Introduction

This Data Book contains a complete summary of technical Some of the challenging and complex development programs
information covering complete line of Voltage -Con-
Exar's successfully completed by Exar include analog compandors
trolled Oscillator (VCO) and Function Generator IC products. and PCM repeaters for telecommunication, electronic fuel-
The wide range of applications for each of the products injection, anti-skid braking systems and voltage regulators for
presented in this book will greatly simplify most system automotive electronics, digital voltmeter circuits, 40-MHz
designs. To help the designer to find the right devices for his frequency synthesizers, high-current and high-voltage display
applications, a number of convenient cross-reference charts are and relay driver ICs, and many others.
also included which show the key features of each of the prod-
ucts discussed, in terms of different classes of applications.

NEW TECHNOLOGIES
EXPERIENCE AND PRODUCTS
Through company
sponsored research and development
Exar's innovativeness, product quality and responsiveness to activities,Exar constantly stays abreast of all technology
customer needs have been the key to its success. Exar today areas related to changing customer needs and requirements.
offers a broad line of linear and interface circuits. In the field Exar has recently completed development efforts in Integrated
of standard linear IC products, Exar has extended its circuit Injection Logic (I^L) technology, which offers unique ad-
technological leadership into the areas of communications and vantages in the area of low-power, high-density logic arrays.
control circuits. Today Exar has one of the most complete Exar has complete design engineering group dedicated to
a
lines of IC oscillators, timing circuits and phase-locked loops this new technology, andis currently supplying over twenty

in the industry. Exar also manufactures a large family of tele- different custom and semi-custom I^L products.
communication circuits such as tone decoders, compandors,
modulators, PCM repeaters and FSK Modem Circuits. In the
field of industrial control circuits, Exar manufactures a broad FIRST IN QUALITY
line of quad and dual operational amplifiers, voltage regulators,
radio-control and servo driver IC's, and power control circuits. From incoming inspection of all materials to the final test of
the finished goods, Exar performs sample testing of each lot
Exar's experience and expertise in the area of bipolar IC to ensure that every product meets Exar's high quality stan-
technology extends both into custom and standard IC products. dards. Exar's manufacturing process is inspected or tested in
In the area of custom IC's, Exar has designed, developed, and accordance with its own stringent Quality Assurance Program,
manufactured a wide range of full-custom monolithic circuits, which iscompliance with MIL-Q-9858A. Additional special
in
particularly for applications in the areas of telecommunica- screening and testing can be negotiated to meet individual
tions, consumer electronics, and industrial controls. customer requirements.

In addition to the full-custom capability, Exar also offers a Throughout the wafer fab and assembly process, the latest

unique semi-custom IC development capability for low to scientific instruments, such as scanning electron microscopes,
medium -volume custom circuits. This semi-custom program, are used for inspection, and modern automated equipment is

is intended for those customers seeking cost-effective solutions used for wafer probe, AC, DC, and functional testing. En-
to reduce component count and board size in order to com- vironmental and burn-in testing of finished products is also
pete more effectively in a changing marketplace. The program done in-house. For special environmental or high reliability

allows a customized monolithic IC to be developed with a burn-in tests outside testing laboratories are used to comple-
turnaround time of several weeks at a small fraction of the ment Exar's own extensive in-house facilities.

development program.
cost of a full-custom

FIRST IN SERVICE
EXCELLENCE IN ENGINEERING
Exar has the ability and flexibility to serve the customer in
Exar quality starts Engineering where highly qualified
in a variety of ways from wafer fabrication to full parametric
people are backed up with the advanced instruments and selection of assembled units for individual customer require-
facilities needed for design and manufacture of custom, semi- ments. Special marking, special packaging and military screen-
custom and standard integrated circuits. Exar's engineering ing are only a few of the service options available from Exar.
and facilities are geared to handle all three classes of IC design: We are certain that Exar's service enough to satisfy
is flexible

(1) semi-custom design programs using Exar's bipolar and 99% of your needs. The company has a large staff of Applica-
I 2 L master chips; (2) full-custom IC design; (3) development tions Engineers to assist the customer in the use of the product
and high-volume production of standard products. and to handle any request, large or small.

Exar reserves the right to make changes at any time in order Exar cannot assume responsibility for any circuits shown or
to improve design and to supply the best product possible. represented, as being free from patent infringement.
Table of Contents

Page

Fundamentals of Monolithic Waveform Generation and Shaping . .

2

4
Overview of Exar's Oscillator Products - •

6
Choosing the Right Oscillator

y
Quality Assurance Standards •
•

Monolithic Waveform Generator l0

XR-205

Monolithic Function Generator 14

XR-2206

Voltage Controlled Oscillator 18

XR-2207

XR-2209 Precision Oscillator 26

XR-8038 Precision Waveform Generator 30

AN-01 Application Note

Stable FSK MODEMs Featuring the XR-2207, XR-2206 and XR-221 1 34

AN-06 Application Note

Precision PLL System Using the XR-2207 and the XR-2208 , 39

AN-14 Application Note

A High Quality Function Generator System Using the XR-2206 42

AN-15 Application Note

An Electronic Music Synthesizer Using the XR-2207 and the XR-2240 46

Monolithic Chips for Hybrid Assemblies .

48

Product Ordering Information -

51

Foreign Sales Offices and Representatives 52

"
Authorized Stocking Distributors *

Authorized Representatives 54
Fundamentals of Monolithic Waveform
Generation and Shaping
Waveform or function generators find a wide range of applica- i
SYNC OUTPUT
tions in communications and telemetry equipment, as well as
9
for testing and calibration in the laboratory. In most of these
_tu-l
applications, commercially -available monolithic IC oscillators
FM
and function generators provide the system designer with a OR
low-cost alternative to conventional, non-integrated units cost- SWEEP WAVE MOD-
OSCILLATOR SHAPER ULATOR -O
ing several hundred dollars or more. OUTPUT

i
The fundamental techniques of waveform generation and
shaping are well suited to monolithic IC technology. In fact,
monolithic integrated circuits offer some inherent advantages
to the circuit designer, such as the availability of a large num-
Oj
OR
6
OUTPUT
AM INPUT
ber of active devices and close matching and thermal tracking AA (OPTIONAL) DC LEVEL
SELECT CONTROL
of component values. By making efficient use of the capabilities
of integrated components and the batch-processing advantages Figure 1. Basically, a waveform generator consists of four sections.
of monolithic circuits, it is now possible to design integrated Each section can be built readily in monolithic form with established
waveform generator can provide a performance
circuits that IC technology.

comparable to that of complex discrete generators, at a very

small fraction of the cost. This article provides a brief review
of the fundamental principles of monolithic waveform gener-
ation and wave-shaping methods.

Basics of IC Waveform Generation

Essentially a waveform generator is a stable oscillator circuit

that outputs well-defined waveforms; and, these can be exter-
nally modulated or swept over a frequency range. A waveform
generator usually consists of four sections: (1) an oscillator
to generate the basic periodic waveform; (2) a wave-shaper;
(3) an optional modulator section to provide AM capability,
and (4) an output buffer amplifier to provide the necessary
load drive.

Figure 1 shows a simplified generator using the four functional

blocks. Each block can be built readily in monolithic form
with established linear IC technology. Hence fabrication of
all four blocks on a single monolithic chip has evolved as a

natural extension of earlier circuits.

The oscillator, usually a relaxation type, can generate linear,

triangle ramp waveforms. The usual technique involves
or
constant-current charging and discharging of an external tim-
ing capacitor. Figure 2 shows a typical, though simplified,
example: an emitter-coupled multivibrator circuit, which can
generate a square wave as well as a triangle or a linear ramp
output. Figure 2. A simple oscillator circuit can be used to generate square,
ramp and triangle waveforms.

The circuit's operation is as follows: At any given time, either

Qi and Dj or Q 2 and D2 are conducting such that capacitor
C is and discharged by constant-current
alternately charged
Ii The output across D] and D 2 corresponds to a symmetrical
.
Both linear ramp waveforms have pk-pk amplitudes of 2Vg£.
square wave, having a pk-pk amplitude of 2V3£, or twice the Their frequency of oscillation, f , can be determined from
transistor base-emitter voltage drop. Output Va., constant the formula i
when Qi is on, becomes a linear ramp with a slope equal to
— Ii/C when Q] goes off. Except for a half cycle delay, out- il
fo- 4V '

put Vg(t) is the same as V^(t). BE C

And f can be controlled by variation of charging-current Ii point when the input triangle waveform reaches its peaks. For
via control voltage V(\ A subtraction of one output ramp the proper choice of the input amplitude and bias-current
voltage from the other, by use of a simple differential ampli- levels, the transfer characteristics at the peaks of the input
fier, obtains the linear triangular waveform. triangle waveform become logarithmic rather than linear.
Thus, the peaks of the triangle become rounded, and the out-
Symmetry of triangle and square-wave outputs may be adjusted put appears as a low distortion sine wave.
by replacement of one of the two current sources in Figure 2
by I 2 where I 2 =£ !] Then the duty cycle of the output wave-
, . Use of this technique permits output harmonics to be reduced
forms becomes the following: to less than 0.5% with only a single adjustment. The low dis-
tortion is possible because the technique relies on component
matching rather than their absolute values. Since monolithic
Duty Cycle = 50-^-%.
ICs can be designed readily for close matching, this wave-
shaping is ideally suited to monolithic design.
The duty cycle of the output may be varied over a wide range
by varying the ratio of the currents ^ and I2 .

Wave-Shaping Techniques
-O v +
The most useful waveform in signal processing applications
is the sine wave. In the design of function generators, sinusoidal
output is normally obtained by passing a triangular wave -O SINE WAVE
through a wave shaping circuit. In most discrete-component OUTPUT
r\j
generators, wave-shaping involves a diode -resistor or a transis-
tor-resistor ladder network. Introduction of a finite number of /V
TRIANGLE
"break points" on the triangle wave changes it to a low distor- INPUT
tion sine wave.

