biological model, available at:
(F) To assess learning, ask learners to complete a crossword which can be accessed at:
Extension activity:
1) Listening to a ‘psyCast’ at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indModels.html
2) Watch a video clip, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=XB3An8aYbps
General Learners can describe, Ask learners to play a game of dominoes on the biological approach which can be accessed at:
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Key Concepts
introduction to explain and evaluate www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3648 to recall some of the information from the previous class.
psychology and the cognitive and
abnormality behavioural models of Introduce learners to the cognitive model of abnormality, a presentation on the cognitive model of abnormality can
abnormality. be accessed at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AS_AQA_abnormal_cognitivemodel.ppt and one on
the evaluation Cognitive model of abnormality evaluation slides can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AS_AQA_abnormal_cognitiveeval.ppt
Issue each leaner with a handout which can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/1191
(F) To test understanding, issue each learner with a cognitive model activity sheet, which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AQA_AS_abnormal_cognitivemodel.pdf
A poster for cognitive approach can be accessed at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indModels.html
Extension activity:
A ‘psyCast’ on the cognitive model can be accessed at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indModels.html
Ask learners to recall aspects of the behaviourist approach and suggest how it might be related to abnormality.
Present the behavioural model of abnormality, two presentations can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indModels.html
(I) Assignment: Ask learners to complete the application activity sheets on the behaviourist model, available at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indModels.html
General Learners can describe, Introduce the psychodynamic model using the presentations and activity sheets, available at:
introduction to explain and evaluate www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indModels.html
psychology and the psychodynamic
abnormality model of abnormality. Ask learners to listen to the ‘psycast’ on the psychodynamic model, available at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indModels.html and issue out the fact sheets on the medical and
psychological models of abnormality, available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3392 for
reading and completion.
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Key Concepts
KC5 Learners can describe, Learner presentation(s) on different types of schizophrenia (as appropriate from previous allocation) are shared
Schizophrenic and explain and evaluate and peer assessed.
psychotic disorders the medical/biological,
behavioural, Show a short introductory clip on schizophrenia at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=74vTftboC_A
 Characteristics psychodynamic and
of cognitive models of Fold up the case study on paranoid schizophrenia and ask learners to read through each section in turn and
schizophrenia abnormality in turn and consider what they would do if they were the parents of the boy concerned and then ‘open up’ the next section in
spectrum and identify the turn until they finish. Address any questions or concerns. The case study can be accessed at:
psychotic assumptions upon www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/6456
disorders which each are based.
Show the introductory presentation on schizophrenia and share hand-outs. The presentation on the characteristics
and types of schizophrenia can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3316
(F) Look at the case studies/diagnosis activity and ask learners whether each case study falls under the diagnosis
of schizophrenia and, if so, what type, which can be accessed at:
(I) Issue each learner with a comprehensive ‘summary sheet’ about schizophrenia. The summary sheet can be
accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3228
Ask learners to look up psychotic disorders at www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/guide/mental-health-psychotic-

disorders and takes notes as appropriate. Other information on psychosis can be accessed at:
www.medicinenet.com/psychotic_disorders/article.htm
Ask learners to describe and explain the difference between psychosis and schizophrenia using the information
they have recently read. Refer them to a letter written to a doctor about her daughter’s changing diagnosis and the
doctor’s response, which is available at: www.psychcentral.com/ask-the-therapist/2010/06/02/what-is-the-
difference-between-psychosis-and-schizophrenia/
Share the research by Freeman on using virtual reality to assess symptoms of schizophrenia and scroll through to
summarise the methodology and the findings in relation to psychosis. This research is available at:
www.schizophreniabulletin.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/4/605.long
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Key Concepts
(I) Assignment: Watch the video clip ‘Living with Schizophrenia’ and respond to the worksheet. The video clip can
be accessed at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBhteRTabes. The accompanying worksheet can be accessed at:
Schizophrenic and Learners can describe, Show the video clip of a young man talking about his schizophrenia which can be accessed at:
Psychotic Disorders explain and evaluate www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1YvJWTWWEk&ebc=ANyPxKrzQKCQPu9oObya9wb_FHf-jzG4jW7cZ-
the different osmUneGhVV778bZeJC50wKqDerS6XVUyQUOEAmsB8YkF_untcP5CEco6aCzg
 Explanations of explanations of
schizophrenia schizophrenia and can Learner presentation(s) on different explanations of schizophrenia (as appropriately allocated at the beginning of
and delusional match each the course) are shared and peer assessed. Presentations on all explanations can be accessed at:
disorder explanation with the www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersSchiz.html
appropriate model,
 Determinism including genetic; Issue the worksheet on schizophrenia and brain function, Schizophrenia: brain abnormalities, which can be
biochemical; cognitive accessed at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersSchiz.html and ask learners to read through and
and psychodynamic. respond to comments and questions.
(I/F) Ask learners to evaluate and respond to the evidence captured in the worksheet on genetic evidence and
share. The worksheet on genetic evidence Schizophrenia: genetic evidence can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AQA_A2_abnorm_schizgenetic.pdf
Refer learners to the research conducted by Gottesman and Shields (1972) at www.psychyogi.org/gottesman-and-
shields-1972-biological/ and ask them to evaluate the study in relation to one evaluative issue and determinism.
Share the ‘dopamine hypothesis’ slides with learners, available at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersSchiz.html and explain and respond to questions as required.
(I) Ask learners to use the biomedical evidence to prepare a paragraph on evaluating the biomedical explanation
for explanation. The worksheet on the biomedical evidence, Schizophrenia: biochemical evidence can be
accessed at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AQA_A2_abnorm_schizbiochemical.pdf
Show the presentation on the cognitive explanation with accompanying handouts and comment and respond to
questions. The presentation on the cognitive explanation, Schizophrenia: cognitive explanations (slides) can be
accessed at: http://psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersSchiz.html
Issue a summary sheet on schizophrenia which includes the cognitive explanation and Frith’s 1992 research. It is
available at: www.brain-freeze.co.uk/files/schizophrenia.pdf
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Key Concepts
Ask learners to evaluate the cognitive explanation and consider what evidence they would need to evaluate it
effectively.
Ask learners to read through the double blind explanation and comment and respond accordingly. A worksheet
can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQA_abnormality_schizophrenia_familysystems.pdf
Ask learners to refer back to the video clip and decide which explanation best fits the description of the
schizophrenia described in the clip from the information available.
(I) Assignment: Divide the class into two focusing on either the psychodynamic or the behaviourist explanation
and issue the worksheet so that each learner prepares a presentation on one of the two models – the best of
which will be shared with the class.
KC2 and KC5 Learners can describe, Ask learners to complete the worksheet activity on the psychodynamic/behaviourist explanations which can be
Schizophrenic and explain and evaluate accessed at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersSchiz.html to test for learning and
psychotic disorders various treatments understanding from previous classes.
devised including
 Treatment and biochemical (F) Ask learners to review their notes on the four models of abnormality and suggest the corresponding types of
management of (antipsychotics and treatments and share. Respond to Q&A.
schizophrenia atypical
and delusional antipsychotics) and Pass around the Introduction to treatments notes, available at:
disorders electro-convulsive www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indTreatmentsBio.html and respond to any discrepancies and Q&A.
therapy (ECT).
Show the short presentation on ‘psychosurgery’ as a comparison to more ‘user-friendly’ treatments. The
presentation on psychosurgery can be found at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/4088
Go through the slides on the biological treatments for schizophrenia, synaptic transmission and antipsychotic
drugs, available at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQB_abnormal_treatments_drugsneuro.ppt
and explain the process of suppressing the neurotransmitter receptors for dopamine.
Pass around the accompanying notes which are available at:

www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indTreatmentsBio.html
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Key Concepts
Show a short introductory video about how selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) and monoamine oxidase
inhibitors (MAO) work: www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4PXHeHqnmE
Learner presentation on electro-convulsive therapy is peer assessed.
Show a short documentary/simulation on the use of electro-convulsive therapy (ECT), available at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9L2-B-aluCE
Learners can conduct a ‘card sort activity’, available at:

www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indTreatmentsBio.html
Extension activity:
Ask learners to:
a) look up anti-psychotics on the internet and investigate one typical and one atypical drug, listing their
benefits and their negative side-effects
b) try and find one piece of research on efficacy of ECT and evaluate it
c) visit the revise psychology website and create a mind map to evaluate biological explanations of
schizophrenia, available at:
www.revisepsychology.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/3-biological-explanations-of-schizophrenia/
Schizophrenic and Learners can describe, Pass round the worksheet on cognitive therapies for schizophrenia and ask learners to refer back to their notes on
psychotic disorders explain and evaluate CBT/ABC/REBT and respond to the delusory beliefs and share ideas. The worksheet on cognitive therapies for
various treatments schizophrenia, Cognitive therapy for schizophrenia can be accessed at:
 Treatment and devised including www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQA_abnormal_schizophreniaCognitiveTherapy.pdf
management of token economies and
schizophrenia cognitive-behavioural Pass round the various pieces of research on the effectiveness of CBT in treating schizophrenia and ask learners
and delusional therapy. to summarise and evaluate each accordingly:
disorders  www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10665619 (on Sensky, 2000)
 http://digest.bps.org.uk/2005/09/long-term-benefits-of-cbt-for.html
 www.nursingtimes.net/cbt-ineffective-for-schizophrenia/5003291.fullarticle
 http://digest.bps.org.uk/2006/09/new-approach-to-help-those-who-hear.html
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Key Concepts
Pass round the various pieces of research on the effectiveness of using token economies in treating schizophrenia
and ask learners to summarise and evaluate each accordingly and draw a conclusion concerning the effectiveness
of token economies on managing the negative symptoms of schizophrenia:
 www.psychtutor.weebly.com/schizophrenia.html (and evaluate the Paul and Lentz research (1977))
 www.div12.org/psychological-treatments/treatments/social-learningtoken-economy-programs-for-
schizophrenia/
 www.psue76.wordpress.com/2012/02/19/is-token-economy-effective-in-people-with-schizophrenia-who-live-in-
the-community/
 www.schizophreniaresearch.org.au/library/browse-library/treatments/psychosocial/token-economies/
Schizophrenic and Learners can reinforce (I/F) Share specimen examination papers with learners and ask them to complete Paper 3, question 1 under timed
psychotic disorders and consolidate their conditions.
learning and
 Reinforcement, understanding about (F) Ask learners to generate a Paper 3, question 2 for schizophrenia and refer to the mark scheme. Support
examination schizophrenia and learners in explaining how the assessment objectives should be met and ask learners to plan a response for both
practise and psychotic disorders part a) and b).
questions and practice their
examination skills (F) Refer learners to Paper 4, Section B, Question 5 and Section C, Question 9 and ask learners to substitute
through the practice of OCD for schizophrenia and respond accordingly. Share ideas and ask learners to evaluate each other’s’ designs
generating and and Section C responses.
responding to different
types of examination The specimen papers and appropriate mark schemes are available from the Teacher Support Site.
questions.
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe, Learner presentations on unipolar and bipolar depression (as appropriate) are shared and peer assessed.
Bipolar and related explain and evaluate
disorders different types of (I) Assignment: Ask learners to read through an introductory workbook on the types, causes and explanations of
abnormal effect depression which can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/4171
Characteristics of including unipolar and Ask learners to suggest different ways to diagnose/differentiate or measure different types of depression. Use as
bipolar and related bipolar depression, the an opportunity to evaluate each data collection method in turn and discuss how it might affect disclosure of
disorders causes and treatments symptoms of depression.
for manic depression
as well as sex
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Key Concepts
differences. Refer learners to the research at: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0272735888900505 to check on the

validity of Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI).
Ask learners to consider both sides of the debate, ‘This house believes that depression is a response to
environmental stressors’, and consider the arguments/theories and evidence they would use to support and/or
refute the various positions.
Debate the claim that depression is a response to environmental stressors and respond and clarify any issues that
arise from the debate. Many resources on abnormal effect can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersMood.html
www.psychology4a.com/depression.html
KC1 Learners can describe, Ask learners to read the sheet on clinical characteristics of major depressive disorder, which can be accessed at:
Bipolar and related explain and evaluate www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersMood.html
disorders the biological
explanations (both Learner presentations on biological explanations and cognitive explanations (as appropriate) are shared and peer
 Explanations of genetic and assessed.
depression neurochemical) and
cognitive explanations If necessary, show presentation on the biological explanations of abnormal effect which can be accessed at:
(including Beck’s www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersMood.html
cognitive theory and
learned helplessness/ Ask learners to conduct some research to find and summarise the research findings by Oruc et al. (1998).
attributional style).
Issue summary sheet on synaptic transmission and depression, which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AQA_A2_abnorm_moodneurochemical.pdf and ask learners to
replicate the diagram after minutes of studying it.
Ask learners to review the cognitive model of abnormality and predict/develop a cognitive explanation for abnormal
affect.
Show the presentation on the cognitive explanation of depression, which can be accessed at:
www.slideshare.net/Jjanpsychology/cognitive-approach-to-abnormality-as and share ideas, focusing on Beck’s
Cognitive Triad.
Issue each learner with the worksheet Beck’s Cognitive Theory of Depression and ask each learner to complete
the assignment at the end and share. This can be accessed at:
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Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersMood.html
Show the introduction to Seligman’s theory of learned helplessness and ask learners to generate examination
questions on it. The presentation on Seligman’s theory of learned helplessness, Depression and learned
helplessness slides, can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQA_abnormal_depressionlearnedhelplessness.ppt
Ask learners to develop a revision game of their choice (could include bingo, cards for matching, dominoes,
findings pairs etc.)
Extension activity:
Ask learners to access a website on the biological explanations of depression and create a mind-map
incorporating the explanations, strengths and weaknesses and supporting evidence for each.
Bipolar and related Learners can describe, Ask learners to ‘trial’ one of the revision games/activities developed during the previous lesson and evaluate.
disorders explain and evaluate
various treatments for Ask learners to suggest different treatments for depression using biological and psychological explanations
 Treatment and depression including accordingly and share ideas.
management of chemical/drugs (MAO,
depression SSRIs), electro- Learner presentations on biological treatments and cognitive restructuring (as appropriate) are shared and peer
convulsive therapy, assessed.
CBT and REBT.
Replay the video about how SSRIs and MAO inhibitors work and then a second video concerning stimulating
serotonin, available at:
Video 1 www.youtube.com/watch?v=m4PXHeHqnmE
Video 2 www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMsWtP3VS3Q
Show a video clip on the use of ECT to treat severe depression and respond to any questions and comments. The
video clip on using ECT to treat severe depression can be accessed at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYl13Relzbs
Ask learners to develop a role play demonstrating a therapist using either CBT or REBT and present each to the
class for comment.
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Key Concepts
(I) Pass round a summary sheet on behavioural treatments, which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AQA_A2_abnorm_treatmentsbehnotes.pdf and ask learners to read
individually. Ask each learner to suggest a behavioural treatment for depression.
Share a PowerPoint presentation on behaviour therapy with anxiety disorders slides which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/atypical/AS_AQB_anxiety_behTreatments.pptx
(I) Assignment: Ask learners to create a table of different chemicals or drugs that can be used to treat/manage
depression covering details of their name, their market name, what type of drug they are, how they work, any side-
effects and any specific research related to their effectiveness.
Bipolar and related Learners can reinforce Learners trial a second revision game or activity.
disorders and consolidate their
learning and Learners create a mind-map of either the types (including characteristics, examples and gender differences) or
 Reinforcement, understanding about explanations or treatments of depression with related research and pictures for display.
examination bipolar and related
Practise and disorders and practice (F) Ask learners to review a Paper 3 and a Paper 4 and generate some examination style questions on depression
questions their examination skills and create a marking scheme for each.
through the practise of
generating and (I) Assessment: Learners respond to a number of examination style questions as appropriate. Sample questions
responding to different can be generated from the specimen papers.
types of examination
questions. Learners can close the class playing the online activities on the cognitive explanations of depression on the
‘quizlet’ website which can be accessed at: www.quizlet.com/8252627/cognitive-explanations-of-depression-flash-
cards/
KC4 and KC5 Learners can identify Share a video clip of an awareness campaign on gambling addiction, available at:
Impulse control different types of www.youtube.com/watch?v=Svq3uSDyUVI and ask learners what they know or understand about addictions or
disorder and non- addictions and impulse impulse control disorders already. Ask them to name any that they are aware of (such as pyromania, kleptomania
substance addictive control disorders and etc.)
disorder apply definitions as
well as identify key Learner presentation(s) on different types of addictions and impulse control disorders (ensure kleptomania and
 Characteristics characteristics of both. pyromania are included as well) are shared and are peer assessed.
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of impulse Refer learners to the abstract concerning the Burton et al. study on pyromania (2012), available at:
control disorder www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22960918 and ask learners to divide up the components mentioned in the abstract
and non- and create a group mind-map/spider diagram on pyromania for display.
substance
addictive Pass round the worksheet on defining addiction and ask learners to complete the sheet, available at:
disorder www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/2141
Ask learners to consider how they would define addiction. Share Mark Griffiths’ six characteristics of addictive
behaviour which could be used to define addiction.
Pass round the first two pages of the chapter written by Mark Griffiths and Mark Davies on video game addiction
and ask learners to read the opening paragraphs about the application of the six components of addictive
behaviour to video game addiction. Ask learners to list the six components in their notes and apply them to one
other addiction. The chapter written by Mark Griffiths and Mark Davies on video game addiction can be accessed
at: www.isfe.eu/sites/isfe.eu/files/vg_addiction_chapter_2005.pdf
Share the case study of George and ask learners to identify any of the six components of addictive behaviour.
Learners should suggest how they could apply the various models of abnormality to explain his symptoms.
Information on this is available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3451. Ask learners to identify
possible physical and psychological dependences that are evident in this case study.
Ask learners to consider the most effective way to diagnose or measure an impulse control or addictive disorder
and generate suitable questions for a questionnaire to measure different impulse control disorders.
Hand out a Kleptomania Symptom Assessment Scale, available at:

