– Overall yielding in compression – Overall buckling as a strut – Local buckling of flange toes – Local buckling of web 3 Local Buckling and Section Classification
Factors Influencing Local b
Buckling
t – Boundary conditions internal elements or outstands – Local Slenderness • d/t – internal element (eg. web) • b/T – outstand (eg. flange) – Young’s modulus – Yield stress – Stress distribution – Strain (deformation) requirement 4 – Residual stresses Why classify ? y
Class 1 & 2
y < y
5 Class 4 Elements to be classified
T b Outstand b Flange
r Web Web t D t D d d
B B
Universal Beam For a Hot finished RHS
b = B/2 d=D-2(T + r) b=B-3t d=D-3t 6 Table 11: Limiting width to t thickness ratios for D sections other than CHS or RHS (Flanges) T Compression element Ratio Limiting values b
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Outstand element of b/T compression flange
Internal element of b/T
compression flange
7 Table 11: UB and UC Webs
Compression Ratio Limiting values
element
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Web (bending) d/t
Web Generally d/t
r1 +ve
But 40 But 40 But 40
Web subject to d/t not applicable axial compression 8 Table 12: Limiting width to b Flange thickness ratios for Hot Finished RHS t d (Flanges) B Compression Ratio Limiting values element Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Compression b/t flange in 80-d/t 62-.5d/t bending Axial b/t Not applicable 4 compression 9 Web Table 12: Hot-finished RHS Webs t d Compression Ratio Limiting values element
Class 1 Class 2 Class 3
Web (bending) d/t
Web Generally d/t
but 40 but 40
Web in axial d/t not applicable but compression
10 Notes to the table 1. The term 275/py)1/2 is used to accommodate varying design strengths.
2. For I and H sections but –1<r1 1
and
3. For RHS but –1<r1 1
and
Note: Fc +ve for compression, -ve for tension.
11 Implications for Design • Class 1. Plastic – must be used in plastic design, can sustain high strain. Can be used without restriction in “normal” design • Class 2 Compact –can be used with the plastic modulus in bending • Class3 Semi-compact – when in bending the elastic modulus or an effective plastic modulus must be used • Class 4 Slender – Effective section properties must be used 12 Class 3 (Semi-compact sections) either elastic section modulus or effective section modulus (Seff )may be used for bending calculations. For I and H sections: but
2f = limiting value of b/T for a class 2 compact flange
2w = limiting value of d/t for a class 2 compact web 3f = limiting value of b/T for a class 3 semi-compact flange 3w= limiting value of d/t for a class 3 semi cmpact web
13 Slender sections • Effective cross section subject to pure compression for determining Aeff
14 Slender sections • Effective cross section subject to pure moment for determining Zeff 20t 20t 20t 20t
20t
t t 20t
Minor axis bending
Major axis bending 15 Effective section with slender web under pure bending
16 General Guidance when using the Deign Tables in the Handout • None of the universal beam and column sections in grade S275 and S355 are slender under bending only. • None of the universal columns can be slender under compression only, but some universal beams and hollow sections can be slender. Sections that can be slender under axial compression are marked with * in the design tables. • None of the sections listed in the design tables are slender due to the flange being slender. Under combined axial compression and bending, the section would be compact or semi-compact up to given F/Pz limits. 17 Summary of design procedure 1 Select, from experience, a suitable section based on the factored load effects 2 Determine the section classification (Table 11 & 12) 3 If necessary calculate effective plastic modulus for Class 3 (semi-compact) sections 4 If necessary calculate effective section properties for class 4(slender sections) 5 Proceed with design procedures suitable for the section classification 18 Example1 S275 steel 457x152x52 UB Grade S275
A) Subject to bending about
it’s major axis
B) Subject to 800kN axial load
and bending about it’s major axis
C) Subject to 1500kN axial
load and bending about it’s major axis 19 . A) Subject to bending about it’s major axis T<16mm therefore py=275N/mm2 from table 9
Flange b/T = 6.99
Web d/t = 53.6 T b Classification Outstand element of compression flange, b/T limit = 9 for Class 1 (Plastic), Since 6.99 < 9 Flange = Class 1 t d Web N-A at mid depth, d/t limit = 80 for Class 1, Since 53.6 < 80 Web = Class 1
Section is Class 1 Plastic Mc = p y S x 20
B) Subject to 800kN axial load and bending about it’s major axis Classification Outstand element of compression flange, T b b/T limit = 9 for Class 1 (Plastic), Since 6.99 < 9 Flange = Class 1
Web generally, t d/t limit = 80 / (1+r1) but 40 for Class 1, d r1 = Fc / d t pyw = 800 x 1000 / (407.6 x 7.6 x 275) = 0.94 80 / (1+r1) = 80 / (1 + 0.94) = 41.2 53.6 > 41.2 Web Not Class 1 d/t limit = 100 / (1+1.5r1) but 40 for Class 2, 100 / (1+1.5r1) = 100 / (1 +1.5 x 0.94) = 41.5 53.6 > 41.5 Web Not Class 2 21 B) Subject to 800kN axial load and bending about it’s major axis . . . Continued . . . .