Although method can also be adapted to monolithic cir-

this
not as practical because it requires extremely tight
cuits, it is
control of resistor values and diode characteristics. A simpler,
and more practical, sine shaper for monolithic circuits employs
the "gradual cutoff characteristics of a basic differential gain
stage, as in Figure 3.

Reduction of the emitter-degeneration resistance, R£, allows Figure 3. Conversion of triangle to sine wave employs a differential
Q 3 or Q 4 to be brought near their cutoff
either transistor which avoids dependence on absolute values of components.
gain stage,
Overview of Exar's Oscillator Products

Exar offers the widest selection of monolithic 1C oscillators or XR-2207 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
waveform generators available in the industry. Starting with
the low-cost, easy-to-use XR-2209 precision oscillator, and ex- The XR-2207 is a monolithic volt age -con trolled oscillator
tending to the high-performance XR-2206 function generator, (VCO) integrated circuit featuring excellent frequency stability
this wide choice of products covers a very broad range of and a wide tuning range. The circuit provides simultaneous
applications. This section of Exar's IC Oscillator Data Book is triangle and square wave outputs over a frequency range of

intended to provide the user with a brief but complete over- 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz. It is ideally suited for FM, FSK, sweep or
view of Exar's family of monolithic IC oscillators. The key tone generation, and phase-locked loop applications. Its per-
features of each of these circuits are briefly described below: formance features are summarized below:

Excellent Temperature Stability (20 ppm/ C)

Linear Frequency Sweep
Adjustable Duty Cycle (0.1% to 99.9%)
Two or Four Level FSK Capability
XR-205 Monolithic Waveform Generator Wide Sweep Range (1000: 1 Min.)
Logic Compatible Input and Output Levels
Wide Supply Voltage Range (±4V to ± 3 V) 1

The XR-205 is a highly versatile, monolithic waveform gener-

communication and
Low Supply Sensitivity (0.15%/V)
ator designed for diverse applications in
Wide Frequency Range (0.01 Hz to 1 MHz)
telemetry equipments, as well as in systems design and testing.
Simultaneous Triangle and Square Wave Outputs
It is a self-contained, totally monolithic signal generator that

provides sine, square, triangle, ramp and sawtooth output

waveforms, which can be both amplitude and frequency mod-
ulated. It offers the following performance features:

XR-2209 Precision Oscillator

High Frequency Capability (to 4 MHz)
Wide Supply Range (+8V to +26V) The XR-2209 is a monolithic variable frequency oscillator cir-

Output Current Swing of ±10 mA cuit featuring excellent temperature stability and a wide linear
Frequency Sweep Range of 10:1, Typ. sweep range. The circuit provides simultaneous triangle and
Amplitude Modulation Capability square wave outputs over a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to
1 MHz. The frequency is set by an external RC product. It is

ideally suited for frequency modulation, voltage-to-frequency

or current-to-frequency conversion, sweep or tone generation
as well as for phase-locked loop applications when used in con-
junction with a phase comparator such as the XR-2208.
XR-2206 Monolithic Function Generator
The circuit is comprised of three functional blocks: a variable
frequency oscillator, and two buffer amplifiers for the triangle
The XR-2206 is a monolithic function generator integrated
and square wave outputs. It is basically a simplified version of
circuit capable of producing high quality sine, square, triangle,
the XR-2207 oscillator, with the FSK controls removed. It
ramp and pulse waveforms of high stability and accuracy. The
has the following features:
output waveforms can be both amplitude and frequency mod-
ulated by an external voltage. Frequency of operation can be
Excellent Temperature Stability (20 ppm/°C)
selected externally over a range of 0.01 Hz to more than MHz. 1
Linear Frequency Sweep
Wide Sweep Range (1000:1 Min.)
This circuit is ideally suited for communications, instrumen- Wide Supply Voltage Range (+4V to + 3V) 1

tation, and function generator applications requiring sinusoidal

Low Supply Sensitivity (0.1 5%V)
tone, AM, FM, or FSK generation. It has a typical drift specifi-
Wide Frequency Range (0.01 Hz to 1 MHz)
cation of 20 ppm/°C. It has the following important features: Simultaneous Triangle and Square Wave Outputs
Easy-to-Use 8 -Pin Package

Low Sinewave Distortion (THD .5%)—

Insensitive to Signal Sweep
Excellent Stability (20 ppm/°C, Typ.)
Wide Sweep Range (2000: Typ.) 1 ,
XR-8038 Precision Waveform Generator
Low Supply Sensitivity (0.01%/V, Typ.)
Linear Amplitude Modulation The XR-8038 is a precision waveform generator IC capable of
Adjustable Duty-Cycle (1% to 99%) producing sine, square, triangular, sawtooth and pulse wave-
TTL Compatible FSK Controls forms with a minimum of external components and adjust-
Wide Supply Range (10V to 26V) ments, its operating frequency can be selected over nine
 decades of frequency, from 0.001 Hz to 1 MHz, by the choice Simultaneous Sine, Triangle and Square Wave
of external RC components. The frequency of oscillation is Outputs
highly stable over a wide temperature and supply voltage range. Low Distortion-THD 1%
The frequency modulation and sweeping can be accomplished High FM and Triangle Linearity
with an external control voltage without affecting the quality Wide Frequency Range-0.001 Hz to 1 MHz
of the output waveforms; and the frequency can be pro- Minimum Component Count
External
grammed digitally through the use of either resistors or capaci- Variable Duty-Cycle-2% to 98%
tors. It has the following features:
Table 1 gives a summary and a comparative listing of the elec-

Direct Replacement for Intersil 18038 trical characteristics of each of these monolithic oscillator or
Low Frequency Drift— 50 ppm/ C function generators described above.

TABLE 1

Summary of Electrical Characteristics of Exar's Oscillator IC's

Device Type
Electrical
Characteristics XR-205 XR-2206 XR-2207 XR-2209 XR^8038

Supply voltage range

(single supply) 8 to 26 V 10 to 26 V 8 to 26 V 8 to 26 V 10 to 30 V

Output waveforms Triangle Triangle Triangle Triangle Triangle

square square square square square

sine sine sine

• Upper frequency limit (MHz) 4 1 1 1 1

Temperature drift 300 50 50 50 50

(ppm/°C) (typ) (max) (max) (max) (max)

Power supply drift 0.5 0.05 0.15 0.15 0.1

(%/V) (max) (max) (typ) (typ) (typ)

Frequency sweep range 7:1 2000:1 1000:1 1000:1 1000:1

Duty cycle adjustment range 10-90% 1-99% 1-99% 1-99% 2-98%

FM nonlinearity (Af = ±10%) 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1%

Sine-wave distortion
untrimmed 3.5% 1 .5% - 0.7%
trimmed 2.5% 0.5% : 0.5%

+
Output amplitude, (V ]2V)
sine wave (V pk-pk) 3 6 2.5

triangle wave (V pk-pk) 2.5 6 6 6 4

Triangle nonlinearity 1% 0.2% 0.5% 0.5% 0.05%

Output impedance (ohms)

sine/triangle output 50 600 10 10 200

Package type 16-pin 16 -pin 14-pin 8-pin 14-pin

DIP DIP DIP DIP DIP

 "

Choosing The Right IC Oscillator

At the onset of his design, the user of monolithic oscillator They can operate both in suppressed-carrier or conventional

products is faced with the key question of choosing the oscil- double-sideband AM generator mode. For operation with
lator or the function generator best suited to his application. frequencies below 100 kHz, the XR-2206 has superior per-

The broad line of function generator products offered by Exar formance characteristics over the XR-205.
covers a wide range of applications. It is often difficult to
determine at a glance the best circuit for a given application.
The purpose of this section is to review some of the key per- FM Generation
formance requirements, from an applications point of view,
and help answer the question, "What is the best IC oscillator Essentially all of Exar's IC oscillator circuits described in

fof the job?" Table 2 presents an application-oriented listing Table 2 can be used for generating frequency-modulated wave-
of the performance characteristics of Exar's broad line of IC forms. For small frequency deviations (i.e., ±5% or less) about
oscillators to assist the user in choosing the most suitable the center frequency, all of these oscillators have FM non-
and economical product for his application. linearity of 0.1% or less. However, if wider FM deviations are
required the XR-2209, XR-2207 and the XR-2206 offer the

best FM linearity.

Sine Wave Generation

In evaluating the output characteristics of sinusoidal IC

oscillators, total harmonic distortion (THD) of the output FSK Generation
waveform is usually the key performance criteria. In a number
of voice-grade telecommunication or laboratory applications, Frequency-shift keying (FSK) is widely used in digital com-
sine wave distortion of 2% to 3% may be tolerable. However, munications, particularly in data-interface or acoustical-coup-
for audio-quality signals, a distortion level of 1% or less is ler type MODEM systems. In monolithic IC oscillators, FSK
required. Furthermore, it is desirable that the output distor- capability is obtained by using a current-controlled oscillator
tion should be relatively independent of the output ampli- and keying its control current between two or more pro-
tude, frequency or temperature changes; and that the distortion grammed levels which are set by external resistors. This

level be minimized with a minimum amount of external ad- output waveforms which are phase-continuous during
results in

justments. the frequency transitions between the "mark" and "space"

frequencies.