www.pathwaysinstitute.net/Kleptomania%20Symptom%20Assessment%20Scale%20rev%20.pdf to each learner
and ask each to generate one strength and one weakness until all are exhausted. Learners should use the KSAS
to modify their questionnaires on different impulse control disorders.
(I) Assignment: Ask learners to go through Mark Griffiths’ presentation on an overview of online addictions and to
identify one finding relating to the various aspects of internet addiction (consequences/treatments/comorbidity
etc.).
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Impulse control Learners can describe, Learner presentation(s) on different explanations of addiction and impulse control disorders (as appropriate) are
disorder and non- explain and evaluate shared and peer assessed.
substance addictive various theories
disorder concerning the causes Show presentation on the biological model of addiction and impulse control disorders. The presentation on the
or etiology of non- biological model of addiction can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/6884
 Causes of substance addictions
impulse control or impulse control Ask learners to consider how classical conditioning and operant conditioning can be used to explain addiction as
disorder and disorders well as initiation, maintenance and relapse and ask learners to share their ideas.
non-substance encompassing genetic,
addictive biochemical, Refer learners to the abstract of Miller et al. (2010) study available at:
disorder behavioural, cognitive www.psychinnovations.com/EMDRSD/Miller_Feeling_State_Addiction.pdf and ask learners what model this theory
and psychodynamic would be associated with. Display the diagram in the paper available at:
explanations. www.psychinnovations.com/EMDRSD/Miller_Feeling_State_Addiction.pdf and ask learners to record in their
notes.
Ask learners to consider how the cognitive model might also explain addiction and Impulse control disorders in
relation to maintenance and relapse and ask learners to share their ideas and create a mind-map of both the
behavioural and cognitive explanations of addiction and impulse control disorders.
(I) Internet research activity: Ask learners to look up research on the effectiveness of applying these models to
explain addiction and impulse control disorders. They should print out the abstracts of the research, and add the
findings to their mind-maps.
A summary sheet on compulsive gambling with a consideration of all the models and their respective treatments
can be accessed at: http://teachers.cie.org.uk/community/resources/pt_view_resource?id=1762
Extension activity:
Ask each learner to choose one ICD and research all the respective explanations/models for it.
KC2 and KC5 Learners can describe,

Impulse control explain and evaluate Learner presentation(s) on different methods for managing and treating addiction and impulse control disorders
disorder and non- various methods to are peer assessed (if appropriate).
substance addictive treat and/or manage
disorder non-substance (I) Internet research assignment: Ask learners to visit the website Harbinger’s Mental Health Problem Solver
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Key Concepts
 Treating and addictions and impulse and work through the site as if they were suffering from a substance Impulse Control Disorder. They should
managing control disorders summarise the various treatments accordingly, though particularly the biomedical treatments. The Harbinger’s
impulse control including behavioural Mental Health Problem Solver website can be accessed at: www.newharbinger.com/psychsolve
disorder and treatments (token
non-substance economies and As a revision exercise, ask learners to access Jon Grant’s book Impulse Control Disorders: A Clinician's Guide to
addictive aversion therapy) and Understanding and Treating Behavioural Addictions, and ‘look inside’ and work through the first few issues/case
disorder CBT. studies.
Share abstracts concerning medical treatments of patients suffering from kleptomania which can be accessed at:
 https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=2ebQ-
mDAQqkC&pg=PA561&dq=medical+treatments+of+impulse+control+disorders&hl=en&sa=X#v=onepage
&q=medical%20treatments%20of%20impulse%20control%20disorders&f=false
 www.google.com/patents/WO2011069075A2?cl=en
and ask learners to read and evaluate each in turn.
(F) Hand out a CBT activity sheet, CBT role play, which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/AQA_AS_abnormal_cogtreatroleplay.pdf and ask learners to
complete the activities.
Introduce learners to the concept of covert sensitisation. You may want to look at the Glover (2011) study as a
reference.
Ask learners to evaluate the research outlined in the study by Blaszczynski and Nower (2002).
Ask learners to review the Miller (2010) theory and apply it in order to suggest an appropriate treatment. They can
then check the treatments outlined in his paper, which is available at:
www.psychinnovations.com/EMDRSD/Miller_Feeling_State_Addiction.pdf.
Ask learners to work through the activity sheet on psychological interventions for addiction and impulse control
disorders and respond to any issues arising, available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/2703
(I) Assignment: Learners choose to create a series of ten multiple-choice questions or a crossword or a true/false
activity on the various explanations of addiction and impulse control disorders.
KC3 Learners can reinforce Share some of the questions learners created for the previous assignment as starter activities.
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Impulse control their learning and

disorder and non- continue to consolidate Pass around the case studies and ask learners to respond to each one of the case studies in turn. The case
substance addictive their understanding of studies activity can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/10399
disorder different examination
questions using the Ask learners to design an experiment to investigate which psychological treatment would be the most effective in
 Reinforcement, material on non- treating a particular impulse control disorder of their choice.
examination substance addictions
practise and and impulse control Ask learners to share their experiments and each pair must evaluate each design identifying one strength or one
questions disorders. weakness or making one recommendation to improve it.
(F) Ask learners to respond to a number of examination style questions under examination conditions.
KC4 Learners can Display a poster or flow chart of anxiety disorders (phobia and OCD diagnosis advance organiser) and take
Anxiety disorders understand and learners through the flow chart as an introduction to both types of anxiety disorders, available at:
 Characteristics describe various types www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersAnxiety.html
of anxiety of phobias.
disorders Learner presentation(s) on different phobias are shared and peer assessed. Ensure generalised anxiety, specific,
social, agoraphobia and blood-injection, animal and button phobias are included.
Ask learners to identify any common characteristics in the phobias considered so far or any other abnormalities
that could account for the same symptoms. Issue the characteristics of phobias summary sheet Phobias: clinical
description hand out which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQA_abnormal_phobias_clinicaldescription.pdf and ask learners
to indicate the characteristics they had identified correctly.
Ask learners how they might try to assess or measure different types of phobias (evaluate different data collection
tools accordingly and reflect on how they distort the validity of the findings in each case).
The paper on the development of the Blood Injection Phobia Inventory (BIPI) can be downloaded at:
http://revistas.um.es/analesps/article/view/91971/88591. Ask learners to describe the assessment tool and
evaluate the trial accordingly.
Ask learners to access the GAD-7, available at: www.patient.info/doctor/generalised-anxiety-disorder-assessment-

gad-7 and self-assess their general anxiety level.
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Ask learners to identify one strength and one weakness of each of the measurement scales and explain their
responses.
(I) Assignment: Ask each learner to locate one piece of research on one type of phobia and summarise under
aim, sample, method, data collection tools and findings and bring to class for group evaluation.
Many resources on phobias are available at: www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersAnxiety.html
KC1 Learners can describe, Learner presentation(s) on different explanations of anxiety disorders (as appropriate) are shared and peer
Anxiety disorders explain and evaluate assessed.
various explanations
 Explanations of for phobias including Ask learners to look up Ost’s findings about the genetic causes of blood-injury phobias:
phobias the biological and www.psychtutor.weebly.com/anxiety-disorders-phobias.html.
behavioural models.
Show the presentation on the biological models (both genetic and biochemical) of phobias. A presentation on the
genetic basis of phobias can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQA_abnormal_phobiasgenetic.ppt
A presentation on the biological explanation of phobias can be accessed at:

www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQA_abnormal_phobiabiologicalslides.ppt
(F) Ask learners to read through and complete the worksheet on biological theories and evidence and respond to
any issues that arise. The worksheet on biological theories and evidence can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQA_abnormal_phobiasbiologicalevidence.pdf
Ask learners to consider the strengths and weaknesses of adopting the biological approach to explain phobias.
(I) Assignment: Ask learners to read and complete the task on genetics causes of phobias. The activity on the
genetic causes of phobias can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersAnxiety.html
Display a poster/flow chart of the behaviourist approach to phobias. A poster/flow chart depicting the behaviourist
approach can be accessed at:
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www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/atypical/AS_AQB_anxiety_PhobiaBehaviourist_AdvanceOrganiser.pdf
Ask learners to consider and complete a worksheet on different types of learning explaining phobias. The different
types of learning activity can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/atypical/AS_AQB_anxiety_behExplanationsAnalysis.pdf
Share a video clip on Watson’s study of Little Albert which can be accessed at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hBfnXACsOI
Ask learners to try and recall as much as they can about Watson’s study of Little Albert and relate the stages of
creating the phobia to flow chart on display and the type of learning covered in the sheet.
Show the presentation on how phobias are learnt and reinforced through conditioning and ask learners to
complete the behavioural model activity sheet to consolidate their learning, which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/perspectives/behaviourist/ANY_behaviourism_ccphobias.pdf
Anxiety disorders Learners can describe, Pass round a sheet summarising irrational thinking generally and ask learners to apply their understanding of this
explain and evaluate to the activity concerning the phobia of peas. The summary of irrational thinking sheet can be accessed at:
 Explanations of various explanations www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3369
phobias for phobias including
the cognitive and Show the presentation on cognitive explanations and ask learners to take notes accordingly. The presentation on
psychoanalytic the cognitive explanation of phobias can be accessed at: www.prezi.com/u4ktm40bz0pu/cognitive-explanations-
models. treatments-to-
phobias/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=prezi_landing_related_solr&utm_campaign=prezi_landing_related_
author
Ask learners to look up DiNardo’s findings about the cognitive causes of dog phobias
www.psychtutor.weebly.com/anxiety-disorders-phobias.html and watch the related videos and carry out the
exercises on the same pages as a revision exercise.
Ask learners to work through the Freud Page at: www.holah.co.uk/summary/freud/ and read Freud’s case study of
Little Hans and his explanation of his phobia of horses. Ask learners to pay particular attention to the following and
respond to questions concerning:
 the evidence that supports Freud’s explanation and the evidence that challenges his explanation
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 the five psychosexual stages

 the Oedipal complex
 their evaluation.
(F) Create and share a quick ‘pop-quiz’, matching certain phobias with different psychosexual stages or different
defence mechanisms and compare ideas/responses.
Show presentation on the psychodynamic model of phobias. A presentation on the psychodynamic explanation of
phobias can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQA_abnormal_phobiapsychodynamic.ppt
Ask learners to respond to the psychodynamic causes of phobias sheets which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indDisordersAnxiety.html.
Display the poster/flow chart of the psychodynamic model and ask learners to check their understanding of the
model. The poster/flow chart can be accessed at:
http://psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/atypical/AS_AQB_anxiety_PhobiaPsychodynamic_AdvanceOrganiser.pdf
Extension activity:
Ask learners to play some of the games dedicated to anxiety disorders on the ‘quizlet’ website
www.quizlet.com/16090307/anxiety-disorders-flash-cards/
KC2 and KC5 Learners can describe, Divide learners into four groups allocating one model to each group and ask them to suggest a possible treatment
Anxiety disorders explain and evaluate for a phobia and design an experiment to test how effective it might be and share their deliberations with the rest
different treatments for of the class. Respond and give guidance.
 Treatment and anxiety disorders
management of including systematic Show the humorous video clip on three stages of systematic desensitisation, available at:
anxiety desensitisation, www.youtube.com/watch?v=omYECykyQWE
disorders flooding and applied
tension. Ask learners to create their own hierarchical tables for a phobia of their choice and share examples and comment
on the ethics and predict the efficacy of using virtual simulated environments.
Show the video clip of using virtual simulations, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=co7BWWoF-5I
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Ask learners to recall the video clip on systematic desensitisation and explain the psychological basis on which it
can be justified. Replay the video clip if needed. The clip can be accessed at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMZ5o2uruXY. Information on systematic desensitisation is available at:
www.simplypsychology.org/Systematic-Desensitisation.html
Ask learners to consider the difference between systematic desensitisation and flooding - you can refer them to
www.mdjunction.com/forums/agoraphobia-discussions/general-support/3623082-flooding-vs-systematic-
desensitization to check their understanding and highlight a strength and weakness for each.
Ask learners to review their sheet on behaviourist treatments and check understanding. The summary sheet on
behaviourist treatments can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/perspectives/behaviourist/ANY_behaviourism_deconditioning.pdf
Share the research sheet on applied tension and ask learners to evaluate the research against five different
evaluative issues. The research sheet on applied tension can be accessed at:
www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/16021 or http://www.ukhypnosis.com/2010/10/21/behaviour-
therapy-for-blood-phobias/
Learners to complete activity sheet on systematic desensitisation, available at:

www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/indTreatmentsLearning.html
Extension activity:
Learners can watch the rest of the series of Part 4 Primal Fears BBC Explorations Storyteller Media, available on
YouTube.
Learners can describe, Show the video clip featuring a man using CBT to treat a 40-year phobia of baked beans at:
explain and evaluate www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Y8VKs3__cA
different treatments for
anxiety disorders Ask learners to write a script of the stages a therapist might go through to treat a phobia of their choice using CBT
including CBT and and share with the class. Ask learners to evaluate the study conducted by Ost and Westling, available at:
medical treatments. www.psychyogi.org/ost-and-westling-1995-cognitive-behavioural-therapy-cognitive-behavioural-therapy/
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Ask learners to recall the psychodynamic explanation to phobias and generate a treatment consistent with the
model and conduct some research to see if there is research they could use to support their suggestion (even if
they need to modify their suggestion to match the research findings).
(I) Assignment: Ask learners to look up and note what drug therapies are available for treating anxiety disorders
and why certain drugs might be used.
Anxiety disorders Learners can reinforce Write 16 words associated with phobias and ask learners to select 10. Learners need to match definitions to the
and consolidate their phobias – this could be done as a pair-work.
 Reinforcement, learning and
examination understanding about (F) Ask learners to review the material on phobias and play the role of examiner, generating one question for each
practise and anxiety disorders and section of a Paper 4. They can then pass these around the class for other learners to attempt.
questions practice their
examination skills (F) Ask learners to prepare an essay plan for testing under examination conditions about what psychologist have
through the practise of learnt about the explanation of phobias.
generating and
responding to different Ask learners to create a mind-map of the explanations and treatments for phobias for display.
types of examination
questions. (I/F) Learners respond to some examination style questions under timed conditions.
KC4 Learners can describe Learner presentation on certain obsessions and compulsions (including hoarding and body dysmorphic disorder)
Obsessive- ad explain types of which are peer reviewed.
Compulsive and and common
related disorders obsessions and Show the BBD Foundation website so that learners can access for further reading. Click on the link for Signs,
compulsions, hoarding Symptoms and Safety Behaviours and ask learners to make a mental note of how many they can identify in the
 Characteristics and body dysmorphic clip. The BDD Foundation webpage is at: www.bddfoundation.org/ Watch the video clip on body dysmorphic
of obsessive- disorder. disorder available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=iAuc2xAM7-8
compulsive and
related Learner should read through the article about David Beckham’s battle with obsessive/compulsive disorder (OCD),
disorders which can be accessed at:
www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-381802/The-obsessive-disorder-haunts-life.html
Issue a clinical description sheet on OCD, which can be accessed at:
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www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQB_abnormal_anxiety_OCDdiagnosis.pdf
Learners should pay particular attention to the definitions and differences between obsessions and compulsions.
Issue a matching exercise to consolidate learning between obsessions and compulsions which can be accessed
at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/8356
Focus on some interactive activities for groups or pairs to respond to, identifying obsessions and compulsions
across a variety of cases studies and completion of a true/false, available at:
Ask learners to look up and download the case study on Charles conducted by Rappaport (1989) at
www.psychtutor.weebly.com/anxiety-disorders-ocd.html and evaluate, paying attention to the strengths and
weaknesses of case studies and longitudinal studies.
KC3 Learners can describe Ask learners how obsessions and compulsions could be reliably measured and share ideas.
Obsessive- various measures that
compulsive and can be used including Ask learners to look up the Maudsley Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) at:
related disorders Maudsley Obsessive- www.sjdm.org/dmidi/Maudsley_Obsessive_Compulsive_Inventory.html and record the description in their notes.
Compulsive Inventory
 Characteristics and the Yale-Brown Share the Yale-Brown Obsessive - Compulsive Scale and ask learners to identify the main difference between the
of obsessive- Obsessive - two assessment tools. This is available at: www.veale.co.uk/resources-support/questionnaires/
compulsive and Compulsive Scale.
related (F) Learners should complete an evaluative paragraph based on the use of questionnaires and share it for peer
disorders marking.
Extension activity:
Learners can watch Extreme OCD Camp Episode 2 2013 BBC Three Documentary Trekking into the American
forest, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ywMsMjGF_nw&ebc=ANyPxKoGoa6yIpy9EjxX7ugiep_bw-
9TrtxTdW_xadffrATn3nCF7aR72_z_LYtmNuluqbeuIbZWeZllX9rU6dUBw1joTGngXA
Obsessive- Learners can describe, Share the video, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=KOami82xKec
compulsive and explain and evaluate
related disorders various explanations Learner presentation(s) on different explanations for obsessive/compulsive disorder (as appropriate) are shared
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 Explanations of for OCD including and peer assessed.

obsessive- biomedical; cognitive-
compulsive behavioural; Show (if necessary) a presentation on the explanations of OCD, which can be accessed at:
disorder psychodynamic www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQB_abnormal_anxiety_OCDexplanations&treatments.ppt
explanations.
Divide learners across the four explanations for OCD and ask them to respond to the ’explaining’ assignments on
the worksheet, ’Explaining and Treating OCD’ to present back to the class, which can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQB_abnormal_anxiety_OCDdexplainingtreatingactivity.pdf
Issue a summary of the biological explanation of OCD and ask learners to prepare an essay plan for an
examination question: Evaluate the biological explanation of OCD with a discussion of ethics in research. [10]
Put up a poster/flow chart on the faulty thinking behind OCD as a cognitive explanation of OCD, which can be
accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/atypical/AS_AQB_anxiety_OCDCognitive_AdvanceOrganiser.pdf
Learners create a short role play/script capturing the exchange between an OCD patient and their therapist for
sharing.
Show the presentation on the psychodynamic causes of OCD and ask learners to create their own mind map
covering the psychodynamic causes of OCD. The presentation of the psychodynamic causes of OCD, Anxiety
disorders: psychodynamic explanations slides, can be accessed at:
www.psychlotron.org.uk/newResources/atypical/AS_AQB_anxiety_psydyExplanations.pptx
Assignment (I): Hand out a summary sheet on the psychological causes of OCD and ask learners to prepare a
response to a selection of examination questions. A summary and evaluation sheet on the psychological causes of
OCD can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/310
KC2 and KC5 Learner presentation(s) on different treatments of obsessive/compulsive disorder (as appropriate) are shared and
Obsessive- peer assessed.
compulsive and
related disorders Divide learners across the four explanations for OCD giving each group a different model than before and ask
 Treatment and them to respond to the ‘treating’ assignments on the worksheet, ’Explaining and Treating OCD’, to present back to
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management of the class. The group activity sheet can be accessed at:
obsessive- www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/abnormal/A2_AQB_abnormal_anxiety_OCDdexplainingtreatingactivity.pdf
compulsive and
related Pose the following question to learners, ‘What kinds of medications may help OCD?’
disorders  www.iocdf.org/about-ocd/treatment/meds/
 www.webmd.com/mental-health/understanding-obsessive-compulsive-disorder-treatment
 www.ocduk.org/medication
 www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obsessive-compulsive-disorder/Pages/Treatment.aspx (good for side-effects)
Watch the following clip about how SSRIs work in the brain: www.youtube.com/watch?v=G4r3qCkLUDQ
Share alternative psychological treatments, particularly CBT and exposure and response which are well described
and explained at: www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Obsessive-compulsive-disorder/Pages/Treatment.aspx
Ask learners what psychological interventions they are aware of that use a phone and discuss the strengths and
weaknesses of using a phone in such circumstances. Ask learners whether they think CBT could be conducted via
a phone and discuss the implications accordingly.
Share the research conducted by Lovell et al. (2006) on Telephone administered cognitive-behaviour therapy for
treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder, available at: http://www.bmj.com/content/333/7574/883.long and ask
learners to evaluate and illustrate on the basis of:
 restricted samples
 usefulness
 ethics
 validity
 quantitative data
 reliability
 longitudinal studies
Share the research conducted by Lehmkuhl et al. (2008), available at:

www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3709869/ and ask learners to evaluate and illustrate on the basis of:
 case studies
 usefulness
 the use of children in psychological research
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 use of questionnaires
Extension activity:
Issue the activity on treatments (covering a variety of disorders) and ask learners to share their ideas/responses.
This can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/4072I
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Unit 6: Psychology and Consumer Behaviour
Syllabus ref and

Key Concepts
General Learners have an Ask learners to list as many evaluative issues as they can remember from their AS material and create a table of
introduction to understanding and an the advantages and disadvantages of each.
psychology and appreciation of the
consumer objectives and Introduce learners to the section in the syllabus covering Psychology and Consumer Behaviour and generate
behaviour expectations of this discussion about its importance, why it should concern us and each sub-section in turn, extrapolating previous
course in knowledge and understanding of the key issues and concepts.
organisational
psychology. Allocate a number of presentations on specific items from the syllabus depending upon the number of learners in
the class, e.g. The 4 Ps etc.
KC3 and KC5 Learners can describe Ask learners to mind map various physical aspects of their environment and make suggestions on how each may
The physical and explain different affect user experience and behaviour and then relate the same to consumers. Mind map different types of
environment aspects of the physical consumers, types of products, goods and services. Decide on a number of variables to be assessed in the field
environment, how (including sound or music, lighting, colour) and the class agrees to visit various establishments (within the week as
 Retail/leisure these can be used and appropriate to situation/logistics) and report back to the class. Use the activity to discuss issues about equipment
environment how they relate to required and inter-rater reliability etc.
design consumer experience
and behaviour, Learners record ideas in their notes. Learners share findings following their field research and draw conclusions
including: from their own experience.
 architecture and
layout Divide class into groups of four and divide the original study by Turley and Miliman (2000) into external, interior,
 sound and music layout and point of purchase allocating one learner to each section and report back to the rest of the group. The
 lighting, colour and Turley and Miliman study can be accessed at:
smell. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.461.1063&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Ask each learner to:

a) condense/summarise the diagram
b) read through Human Variables and summarise into their notes
c) choose one study as an example of the studies reviewed (with findings)
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Key Concepts
d) identify one aspect requiring further research

e) identify one example of a managerial implication.
(I) Assignment/Extension activity:

Further research findings in relation to female shopping experience (to consider individual differences) can be
accessed at: www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/13612020810906128
KC2 and KC3 Learners can describe Share a video clip on casino design, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ndjg_q0y3Eg, and ask learners
The physical and explain how what kind of moods, psychological cognitions are created by different casino atmospheres and share ideas.
environment physical conditions Discuss how design features could enhance or reduce arousal/stress/motivation/danger/pleasure etc.
can affect mood and
 Retail/leisure can describe and Share the research conducted by Finlay, 2006 on leisure environments which can be accessed at:
environment explain related http://eab.sagepub.com/content/38/4/570.short and ask learners to read through and evaluate the abstract on the
design research. basis of:
 field experiments
 experimental design
 the use of restricted samples.
Progress through the PowerPoint of the study by Finlay (2006) on leisure environments, which can be accessed
at: www.nsgamingfoundation.org/uploads/Karen%20Finlay.pdf and ask learners to add supplementary information
to their notes. The summary of study by Finlay (2006) on leisure environments can be accessed at:
www.psychedout.org/uploads/2/7/9/7/27978279/finlay_et_al.pdf
Ask learners how preference for different layouts might be identified and to design an appropriate study. Learners
need to support their design using methodological and psychological evidence. Share ideas.
Share/display the laboratory research conducted by Vrechopoulos et al. (2004) which can be accessed at:
www.ebusinessgroupf.wikispaces.com/file/view/Virtual+store+layout+an+experimental+comparison+in.pdf and ask
learners to evaluate the study in relation to:
 the use of restricted samples
 the usefulness of the findings
 individual differences.
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The physical Learners can describe Ask learners to mind map the positive and negative effects of music on consumer behaviour in various different
environment and explain, evaluate settings. Ask learners to share ideas accordingly.
and apply research
 Sound and carried out on the Share/display the video clip on influencing behaviour via music, available at:
consumer effects of music and www.learningpsychology.net/(Unconscious)-Influence-via-Music-Good-Music-Good-Business.html
behaviour noise on consumer
behaviour in various Focus the class on restaurants and ask learners to design an experiment to test the effect of different kinds of
settings. music in a restaurant. Share these and ask learners to identify the most valid experiment out all those created by
the class. Share/display the article about North’s study (2003) from the Daily Mail, available at
www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-198777/Diners-spend-classical-music.html
(I) Assignment: Issue the original study by North et al. (2003) on playing classical music in restaurants and ask
learners to summarise the key aspects into their notes and evaluate the research accordingly. The abstract is
available at: http://eab.sagepub.com/content/35/5/712.abstract and the full study by North is available at:
www.le.ac.uk/press/ebulletin/news/havingtherighttaste.html
Ask learners to consider what they have found out about music in restaurants and shops so far and to design a
study investigating the effect of music at an open-air market. Share suggestions.
Share the research by Gueguen et al. (2007) on music in open air markets, which can be accessed at:
www.learningpsychology.net/(Unconscious)-Influence-via-Music-Good-Music-Good-Business.html or
www.moodmixes.com/images/EJSR2007.pdf and ask learners to suggest as many evaluative issues as they can.
Ask learners what effect they think music and noise would have on their perception of food and what would they
need to do to test the same. Ask them to describe ‘bland’ food and whether they had experienced certain
situations where the food is usually bland.
Share the summary of the research conducted by Woods et al. (2010) on aeroplane food which can be accessed
at: www.phys.org/news/2010-10-bland-tasting-food-background-noise.html. Note, this is not on the syllabus, so
will not be directly examined.
Share the abstract and ask for preliminary evaluative points. The full article can be accessed at:
www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrew_Woods4/publication/233831746_Effect_of_background_noise_on_food_per
ception/links/0fcfd50bf0764bb6f0000000.pdf
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Ask each learner to create a revision activity (an online crossword, flashcards, True/False exercise, multiple-
choice questions or any other, ensuring all key concepts and studies have been covered).
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe Divide the class into three groups and allocate lighting, colour and smell accordingly and ask each group to
The physical and explain, evaluate conduct some research and create a presentation. This should capture the most interesting findings and each
environment and apply research group presents the other learners should record the key points.
carried out on the
 Lighting, colour effects of lighting, Share the research conducted by Kutlu (2013) on lights and colour in retail stores: available at:
and smell colour and smell on www.idosi.org/wasj/wasj23(5)13/3.pdf and the research conducted by Chebat and Michon (2003), on the effects of
consumer behaviour in odour on shopper arousal and emotion, available at: http://67-20-110-78.unifiedlayer.com/wp-
various settings and content/uploads/2013/09/impact_of_ambient_odors.pdf or
can describe and www.ryerson.ca/~rmichon/Publications/Ambient%20odors.pdf as examples of the research in the area and ask
explain related learners to evaluate and illustrate their points including;
research.  ethnocentric bias
 use of questionnaires in psychological research
 control of variables
 two other evaluative issues.
(I) Assignment: In preparation for the next section, ask learners to visit two or three restaurants and take photos
of
a) all the menus they come across
b) their friends and family members sitting at the restaurant.
For the models of the effects of ambience, introduce the three main personality traits linked to Pleasure-Arousal-
Dominance (PAD model). Create three scenarios about a theoretical new retail building in your area/locality:
1. One is a new facility that is much needed
2. One is replacing a current facility which is well known and liked
3. One is replacing a current facility which is perceived as being poor
Get learners to use the 3 PAD dimensions to predict how someone might react to each of the three scenarios.
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Ask learners to create a ‘psychometric style’ measure for the three PAD dimensions plus the cognition-emotion
model. Allow learners to comment on the efforts of other learners.
KC2, KC4 and Learners can describe Ask each learner to draw a map of a local shopping mall or high street and then share each with the class.
KC5 and explain
The psychological psychological features Ask learners to try to identify what each map has in common with the others. Display an image outlining Lynch’s
environment of the environment and terminology of paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks and explain each in turn. Ask learners to label (or
how they exert impact include and label) each on their own maps. A diagram can be accessed in the document available at:
 Environmental on consumers
influences on including cognitive
consumers maps; crowding and
shopper movement; Share the extract from Behavior and Environment: Psychological and Geographical Approaches edited by T.
menu design and Garling and R.G. Golledge and identify the key findings from the research conducted by Mackay and Olshavsky,
personal space. (1975) on cognitive maps of retail locations which can be accessed at:
https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=UGn3imDWgD8C&pg=PA389&lpg=PA389&dq=Cognitive+maps+of+retail+lo
cations:&source=bl&ots=uGB0gn5Rtl&sig=-
wf80oJ0XDzmNJ8dBY6eGUDZdco&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Cognitive%20maps%20of%20retail
%20locations%3A&f=false
Ask learners whether crowding diminishes their desire to go shopping and why. Generate a discussion on the
following questions:
 Does the type of shop make any difference to this effect?
 Could individual differences affect the extent to which crowding diminishes customer satisfaction?
 Does the anticipation of crowding reduce or enhance the effects of crowding?
 What is the difference between social density and spatial density?
Share the research conducted on crowding in retail environments by Machleit et al. (2000), available at:
http://spmantel.iweb.bsu.edu/paperpdfs/jcp2000.pdf and ask learners to evaluate the study in respect of:
 individual differences
 experimental method and design
 ethics
 two other evaluative issues of their choice.
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Extension activity:
Ask learners their strategies or their parents’ strategies when visiting their regular supermarket and describe and
compare in turn. Distribute the research into shopper movement patterns conducted by Gil et al. (2009), available
at: http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1399218/1/036_Gil_Tobari_Maia_Rose_Penn.pdf and ask learners to evaluate the
study in respect of:
 demand characteristics
 the use of self-reports in psychological research
 ethics
KC5 Learners can describe, Ask learners to share the pictures they took from their visits to restaurants and comment on the design of the
The psychological explain and apply the menus and the layout and spacing for each establishment.
environment impact of a variety of
design features Share the research on eye movement patterns, framing and common menu mistakes captured by Pavesic (2005),
 Menu design influences consumer available at: http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=hospitality_facpub. Ask
psychology choice and experience learners to categorise the samples on the wall according to the findings from the study.
Ask learners whether they could apply the findings and whether menu design could be used to encourage
healthier choices. Share the research conducted by Dayan and Bar-Hillel (2011): Primacy, Recency and Menu
item position – http://journal.sjdm.org/11/11407/jdm11407.html and ask learners to evaluate and illustrate their
points based on:
 use of restricted samples
 ethics
Ask learners to design a study to test the effect of food names (with suggestions) on choice (with methodological
and psychological support) and share with the class. Ask learners to access the findings from the study conducted
by Wansink et al. (2005), which can be found at : http://foodpsychology.cornell.edu/research/how-descriptive-food-
names-bias-sensory-perceptions-restaurants and an abstract at:
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www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950329304000941 and compare their research designs with the