Classification
d/t limit = 120 / (1+2r2) but 40 for Class 3,
r2 = Fc / Ag pyw = 800 x 10 / (66.6 x 275) = 0.44 120 / (1+2r2) = 120 / (1 + 2 x 0.44) = 63.8 53.6 < 63.8 Web = Class 3
Section is Class 3 Semi-Compact
Pc =pcAg Mc = pySx,eff or pyZx
Elastic modulus Effective plastic modulus 22 Since F = 800kN < 1133kN, it is semi compact
Semi compact F = 0.619 x 1830 = 1133kN
Compact F = 0.268 x 1830 = 490 kN
23 C) Subject to 1500kN axial load and bending about it’s major axis Classification Outstand element of compression flange, b/T limit = 9 for Class 1 (Plastic), Since 6.99 < 9 Flange = Class 1
d/t limit = 120 / (1+2r2) but 40 for Class 3,
r2 = Fc / Ag pyw = 1500 x 10 / (66.6 x 275) = 0.82 120 / (1+2r2) = 120 / (1 + 2 x 0.82) = 45.5 53.6 > 45.5 Web = Class 4
Section is Class 4 Slender Pc =pcAeff
Mc = pyZx,eff 24 Example 2
Consider a 400x150x6.3 hot finished RHS GradeS355 subject to bending about it’s major axis
25 t < 16mm therefore py = 355 N/mm2 From section tables b/t = 20.8 and d/t = 60.5
From table 12 the limit for a class 2 flange is,
32 but less than or equal to 62-0.5d/t 32= 28.16 and 62-0.5d/t = 24.31 Flange is class 2
From table 12 the d/t limit for a class 2 rolled web
with the neutral axis at mid depth is 80 Web is class 2
Therefore section is class 2 when subject to bending
Classify the section under minor axis bending. 26
Example 3: Classify the same section in Example 2 under minor axis bending Web now becomes the flange and the flange the web. Flange is now class 4 (slender) under pure bending i.e. b/t=60.3 >40.
An effective section modulus is therefore required about the y-y axis.
Taking an excluded area equally disposed about the centroid of the
section in one flange only the effective section modulus can then be calculated.
27 Calculate the revised neutral axis position Take the moment of areas about A-B Where Aeff = Ag - Aex =67.3 – 10 =57.3cm2 Thus
The revised elastic modulus Zeff = Ieff/(D-x) = 2244x104/(150-62.5) = 256 cm2 28 Summary For optimum design of welded section, the designer has the following choices 1. Eliminate local buckling by ensuring width-to-thickness ratio is sufficiently small 2. If higher width-to-thickness is used, use stiffeners to reduce plate width 3. Determine section capacity allowing for local buckling 29 Examples of stiffened plates d/t b/t
b/t
d/t
30 Questions Q1 What happen when the limiting plate slenderness ratios are exceeded? Cross section strength cannot be fully developed. i.e., cross section strength is governed by local buckling instead of yielding. Q2 How can local buckling of a plate component be prevented?
Ensure that b/t ratio is compact. Provide plate stiffener so that b/t is less than the limiting b/t
31 Q3 What effect does a slender and unstiffened element has on the strength of compression member as opposed to that of a non-slender element? Slender element reduces the compression resistance of the compression member because of local buckling effect
32 Q4 Which of the followings are considered to be an internal elements? 1. leg of an angle 2. flange of a channel 3. Web of a I section 4. Wall of HSS