Exar manufactures three separate families of IC oscillators

which provide sinusoidal output waveforms. These are the The XR-2207 can produce four discrete frequencies, set by
XR-205, XR-2206 and the XR-8038. All of these circuits one external capacitor and four setting resistors. Frequency
require external trimming to minimize the output distortion. keying between these four frequencies is achieved by a two-bit

In the case of XR-205, the untrimmed distortion is about 5%; binary logic input. The circuit produces both triangle and

in the case of the XR-2206 and the XR-8038, untrimmed dis- square wave outputs. The XR-2206 produces two discrete

tortion is typically less than 2%, and can be reduced to 0.5% frequencies, fj and f2 , and has a one-bit keying logic input.

with additional trimming. The key advantage of XR-2206 over the XR-2207 in FSK
MODEM design is the availability of a sinusoidal output wave-

For low frequency sine wave generation (below 100 kHz), form.
the XR-2206 and the XR-8038 recommended circuits.
are the

The XR-8038 has a fixed output level, whereas the XR-2206 Exar has compiled a comprehensive application note describ-
offers separate output dc level and amplitude adjustment ing the use of both of these IC products in the design of FSK
capability. MODEM systems. This application note entitled "Stable FSK
1

MODEMs Featuring the XR-2207, XR-2206 and the XR-221

is also included in this Data Book.
AM Generation
Linear modulation of output amplitude by means of an analog Laboratory Function Generator
control signal is a desirable feature for telemetry and data
transmission applications. In monolithic IC oscillators, this One of the main applications for oscillators is for laboratory

capability is normally obtained by including a four-quadrant or test instrumentation or calibration where a variety of dif-
transconductancc multiplier on the IC chip. Both the XR-205 ferent output waveforms are required. Most such applications
and the XR-2206 circuits have such a feature included on the require both AM/FM modulation capability, linear frequency
chip and can be used for generating sinusoidal AM signals. sweep and sinusoidal output. Among the IC products outlined
in Table 2, the circuit which fits this application best is the By ramp output from the XR-2207 to sweep the
using a linear
XR-2206 since it has all the fundamental features of a com- frequency of the XR-2206, one can build a two-chip sweep
plete function generator system costing upwards of several oscillator system which has a 2000:1 sweep range and sinu-

hundred dollars. soidal output.

A comprehensive description of building a self-contained lab-

Low-Cost General Purpose Oscillator
oratory-quality function generator system using the XR-2206
is given in Exar's Application Note AN-14 which is included
In many digital design applications, one needs a stable, low-
in this Data Book. the system clock. For such
cost oscillator IC to serve as

applications, the XR-2209 precision oscillator is a logical design

choice since it is a simple, low-cost oscillator circuit and offers

Phase-Locked Loop Design
20 ppm/°C frequency stability.

The current-controlled or voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)

The monolithic timer circuits, such as the XR-555, or its micro-
is one of the essential components of a phase-locked loop
power version, the XR-L555, can also be used as low-cost,
(PLL) system. The key requirement for this application is
general purpose oscillators by operating them in their free-
that the oscillator should have a high degree of frequency
running, i.e., self-triggering, mode.
stability and linear voltage or current-to-frequency conversion
characteristics. Sinusoidal output, although often useful, is

generally not required in this application. Ultra-Low Frequency Oscillator

Although all of Exar's IC oscillators can be used as a VCO in In certain applications such as interval-timing or sequencing,

designing PLL systems, the XR-2207 or its low-cost and sim- stable, ultra-low frequency oscillators which can operate at

plified version, theXR-2209, are often the best suited devices frequencies of 0.01 Hz or lower are required. Among Exar's

for this application. For additional information, the reader is oscillator circuits, the IC most suited to such an application is

referred to Exar's Application Note AN-06, entitled "Precision the XR-8038 since it can operate with a polarized electrolytic
PLL System Using the XR-2207 and the XR-2208," which is capacitor as its timing component. All other oscillator circuits
included in this Data Book. described in this book require non-polar timing capacitors,
and therefore are not as practical as the XR-8038 for ultra-low
frequency operation.
Sweep Oscillator
An alternate approach to obtaining stable ultra-low frequency
A sweep oscillator is required to have a large linear sweep oscillations is to use the XR-2242 counter/timer as an oscil-

range. Among Exar's function generators, the XR-2207 and lator in its free-running mode. Such a circuit generates a square

the XR-2206 have the widest linear sweep range (over 1000:1), wave output with a frequency of (1/256 RC) where R and C
and are best suited for such an application. are the external timing components.
 TABLE 2
Major Applications for Exar's IC Oscillators

Major XR-2207 XR-2209 XR-8038

XR-205 XR-2206
Application

Sine Wave Generation s/ s/ y/

Amplitude Modulation y/ y/

Frequency Modulation V V V y/ s/

High-Frequency Operation
(> 1 MHz) y/

FSK MODEMs y/ \t

Stable Oscillator
(< 50 ppm/°C Drift) V y/ V y/

Variable Duty Cycle y/ y/ y/ V

Output dc-level Control y/

Ultra-Low Frequency
Operation (<0.1 Hz) y/

Linear Sweep Oscillator

(> 1000:1) y/ y/ V \f

Simultaneous Sine/Triangle
Outputs
y/

Phase-Locked Loop
Design s/ y/ >/ y/ "
Quality Assurance Standards

The quality assurance program at Exar Integrated Systems Realizing that these standard Manufacturing/QA process

defines and establishes standards and controls on manufactur- flows do not meet the needs of every customer's specific

ing, and audits product quality at critical points during manu- requirements, Exar quality assurance can negotiate and will

facturing. The accompanying Manufacturing/QA process flows screen product to meet any individual customer's specific

illustrate where quality assurance audits, by inspection or test, requirement.

the manufacturing process. The insertion of these quality
assurance points is designed to insure the highest quality All products ending with the suffix M are fullv screened to
standards are maintained on Exar product during its manu- the requirements of MIL-STD-883, Method 5004, Condi-
facture. tion C.

WAFER FABRICATION/QA FLOW HIGH RELIABILITY ASSEMBLY/QA FLOW

Materials Initiate serialised lot traveler
Polished Silicon Slices Masks
to maintain traceabihty back
m Per Applicable

1&
.
|
Per Applicable to silicon mfg.
QC Procurement Specif
MQCI's
L—J ication. MQCI's
Wafer saw

Brake/Plate dice

Per Mil Std 883.

A
leqenr)
Method 2010B.

o Operation
Visual Inspection for Dirt,
Contamination, etc Monitor temperature settings
pick up tools, operator a
Exar QCI 101
tings, A
Die.' Frame attach

A- Epitaxial Layer

/V Verify layer thickness

and resistivity, inspect
Per Mil Std 883,
Method 2010 B.
100% inspection
for slacking faults, etc Monitor bond pulls.
Power settings. Operator audit Wire Bond
QC * Quality Contfot
Exar QCI 101
M - Manufacturing
, Per Mil Std 883,
Method 2010 B.
IPrecap Visual Inspection)

Furnace Certification
Masking

Visual inspection to verify Seal strength, Monitor /\^^

proper mask check align per Exar QCI 101 /oc^ 1

l
W°\ merit, undercutting, proper
oxide removal, etc.

Aluminum. Evaporation
AV 1
Tin plate leads
150 micro inch minimum

Masking

Stabilization Bake,
Mil Std-883,
Method 1008C.
SE M Analysis of

yy£\ Metallization Lots Temperature cycle,

Mil Std 883,
Individual wafer S.E.M.
Method 1010C
I 1 analysis I optional lor
BQC high reliability military
Constant Acceleration,
programs only)
Mil-Std-883.
Method 2001 E, Y1 axis.

Fine Leak,
Mil-Std-883,
Masking Method 1014Aor B.

Gross Leak,
Mil-Std-883,
rv'i

'T^ Method 1014C, Step 1.

AC, DC and Functional

Stabilization Sake Tests to data sheet
parameters 1.0% AQ :&> Production electrical test.
AC, DC, Functional Tests

/ \ Wafer probe 100% probe

To further environmental
V X AC DC and Functional testing preconditioning/screening,

Move
r
to Assembly
H3
Die sort yield analysis
(Optional, for high reliability
military programs only I
burn in per individual
customer requirements.
Mark with suffix M,

Lot Acceptance, verify product

High Reliability
t
Cerdip Plastic
type, count package, completion
of all process requirements.
Verify required documentation.
Assembly Assembly Assemhly
XR-205
Monolithic Waveform Generator (

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The XR-205 is waveform generator designed for diverse applications in communication and telemetry
a highly versatile, monolithic
equipment, as well as insystems design and testing. It is a self-contained, totally monolithic signal generator that provides sine,
square, triangle, ramp and sawtooth output waveforms, which can be both amplitude and frequency modulated.

The functional block diagram of the monolithic waveform generator is shown below. The circuit has three separate sections: a
(VCO) which generates the basic periodic waveforms; a balance modulator which provides amplitude
voltage-controlled oscillator
or phase modulation; a buffer amplifier section which provides a low impedance output with high current drive capability.

APPLICATIONS ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Waveform Generation Power Supply 26 volts
Sinewave Sawtooth Power Dissipation 750 mW
Triangle Ramp Derate above +25°C 6 mW/°C
Square Pulse Temperature
AM Generation Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Storage -65°Cto+150°C
Crystal-Controlled
FM Generation
Sweep Generation AVAILABLE TYPES
i
Tone Burst Generation Part Number Package Type Operating Temperature Range
Simultaneous AM/FM XR-205 Ceramic 0°Cto+75°C
Frequency-Shift Keyed (FSK) Signal Generation
Phase-Shift Keyed (PSK) Signal Generation
On-Off Keyed Oscillation
Clock Generation

EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

< E
w
-Of
EH
n- BS — • FM, SYNC,
<>— < *<—< ->^3 >-* e- X 13 AND SWEEP
__] INPUT

SQUAREWAVE
e-I 23
E rC>3
3'
r 3
<9 i
-O v-

O^C'. ; v;;:!