study and evaluate accordingly.
KC3 and KC4 Learners can describe Ask for volunteers to experiment how close they can be to each other before feeling uncomfortable. Ask the rest of
The psychological and explain the learners what factors may affect how comfortable we are and list on the board. Using the idea of ‘concentric
environment various definitions and circles’, ask learners to create a model of personal space. Display an image of proxemics zones which is available
theories of personal at: http://image.slidesharecdn.com/edwardhallproxemictheoryintimatezone-1-130228171206-
 Personal space space. phpapp02/95/edward-hall-proxemic-theory-intimate-zone-1-2-638.jpg?cb=1362071562
(F) Do a quick ‘pop’ quiz on proxemic zones and gauge general understanding which can be accessed at:
Ask learners to suggest ways of investigating personal space, allocating each group one methodology such as lab
studies, field experiments, simulations (virtual and non-virtual), physiological etc. Learners should share their
suggestions, evaluating each in turn.
Describe and explain the various theories of personal space, overload, arousal and behaviour constraint.
Information on these can be found at:
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/environment/personal%20space/personal%20space.htm
Ask learners to generate their own example of each and look up one piece of research that could be used to
support each theory in turn.
Refer learners to their photos of the seating arrangements at the various restaurants they visited and ask them to
comment about the personal space issues captured in the various pictures. Share the research on space at
restaurant tables by Robson et al. (2011) of which both an abstract and the full article is available at:
http://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/articles/126/ ask learners to evaluate this research in relation to:
Generate a class discussion about queuing using when, where, why, what, who questions in relation to
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consumers. Ask learners about the behaviours they have noticed in response to ‘queue jumping’ and share. Ask
learners to consider the motivations for the behaviours they have witnessed. What do they consider to be the key
social concepts/issues about queuing? They can share their responses with those outlined at:
www.tastyresearch.com/2006/09/21/cutting-in-line/
(I) Ask each learner to generate one finding from research conducted on queue violations and bring to the next
class for sharing.
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe, Display five or so pictures or images of some desirable goods/products that learners might consider buying.
Consumer explain and apply the
decision-making key components of Ask learners to think about how they might decide whether to buy any of the items and what determines the
consumer decision- decisions they make. Ask each group to share their deliberations and try to categorise the main factors.
making, including:
 decision-making Describe and explain the three models of decision-making, using the examples generated by learners where
models appropriate. A summary paper of these models (and more) is available at:
 decision-making www.decisionanalyst.com/Downloads/ConsumerDecisionMaking.pdf
Strategies
 marketing theories. (I) Assignment: Divide the class in to three groups and allocate each group one of the models to explore in more
depth in order to create a presentation.
 More on utility is available at: www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Tr-Z/Utility-Theory.html
 More on satisficing with examples is available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satisficing
 An interesting piece of research on maximising and satisficing and individual differences available at:
www.wisebrain.org/media/Papers/maximizing.pdf
Ask learners how marketing personnel could use the knowledge about decision-making strategies to better market
their products and how they might market the five items displayed on the slides in the earlier class.
Create and a display an organisational chart using PowerPoint of each of the three decision making strategies.
These should then be broken down into the seven specific strategies which should be explained in turn. Ask
learners to record the chart in their notes, summarising the explanation for each. Check for accuracy and
understanding. A summary is available at: www.decisionanalyst.com/Downloads/ConsumerDecisionMaking.pdf.
Good examples of each (and very well explained) are available at: www.hospitalitynet.org/news/4056066.html
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Ask learners to evaluate how much effort goes into thinking about which product/service to buy when comparing
the following goods and services: chewing gum; a laptop; where to eat on Saturday; what to have at the school
canteen for lunch today; a shirt; a phone; breakfast cereal; a watch; a film provider subscription.
Ask learners to try and recall all the restaurants they can. Ask them what they would consider if they had to decide
where to eat and to try and explain how that effects their decision.
Explain how/why both exercises relate to marketing theories and consumer decision-making and explain
Consideration and Involvement accordingly.
Extension activity:
Learners should create a marketing scenario based. They should clearly identify the theories and models they
have used in order to demonstrate their knowledge and understanding.
KC3 and KC4 Learners can describe Ask learners to look up definitions of heuristics and to record one they like in their notes.
Consumer and explain various
decision-making types of heuristics and Watch the video clip outlining the availability, representativeness and base-rate heuristics, available at:
other issues that can www.youtube.com/watch?v=4nwAJ6salXE&ebc=ANyPxKpD1-VapEDX9PdW-
 Choice impact upon decision- D4O1gsTB3vSR2qhhyp0gvXJTFCzlFTl4bD-ClQ3wq9EXEG5DEJ9Ut4wJckfoSCmnKOwKfgt5I9clQ
heuristics making. Ask learners to summarise each heuristic in their notes and, in pairs, develop some examples of each to share
with the rest of the class – capture the best examples on the classroom wall for future reference.
A good summary of these can be accessed at: http://blog.cambridgecoaching.com/the-psychology-tutor-what-are-

heuristics
Display ‘2 for the price of 1’ on the board as learners enter class. Ask what other ‘points of sale promotions they
have encountered recently and where. Ask learners to guesstimate what kind of impact or difference these
promotions might make and record accordingly. Ask learners to explain why such suggestive promotions might
make any difference and share ideas.
Share the abstract, available at: http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2474803 of the Wansink et

al. (1998) study as background to the research. Ask learners to identify any possible strengths or weaknesses
concerning the research from the abstract, and share.
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Divide the class into five and allocate lab studies to two groups, field experiments to two groups and the last group
to design a study to investigate effective strategies to counter such promotions. Groups share ideas and evaluate
them based on the use of experimental method.
Share the research or the summary as appropriate and ask groups to divide the information up across the various
studies so that they can extrapolate the results and conclusions and share with the rest of their team. The original
research can be accessed at: www.mindlesseating.org/pdf/downloads/Anchoring-JMR_1998.pdf and a good
explanation and summary of the research can be found at: http://foodpsychology.cornell.edu/research/anchoring-
and-adjustment-model-purchase-quantity-decisions
Generate a class discussion on how emotions can affect our thinking and decision-making, considering both
positive and negative effects.
Ask learners to share how much they can recall studies on emotion from their AS course (Schachter and Singer,
1962 and Canli et al., 2000) and mind map how psychologists might investigate the interrelationships of these
three variables and share – encourage thought about using physiological measures.
Work through the psychological approaches to affective influence incorporating key

terms/phrases/models/theories and findings accordingly. The original review study can be accessed at: www-
psych.stanford.edu/~span/Publications/pw07rgp.pdf Ask learners to create revision activities to help them
consolidate this information.
Follow on through the section on psychobiological underpinning of affective influence in the same way, focusing
on where a bio-psychological findings ‘fill in some of the gaps’ left by the psychological perspective. Ask learners
to create a different revision activity to help them consolidate the information related to bio-psychological
approach.
Ask learners to evaluate each perspective in turn, generating two strengths and two weaknesses for each and
draw an overall conclusion concerning the usefulness of the findings and their application to everyday life.
Run a ‘bingo’ session using 16 of the key terms/concepts.
(F) Assessment: Ask learners to answer an example Paper 3, Question 2 to assess their understanding.
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They should construct one paragraph on the physiological perspective, using illustrative evidence from the studies
reviewed; one paragraph on the psychological perspective with evidence; and one paragraph on the issues under
discussion, and pass each paragraph to a different learner for peer review.
Allow learners to find out what the following parts of the brain are responsible for (have a handout ready for them
to complete):
 Nucleus accumbens
 Mesial prefrontal cortex
 Insula
Run through the procedure of the Knutson study (pdf can be found here:
https://marketing.wharton.upenn.edu/mktg/assets/File/neural_predictors_of_purchases.pdf) but do not reveal the
results. Based on what the learners have already found out about the three areas of the brain get them to predict
what the results could be. Once they have done this in small groups, reveal the actual results. Allow learners to
use their Key Ideas: Toolkit to evaluate the study on Determinism, Reductionism and Cultural Bias.
KC2 and KC5 Learners can describe Share the following video clip of an outline of Daniel Kahneman available at:
Consumer and explain other www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyM3d4gQGhM
decision-making cognitive factors
effecting decision- (I) Assignment: Ask each learner to view one further YouTube clip about ‘Thinking Fast and Slow’ and share any
 Intuitive thinking making including two learning points with the class during the following session.
and its levels of mental Share the extract of Shleifer’s article/review concerning System 1 and System 2, available at:
imperfections processing, choice www.scholar.harvard.edu/files/shleifer/files/kahneman_review_jel_final.pdf and ask learners to read through and
blindness and summarise the information in their notes. They could also and review the questions in a Paper 3, Question 1 and
reconstructive generate their own sample questions (with appropriate mark schemes) based on this subject matter.
memory.
Ask learners whether they have ever participated in a taste trial at a supermarket etc. and to share their
experiences. Explain that the class will also engage in a mock taste trial and set up a small taste trial in class
(though in preparation, have the trials ready and switch the contents of the ‘trial tastes’ in the sample containers)
to replicate the taste trial mentioned in the study and swap the preferences between the two tastings reflected in
the procedure of the study.
Discuss, debrief and explain the study conducted by Hall et al. (2010) as appropriate. Ask learners to share
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evaluative issues, including:

 ethics
 validity
 restricted samples of the study.
Pass out the original study, available at: www.lucs.lu.se/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Hall-et-al.-2010-Magic-at-

the-Marketplace-Choice-Blindness-for-the-Taste-of-Jam-and-the-Smell-of-Tea.pdf and ask learners to divide up
the study into segments. Groups create a mind-map to capture the main points (including as many evaluative
issues as they can identify and illustrate) of the study for display.
Ask learners to share everything they can recall about false memory from their AS course and suggest how it
could be used or applied for purposes of advertising.
Display/share the following key words:

 consumer behaviour
 advertising
 reproductive memory
 reconstructive memory
 consumer experience
 false information cues
Ask learners to share previous knowledge, understanding and association. Respond to any gaps in knowledge.
Ask learners to demonstrate effective use of the experimental method and design a study to see if adding false
information (using an advertisement) could change the nature of a memory and share ideas, evaluating each in
turn.
Explain the background to the Braun-LaTour et al. (2004) study, which is available at:
http://scholarship.sha.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1319&context=articles
Share the sections dedicated to Experiment 1/2/3 for learners to summarise in their notes.
Allocate the different experiments between learners so that each group evaluates one particular section and
shares.
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Generate a class discussion on the overall evaluation and implications/applications of the research for advertisers
in particular.
Ask learners to create ten questions of increasing difficulty or complexity (based on the subject matter in this
section) and ask for volunteers to play.
(F) Learners can use past papers to assess their understanding of this concept.
KC5 (I) Assignment: Ask learners to read the article by Jerry Thomas on The Basics of Packaging Research as
The product background reading to this topic. This is available at: www.decisionanalyst.com/publ_art/packaging.dai
 Packaging, Ask learners to comment on brands and packaging that they particularly like or dislike and ask them to download
positioning and pictures and images to display in class and comment on.
placement
Display some videos, case studies and reasoning conducted by Marketing Sciences Unlimited, available at:
www.marketing-sciences.com/packaging-research/
Ask learners to suggest reasons why (or why not) a consumer might want an item gift wrapped and share
responses.
Share the ‘gift wrapping’ clip in ‘Love Actually’, available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=E3rB_qx0wRM and ask
learners to comment on actions and behaviours of the characters involved using their observation. Ask learners to
recall the strengths and weaknesses of using observation as a data collection method.
Ask learners to use a different data collection tool to investigate what consumers believe to be the important
aspects about gift wrapping and share.
Hand out the research on gift wrapping by Porublev et al. (2009), available at:
http://epublications.bond.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1282&context=business_pubs and ask learners to
identify five evaluative issues and illustrate each accordingly. Learners should then construct a paragraph
evaluating both self-report measures and observation using the detail from the study.
Ask learners what brands they associate with certain colours (and then what colours with certain brands, e.g.
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Coca-cola or other more ‘local’ brands) and ask them why they think that would be so. Use the discussion to
encourage learners to recall what they covered under the Learning Approach in their AS course and how aspects
of learning might be applied to marketing products.
Ask learners to highlight their favourite colour and then identify a number of products or brands that they feel
would not be appropriately associated with it (black tooth paste for example)
Share the abstract of the research conducted by Grossman and Wisenblit (1999), available at:
www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/EUM0000000004565
Set learners a task to design a study to investigate an effective colour for launching a new brand or product and
explain the psychological and methodological evidence they would use to support their ideas and share for review.
More information/infographics on colour associations and preferences can be accessed at:
www.helpscout.net/blog/psychology-of-color/
https://blog.kissmetrics.com/color-psychology/
Ask learners why chewing gum, sweets and chocolate are usually situated by the tills at supermarkets. Ask
learners to then consider the long rows of similar products in supermarkets and hypothesise:
a) where consumers spend the longest time looking
b) which areas they might consider the ‘best’ area
c) how these variables might be investigated.
Extension activity:
Share the extended abstract of the research conducted by Atalay et al. (2012) on attention and shelf position
which is available at: www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v40/acr_v40_12067.pdf and ask learners to read through the
same and evaluate in terms of:
 the use of technical equipment
 the control of variables
 the use of quantitative data
 the validity of the findings
 the usefulness/applicability of the findings.
KC4 and KC5 Leaners can describe Divide the class into groups of three and, depending upon class size, allocate one type of sales technique
The product and explain various (customer/competitor/product focused) to each of the groups to research and present on. Ask learners to include
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 Selling the factors that contribute any competing/conflicting ideas/strategies/research and attempt to resolve them in their presentations. Should you
product to sales – different have groups remaining, ask these groups to research and present on ways to ‘close a sale’.
techniques that can be Some general information can be accessed at:
used and different  www.marketingdonut.co.uk/marketing/sales/sales-techniques-and-negotiations
ways to effectively  www.learnmarketing.net/orientations.htm
close a sale and can  www.mindtheproduct.com/2011/09/product-focused-vs-customer-focused-product-management-
apply each in turn. what%E2%80%99s-the-difference/
 http://corporatevisions.com/resources/article-archive/selling-techniques/
Information on a customer-focused sales technique can be accessed at:

 www.symbiontperformance.com/id180.html
Information on a product-focused sales technique can be accessed at:

 http://smallbusiness.chron.com/techniques-productbased-sales-approach-65085.html
Background information on competitive strategy can be accessed at:
 https://books.google.co.ke/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Hn1kNE0OcGsC&oi=fnd&pg=PT11&dq=competitor+focu
sed+sales+technique&ots=KJBUsegdES&sig=YyRJENZVATg0rsVJXcM0qPIrTM4&redir_esc=y#v=onepa
ge&q=competitor%20focused%20sales%20technique&f=false
Briefly discuss ambiguity and ask learners whether some people may not mind ambiguity as much as others. Ask
learners to consider the effects of ambiguous messages when communicating about a product and what effect
that might have on sales and share. Share the research conducted by Kardes et al. (2007) on ‘disrupt then
reframe’, a type of Interpersonal influence technique and ask learners to summarise the main findings and
evaluate in their notes. This can be accessed at:
www.communicationcache.com/uploads/1/0/8/8/10887248/the_role_of_the_need_for_cognitive_closure_in_the_ef
fectiveness_of_the_disr.....pdf Ask learners to summarise the major findings in their notes and evaluate the study
in relation to:
 validity
 individual differences.
Ask the class to set up and execute a school bake sale (or equivalent), creating two conditions DTR and a control
and compare the sales at the end of the session.
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Ask learners to design their own DTR investigation and share with class members. Other related research can be
accessed at: www.acrwebsite.org/volumes/v37/acr_v37_15208.pdf to help generate some ideas.
Groups present on ‘Ways to Close a Sale’ (if appropriate – see above).
Extension activity:
Learners look up different ways to close a sale and prepare an essay entitled, ‘The most effective strategies for
closing a sale are …’ They should evaluate the various strategies they include and draw a final conclusion.
Various websites can be accessed to support learners with their research:
 www.wikihow.com/Close-a-Sale
 www.entrepreneur.com/article/222558
KC1 and KC5 Learners can describe Ask learners to describe and explain the difference between an individual and a situational attribution/explanation
The product and explain the and generate examples to illustrate the same. Ask learners to apply the same dichotomy to a potential consumer
various factors that decision to buy (or not) a certain product and share ideas.
 Buying the constitute the
product consumers cognitive Share the concept ‘aggregation’ and explain how it can be used to explain general behaviours, attitudes and
decision to make an dispositions across a multitude of situations and scenarios – an inductive process or theory to explain behaviour
actual purchase. which will then be modified by the particular variables inherent in particular instances.
Share the characteristics of ‘reasoned behaviour’, outlining Ajzen’s review of the research into purchase decisions
and theories of planned behaviour (Azjen, 1991). Display the diagram for learners to record in their notes. This is
available in the original review which can be accessed at:
www.cas.hse.ru/data/816/479/1225/Oct%2019%20Cited%20%231%20Manage%20THE%20THEORY%20OF%2
0PLANNED%20BEHAVIOR.pdf Ask learners to consider other factors that should be taken into consideration in
the performing of the reasoned action. Use the empirical findings from the review study to illustrate the identified
factors.
Share the concept of the ‘expectancy-value model’ and how it might impact on behaviour, asking learners to
generate examples. Again, use the empirical findings from the review study to illustrate the identified factors.
Ask learners to use the initial diagram as a basis of a spider diagram/mind-map, incorporating the variables
discussed with example and findings and help learners draw conclusions in each case.
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Display a simple image of the ‘black box’ (stimulus/response model) (www.designshack.net/wp-

content/uploads/blackbox-4.jpg) on the board and refer back to the cognitive approach from learners’ AS course.
Ask learners to recall the assumptions, strengths and weaknesses of the cognitive approach.
Display a more detailed image of the same (www.tutor2u.net/business/images/stimulus_response.gif) and ask

learners to capture the diagram in their notes, identifying illustrative examples for marketing stimuli, other stimuli
and buyer responses.
Display an image of the consumer decision model available at: www.staffs.ac.uk/sgc1/faculty/market-for-

mans/images/consumer-decison-making-model.png and ask learners to connect this to the ‘black box’ imagery
and comment and provide examples of the various factors as the capture the diagram in their notes. Ask each
learner to illustrate the steps taken when applying the model to the last significant purchase they made.
Information on this and the stages they go though can be accessed at:
 www.theconsumerfactor.com/en/5-stages-consumer-buying-decision-process/
 http://eprints.bournemouth.ac.uk/10107/1/Consumer_Behaviour_Theory_-_Approaches_%26_Models.pdf
(F) Past paper questions on the product could be used to assess learner understanding.
KC2, KC4 and Learners can describe Ask learners to identify all the different types of advertising media they can think of and divide the class so that
KC5 and explain various each group and explore the strengths and weaknesses of each. Capture all ideas on a mind-map to display on the
Advertising types of advertising class wall for future reference. Some informative websites:
and media used and  www.knowthis.com/types-of-advertising-media
 Types of the factors to consider  www.knowthis.com/advertising
advertising and when promoting a  www.yourarticlelibrary.com/advertising/9-types-of-advertising-media-available-to-an-advertiser/25870/
advertising product in the market  www.brandeducationservices.com/2012/01/31/types-of-restaurant-advertising-brand-eduction/
techniques place.  www.bizmove.com/marketing/m2j4.htm
Ask learners what they associate with persuasive techniques and share previous knowledge and understanding of
the same. An excellent 30-minute learning activity based on persuasive techniques is outlined at:
www.learnnc.org/lp/editions/careerstart-grade8/5714
Use the opportunity to discuss individual differences, ethics and vulnerability, applicability etc. Share the video
available at: www.readwritethink.org/videos/rhetoric/video-61.html. A research brief on marketing to teenagers and
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children can be accessed at: www.commonsensemedia.org/research/advertising-to-children-and-teens-current-

practices
Ask learners what they have heard about the 4Ps of effective marketing and share previous knowledge. Ask
learners to watch the video, available at: www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newSTR_94.htm and ask them if they
could identify the different ‘sales’ strategies mentioned in the video.
Ask each learner to create a diagram of the 4 Ps in their notes (and use the same site to incorporate Lauterborn’s
4 Cs) and illustrate each component using a product of their own choice.
Divide the class into four groups and ask learners to design a field experiment to investigate the effect of one
component (compared to a second component of their choice) to demonstrate their application of the experimental
method and share ideas in turn.
Ask learners to imagine they are the marketing teams for the following items and they have an opportunity to
‘place’ these items in a number of films. Ask learners which films they would choose to try and effectively promote
these products and how they would be positioned/used in the films they chose – and justify their answers. The
items could include: a cowboy hat; a set of high quality coloured pencils; an expensive brand of coffee; a medium
priced all-weather watch; a pair of sneakers; an office chair.
Ask learners to design an experiment to investigate the effectiveness of using placement in films to:
a) enhance the brand
b) increase sales.
and share accordingly.
Extension activity:
Share the abstract of the research on Product Placement in Films, conducted by Auty and Lewis (2004), which is
available at: www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/mar.20025/abstract and ask learners to evaluate with
respect to the following issues:
 the validity of the research
 ethics and
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KC4 Learners can describe Share an image of the Hovland-Yale model of communication and ask learners to consider how each aspect could
Advertising and explain how enhance or diminish the persuasive influence of the message. Ask learners to generate an example of an
different types of advertising campaign for a product of their choice using the Hovland-Yale communication model. Information
 Communication advertising and about this model can be accessed at: www.revisepsychology.wordpress.com/2012/01/05/1-persuasion-and-
and advertising models can affect attitude-change/ and share the strengths and weaknesses accordingly.
models attitudes and
preferences in the Ask learners to download a PowerPoint of the Hovland-Yale communication model, available at:
market-place. www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3875 and complete a worksheet on the same available at:
Work through a presentation outlining other communication models and their impact on attitude change, available
at: http://online.sfsu.edu/fho/CH08-R.ppt Ask learners to draw a diagram of the Hovland-Yale communication
model as a revision activity and supplement this diagram with the extra information on how the core components
of the model have been developed to reflect the increasing complexity of advertising theories and models of
communication.
Share with learners another model used by advertisers for breaking down the different phases of consumer
engagement with an advertisement, known as the AIDA model and display an image of this, available at:
www.24point0.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/AIDA-advertising-powerpoint-presentation-template.png and
use it to generate a discussion about activating the different phases. The following are good resources for further
information:
 www.mindtools.com/pages/article/AIDA.htm
 www.smartinsights.com/traffic-building-strategy/offer-and-message-development/aida-model/
 www.boundless.com/marketing/textbooks/boundless-marketing-textbook/integrated-marketing-
communications-12/introduction-to-integrated-marketing-communications-81/aida-model-406-4060/
Ask learners to consider how reductionist this model might seem and ask them to suggest other aspects that
should be considered to ‘add value’. Ask learners to conduct some internet research and identify three examples
of characteristics or variables that have been added by various marketers/psychologists and capture in their notes.
Improvements and additions to the AIDA model can be accessed at the following sites:
 www.mindtools.com/pages/article/AIDA.htm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDA_(marketing)
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Display an image of the ‘Hierarchy of Effects’ model, available at:

www.gimmecca.files.wordpress.com/2011/07/think-feel-do_11.jpg and discuss the similarities and differences to
the AIDA model. Ask learners to capture the model in their notes and explain which they think is a more useful
model and justify. Summaries of the model are available at:
www.learnmarketing.net/hierarchy_of_effects_model.html
KC5 Learners can describe Ask learners what brands they remember from their childhood and whether they still have an impact on their
Advertising and explain different desire to buy.
research conducted on
 Advertising the effects of Share the study on Brand recognition in children by Fischer (1991), a summary of the study is available at:
applications advertising on different www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1956101 and the full study is available at: www.archwoodside.com/wp-
target populations. content/uploads/2015/09/JAMA-1991-Fischer-3145-8.pdf and ask learners to evaluate the research using five
evaluative issues but these must include the use of children in psychological research and ethics.
Share the study on advertising and consumer personality by Snyder and DeBono (1985), the full study is available
at:
www.researchgate.net/profile/Kenneth_Debono/publication/232484481_Appeals_to_Image_and_Claims_About_Q
uality._Understanding_the_Psychology_of_Advertising/links/00b4952caa813a56a3000000.pdf and ask learners to
evaluate the research using five evaluative issues but must include individual differences and the use of self-
reports.
Share the study on Effective slogans by Kohli et al (2007), the full original study is available at:
www.researchgate.net/profile/Chiranjeev_Kohli/publication/4885479_Got_slogan_Guidelines_for_creating_effectiv
e_slogans/links/542202380cf26120b7a00e18.pdf and ask learners to evaluate the research using five evaluative
issues but must include validity and the use of case studies. Learners create mind-maps incorporating all three
studies.
(F) Past paper questions on advertising could be used to assess learner understanding.
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Unit 7: Psychology and Health
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The patient- Learners can describe Ask learners what they consider ‘health’ to mean and share responses.
practitioner and explain various
relationship definitions of health. Go through the syllabus content for this unit and respond to any questions and comments.
 Practitioner and Learners can Share the WHO definition of health, available at: www.who.int/about/definition/en/print.html
patient understand and
interpersonal explain different Ask learners to consider the five main goals of health psychologists and share. Learners describe the ‘perfect’
skills means of nurse/doctor and create a class list to display on the wall.
communication used
by health practitioners Focus on/share the key studies and ask learners to evaluate each in turn against a number of evaluative issues
as they interact with such as:
patients and practise  generalisability
their evaluation skills  validity
when considering  reliability
some of the research  usefulness/applicability
in this area.  individual differences
Summaries of the key studies can be accessed at: www.prezi.com/vq1t8ih0z2fs/copy-of-health-psychology/
Extension activity:
Ask learners to complete a worksheet on different models of health psychology. The worksheet on different
models of health psychology can be accessed at:
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/health/work%20sheets/health%20intro%20ws1.htm
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe, Replicate part of the McKinstry & Wang study in to non-verbal communications in the patient-practitioner
The patient- illustrate and evaluate relationship. A copy of the paper including the actual photographas used can be found at:
practitioner various practitioner http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1371685/pdf/brjgenprac00066-0008.pdf
relationship styles and can explain
how effective different Get them to rate each picture on the same 0-5 scale that was used in the real study and compare the distribution
 Patient and styles are. of results with the actual results (all can be found using the above link).
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practitioner In groups, get learners to produce an A5 leaflet that could be circulated to GPs giving them advice on how to
diagnosis and Learners can describe ‘improve their non-verbal communications with their patients’. These can be displayed on the classroom wall.
style and explain
practitioner diagnosis, Based on the McKinlay study (which is not available in full text on the internet), create eight sentences that have
the errors that can be one medical term in it (e.g. rhesus or canula) and present these to your learners. Get them to define the medical
made as well as the terms used in each sentence and then get them to assess how well they have done. They could collect more data
manner in which using the same eight sentences for homework or from other learners at your school during lunchtime or breaks. All
information is data can be collected and then a poster can be created presenting the main findings and highlighting advice that
disclosed. could be given to GPs about their verbal communication skills.
Show the video on patient-practitioner relationship at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnSK4KfCdSk and gather

feedback on each section on what learners would suggest needs to be done to improve the patient-practitioner
relationship.
Show/share the study by Savage and Armstrong and ask learners to evaluate the study slide by slide accessed at:
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=YnJvbXNncm92ZS5pbi50aHxwc3ljaG9sb2d5fGd4OjYwYThl
OGZjNmUxNDRmZmY
Pass round a printed version of the presentation on Byrne and Long and ask learners to evaluate the study as
before accessed at:
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=YnJvbXNncm92ZS5pbi50aHxwc3ljaG9sb2d5fGd4OjYwMjVk
N2MwZWM5YjUyMzU
Ask learners to look up Type I and Type II errors using different phrases in their search engines and ask them to
share findings. A good example with an accompanying video can be accessed at:
www.psychwiki.com/wiki/What_is_the_difference_between_a_type_I_and_type_II_error%3F
Ask learners how this might occur in practitioner diagnosis. Share the video clip of Rosenhan’s study, available at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=j6bmZ8cVB4o and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ggaxG45oNz0
Ask learners to consider the strengths and weaknesses of completing an online questionnaire before meeting a
doctor and share. A detailed review of the strengths and weaknesses of the use of computers in capturing
information for diagnosis compared to traditional methods can be accessed at:
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www.internetmedicineuk.org/presentations/MayoClinicProceedings_The_Patient_Computer_interview.pdf
Ask learners how they would feel divulging sensitive and potentially embarrassing details (generate some
examples) online and share the outline of the Robinson and West (1992) study and ask them to predict the results.
A summary of the Robinson and West (1992) study is available at:
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/health/diagnosis_and_style.htm
Extension activity:
Ask learners to evaluate the study and list the factors which might explain why more information was disclosed
online rather than via a handwritten form or interview.
KC1, KC4 and Learners can explain Ask learners to list as many reasons as they can think of as to why people may delay seeking medical help or
KC5 reasons individuals misuse medical services and share.
The patient- may delay in seeking
practitioner medical help or misuse Share a presentation on the concepts of misusing the health services, available at:
relationship: health services. www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/9040
 Misusing health Show the Safer study and ask learners to summarise and evaluate. Summaries for the key studies are available
services at: www.prezi.com/vq1t8ih0z2fs/copy-of-health-psychology/
Show the presentation on hypochondriasis and ask learners to underline/highlight the essential items on each
slide. The presentation on hypochondriasis can be accessed at:
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=YnJvbXNncm92ZS5pbi50aHxwc3ljaG9sb2d5fGd4OjIxZmRm
YzcyMmY3NzBhOWE
Share a paper on Munchausen syndrome and ask learners to summarise the syndrome in ten points in the space
at the bottom of the page. The paper on Munchausen syndrome can be accessed at:
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=YnJvbXNncm92ZS5pbi50aHxwc3ljaG9sb2d5fGd4OjQ5N2Z
mZDk1YzlkMTRhNA
Learners can revise the concepts and studies at: www.slideshare.net/benvel52/a-level-psychology-and-health-