10
 11 1

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Test Conditions: Supply Voltage = 12V (single supply) Ta = 25° C, f = 10 kHz, Rl = 3 kfi, unless otherwise specified.

wi CHARACTERISTICS
MIN.
LIMITS
TYP. MAX.
UNITS CONDITIONS

I — General Characteristics
Supply Voltage:
Single Supply 8 26 Vdc See Figure 1
Split Supply ±5 ±13 Vdc See Figures 2 and 3
Supply Current 8 10 12 mA w/o buffer amp
Frequency Stability:
Power Supply 0.2 0.5 %/v
o
Iv C c-veeI>iov
Temperature 300 600 ppm/°C Sweep input open circuit

Frequency Sweep Range 7:1 10:1 See Figure 7

Output Swing:
Single Ended 2 3 Vpp Measured at pin 1 or 2
Differential 4 6 Vpp Measured across 1 and 2
Output Diff. Offset Voltage 0.1 0.4 Vdc Measured across 1 and 2
Amplitude Control Range 60 dB Controlled by Rq (see Figure 1)
Buffer Amplifier Output Resistance 50 ohms R L =750H
Output Current Swing ±6 ±10 mA
II — Output Waveforms
Sinusoidal:
Upper Frequency Limit 2 4 MHz Measured at Pin 1
Peak Output Swing 2 3 Vpp Si, S3 closed, S2 open
Distortion (THD) 2.5 4 % closed S2 open
Triangle:
Peak Swing 2 4 Vpp Measured at Pin 1
Non- Linearity ±1 % Si, S2 open, S3 closed

A Asymmetry ±1 % f= 10 kHz
Sawtooth:
Peak Swing 2 3 Vpp See Figure 1, S2 closed;
Non-Linearity 1.5 % S2 and S3 closed
Ramp:
Peak- Swing 1 1.4 Vpp See Figure 1, S2 and S3 open
Non-Linearity 1 % pin 10 shorted to pin 15
Square wave (Low Level):
Output Swing 0.5 0.7 Vpp See Figure 1, S2 and S3 open,
Duty Cycle Asymmetry ±1 ±4 % pin 10 shorted to pin 12
Rise Time 20 ns 10 pF connected from pin 1
Fall Time 20 ns to ground
Squarewave (High Level):
Peak Swing 2 3 Vpp See Figure 3, S2 open
Duty Cycle Asymmetry ±1 ±4 %
Rise Time 80 ns 10 pF connected from pin 1

Fall Time 60 ns to ground

Pulse Output: 2 3 Vpp See Figure 3, S2 closed
Peak Swing 2 3 Vpp See Figure 3, S2 closed
RiseTime 80 ns
FallTime 60 ns
Duty Cycle Range 20-80 % Adjustable (see Figure 6)
III — Modulation Characteristics (sine, triangle and squarewave):
Amplitude Modulation:
Double Sideband
Modulation Range 0-100 % See Figure 2
Linearity 0.5 % for 30% modulation
Sideband Symmetry 1.0 %
Suppressed Carrier
Carrier Suppression 52 dB f < MHz
1

s Frequency Modulation:
Distortion 0.3 % See Figure 2 (±10 frequency
deviation)

11
 i

TEST CIRCUITS DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT CONTROLS

(Refer to functional block diagram)

J-LTL TIMING CAPACITOR (PINS 14 AND IS)

The oscillator frequency is inversely proportional to the value

of the timing capacitor, C connected between pins 14 and 15.
,

— W~
*— —
-f-°
With the sweep input open circuited, frequency f can be
approximated as : f^
microforads. (See Figure 4.)
= 400/C where f is in Hz and C is in

MODULATOR Y-INPUTS (PINS 5 AND 6)

These inputs are normally connected to the oscillator outputs.
For sinewave or trianglewave outputs, they are dc coupled to
pins 14 and 15 (see Figure 1); for high-level squarewave or

jhrl ^ o
BUFFER OUTPUT
pulse output, ac coupling is used as shown in Figure 3.

MODULAR X-INPUTS (PINS 3 AND 4)

Modulator output (at pins 1 or 2) is proportional to a dc volt-
age applied across these inputs - (see Figure 5). These inputs
Figure 1. Test Circuit for Single-Supply Operation can be used for amplitude modulation or, as an output ampli-
tude control. The phase of the output voltage is reversed if the
polarity of the dc bias across pins 3 and 4 is reversed; therefore
these inputs can be used for phase-shift keyed (PSK) modula-
tion.

VA 1 1
O FM INPUT
MODULATOR OUTPUTS (PINS 1 AND 2)
o-TLTL
(LOW LEVEL)
All of the high level output waveforms are obtained at these
terminals. The output waveforms appear differentially between
pins 1 and 2. The terminals can, therefore, be used for either
in-phase or out-of-phase outputs. Normally, a 15 KQ, load
resistor should be connected between these terminals to pre-
f-Nf vent the output from saturating or clipping at large output
voltage swings.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
INPUT 9,
LOW LEVEL SQUAREWAVE OUTPUT (PIN 12)
-o 'X/V
OR The output at this pin is a symmetrical squarewave with 0.7V
amplitude and 20 ns rise time. It can be used directly as an out-
put waveform, or amplified to a 3 Vpp signal level using the
modulator section of the XR-205 as an amplifier (see Figure 3).

SWEEP OR FM INPUT (PIN 13)

The oscillator frequency increases linearly with an increasing

Figure 2. Test Circuit for Split-Supply Operation and negative voltage, Vs applied
, Normally a series
to this terminal.
AM/FM Modulation resistor, R s (R s * approx. KO)
connected in series with
1 is

this terminal to provide current limiting and linear voltage-to-

frequency transfer characteristics. The frequency derivation
(for any given modulation level) is inversely proportional to
DUTY CYCLE ADJ.
R s Typical sweep characteristics of the circuit are shown in
.

Figure 7. For proper operation of the circuit with R s = 1 KJ2,

the sweep voltage, V s must be within range: (V so - 6) <C V s
,

<(V so + 1) where V so is the open circuit voltage at pin 13.

The frequency of oscillation can also be synchronized to an
external source by applying a sync pulse to this terminal. For
R s = 1 K£2, a sync pulse of 0.1 V to IV amplitude is recom-
AMP MOD mended.
INPUT
IOP1IONAL)

WAVEFORM ADJUSTMENT (PINS 7 AND 8)

The shape of the output waveform at pins 1 and 2 is controlled
+v cc
by a potentiometer, Rj, connected between these terminals as
shown in Figure 1. For sinewave outputs at pins 1 and 2, the
value of Rj is adjusted to minimize the harmonic content of
50K the output waveform. This adjustment is independent of
OUTPUT
OUTPUT
AMPLITUDE
uvppi y (J
frequency and needs to be done only once. The output can be
ADJ.
OUTPUT SOUARE WAVE: S2OPEN
converted to a symmetrical triangle waveform by increasing
V EE 6( 6V! PULSE S2 CLOSED the effective resistance across these terminals. This can be
done without changing the potentiometer setting, by opening
Figure 3. Test Circuit for High- Level Pulse and Square wave Output the switch S2 as shown in Figures 1—3.

12
 5

10

J 1
<
K 1

L
FREQUENCY

0.6

l0 0.4
i
DUTY CYCLE
U° 10-3

0.2

FREQUENCY (Hi! <V 3 -V 4 ) VOLTS (1/R B I IN KOHM~ 1

Figure 4. Frequency as a Function of C Figure5. Modulator Section Phase and Figure 6. Duty-Cycle and Frequency
Across Pins 1 4 and 1 Amplitude Transfer Characteristics Variation as a Function of Resistor Rg
Connected Across Pins 13 and 14

V OUT • 3 V f?

I
\

-5V -10V 1SV

WEEP VOLTAGE. V s
(VOLTS) NORMALIZED FREQUENCY ((/!„)

Figure 7. Normalized Frequency vs. Figure 8. Sinusoidal Output Distortion Figure 9. Sinusoidal Sawtooth and
Sweep Voltage as a Function of Frequency Sweep Linear Ramp Outputs

BUFFER INPUT AND OUTPUT (PINS 10 AND 11) SINEWAVE OUTPUT

The buffer amplifier can be connected to any of the circuit The circuit is connected as shown in Figures 1 or 2, with switch
outputs (pins 1, 2, 12, 14 or 15) to provide low output im- S2 open and Sj closed. The output waveform is adjusted for
pedance and high current drive capability. For proper operation minimum harmonic distortion using trimmer resistor Rj con-
of the buffer amplifier, pin 1 1 must be connected to the most nected across pins 7 and 8. Sinusoidal output is obtained from

negative potential in the circuit, with an external load resistor pins or 2 (or pin 1 1 if the buffer amplifier is used). The
1

Rl (0.75 KQ, < 10 KfX). The maximum output current

<Rl amplitude of the output waveform is controlled by the differ-
at this pin must not exceed 20 mA. ential dc voltage appearing between pins 3 and 4. This bias can
be controlled by potentiometer Rq. For a differential bias
DUTY CYCLE ADJUSTMENT between these terminals of ±2 volts or greater, the output
The duty -cycle of the output waveforms can be adjusted by amplitude is maximum and equal to approximately 3 volts p-p.
connecting a resistor RB across pins 13 and 14, as shown in
Figures 1—3. With switch S2 open, the output waveform will SAWTOOTH OUTPUT
by symmetrical. Duty cycle is reduced as Rg is decreased. (See
The circuit is connected as shown in Figures 1 or 2, with
Figure 6.)
switch Sj open and S2 closed. Closing S2 places resistor Rb
ADDITIONAL GAIN CONTROL across pins 13 and 14. This changes the duty cycle of the
triangle output and converts it to a sawtooth waveform. The
For amplitude modulated output signals, the dc level across
polarity of the sawtooth can be changed by reversing the
pins 3 and 4 is fixed by the modulation index required. In this
polarity of the dc bias across pins 3 and 4. If S] is closed, the
case, the output amplitude can be controlled without effecting
linear sawtooth waveform is converted to the sinusoidal saw-
the modulation by connecting a potentiometer between pins 1
and 2. tooth waveform of Figure 9A.

ON-OFF KEYING RAMP OUTPUT (FIGURE 9B)

For ramp outputs, switch S3 of Figure 1 or 2 is opened, and
The keyed off by applying
oscillator can be a positive voltage
pin 10 shorted to pin 14. This results in a 1.4 volt p-p ramp
pulse to the sweep input terminal. With R s =
is
1 K£2, oscillations
will stop if the applied potential at pin 13 is raised 3 volts output at pin 1 1 The duty cycle of this ramp can be con-
.

trolled by connecting Rb across pins (13-14) or (13-15).

above its open-circuit value.
SQUAREWAVE AND PULSE OUTPUTS
For squarewave outputs, the circuit is connected as shown in
OUTPUT WAVEFORMS Figure 3, with S2 open. The output can be converted to a
pulse by closing S2. The duty cycle of the pulse output is con-
TRIANGLE OUTPUT trolled by potentiometer Rtj>. The amplitude and polarity of
The circuit is connected as shown in Figures 1 or 2, with either the pulse or squarewave output can be controlled by
switches Sj and S2 open. potentiometer Rq.

13
 . R

XR-2206
Monolithic Function Generator

The XR-2206 is a monoUthic function generator integrated circuit capable of producing high quality sine, square, triangle, ramp
and pulse waveforms of high stability and accuracy. The output waveforms can be both amplitude and frequency modulated by
an external voltage. Frequency of operation can be selected externally over a range of 0.01 Hz to more than 1 MHz.

The XR-2206 is ideally suited for communications, instrumentation, and function generator applications requiring sinusoidal

tone, AM, FM or FSK generation. It has a typical drift specification of 20 ppm/°C. The oscillator frequency can be linearly swept
over a 2000: 1 frequency range with an external control voltage with very little affect on distortion.

As shown in Figure 1, the monoUthic circuit is comprised of four functional blocks: a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO); an
analog multiplier and sine-shaper; a unity gain buffer amplifier; and a set of current switches. The internal current switches transfer
the oscillator current to any one of the two external timing resistors to produce two discrete frequencies selected by the logic level
at the FSK input terminal (pin 9).

FEATURES ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Power Supply 26V
Low Sinewave Distortion (THD ,5%) -
Power Dissipation (package limitation)
insensitive to signal sweep
Ceramic package 750 mW
Excellent Stability (20 ppm/°C, typ) Derate above +25°C 6 .0 mW/°C
Wide Sweep Range (2000: typ)
1 ,
Plastic package 625 mW
Low Supply Sensitivity (0.01%/V, typ) Derate above +25°C 5 mW/°C
Linear Amplitude Modulation Storage Temperature Range -65°C to +150 C
Adjustable Duty-Cycle (1% to 99%)
TTL Compatible FSK Controls AVAILABLE TYPES
Wide Supply Range (10V to 26V)
Part Number Package Types Operating Temperature
APPLICATIONS
XR-2206M Ceramic -55°Cto+125°C
Waveform Generation 0°C +75°C
XR-2206N Ceramic to
Sine, Square, Triangle, Ramp 0°C +75°C
XR-2206P Plastic to
Sweep Generation XR-2206CN Ceramic 0°C to +75°C
AM/FM Generation XR-2206CP Plastic 0°Cto+75°C
FSK and PSK Generation
Voltage-to-Frequency Conversion
Tone Generation
Phase-Locked Loops

EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

^^j-
E iel
—j i

E
E ^L MULTIPLIER
AND
SINE
SHAPE
«T
HI,

E Hi
E
E
E
E Hi

Figure 1

14
 1 1 1

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Test Conditions: Test Circuit of Fig. 2, V+= 12V, T A = 25°C, C = 0.01 /uF, Rl = 100 K£2, R2 = 10 Kfi R3 = 25 KJ2 unless
otherwise specified. S \ open for triangle, closed for sine wave.
XR-2206/XR-2206M XR-2206C
CHARACTERISTICS UNITS CONDITIONS
MIN. TYP. MAX. MIN. TYP. MAX.
Supply Voltage
Single Supply 10 26 10 26 V
Split Supply ±5 ±13 ±5 ±13 V
Supply Current 12 17 14 20 mA Rl^ I0IO2
Oscillator Section
Max. Operating Frequency 0.5 1 0.5 1 MHz C=1000pF, R[ = K12 l

Lowest Practical Frequency 0.01 0.01 Hz C=50mF,Ri = 2M£2

Frequency Accuracy ±1 ±4 ±2 % of f f,= l/RlC
Temperature Stability ±10 ±50 ±20 ppm/°C < T A ^ 75 C, R = R2=20 Kft
C i

Supply Sensitivity 0.01 0.1 0.01 %/vVlow = iov,v H igh = 2ov,

Rl =R2= 20KH
Sweep Range 1000:1 2000: 2000:1 fH=fL fH@Rl KU 1

f L @Rl = 2Mfi

Sweep Linearity
10:1 Sweep 2 2 % f L = kHz, ih= 10 kHz
1

1000:1 Sweep 8 8 % f L = 100Hz,f H = 100 kHz

FM Distortion 0.1 0.1 % ±10% Deviation
Recommended Timing Components
Timing Capacitor: C 0.001 100 0.001 100 MF See Figure 5

Timing Resistors: Rj & Kj 1 2000 1 2000 KH

Triangle/Sinewave Output See Note 1 , Fig. 3

Triangle Amplitude 160 160 mV/Kf2 Fig. 2 Si Open

Sine wave Amplitude 40 60 80 60 mV/Kfi Fig. 2 Si Closed
Max. Output Swing 6 6 Vpp
Output Impedance 600 600
Triangle Linearity 1 1 %
Amplitude Stability 0.5 0.5 dB For 1000:1 Sweep
Sinewave Amplitude Stability -4800 -4800 ppm/ C See Note 2
Sinewave Distortion Rl -30KO
Without Adjustment 2.5 2.5 % See Figure 1
With Adjustment 0.4 1.0 0.5 1.5 % See Figure 12

Amplitude Modulation
Input Impedance 50 100 50 100
Modulation Range 100 100 %
Carrier Suppression 55 55 dB
Linearity 2 2 % For 95% modulation
Square Wave Output Measured at Pin 1
Amplitude 12 12 Vpp
Rise Time 250 250 nsec C L = 10 pF
Fall Time 50 50 nsec C L = 10 pF
Saturation Voltage 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.6 V IL = 2 mA
Leakage Current 0.1 20 0.1 100 MA Vu=26V
FSK Keying Level (Pin 9) 0.8 1.4 2.4 0.8 1.4 2.4 V See Section on Circuit Controls
Reference Bypass Voltage 2.9 3.1 3.3 2.5 3 3.5 V Measured at Pin 10.

Note 1: Output Amplitude is directly proportional to the resistance Rj on Pin J. See Figure 3.
Note 2: For maximum amplitude stability R$ should be a positive temperature coefficient resistor.

S,» OPEN FOR TRIANGLE

CLOSED FOR SINE WAVE.

SYMMETRY ADJ.

Figure 2. Basic Test Circuit Figure 3. Output Amplitude as a Function of Resistor R3 at Pin 3.

15
 — —

r-
\
>
I

_.» 70° C MAX.

PACKAGE
r~m riMAXIMUM TIMING R

V DISSIPATION 1^
1K0,
2KV
u 18 s£>
lOKil^

^ j>^ >30Kfi s
**

4 106
\ V+/2
10 10 2 10
v C c< v
DCVOLTAOI ATPIN1
> FREQUENCY Hi
Figure 6. Normalized Output
Figure 4. Supply Current vs Figure 5. R vs Oscillation Frequency Amplitude vs DC Bias at
Supply Voltage, Timing R AM Input (Pin 1).

C - 0.01 iif

V OUT * °' S VRMS P,N 2

C 0.01 «F
TRIMMED FOF MINIMUM
R L - 10 Kil
\H " 1 Mfl
R » 2 KS2
DISTORTION/ kT 30 Kil R -20OKl\ R =
1QK12 t
1 -zoo KI2 \L-J"""

OKi'l
Ra Mn
2
/ \ R-2K n
R-1 Kn
S

J
/ r-'i kiA

10 100 IK 10K 100K 1M -50 -25 25 SO 75 100 125

FREQUENCY (Hi) AMBIENT TEMPERATURE I'd
TIMING R K-Q

Figure 7. Trimmed Distortion vs Figure 8. Signwave Distortion vs Figure9. Frequency Drift vs

Timing Resistor Operating Frequency With Timing Temperature

Capacitors Varied

DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT CONTROLS "C ^lj ORB

PIN 7
*'c
O^WV- O
FREQUENCY OF OPERATION: SWEEP
INPUT
vc

The frequency of oscillation, f , is determined by the external

timing capacitor C
across pins 5 and 6, and by the timing resis-
tor R
given as
connected to either pin 7 or pin 8. The frequency is T
fo = —
1

RC
Hz Figure 10. Circuit Connection for Frequency Sweep

and can be adjusted by varying either R or C. The recom- OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

mended values of R for a given frequency range are shown Output Amplitude: Maximum output amplitude is directly
in Figure 5. Temperature- stability is optimum for porportional to external resistor R3 connected to Pin 3 (See
4 K£2 < R < 200 KS2. Recommended values of C are from Fig. 3). For sine wave output, amplitude is approximately
1000 pF to 100 juF. 60 mV peak per KJ2 of R3; for triangle, the peak amplitude
FREQUENCY SWEEP AND MODULATION is approximately 160 raV peak per of R3. Thus, for KO
example, R3 50 Kfi would produce approximately ±3V
Frequency of oscillation is porportional to the total timing
sinusoidal output amplitude.
current It drawn from pin 7 or 8
320I T (mA) Amplitude Modulation: Output amplitude can be modulated
f = Hz by applying a dc bias and a modulating signal to Pin 1 The .