lecture-20141
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The patient- Learners can describe Show the Barlow and Durand (1995) study on hypochondriasis at:
practitioner and explain the (www.abnormalpsych.wikispaces.com/Somatoform+dxo) and the Aleem and Ajarim, (1995) study on Munchausen
relationship: research into why syndrome and ask learners to summarise and evaluate.
individuals may delay Ask learners to bullet point what characteristics they would include in a response to a Paper 3 question on
 Misusing health in seeking medical Munchausen syndrome/hypochondriasis as a problem based exercise and share and evaluate accordingly.
services help or misuse health
services. (F) Focus on and hand out a Paper 3 and go through each question in turn, explaining the structure and
expectations of each question in turn.
Learners begin to
understand the (I) Assignment: Ask each learner to prepare a 10 question multiple-choice quiz for future revision purposes.
structure and
expectations of the
Paper 3: Specialist
Options: Theory
KC1 and KC4 Learners can mind (I) Assignment: Ask learners to look up Becker and Rosenstock’s (1979) Health Belief Model at
Adherence to map and explore www.educationforhealth.net/publishedarticles/article23_1.gif and draw a diagram in their notes.
medical advice reasons for non- Ask learners why patients may or may not adhere to medical advice (and attribute to a psychological approach if
adherence. appropriate) and list for future reference in the classroom.
 Types of non-
adherence and Refer learners to their diagrams of the Health Belief Model and go through each aspect in turn, supplementing
reasons why information and understanding/examples where appropriate. Identify challenges in the model to adherence.
patients don’t Information about this can be accessed at: www.jblearning.com/samples/0763743836/chapter%204.pdf
adhere
Ask learners to complete the evaluation exercise on Health Belief Models and adherence which can be accessed
at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/9042
Share the presentation of the research by Bulpitt and ask learners to evaluate the study and generate other
rational reasons that patients might not adhere to medical advice. This study is available at:
http://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=YnJvbXNncm92ZS5pbi50aHxwc3ljaG9sb2d5fGd4OjcwN2Zh
ODY4YmQyMmM2ODU
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Ask learners to recall which episodes in the video clip (which can be accessed at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnSK4KfCdSk ) might have encouraged higher degrees of adherence (watch the clip
again if necessary) and list strategies medical practitioners can use to generate compliance.
Extension activity:
More information and current trends and research on non-adherence can be accessed at:
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/health/why%20non-adherence.htm
KC2 and KC3 Learners can describe Ask learners to mind map different ways you could measure adherence/non-adherence and share.
Adherence to and explain various
medical advice ways you could Play a ‘Consequences’ style game where each learner has to write down a strength or weakness of a self-report
measure adherence and pass it on until all ideas have been exhausted. (The game is traditionally played by writing the words on paper
 Measuring and the problems with and folding the paper to hide the previous words before passing it to the next player.)
adherence/non- each in turn. Examine
adherence the difference between Each pair has to consider the implication of the strength or weakness in relation to adherence/non-adherence.
subjective and
objective measures. Ask learners to respond to key questions, ‘How generalisable are findings concerning adherence generated by
self-reports?’ and ‘What are other more valid ways we could measure adherence?’
Share the study by Riekart and Droter (1999) and ask learners to predict the results.
Share the three key studies on pill counting, e.g. Chung and Naya (2000), biochemical tests, repeat prescriptions,
e.g. Sherman (2000) and Roth and Caron (1978). The abstracts for these are available at:
www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt1978233361/abstract
Ask learners to identify evaluative issues that the studies have in common and create a table or a mind-map
capturing the evaluative issues and the appropriate illustrative material for each study respectively. The key
studies are all available at: www.prezi.com/vq1t8ih0z2fs/copy-of-health-psychology/.
Ask learners to create flashcards for each study and the respective findings.
Learners test each other using the cards on their ability to recall the findings.
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KC4 Learners consider a Ask learners to review all the material covered so far in the course and consider two ways to improve adherence
Adherence to variety of ways to and support their suggestions with psychological research.
medical advice improve adherence
and practise their Share ideas and learners peer review suggestions and try to reach consensus about the three most preferred
 Improving evaluation skills when strategies.
adherence considering the
findings of Share the summaries of these studies which focus on improving practitioner style: Ley (1988), Yokley and
psychological research Glenwick (1984) www.jameslindlibrary.org/yokley-jm-glenwick-ds-1984/ and Watt et al. (2003)
in the area and their http://ocra2psychologyg543.blogspot.co.ke/2013/05/adherence-to-medical-regimen.html
examination skills
when applying their Learners should evaluate each in turn, assessing whether the findings support or challenge the recommendations
knowledge to of the class, and if not, why not.
examination questions. (F) Each learner responds to a Paper 3 question which is peer marked and then creates a second Paper 3
question with an appropriate marking scheme for sharing.
(I) Assignment: Learners create a crossword using an online crossword maker on the material covered so far.
Online crossword tools are available at: www.worksheets.theteacherscorner.net/make-your-own/crossword/
KC3 Learners’ knowledge (F) Focus on a Paper 3, 6(b) question and explain the structure and expectations and ask each learner to draft a
Adherence to and understanding is paragraph on the focused discussion aspect (e.g. objective and subjective measures) using appropriate detail
medical advice reinforced and then from the studies.
assessed using a
 Types of non- number of examination Select and focus on a Paper 4, Section B (a) question and ask learners to match their recommendations with the
adherence and type questions. relevant research and focus on the degree of detail required to attain full marks.
reasons why
patients don’t Learners gain (I) Assignment: Ask learners to create two more ‘evaluative paragraphs’ on any issue they have identified in the
adhere understanding and studies covered in response to the Section B (b) question shared earlier.
● measuring practice by responding
adherence/non- to a number of (F) Learners should attempt a range of questions from past papers on adherence to medical advice to assess their
adherence examination type understanding.
● improving questions.
adherence
Learners reinforce
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their learning and get a

sound understanding
of the structure of the
various Paper 3 & 4
questions.
KC4 Learners can describe Divide learners into groups to prepare presentations (with examples and handouts) on the following:
Pain various definitions of  acute pain
pain and can describe  chronic pain
 Types and and illustrate different  psychogenic pain
theories of pain types and theories of  congenital analgesia
pain.  episodic analgesia
and get each group to present in turn and receive feedback.
Share an article from The Guardian about a woman with mirror-touch synaesthesia and generate discussion about
different types of pain which can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/1356
Show an introductory presentation on the two main theories of pain and the evaluation of each. The presentation
can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/9050 Respond to questions and answers.
Issue each learner with a handout about gate theory and check for understanding which can be accessed at:
Hand out a matching exercise on gate theory accessed at: www.holah.karoo.net/alevel/gatematch.htm
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KC3 Learners can describe, Issue each learner with a starter activity on measuring pain and go through definitions and understanding,
Pain explain and illustrate available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/9052
various tools that can
 Measuring pain be used to measure Ask learners how we measure pain in everyday life whether it is our own or someone else’s and evaluate each in
pain including self- turn.
report measures,
psychometric Show a video clip on pain assessment and ask learners to identify what was asked, how it was asked and the
measures and visual different types of pain management referred to which can be accessed at:
rating scales. www.youtube.com/watch?v=PG95aKaUq5M
Display hard copies of each type of scale between the groups and ask them to identify any strengths and
weaknesses and try and order the scales in terms of perceived validity and justify their responses. The McGill Pain
questionnaire (short form) can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/111. The
remaining scales can be accessed at: www.painedu.org/Downloads/NIPC/Pain_Assessment_Scales.pdf
Pain Learners can describe, Starter activity: Share a review study comparing the four main scales used, available at:
explain and illustrate www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21621130
 Measuring pain various tools that can
be used to measure Show an image of the University of Alabama, Birmingham (UAB) assessment tool and ask learners to capture two
pain including or three items and how they are measured and progress through slides for evaluation purposes. The presentation
behavioural/ containing information on the UAB assessment tool is available at:
observational http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/health/pain2.htm
methods.
Share a multiple-choice quiz, available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/9053
and ask learners to respond.
(I) Assignment: Ask learners to conduct a ‘webquest’ and list one piece of research conducted for each type of
assessment tool which can be accessed at: www.homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/health/pain2.htm
(F) Ask learners to respond to a sample Section C question on a pain assessment tool of their choice.
Ask learners to pair up with another learner who chose a different tool. Hand out the mark scheme or show it on
the board and ask each learner to mark their partner’s work.
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KC2 and KC3 Learners can describe Ask learners to list all the ways they are aware of to minimise or manage pain and share.
Pain and explain various
methods to manage Progress through the ‘chemicals’ section of a presentation which can be accessed at:
 Managing and and control pain www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/9415
controlling pain including medical,
behavioural, cognitive Ask learners to create Paper 3 type questions on controlling pain using chemicals.
and psychological
techniques. Ask learners how practitioners might use operant conditioning to control pain and respond to questions and
answers (Q&A).
Progress through the ‘behavioural and cognitive methods’ section of the presentation. The presentation can be
Pass round a series of games cards and ask learner to conduct a number of learning activities, and identify which
methods have not yet been covered. The games cards and learning activities can be accessed at:
Continue through the section on ‘relaxation and biofeedback’.