C(MF) internal impedance at Pin 1 is approximately 100 Kfi. Output

Timing terminals (pins 7 or 8) are low impedance points and amplitude varies linearly with the applied voltage at Pin 1 , for
are internally biased at +3V, with respect to pin 12. Frequency values of dc bias at this pin, within ±4 volts of V+/2 as shown
+
in Fig. 6. As this bias level approaches V /2, the phase of the
varies linearly with Ij over a wide range of current values, from
1 /nA to 3 mA. The frequency can be controlled by applying a
output signal is reversed; and the amplitude goes through zero.
control voltage, Vc, to the activated timing pin as shown in This property is suitable for phase-shift keying and suppressed-
Figure 10. The frequency of oscillation is related to Vc as: carrier AM generation. Total dynamic range of amplitude

VC modulation is approximately 55 dB.

= R 1
Hz
f
RC Rc 3
Note: AM
control must be used in conjunction with a well-
regulated supply since the output amplitude now becomes a
-

where Vc is in volts. The voltage-to-frequency conversion function of V + .

gain, K, is given as:

FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING
K = df/dV c =-^
RCC
Hz/V The XR-2206 can be operated with two separate timing resis-
tors, Ri and R2, connected to the timing pins 7 and 8, respec-

NOTE: For safe operation of the circuit Ij should be limited tively, as shown in Figure 13. Depending on the polarity of

to <3 mA. the logic signal at pin 9, either one or the other of these timing

16
 resistors is activated. If pin 9 is open-circuited or connected to and Rb provides the fine-adjustment for the waveform
a bias voltage > 2 V, only Rl is active. Similarly, if the voltage symmetry. The adjustment procedure is as follows:
level at pin 9 is < IV, only R2 is activated. Thus, the output- 1. Set Rb at mid-point and adjust Ra for minimum dis-

frequency can be keyed between two levels, fi and ii as: tortion.

fl = l/RiCandf2= I/R2C 2. With Ra set as above, adjust Rb to further reduce

operation, the keying voltage at pin 9 distortion.
I For split-supply
referenced to V— .
is

OUTPUT DC LEVEL CONTROL TRIANGLE WAVE GENERATION

The dc level at the approximately the same
output (pin 2) is
The circuits of Figures 1 1 and 1 2 can be converted to triangle
as the dc bias at pin 3. In Figures 11, 12 and 13, pin 3 is
+ and ground, to give an output wave generation by simply open circuiting pins 13 and 14
biased mid-way between V
(i.e., Sj open). Amplitude of the triangle is approximately
dc level of «V+/2.
twice the sinewave output.

APPLICATIONS INFORMATION
SINEW AVE GENERATION FSK GENERATION
A) Without External Adjustment
Figure 13 shows the circuit connection for sinusoidal FSK
Figure 1 1 shows the circuit connection for generating a
signal generation. Mark and space frequencies can be indepen-
sinusoidal output from the XR-2206. The potentiometer
dently adjusted by the choice of timing resistors Ri and R2;
Rl at pin 7 provides the desired frequency tuning. The and the output is phase-continuous during transitions. The
+
output swing is greater than V /2 and the
maximum keying signal is applied to pin 9. The circuit can be converted
to split-supply operation by simply replacing ground with V~-

10 «F

s.ik< L-wv C
v+ O—
luF

SQUAREWAVE
|—VA-AMr-C OUTPUT

Figure 11. Circuit for Sinewave Generation Without External INPUT 1<1V
Adjustment. (See Fig. 3 for choice of Rj)

Figure 13. Sinusoidal FSK Generator

typical distortion (THD) is <
2.5%. If lower sinewave dis-
tortion is desired, additional adjustments can be provided
as described in the following section.

can be converted to split supply

PULSE AND RAMP GENERATION
The circuit of Figure 1 1

operation simply by replacing all ground connections with Figure 14 shows the circuit for pulse and ramp waveform
V - For split supply operation, R3 can be directly
. generation. In this mode of operation, the FSK keying termi-
connected to ground, nal (pin 9) is shorted to the square-wave output (pin 11); and
the circuit automatically frequency-shift keys itself between
B) With External Adjustment two separate frequencies during the positive and negative going
The harmonic content of sinusoidal output can be reduced output waveforms. The pulse-width and the duty cycle can be
to «0.5% by additional adjustments as shown in Figure 12. adjusted from 1% to 99% by the choice of Ri and R2. The
The potentiometer Ra adjusts the sine-shaping resistor; values of Rl and R2 should be in the range of 1 KO
to 2 Mfi.

"1 2M •— SQUAREWAVE
OUT
PULSE
OUTPUT
Sj CLOSED FOR SINEWAVE J

Figure 12. Circuit for Sinewave Generation With Minimum Harmonic

Distortion. (R Determines output Swing - See Fig. 3) Figure 14, Circuit for Pulse and Ramp Generation
3

17
 C

XR-2207
Voltage - Controlled Oscillator
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The XR-2207 is a monolithic voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) integrated circuit featuring excellent frequency stability and a
wide tuning range. The circuit provides simultaneous triangle and square wave outputs over a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz.
It is ideally suited for FM, FSK, and sweep or tone generation, as well as for phase-locked loop applications.

The circuit is comprised of four functional blocks: a variable- frequency oscillator which generates the basic periodic waveforms;
four current switches actuated by binary keying inputs; and buffer amplifiers for both the triangle and squarewave outputs. The
internal current switches transfer the oscillator current to any of four external timing resistors to produce four discrete frequencies
which are selected according to the binary logic levels at the keying terminals (pins 8 and 9).
The XR-2207 has a typical drift specification of 20 ppm/°C. The oscillator frequency can be linearly swept over a 1000:1 range
with an external control voltage; and the duty cycle of both the triangle and the squarewave outputs can be varied from 0.1% to
99.9% to generate stable pulse and sawtooth waveforms.

FEATURES ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Excellent Temperature Stability (20 ppm/°C) Power Supply 26V
Linear Frequency Sweep Power Dissipation (package limitation)
Adjustable Duty Cycle (0.1% to 99.9%) Ceramic package 750 mW
Two or Four Level FSK Capability Derate above +25°C 6.0 mW/°C
Wide Sweep Range (1000:1 Min)
Plastic package 625 mW
Logic Compatible Input and Output Levels
Derate above +25°C mW/°C
5
Storage Temperature Range -65°Cto+150°C
Wide Supply Voltage Range (±4V to ±13V)
Low Supply Sensitivity (0.15%/V)
Wide Frequency Range (0.01 Hz to 1 MHz) AVAILABLE TYPES
Simultaneous Triangle and Squarewave Outputs
Part Number Package Operating Temperature
APPLICATIONS XR2207M Ceramic -55°C to +125°C
FSK Generation XR2207N Ceramic 0°C to +75°C
Voltage and Current -to-Frequency Conversion XR2207P Plastic 0°C to +75°
Stable Phase-Locked Loop XR2207CN Ceramic 0°C to +75°C
Waveform Generation XR2207CP Plastic 0°C to +75°C

Triangle, Sawtooth, Pulse, Squarewave

FM and Sweep Generation

EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

~\S

"ill
_J BINARY
KEYING

E INPUTS
J

Figure 1

18
 2

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Test Conditions: Test Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = V- = 6V, T A = +25°C, C = 5000 pF, Rj = R2 = R3 = R4 = 20 KO, R L = 4.7 K£
Binary Inputs grounded, Si and S 2 closed unless otherwise specified.

XR-2207/XR-2207M XR-2207C
PARAMETERS UNITS CONDITIONS
MIN. TYP. MAX. MIN. |
TYP. MAX.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Supply Voltage
Single Supply 8 26 8 26 V See Figure 2
Split Supplies ±4 ±13 ±4 ±13 V See Figure 3

Supply Current
Single Supply 5 7 5 8 mA Measured at pin 1, Si and S 2
open, see Figure 2

Split Supplies
Positive 5 7 5 8 mA Measured at pin 1 , S| , S 2 open
Negative 4 6 4 7 mA Measured at pin 1 2 Si, , S 2 open

OSCILLATOR SECTION - FREQUEN CYCHA RACTER ISTICS

Upper Frequency Limit 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 MHz C = 500pF,R 3 =2KH
Lowest Practical Frequency 0.01 0.01 Hz C = 50juF,R 3 =2MH
Frequency Accuracy ±1 ±3 ±1 ±5 % of f
Frequency Matching 0.5 0.5 %off
Frequency Stability
Temperature 20 50 30 ppm/ C 0° < T A < 75°C
Power Supply 0.15 0.15 %/v
Sweep Range 1000:1 3000:1 1000:1 Wh R3 = 1.5KJ2forfHl
R3 = 2 Mn for fjL
Sweep Linearity C = 5000 pF
10:1 Sweep 1 2 1.5 % fH=10kHz,fL= kHz 1

1000:1 Sweep 5 5 % fH= 100 kHz, fL= 100 Hz

FM Distortion 0.1 0.1 % ± 1 0% FM Deviation

Recommended Range of 1.5 2000 1.5 2000 KH See Characteristic Curves

Timing Resistors

Impedance at Timing Pins 75 75 Q Measured at pins 4, 5, 6, or 7

DC Level at Timing Terminals 10 10 mV

BINARY KEYING INPUTS
Switching Threshold 1.4 2.2 2.8 1.4 2.2 2.8 V Measured at pins 8 and 9,
Referenced to pin 10

Input Impedance 5 5 Kn
OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Triangle Output Measured at pin 13

Amplitude 4 6 4 6 Vpp
Impedance 10 10
DC Level + 100 + 100 mV Referenced to pin 10
Linearity 0.1 0.1 % From 10% to 90% of swing

Square Wave Output Measured at pin 13, S 2 closed

Amplitude 11 12 11 12 Vpp
Saturation Voltage 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 V Referenced to pin 1

Rise Time 200 200 nsec CL<10pF

Fall Time 20 20 nsec C L <10pF

19
 . .

PRECAUTIONS BINARY INPUT SWITCHING THRESHOLD

The logic level at pins 8 and 9 cause the binary current
The following precautions should be observed when operating switches to be activated. The voltage level is referenced to
the XR-2207 family of integrated circuits:
pin 10.
1 Pulling excessive currentfrom the timing terminals will
adversely effect the temperature stability of the circuit. FREQUENCY SWEEP RANGE
To minimize this disturbance, it is recommended that the The ratio of the highest and lowest operating frequencies
total current drawn from pins 4, 5, 6, and 7 be limited to (fir/Fj ) obtainable with a given value of timing capacitor.
<6 mA. In addition, permanent damage to the device may
occur if the total timing current exceeds 10 mA. SWEEP LINEARITY
2. Terminals 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 have very low internal imped-
The maximum deviation of the sweep characteristics from a
ance arid should, therefore, be protected from accidental extending over the frequency range.
best-fit straight line
shorting to ground or the supply voltages.
3. The keying logic pulse amplitude should not exceed the TRIANGLE NONLINEARITY
supply voltage. The maximum deviation from a best-fit straight line extending
along the rising and falling edges of the waveform, measured
between 1 0% and 90% of each excursion.

BINARY **~
- 9
33 -O SQUARE
WAVE OUT
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The XR-2207 modified emitter-couple multi-
oscillator is a
KEYING
INPUTS 9 vibrator type. As shown
block diagram of Figure 1, the
in the
oscillator also contains four current switches which activate
the timing terminals, pins 4, 5, 6, and 7. The oscillator fre-
quency is inversely proportional to the value of timing capaci-
tance, C, between pins 2 and 3; and directly proportional to
the total current, Ij, pulled out of the activated timing
terminals.

Figure 12 provides greater detail of the oscillator control

mechanism. Timing pins 4, 5, 6, and 7 correspond to the
emitters of switching transistors T\, T2, T3, and T4 respec-
tively, which are internal to the integrated circuit. The cur-
rent switches (and corresponding timing terminals) are
Figure 2. Test Circuit For Split Supply Operation activated by external logic signals applied to the keying ter-
minals, pins 8 and 9. The logic table for keying is given in
Figure 1 1

0.1 jaF 9 C As an example, logic inputs of 0, at pins 8 and 9 (i.e., both

inputs "low") will result in turning on transistor pairs T3;
and only the timing terminal 6 will be activated. Under this
condition, the total timing current, Ij, is equal to current
SQUARE I3 pulled from pin 6. This current is determined by exter-
WAVE OUT nal resistor R3, resulting in a frequency f = f ] = I/R3C Hz.

important to observe that timing pins 4, 5, 6, and 7 are

It is
DEVICE
UNDER low impedance points in the circuit. Care must be taken,
TEST to avoid shorting these pins to the supply voltages or to
ground.

6 7 41 51

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
R3 >20K>20K> 20K<

SPLIT SUPPLY OPERATION

Figure 13 is the recommended circuit connections for split
supply operation. With the generalized connections of
Figure 13a, the frequency of operation is determined by tim-
Figure 3. Test Circuit For Single Supply Operation
ing capacitor, C, and the activated timing resistors (R\
through R4), The timing resistors are activated by the logic
DEFINITION OF TERMS signals at the binary keying inputs (pins 8 and 9), as shown
in the logic table in Figure 11. If a fixed frequency of

FREQUENCY ACCURACY oscillation is required, the circuit connections can be simpli-

fied as shown in Figure 13b. In this connection, the input
The difference between the actual operating frequency and the
logic is set at (0,0) and the operating frequency is equal to
theoretical frequency determined from the design equations
(I/R3QHZ.
in Figure 1 1 , expressed as a percent of the calculated value.
The squarewave output is obtained at pin 13 and has a peak-,
FREQUENCY MATCHING to-peak voltage swing equal to the supply voltages. This out-
The change in operating frequency as different timing ter- put is an "open-collector" type and requires an external pull-
minals are activated for fixed timing resistor and timing capaci- up load resistor (nominally 5 KI2) to the positive supply.
tor values, expressed as a per cent of the original operating The triangle waveform obtained at pin 14 is centered about
frequency. ground and has a peak amplitude of V+/2.

20
 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS

- 1
1

Rt PARALLEL C NAT ON . ta = 25 e
OF ACTIVAT EDT mm

= 25' C
Ta 1

J-vV *2sf
*%52
. 23*t
£ 15
0*
.
?

^-<<io° i^-

SPLIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VOLTSI SPLIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

I I I I I I 1 1 1 1 1

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
SINGLE SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VOLTSI

Figure 4. Positive Supply Current, Figure 5. Negative Supply Current,

1
+ (Measured at Pin 1) vs. Supply I~ (Measured at Pin 12) vs. Supply
Voltage* Voltage

12 V -16V
NEGATIVE SUPPLY (VOLT) SPLIT SUPPLY

SINGLE SUPPLY
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VOLTS) -

Figure 6. Typical Operating Range Figure 7. Recommended Timing

For Split Supply Voltage Resistor Value vs. Power Supply
Voltage*

u |
/
VS = -6V F»
T 2 Mil
c -sooopF t 1.02 20 Kn-
j

J
V Rt

T A • 25'C
Ft, TOTAL 2 Kttl
TIMING "T
5 f ESISTA NCE
c - pF
>0OC

7 -25 '25 +50 +75 +100 +125

-SO
10K 100K 1M
SPLIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VOLTSI TEMPERATURE l°C)-
TIMING RESISTANCE (OHMS)
I I I 1 1 L,
4 8 12 16 20 24 2

SINGLE SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VOLTS)

Figure 8, Frequency Accuracy vs. Figure9. Frequency Drift vs. Figure 10. Normalized Frequency
Timing Resistance Supply Voltage Drift With Temperature

Q
*Note: Rj Parallel Combination of Activated Timing Resistors

21
The circuit operates with supply voltages ranging from ± 4V
to + 13V. Minimum drift occurs with ±6 volt supplies. For
operation with unequal supply voltages, see Figure 6.
cB

LOGIC SELECTED FREQUENCY

LEVEL TIMING
PINS KEYING INPUTS
-l-M
a c
O—•—O SQUARE WAVE
OUT
•

A B DEFINITIONS 14,
O TRIANGLE WAVE
OUT
= 1/R3C,Afi = I/R4C
6 n fl

1 6 and 7 f] +Afi f
2 =I/R2C,Af 2 =l/RiC
1 5 f2 Logic Levels: = Ground

1 1 4 and 5 f
2 + Af 2 1 =>3V
CB BYPASS CAP

Figure 1 1. Logic Table For Binary Keying Controls.

v-o
Note: For Single-Supply Operation, Logic Levels are
Referenced to Voltage at Pin 10

TIMING CAPACITOR V+
ca
C
—O 2
1|
O—i
3 jr"-
"T/2 t t 'T/2
Sj Q. 13
f"
0*0 SQUARE WAVE
OUT
T3
T2 —O—O TRIANGLE
14

OUT
WAVE

» I/R3C
BINARY C B - BYPASS CAP.
KEYING"
CONTROLS

I
,'l i'2 :>4
•
Rt> r2 > r3 .

Figure 12. Simplified Schematic of Frequency Figure 13. Split-Supply Operation:

Control Mechanism (a) General
(b) Fixed Frequency

The logic levels at the keying inputs (pins 8 and 9) are refer-
enced to ground. "0" corresponds to a keying voltage
A logic
maximum value by physical size and leakage current con-
"1" corresponds to V^ > 3V. An siderations. Recommended values range from 100 pF to
Vk< 1.4V, and a logic "0" 100 juF. The capacitor should be non-polar.
open circuit at the keying inputs also corresponds to a
level.
TIMING RESISTORS (PINS 4, 5, 6, AND 7)
SINGLE SUPPLY OPERATION The timing determine the total timing current, Ij,
resistors

circuit should be interconnected as shown in Figure 14 available to charge the timing capacitor. Values for timing
The
resistors can range from 2 KH to 2 MO; however, for opti-
for single supply operation. Pin 12 should be grounded, and ,

pin 1 1 biased from V + through a resistive divider to a value

mum temperature and power supply stability, recommended
of bias voltage between V+/3 and V+/2. Pin 10 is bypassed
values are 4 K£2 to 200 KH (see Figures 7, 9, and 10). To
avoid parasitic pick up, timing resistor leads should be kept
to ground through a 1 ^F capacitor.
as short as possible. For noisy environments, unused, or
For single supply operation, the dc voltage at pin 10 and the deactivated timing terminals should be bypassed to ground
timing terminals (pins 4 through 7) are equal and approxi- through 0.1 /iF capacitors.
mately 0.6V below Vg, the bias voltage at pin 11. The logic
levels at the binary keying terminals are referenced to the SUPPLY VOLTAGE (PINS 1 AND 12)
voltage at pin 10.
The XR-2207 designed to operate over a power supply
is

For frequency of f3
a fixed I/R3C, the external circuit range of ±4V to for split supplies, or 8V to 26V for
±13V
connections can be simplified as shown in Figure 1 4b. single supplies. At high supply voltages, the frequency sweep
range is reduced (see Figures 6 and 7). Performance is
optimum for ±6V, or 12V single supply operation.
SELECTION OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS
BINARY KEYING INPUTS (PINS 8 AND 9) •
TIMING CAPACITOR (PINS 2 AND 3) The internal impedance at these pins is approximately
The oscillator frequency is inversely proportional to the 5 K£2. Keying levels are < .4V for "zero" and > 3V
1

timing capacitor, C, as indicated in Figure 1 1 The minimum .

for "one" logic levels referenced to the dc voltage at pin 10
capacitance value is limited by stray capacitances and the (see Figure 1 1).