Internet research: Ask learners to investigate one piece of research on ‘relaxation and biofeedback’ and return to
the lesson with the major finding and three evaluative issues.
Continue through the section on ‘cognitive strategies’.
Share research by McMullen et al. (2008) and ask learners to evaluate accordingly. The research by McMullen et
al. (2008) can be accessed at: http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/health/pain3.htm
Issue each learner with a quick revision quiz and hand to another learner for marking. A quick revision quiz is
available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/384
Extension activity:
Ask learners to create a 10 true and false statement exercise for future revision purposes.
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KC4 Learners’ knowledge (F) Ask learners to create Paper 3 questions (not already attempted previously) and pass on to the neighbouring
Pain and understanding is pair to respond to.
reinforced and then
● Types and assessed using a Collate how many different questions were generated and consider the scope of these questions.
theories of pain number of examination
● Measuring pain type questions. Learners create flash cards for the four or more findings they would use to respond to a 6(a) question and use
● Managing and these to test each other on recall and structuring a written response appropriately.
controlling pain
(I) Assessment: Ask learners to complete a variety of examination style questions within in timed conditions.
KC4 and KC5 Learners can explain Create a blank copy of the Selye GAS model and provide learners with all relevant terminology (e.g. Alarm
Stress the physiology of reaction, perceived stressor, Resistance Stage, Exhaustion Stage, body is mobilised, resources are very limited
stress and the major etc.). Allow the learners to work out the GAS ‘for themselves’ as it is a logical model to enhance cognitive
 Causes and causes of stress and processing. Present the actual model on the whiteboard or a handout so learners can check their accuracy.
sources of can evaluate the
stress research on each Ask each learner to read through and check against the Social Readjustment Rating Scale, available at:
accordingly. www.simplypsychology.org/SRRS.html and analyse their scores. Ask learners if they agree with the ratings given
by Holmes and Rahe (1967).
Ask learners to read through and evaluate Chandola et al. (2008) about work as a cause of stress and evaluate
accordingly, available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18216031 or
www.eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/29/5/640
Give each learner a Stress Booklet and ask learners to read pages 1 to 5 inclusive, available at:
Ask learners what aspects of life might cause long term stress that could lead to ‘burnout’.
Show a short video clip available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmvb_fa-558 and ask learners to consider what
type of stress was evident in the clip.
Ask learners to complete a Type A/B personality test and score and analyse accordingly. An online short Type A/B
personality test can be accessed at: www.personality-testing.info/tests/AB.php
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Ask learners to predict which personality type might be more vulnerable to stress and why. What strategies might
you adopt to reduce susceptibility from stress related illnesses?
Look at/share research by Friedman and Rosenman and Lazarus in turn and evaluate each in terms of individual
differences and two other evaluative issues. These can be accessed at: www.prezi.com/vq1t8ih0z2fs/copy-of-
health-psychology/
KC3 Learners can describe Review each piece of research covered so far and consider how stress was measured and identify two strengths
Stress and explain various and two weaknesses for each.
different ways stress
 Measures of can be measured with Consider more valid measures of stress and share Wang et al. (2005), and evaluate. The full text is available at
stress examples and can www.psychpress.com.au/Psychometric/newsletter/2006/Mar/Wang.pdf or abstract at:
consider the strengths www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15997606
and weaknesses of
each. Learners mind-map research on stress, incorporating the findings from the research, the measures used and the
strengths and weaknesses of each.
Share the research conducted by Evans and Wener (2007) available at: http://digest.bps.org.uk/2007/04/why-
train-designers-should-avoid-three.html and ask learners to identify how stress was measured and evaluate the
study with regards to:
a) validity
b) subjective versus objective measures
c) and three other evaluative issues of their choice.
(I) Assignment: Ask each learner to read through and complete a worksheet attached to some ‘factsheets’ on
stress available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3391
KC2, KC4 and Learners can identify Assess previous knowledge of drug therapies for stress.
KC5 drug therapies for
Stress stress as well as Give a short presentation on the strengths and weaknesses of drug therapies. An evaluation tool for the use of
evaluate their use. drugs can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/6339
 Management of
stress Learners can also Ask learners what they can recall about relaxation and biofeedback in managing or controlling pain and ask
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describe and explain whether it could have relevance in the management and control of stress and share responses.
non-chemical
interventions including Focus on the research on biofeedback (Budzynski et al., 1969) and then compare with the research by Bridge,
psychological (1988) on using relaxation with imagery and identify any evaluative issues including usefulness. The Budzynski et
strategies and al., (1973) study is available at: www.prezi.com/vq1t8ih0z2fs/copy-of-health-psychology/
behavioural
techniques and (I) Assignment: Ask each learner to respond to a letter to an ‘agony aunt’. The letter should explain what is
inoculation happening to the person and provide them with some management tips based on their knowledge of stress. The
programmes that can ‘agony aunt’ activity can be accessed at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/5697
assist in preventing
stress. Focus on key questions, ‘Why does James Bond/Jason Bourne/Jack Bauer never seem to get stressed?’ and
‘What does inoculation mean?’
Extension activity:
Refer learners to the study by Meichenbaum (1985) in their workbooks and ask each group to develop a SIT
programme for one of the above. Ask learners to consider how SIT could be applied to working in dangerous
environments and discuss.
Stress Learners’ knowledge Ask learners to prepare flashcards on the preferred studies/findings/tests etc.
and understanding is
● Sources of reinforced and then (F) Focus on a Paper 3 question and check all learners could answer it effectively with the flashcards available –
stress assessed using a giving time to those who need to ‘create another’ to do so.
● Measures of number of examination
stress type questions. Ask learners to arrange their flashcards to help them answer the question: What have psychologists found out
● Management of about sources of stress?
stress
Share responses and ask learners to mark their peers’ work and check for understanding of both content and
assessment criteria.
KC4 and KC5 Learners can Fear arousal practical for the classroom: split your learners into three groups and based on Janis & Feshbach (but
Health promotion understand, explain do not reveal the study to them prior to this exercise) – they must create an advert about dental hygiene with each
and illustrate different group getting a different ‘level of fear’:
 methods for strategies used in 1. Group 1 must use high levels of fear (e.g. imagery of decaying teeth)
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promoting health promotion and 2. Group 2 must use moderate levels of fear
health can apply each in turn. 3. Group 3 must use minimal levels of fear
The brief must be that they have been recruited from the health department of your local government or equivalent
to produce a leaflet getting people to visit their dentists regularly. Each group can present their findings and
learners can discuss which appears to work best at getting people to visit their dentist more often. They can then
put it into the context of the use of fear in advertising and health promotion. This will lead into them covering the
actual Janis & Feshbach study.
As a revision exercise, ask learners to try and recreate the diagram of the Health Belief Model and learners self -
assess.
Ask learners what aspect they would focus on if they had to design a health promotion or campaign and share
ideas.
Show a very old health campaign video clip and open discussions on what the focus of the change was and how
effective it was. The video clip can be accessed at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=VHokcEvnTqU
Ask learners what HIV/AIDS campaigns they are aware of and what the campaign tried to make them do?
Show the presentation on the research on the effectiveness of fear arousal. It can be accessed at:
Share an image of Bandura’s self-efficacy model (google images) and ask learners what aspects they could also
use/apply and illustrate each influence with a suggestion. A summary of Bandura’s self-efficacy model can be
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KC3 Learners can Show presentation on the Hovland-Yale model of communication which can be accessed at:
Health promotion understand, explain www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/3875
and illustrate
 strategies for strategies for Learners can complete a work sheet on the Hovland-Yale model of communication which can be accessed at:
promoting promoting health, www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/10295
health including the Hovland
Yale Communication (F) As a revision exercise, ask learners to respond to a sample Paper 4 question using the Lewin study (1992)
model and can apply it about providing information packages concerning coronary heart disease.
accordingly.
Health promotion Learners can describe Start with the homepage of Food Dudes and allow learners to navigate around the site:
various health www.fooddudes.ie/main.html
 Health promotion schemes in
promotion in schools, worksites and Issue the original study by Tapper and ask learners to skim through the document highlighting the aim, the
schools, work communities. method, the sample and the main results which can be accessed at:
sites and https://teachers.cie.org.uk/community/resources/pt_view_resource?id=1789
communities.
Show a summary of the Tapper study and check the main points have been captured appropriately, which can be
accessed at: www.prezi.com/vq1t8ih0z2fs/copy-of-health-psychology/
Share the summary of the longitudinal study conducted by Fox et al. in dangerous work environments, available at
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1286011/ and ask learners to evaluate.
Share Farquhar’s Five City Project Community study which is available at:
www.researchgate.net/publication/19148158_The_Stanford_Five-City_Project_Design_and_Methods and divide
the study into equally weighted sections on the main features of the study and ask learners to create an illustrated
mind-map of the study incorporating the various features and any evaluative issues they have identified which can
then be compared and displayed.
Extension activity:
Other research on health promotions/interventions can be accessed at:
http://homepage.ntlworld.com/gary.sturt/health/Health%20Promotion%20in%20schools.htm
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KC4 Learners can describe Revision activity: Ask learners to refer back to their diagrams of the Health Belief Model – identify where or how
Health promotion various individual individual differences may impact on the model. Ask learners to share any knowledge or previous experience they
differences that can may have concerning individual differences and responses to behaviour change.
 Individual effect response to
factors in health promotion Divide learners into three groups and allocate each group one of the following examples of individual differences
changing regarding responses to behaviour change and present to the rest of the class.
health beliefs ● Weinstein (1980) – unrealistic optimism
(http://psych415.class.uic.edu/Readings/Weinstein,%20Unrealistic%20optimism,%20JPSP,%201980.pdf)
● Prochaska et al. (1997) – transtheoretical model (www.prochange.com/transtheoretical-model-of-
behavior-change)
● Lau (1990) – health change in adolescent
(www.jstor.org/stable/2136890?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents)
Research activity: Ask learners to look up any findings relating to any of the theories/presentations and share.
Learners can self- assess their knowledge and understanding using the flashcards and quizzes, available at:
www.quizlet.com/30701103/health-cie-flash-cards/
(F) Present learners with practice examination questions from past papers which focus on strategies for promoting
health.
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General Learners have an Ask learners to list as many evaluative issues as they can remember from their AS material and create a table of
introduction to understanding and an the advantages and disadvantages of each.
psychology and appreciation of the
organisations objectives and Introduce learners to the section in the syllabus covering Organisational Psychology and generate discussion
expectations of this about each sub-section in turn.
course in
organisational Allocate a number of presentations on specific items from the syllabus depending on the number of learners in the
psychology. class (e.g., different leadership styles etc.).
KC4 Learners can describe Ask learners to consider their most basic needs, then their less basic needs and identify any other needs they
Motivation to Work and explain needs- might have. Highlight the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic needs/motivation.
based theories of
 Needs theories motivation including the Show an image of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs and learners build their own hierarchies (with examples from an
Hierarchy of Needs, organisational perspective) in their notes. Information on Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs can be found at:
ERG theory and www.businessballs.com/maslow.htm
Acquired Needs. They
should begin to Consider the problems of Maslow’s hierarchy and progress on to Alderfer’s ERG theory as a development and
consider how each show an image of ERG theory for learners to consider. Information on Alderfer’s ERG theory can be found at:
might be applied. www.managementstudyguide.com/erg-theory-motivation.htm
Create and share a scenario that demonstrates the frustration-regression principle for learners to respond to. Pass
round David McClelland’s questionnaire measuring Acquired Needs for learners to complete and share. The
findings are available at:
http://share.ehs.uen.org/sites/default/files/6.2%20McClelland's%20needs%20assessment.pdf
Pass around information on each (achievement, power and affiliation) and learners can consider each description
in light of the attributes of their peers. Information on McClelland’s Acquired Needs theory can be found at:
www.businessballs.com/davidmcclelland.htm
Learners mind map how each theory might be applied in an organisational setting to improve motivation and
share.
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Motivation to Work Learners can describe Ask learners what they know about goal setting and ask them to consider the difference between participative goal
and explain Locke’s setting and being allocated goals.
 Cognitive Goal Setting theory
theories and a number of Share information about goal setting and the four aspects to goal setting theory. Information on Locke’s Goal
studies about the setting theory can be found at: www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newHTE_87.htm
implementation of goal
setting theory. Ask learners to set three personal goals for themselves by the end of the year using the characteristics of effective
goal setting. A template for Effective Goal Setting can be found at: www.smart-goals-guide.com/free-goal-setting-
worksheets-forms-and-templates.html
Share Hollenbeck’s study on the implementation of goal setting and learners can evaluate accordingly. This is
available at www.fisher.osu.edu/~klein.12/Klein%20et%20al%20JAP%201999.pdf
Ask learners to share their goals with their partner/parent etc.
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe Write up the phrase ‘it’s not fair…’ on the board and ask learners when or whether this motivates us or not.
Motivation to Work and explain Generate a class discussion about how we calculate whether something is fair or not and apply it to a number of
cognitive/rational organisational scenarios.
 Cognitive theories of motivation
theories including Adam’s Introduce Adam’s Equity theory and ask learners to design a diagram or a flow chart in their notes. Information on
Equity theory and Adam’s Equity theory can be found at: www.businessballs.com/adamsequitytheory.htm
Vroom’s Expectancy
theory. Show and image of Vroom’s Expectancy theory and ask learners to create their own examples of applying
Expectancy theory at school, highlighting each aspect in each case across valence, expectancy and
Learners explore ways instrumentality and share. Information on Vroom’s Expectancy theory can be found at:
to implement Vroom’s www.managementstudyguide.com/expectancy-theory-motivation.htm
Expectancy theory in
an organisational Learners mind map how the theory might be applied in the workplace and make any necessary cross-references
setting. to goal setting theory (or other theories whenever possible).
Share RSA video, ‘Drive’ by Dan Pink and ask learners to identify all the motivational theories they have covered
so far. The video is available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe Ask learners to recall the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and suggest possible intrinsic and
Motivation to Work and explain the extrinsic rewards and create a table incorporating workplace related examples of each and a column to include
differences between any research based findings concerning each.
 Motivators at intrinsic and extrinsic
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work motivation and Share the video ‘Play the Motivation Game’ and ask learners to see if they agree with the rewards outlined. This is
rewards with available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayDEt_Ix2lw
examples.
Extension activity:
Learners can describe Ask learners to look up research on examples of specific intrinsic and extrinsic rewards in the workplace.
and explain
performance-related Ask learners to look up some of the problems associated with using extrinsic motivators in the workplace at:
pay (PRP) and the www.futureofworking.com/extrinsic-motivation-in-the-workplace/
advantages and
disadvantages of Share the concept of Performance Related Pay (PRP) and consider the justifications for it and list the justifications
incorporating a PRP for such a system.
system.
Share pieces of research that demonstrate the inconclusive findings concerning PRP and ask learners to match
those in support of PRP and those who consider it damaging. A summary of Kohn’s work is available at:
www.alfiekohn.org/article/best-results-forget-bonus/
Review the work of Kohn and ask learners to select what they consider to be the major drawback of instituting
PRP in the workplace.
(I) Assignment: Ask learners to research findings concerning the effectiveness of using different types of rewards
in the workplace and bring to class for sharing.
KC4 Learners can describe Learners present on different leadership theories (if appropriate) as allocated at the beginning of the course
Leadership and and explain the including:
Management following theories of  Great Man/person theory (universalist/dispositional theories)
leadership and  Behavioural theories of leadership (Iowa State, Ohio State and Michigan State.
 Traditional and management:
modern ● traditional A summary of a number of leadership theories and styles can be accessed at:
theories of universalist and www.psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm
leadership behavioural
theories Share the video clip on adaptive theory and ask learners to summarise and take notes. This can be accompanied
● modern adaptive with a leaflet on Adaptive Leadership which can be accessed at: www.keithdwalker.ca/wp-content/summaries/1-
leadership theories c/Adaptive%20Leadership.Heifetz,%20Grashow%20%26%20Linsky.EBS.pdf
● Scouller’s three The video is available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=I0h31k6hSn4 and make a mind-map capturing the key
levels of elements for display.
leadership.
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Share the video on Scouller’s 3 Levels of Leadership and its application on leadership development, available at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=uC0NX7CxEq0
Ask learners to browse the book online and summarise the main features of the model available at: www.three-
levels-of-leadership.com/book-excerpts
Ask learners to evaluate the theories they have covered so far using the following evaluative issues:
 usefulness
 applicability
 reductionism
and share their deliberations with the rest of the class.
Extension activity:
Learners can complete a self-assessment questionnaire on their leadership style and bring to the class for
discussion. Two online assessments can be accessed at:
http://people.uncw.edu/nottinghamj/documents/slides6/Northouse6e%20Ch11%20Authentic%20Survey.pdf or
www.bumc.bu.edu/facdev-medicine/files/2010/10/Leadership-Matrix-Self-Assessment-Questionnaire.pdf
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe, Learner presentations on leadership styles including:
Leadership and explain, analyse, apply  autocratic/authoritarian
Management and evaluate the  permissive/laissez-faire
following leadership  consultative
 Leadership theories and styles.  participative/democratic
style  Fiedler’s
Contingency Learners create a table describing each style, covering the following factors:
Theory (1976)  decision-making
 Hersey and  motivation
Blanchard’s  communication
Situational Theory  relationship/leader
(1988) Discuss Likert’s styles of leadership for learners to compare their answers, available at:
Focus on Fiedlers’ contingency theory as a combination of leadership style and situational factors.
Information on Fiedlers’ Contingency theory can be found at:
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Learners evaluate Fiedlers’ contingency theory.
Share a presentation on Hersey and Blanchard’s Situational Theory (1988), available at:
www.slideshare.net/techno-func/techno-func-situationalleadershipoverview?qid=59038f75-1870-4d9f-9ba2-
e6ee41c5789e&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1 and ask learners to capture the main components of the theory in their
notes.
Ask learners to work through the following ‘prezi’ as a revision exercise for the theories covered so far and capture
the research findings from Muczyk and Reimann: www.prezi.com/qb9fq20pkokc/leadership-and-empowerment/
Ask learners to test themselves on aspects of the two theories so far. They can self-assess using the ‘quizlet’
activity available at:
www.quizlet.com/17362389/leadership-ch-13-contingency-theories-of-leadership-flash-cards/
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe, Explain the Leader-Member Exchange model briefly and display an image of the model for learners. Ask what
Leadership and explain, analyse, apply implications this might have for the subordinates in the ‘in-group’ and the ‘out-group’. Information on this can be
Management and evaluate various found at:
models on how www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15680
 Leaders and leaders and followers
followers interact with each Extension activity:
other, including the Learners can read through research on the implications of LMX in the workplace, available at:
 Leader-Member www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15691
Exchange model
followed on by the Ask learners to consider :
Individualised a) what leaders would need to do to be more effective as shown by this model
Leadership Model b) what variables should be included when investigating the relationship between the leader and each
(Dansereau) individual subordinate.
 Followship (Kelley,
1988) Ask learners to conduct a webquest and synthesise the information provided from the following abstracts:
 Measuring  www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1048984395900160
leadership using  http://jlo.sagepub.com/content/9/1/90.abstract
the Leadership  www.researchgate.net/publication/223475653_Individualized_Leadership_A_new_multi-level_approach
Practices  https://books.google.co.ke/books?id=UB2DLjjWGK4C&pg=PA154&lpg=PA154&dq=individualised+leader
Inventory ship+model+Dansereau&source=bl&ots=Mxt6BDzGHX&sig=1Nt3SUx-
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2DnYkCL4oqyiwe5YfOs&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=individualised%20leadership%20mod
el%20Dansereau&f=false
Ask learners to work through Kelley’s research on effective followers, available at: www.hbr.org/1988/11/in-praise-
of-followers and create a variety of revision resources to share and use as follows. This could include: a spider
diagram; a ‘prezi’ or presentation, a poster, flashcards or a crossword.
Share a ‘Sample Group Report’ based on the Leadership Practices Inventory (LPI), available at:
www.finepointsleadership.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Sample-Group-Assessment-Report.2012.pdf and ask
learners to read and solicit comments including any strengths and/or weaknesses they have identified.
Generate a discussion on:

 the strengths and weaknesses of self – reports using the LPI as an example,
 the strengths and weaknesses of 360° feedback and any potential biases that could be present,
 the assumptions/theories on which the LPI is based
and evaluate each aspect accordingly.
(I) Assignment: Learners create either a set of multiple-choice questions or a crossword on the material that has
been covered so far.
(F) Past paper questions can be used as individual or group exercises or assessment activities.
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe Ask learners to consider the differences between groups and teams.
Group behaviour in and explain the
organisations difference between Ask learners to mind map the following questions:
groups and teams; the a) What attributes make a team an effective team?
● Group stages of group b) What stages do groups of individuals need to go through to become an effective team?
dynamics, development, various c) What different functions need to be fulfilled for a team to be effective?
cohesiveness team roles and how to And share responses with the rest of the class.
and teamwork identify them.
Share the website and the embedded video clip about Tuckman’s theory about group development which is
available at: www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_86.htm and hand out a sheet outlining the stages and
suggests strategies for implementation which can be accessed at:
www.salvos.org.au/scribe/sites/2020/files/Resources/Transitions/HANDOUT_-
_Tuckmans_Team_Development_Model.pdf or
www.med.fsu.edu/uploads/files/FacultyDevelopment_GroupDevelopment.pdf
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Review the groups’ responses about roles and compare these to Belbin’s roles outlined in a short video clip
available at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=-efhOLVgEvM
Hand out information about Belbin’s team roles and ask learners to assimilate the information and test each other
on his theory and examples of his roles. Information about Belbin can be accessed at:
 www.changingminds.org/explanations/preferences/belbin.htm
 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Role_Inventories
 www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_83.htm
 www.lore.ua.ac.be/Teaching/SE3BAC/practicum/projectMgmt/BelbinRoles.pdf
 www.belbin.com/about/belbin-team-roles/
Ask learners to consider which roles they think they take on in some of the teams they are members of and
consider the same for other members of the class and share.
Ask learners about the validity and reliability of the exercise just undertaken and solicit ideas and suggestions
about increasing the validity and reliability of identifying or allocating Belbin’s team roles.
Hand out Belbin’s Team Inventory for learners to read through and complete, available at:
http://lore.ua.ac.be/Teaching/SE3BAC/practicum/projectMgmt/BelbinRoles.pdf and ask them to evaluate the use
of questionnaires in determining individual’s predisposition for certain roles.
Extension activity:
Share the research findings by Victor Dulewicz (1995) on the reliability and validity of the Inventory, available
at: www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.2044-8325.1995.tb00574.x/abstract
Group behaviour in Learners can describe Ask learners what stages a team should go through to effectively reach a good decision concerning a particular
organisations and explain the problem and share.
processes and
● Decision- importance of the Share the stages of effective problem solving adapted from Wedley and Field’s 6 Steps, available at: www.the-
making various stages of happy-manager.com/articles/rational-decision-making-model/ and explore the website for tips on making better
group decision making decisions.
and the problems and
pitfalls encountered. Ask learners to conduct some internet research and search:
a) a definition for ‘groupthink’
b) the symptoms of ‘groupthink’
c) the negative outcomes of ‘groupthink’ with at least one historical example
d) some possible remedies for ‘groupthink’
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and capture in their notes. Information on Groupthink can be accessed at:

 www.web.stanford.edu/group/scie/Career/Wisdom/groupthink1.htm
 www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_janis_groupthink.html
 www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Organizational%20Communication/groupthink/
 www.psysr.org/about/pubs_resources/groupthink%20overview.htm
Share Moorhead et al. (1991) available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15698 and ask learners
to consider the revision/additions to the model accordingly.
(I) Create a table capturing Forsyth’s list/types of cognitive limitations and errors, available at
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_decision-making and ask learners to complete the table with their own
examples/illustrations.
KC3 and KC5 Learners can describe Learners review the video previously shown about Tuckman’s team development and identify potential sources of
Group behaviour in and explain the major conflict (the video is available at: www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newLDR_86.htm) and then add other
organisations causes of group suggestions of conflict from either an organisational or an interpersonal perspective.
conflict and the main
 Group conflict conflict resolution Research assignment: Ask learners to source out evidence that they could use to support their suggestions,
styles. highlighting the importance of currency etc. Reward the winning pair/group.
Ask learners complete a personal conflict resolution style questionnaire. An online version is available at:
http://academic.engr.arizona.edu/vjohnson/ConflictManagementQuestionnaire/ConflictManagementQuestionnaire.
asp or
http://sielearning.tafensw.edu.au/MBA/9791F/BusinessServices/LO/1207_020138_605F_02_wi/1207_020138_60
5F_0220_wi.htm and a paper version is available by inserting M8L4-Conflict Management Questionnaire into a
search engine.
Learners compare their scores and discuss. Consider the strengths and weaknesses of questionnaires and
identify which may be relevant to the test just undertaken.
Look at Girndt (1997) and learners can insert the process of cultural conflict resolution into their notes (noting just
how close it is to the steps of group decision making). A PowerPoint of Girndt (1997) findings is available at:
KC3 and KC4 Learners can describe Learners create a checklist and a Likert scale and walk around the school having identified four very different
Organisational work and explain both places/locations and consider the following variables: illumination, temperature (+ °C), noise (+Db), motion
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conditions physical and (vibration), pollution and aesthetic factors rating and commenting on each in turn.
psychological
● Physical and conditions and match Learners compare scores and analyse.
psychological appropriate evidence
work conditions on various factors. Show PowerPoint on physical working conditions and compare their findings with the evidence. A presentation on
Working Conditions is available at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15701
Share Beshir’s study on the effect of temperature on cognitive attention and ask learners to evaluate. The abstract
can be accessed at: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002243758390021X
Hand out the presentation as a revision exercise (folding the presentation back on itself and trying to get learners
try to remember the slides in turn).
Watch the video clip of the office and ask learners ‘Why did the man go mad?’ and generate comments moving to
a discussion of psychological working conditions which learners can list. The office stress video is available at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kmvb_fa-558
Continue a presentation on psychological working conditions and check for understanding. Share the justifications
for using open-plan office by sharing/displaying an article in The Guardian which can be accessed at:
www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/oct/14/labour-gordonbrown
Share Oldham and Brass’ study on open-plan offices and ask learners to evaluate, the abstract of which can be
accessed at: www.jstor.org/stable/2392497?seq=1#fndtn-page_scan_tab_contents. These can be compared to
Oldham and Fried’s study which can be found at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15732
Show ‘Jigsaw’ the research paper on bullying in the workplace by Einarsen (1999), available at
www.choixdecarriere.com/pdf/6573/2010/Einarsen1999.pdf so that each individual learner summarises a section
and reports back to their respective group. Ask each group to identify as many possible evaluative issues, with
appropriate illustrative support, as possible and share. Reward the winning group.
(I) Assignment: Learners devise Paper 3 questions on physical and psychological working conditions
respectively.
KC5 Learners can describe Ask learners what they know about shift work and different shifts.
Organisational work and explain different Display key concepts on the board and ask learners to look up definitions and insert into their notes. Check for
conditions patterns of shift work accuracy and understanding.
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including rapid rotation Show/share presentation to introduce the main areas of concern about shift work. A presentation that can be used
 Temporal theory (e.g. to introduce shift work can be found at: www.resourcd.com/@psychexchange/file/show/15703
conditions of metropolitan rota and
work continental rota) and Learners make presentations (with accompanying hand-outs) on the following:
environments slow rotation theory.  the metropolitan rota
 the continental rota
 slow rotation theory
outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Internet research activity: Learners access the internet to try and find one piece of research on each.
The research is shared and examined and valuable findings recorded accordingly.
Learners decide which system they would put into place and justify their choice.
Learners respond to a Chinese whispers type of activity on what type of shift work system would you implement
and why. Each learner writes down a suggestion and their neighbour must expound the benefits and the next
support with psychological research.
(F) Assessment: Learners respond to a sample Paper 4, Section B question to hand in for marking.
Organisational work Learners can describe, Assignment: Pass round a number of studies that must include the first two and any of the other four below:
conditions explain, analyse, apply  Knutsson, (2003) Effects of Shift work on Health (both the abstract and full text are available at:
and evaluate research www.occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/53/2/103.short)
 Temporal on the effects of shift  Gold et al, (1994) Shift work and accidents (both the abstract and full text are available at:
conditions of work on health and www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1609900)
work accidents.  Czeisler (Salt Lake Chemicals): www.intropsych.com/ch03_states/advancing_the_daily_rhythm.html
environments  Jamal et al. (Canadian nurses)
www.researchgate.net/publication/226856417_Shiftwork_burnout_and_well-
being_A_study_of_Canadian_Nurses
 Bohle (Australian nurses): http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:144362
 Arendt (North Sea oil rig workers): www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1488328/Split-shift-working-is-bad-
for-your-heart-say-scientists.html
 Pirola (Argentinean workers): www.aasmnet.org/articles.aspx?id=514
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(I) Each learner is issued with the Consolidated Widgets assignments, derived by the creators of ‘Psychlotron’ and
available at www.psychlotron.org.uk/resources/sleep/AQA_A2_biorhyth_disruptionwidgets.pdf, where learners are
in the position of a consultant psychologist and have to respond to the problems of CW and make the necessary
recommendations using the research they have at their disposal.
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe, Ask learners to imagine calling someone on the phone. They should then describe, in sequence, how they would
Organisational work explain, analyse, apply have interacted with their phone and the responses made by the phone.
conditions and evaluate operator
machine systems and Display an image of Chapanis’ operator-machine system, available at: www.yorku.ca/mack/cogain-f1.jpg and ask
 Health and the accidents and learners to relate the image to the just concluded ‘phone’ exercise.
safety errors that can occur.
Learners can also Extension activity:
identify interventions Ask learners to read through a summary handout covering the different aspects of operator-machine systems
that can be used to available at: www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c18/e6-43-37-06.pdf
encourage safety
behaviours and Ask learners to apply the diagram to other operated machinery and try and identify where, how and why errors and
minimise the accidents could occur.
frequency of
accidents. (I) Assignment: Allocate a famous technological disaster to each learner to research why the disaster occurred.
Write up four types of human error on the board (Riggio’s commission, omission, timing and sequence) and
explain each in turn. Learners share their findings and decide which type of error occurred in each case.
Learners select one example of each for inclusion in their notes.
Show an image of the Swiss Cheese Model from Google images and ask the learner how much blame should be
attributed to the individual worker for a specific accident and generate a discussion of what factor should be taken
into consideration.
Share the research by James Reason on distinguishing between human and organisational errors, the Swiss
Cheese Model and the approaches that should be adopted to avoid such accidents occurring again in the future,
available at: www.bmj.com/content/320/7237/768
Share the study by Fox et al. (1987) on the implementation of a token economy system and ask learners to
evaluate accordingly, available at: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1286011/
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Share the safety promotion campaign conducted by Cowpe (1989) and ask learners to evaluate accordingly
available at:
www.psychyogi.org/cowpe-c-1989-media-campaign/
www.loreto.herts.sch.uk/wp-content/uploads/Cowpe-chip-pan-fire.pdf
Extension activity:
Share the quizlet on the Cowpe campaign to use as a self-assessment or revision exercise at:
www.quizlet.com/43654310/cowpe-media-campaigns-chip-pan-fire-prevention-flash-cards/
(F) Sample questions that can be used as individual or group exercises or assessment activities.
KC4 and KC5 Learners can describe, Ask learners what makes them satisfied, whether at home or at school and generate ideas on post-it notes and
Satisfaction at work explain, evaluate and share on one side of a display board. Repeat the exercise for factors that make them dissatisfied and compare the
apply various theories two sides of the board. Ask if they could make a theory arising from their findings.
● Theories of job concerned with
satisfaction satisfaction at work, Ask learners to consider how we might find out how satisfied people were about their work and evaluate each
including: suggestion in turn in relation to validity and reliability.
 Herzberg’s 2-factor
theory Ask learners to imagine what adults might perceive to contribute to their satisfaction at work and list.
 Hackman and
Oldham’s Job Display a diagram of Herzberg’s 2-factor theory and ask learners to capture in their notes, explaining the
Characteristic difference between Motivators and Hygienes in turn. A good description and image can be sourced at:
theory www.linkedin.com/pulse/herzbergs-two-factor-theory-applying-workplace-jaimee-whitehead or
 Job design www.tusculum.edu/faculty/home/tmcfarland/ppt2/BUSN312-McFarland/ch06_files/frame.htm#slide0028.htm
Share a short video on Hackman and Oldham’s Job Characteristic theory, which can be accessed at:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=oxxQuCTVgqY.
Share a diagram of Hackman and Oldham’s Job Characteristic model and ask learner to recreate with description
and explanations in their notes. A good diagram is available at: www.people.vcu.edu/~rsleeth/JDesign1.gif or
www.dssincorporated.com/research/jobdesign/jobdesign-page6.htm
(I) Job Design Research Assignment: Pass round a research activity sheet on different models of job design for
learners to practise internet research skills and generate supporting evidence which can be accessed at:
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KC5 Learners are able to Ask learners to develop a questionnaire to test the existence of the five characteristics of Hackman and Oldham’s
Satisfaction at work describe, explain and Job Characteristic model. Revisit evaluating self-report measures and try to create a standardised class version.
evaluate different tools
● Measuring job that can be used to Divide the class into three and distribute a third with the ‘class version’, a third with the Minnesota Satisfaction
satisfaction measure job Questionnaire, samples of the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire can be accessed at:
satisfaction. http://vpr.psych.umn.edu/msq.html and the final third with the Quality of Working Life Questionnaire (QWL) which
can be accessed at: www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/stress/qwlquest.html.
Ask each learner to administer their questionnaire to two or three workers.
Group the learners based on their questionnaires and ask them to:
a) prepare a presentation on the questionnaire
b) tabulate their findings
c) share their experiences of their administration of the questionnaire and any conclusions reached.
d) create a revision activity of their choice about their questionnaire.
Use the presentations as an opportunity to discuss and evaluate the use of self-reports, ratings scales etc.
Considering some of the findings generated, ask learners to make suggestions about improving the job design for
their respondents.
Learners create flashcards about the questionnaires including one of the Job Descriptive Index. Some information
and research about the Job Descriptive Index can be accessed at:
http://studentsrepo.um.edu.my/2334/2/BAB_1.pdf and www.homepages.se.edu/cvonbergen/files/2012/12/A-
Measure-of-Job-Satisfaction1.pdf
KC3 and KC4 Learners can describe Ask learners to mind map behaviours in the workplace that might indicate dissatisfaction and ask learners to look
Satisfaction at work and explain some up relevant research on the type of withdrawal behaviour mentioned and share the abstracts accordingly.
examples of and
● Attitudes to research concerning Learners share research findings and each learner prepares a flow diagram/mind-map from ‘lateness’ to
work attitudes to work ‘absenteeism’ to ‘turnover’ with one research finding of their choice for each.
including:
 workplace Ask learners reasons they could imagine that might justify sabotage in the workplace. Ask them to look up some
sabotage examples of work place sabotage. General information about workplace sabotage can be accessed at:
 absenteeism www.hr.com/SITEFORUM?&t=/Default/gateway&i=1116423256281&application=story&active=no&ParentID=1119
 measuring 278060437&StoryID=1119646712734&xref=https%3A//www.google.com/
organisational
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commitment. Share the abstract and the beginning of the research by Giacolone and Rosenfeld (1987) and ask learners to list
down the causes of workplace sabotage. Learners could conduct some internet research to validate the causes for
workplace sabotage. Extra reading on this can be accessed at: http://jom.sagepub.com/content/15/1/115.abstract
Display the abstract of the study by Blau and Boal (1987) on absenteeism and turnover and ask learners to predict
the result against the variable mentioned. The abstract can be accessed at:
http://jom.sagepub.com/content/15/1/115.abstract
Ask learners to access the full research paper and make notes concerning the predictions made about the four
‘cells’ hypothesised. Ask learners to design a study that would test the predications in the workplace and share.
The full text can be accessed at:
http://cinik.free.fr/chlo/doc%20dans%20biblio,%20non%20imprim%C3%A9s/maintien%20dans%20l'emploi/Conce
ptualizing%20Job%20involvement%20and%20org%20commitment_AMR1987.pdf Some further research on the
same variables can be accessed at: www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3100180.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
Ask learners to evaluate the model. They can use the research cited in Google Books (Research by Blau and
Boal) and then mind map reasons why employees may remain committed to organisations (even if dissatisfied).
Share Meyer and Allen’s (2007) three-component model of commitment and ask learners to match their
suggestions with the three components of the model. This can be can be found at:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizational_commitment
Ask learners how they might test for levels of organisational commitment and evaluate each suggestion in turn.
Share/display the abstract of Mowday et al. (1979) in the development of the Organizational Commitment
Questionnaire (OCQ) which can be accessed at: www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0001879179900721
Learners create flashcards on the various concepts covered in the lesson (e.g. with the component/concept on
one side and a definition, detail and description on the other).
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Cambridge International Examinations

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What are the four units covered in AS Level Psychology?

What are the four units covered in AS Level Psychology?

What are some examples of attitudes to work that could indicate job dissatisfaction?

What are some examples of attitudes to work that could indicate job dissatisfaction?

Scheme of Work

Cambridge International AS & A Level

Key Concept 1 (KC1) – Nature versus nurture

Guided learning hours

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Past and specimen papers

Past/specimen papers and mark schemes are available to download at https://teachers.cie.org.uk

General Introduction to AS Level Psychology

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Explain what is meant by an independent variable and a dependent variable.

Peer review each in turn.

Information on these aspects of research methods can be accessed at: www.simplypsychology.org/research-

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Use the discussion to introduce the concepts of:

Information on validity and reliability can be accessed at:

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Unit 1: The Biological Approach

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Share findings and check for understanding.

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Kleitman (sleep and theories of sleeping

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Past and specimen examination papers

Past/specimen papers and mark schemes are available to download at https://teachers.cie.org.uk

Unit 2: The Cognitive Approach

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 ethical guidelines and weaknesses of quantitative data.

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Past and specimen examination papers

Past/specimen papers and mark schemes are available to download at https://teachers.cie.org.uk

Unit 3: The Learning Approach

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which can be accessed at: www.youtube.com/watch?v=N_hQTGR8YqI

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Share ideas regarding the application of these findings to everyday life.

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Ask learners to summarise the following:

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Past and specimen examination papers

Past/specimen papers and mark schemes are available to download at https://teachers.cie.org.uk

Unit 4: The Social Approach

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