22
BIAS FOR SINGLE SUPPLY (PIN 11)
V*
For single supply operation, pin 1 1 should be externally cB
biased to a potential between V+/3 and V+/2 volts (see
Figure 14). The bias current at pin 1 1 is nominally 5% of the
total oscillation timing current, Ij.
a '-O * O SQUARE WAVE
OUT
-Q OTRIANGLE WAVE
Cg BYPASS CAP OUT

2 3
T i

BINARY KEYING
INPUTS
SQUARE WAVE
OUT o-OOO
4I E| el ?|

C
12]
ov
-O OTRIANGLE WAVE CB BYPASS CAPACITOR
'° '

ic B
OUT

CR 3 [ R C V "J

FOR V c <0ONLY.
_rHH>^ SWEEP "=
OR
FM INPUT

Figure 16. Alternate Frequency Sweep Operation

CB
v+ c GROUND (PIN 10)
For supply operation, this pin serves as circuit ground.
split
For single supply operation, pin 10 should be ac grounded
through a 1 juF bypass capacitor. During split supply opera-
-O—*—O SQUARE WAVE
OUT tion, a ground current of 2Ij flows out of this terminal, where

-O O TRIANGLE WAVE IT is the total timing current.

OUT
SQUAREWAVE OUTPUT (PIN 13)

Vb 5.1 K The squarewave output at pin 13 is a "open-collector" stage

V+ capable of sinking up to 20 mA of load current. Rl serves

ottt as a pull-up load resistor for this output.

values for Rl range from 1 Kil to 100 KH.
Recommended

1
R3C
TRIANGLE OUTPUT (PIN 14)
The output a triangle wave with a peak swing of
at pin 14 is

approximately one-half of the total supply voltage. Pin 4 has 1

B a very low output impedance of 10 12 and is internally pro-

tected against short circuits.
Figure 14. Single Supply Operation:
(a) General
BYPASS CAPACITORS
(b) Fixed Frequency
The recommended value for bypass capacitors is 1 (iF,
although larger values are required for very low frequency
v+
operation.

JT^
A V*

SQUARE WAVE
OUT
FREQUENCY CONTROL (SWEEP AND FM)
The frequency of operation is controlled by varying the total
timing current, lj, drawn from the activated timing pins 4, 5,
6, or 7. The timing current can be modulated by applying a
control voltage, V^, to the activated timing pin through a
—O—O TRIANGLE
OUT
WAVE
series resistor R^ as shown in Figures 5 and 16. )

For split supply operation, a negative control voltage, Vq,

applied to the circuits of Figures 15 and 16 causes the total
timing current, \j and the frequency, to increase.
,

TTTTTUv i'tT_Io_-
As an example, Figure 15, the binary keying
in the circuit of
inputs are grounded. Therefore, only timing pin 6 is activated.
CB = BYPASS CAPACITOR + 'C> R C > R-> _L
R 3-±
The frequency of operation, normally f = —-, . is now pro-
K 3^-.
1 f VcR3l
portional to the control voltage, Vq, and determined as:
-±- SWEEP v
OR

VCR3
f = Hz
R3C R C V"
Figure 15. Frequency Sweep Operation

23
The frequency f will increase as the control voltage is made
SAWTOOTH
more negative. If R3
= 2 Mtt, Re = 2 KO, C - 5000 pF, then OUTPUT
a 1000: 1 frequency sweep would result for a negative sweep
voltage Vq — V - CB - BYPASS CAPACITOR

The voltage to frequency conversion gain, K, is controlled by DUTY CYCLE R2+R3 •

the series resistance R^ and can be expressed as:
-OV-

=
Af 1
K Hz/volt
AV C RcCV- frequency = **-
C LR2+R3J

The circuit of Figure 15 can operate both wit'h positive and

negative values of control voltage. However, for positive tt^;
values of Vc
with small (RC/R3) ratio, the direction of the
timing current Ij is reversed and the oscillations will stop. R2 <«3 4.7K
O
-ov PULSE
Figure 16 shows an alternate circuit for frequency control OUTPUT
where two timing pins, 6 and 7, are activated. The fre-
quency and the conversion gain expressions are the same as Figure 17. Sawtooth and Pulse Outputs
before, except that the circuit would operate only with nega-
tive values of V(\ For Vq >
0, pin 7 becomes deactivated

and the frequency is fixed at f =

R 3C

CAUTION
For operation of the circuit, total timing current lj must be
less than 6 mA over the frequency control range.

DUTY CYCLE CONTROL

The duty cycle of fhe output waveforms can be controlled by
frequency shift keying at the end of every half cycle of oscil-
lator output. This is accomplished by connecting one or both
of the binary keying inputs (pins 8 or 9) to the square wave
output at pin 3. The output waveforms can then be converted
1

to positive or negative pulses and sawtooth waveforms.

Figure 17 is the recommended circuit connection for duty

cycle control. Pin 8 shorted to pin 13 so that the circuit
is

switches between the "0, 0""and the "1, 0" logic states given
in Figure 1 1. Timing pin 5 is activated when the output is
"high," and the timing pin is activated when the squarewave
output goes to a low state.

The duty cycle of the output waveforms is given as:

R2
Duty Cycle
R 2 + R3

and can be varied from 0.1% to 99.9% by proper choice of

timing resistors. The frequency of oscillation, f, is given as:

Figure 18. Output Waveforms:

(a) Squarewave and Triangle Outputs
"l R 2 + R3 (b) Pulse
(c)
and Sawtooth Outputs
Frequency-Shift Keyed Output
Top: FSK Output With f 2 = 2^
Bottom: Keying Logic Input
The frequency can be modulated or swept without changing
the duty cycle by connecting R2 and R3 to a common control
voltage V(j, instead of to V- (see Figure 15). The sawtooth TWO-CHANNEL FSK GENERATOR
and the pulse output waveforms are shown in Figure 1 8. (MODEM TRANSMITTER)
ON - OFF KEYING The multi-level frequency shift-keying capability of XR-2207
makes it ideally suited for two-channel FSK generation. A
The XR-2207 can be keyed on and off by simply activating recommended circuit connection for this application is shown
an open circuited timing pin. Under certain conditions, the
in Figure 19.
circuit may exhibit very low frequency ( < Hz) residual 1

oscillations in the "off" state due to internal bias currents. For two-channel FSK generation, the "mark" and "space"
If this effect is undesirable, it can be eliminated by connect- frequencies of the respective channels are determined by the
ing a 10 MQ resistor from pin 3 to V+ . timing resistor pairs (Ri R2) and (R3, R4). Pin 8 is the
,

24
 o

The low and high frequencies, f j and f2, for a given FSK chan-

nel can be fine tuned using potentiometers connected in

series with respective timing resistors. In fine tuning the fre-
quencies, f 1 should be set first with the logic level at pin 9
in a "low" level.

Typical frequency drift of the circuit for C to 75 C opera-

CHANNEL ^8
SELECT tion is ±0.2%. Since the frequency stability is directly related
to the external timing components, care must be taken to use
3 v r'2

0-1
,
'1
KEYING
INPUT
„I JUUlf
l '2 FSK
timing components with low temperature coefficients.

14
—
AM f
1
o
<2
OUTPUTS
FSK TRANCEIVER (FULL-DUPLEX MODEM)
The XR-2207 can be used in conjunction with the XR-210,
FSK demodulator, to form a full-duplex FSK transceiver, or
Modem. A recommended circuit connection for this applica-
tionis shown in Figure 20. Table shows the recommended 1

component values for 300-Baud ( 03-type) and 200-Baud

1 1

HnF (202-type) Modem applications.

Figure 19. Multi-Channel FSK Generation

"channel-select" control in accord with Figure 1 1. For a

"high" logic level at pin 8, the timing resistors R\ and R2 are
activated. Similarly, for a "low" logic level, timing resistors
R3 and R4 are enabled.

The "high" and "low" logic levels at pin 9 determine the

respective high and low frequencies within the selected FSK
channel.

Recommended component values for various commonly used

FSK frequencies are given in Table 1. When only a single
FSK channel is used, the remaining channel can be deactivated
by connecting pin 8 to either V + or ground. In this case, the
unused timing resistors can also be omitted from the circuit. •
12V 0.01 ,uF

5. IK

OPERATING TYPICAL COMPONENT VALUES

CONDITIONS ENABLE/DISABLE

300 Baud XR-210 XR-2207

Low Band: jHH>^ FSK
GENERATOR
f, - 1070 Hz R =
5.1 kfi,C * 0.22 mF R 3 »91k
f
2
= 1270 Hz Cj - C 2 = 0.047 /jF, R4 - 470k
DATA
C - 0.033 /LiF
3
INPUT

High Band:
FSK OUTPUT
fj - 2025 Hz R = 8.2 kfi,C = 0.1 ME R 3 - 47k
f
2
= 2225 Hz C] =C 2 = C 3 = 0.033 juF R 4 = 470k AAAMA
1200 Baud R = 2kO, C = 0J4/iF R 3 - 75k
fj * 1200 Hz Cj = 0.033 juF, R 4 = 91k
C 3 - 0.02 MF
f
2
= 2200 Hz Cn " 0.01 juF

Table1, Recommended Component Values for Full Duplex Figure 20. Full Duplex FSK Modem Using XR-210 and
FSK Modem of Figure 20 XR-2207 (See Table I For Component Values)

25
XR-2209
Precision Oscillator
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The XR-2209 is a monolithic variable frequency oscillator circuit featuring excellent temperature stability and a wide linear sweep
range. The circuit provides simultaneous triangle and squarewave outputs over a frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 1 MHz. The fre-
quency is set by an external RC product. It is ideally suited for frequency modulation, voltage to frequency or current to frequency
conversion, sweep or tone generation as well as for phase-locked loop applications when used in conjunction with a phase comparator
suchastheXR-2208.
The circuit is comprised of three functional blocks: a variable frequency oscillator which generates the basic periodic waveforms
and two buffer amplifiers for the triangle and the squarewave outputs.
The frequency is set by an external capacitor, C, and the timing resistor R. With no sweep signal applied, the frequency of
oscillator
oscillation equal to 1/RC. The XR-2209 has a typical drift specification of 20 ppm/°C. Its frequency can be linearly swept over a
is

1000:1 range with an external control signal.

FEATURES ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Excellent Temperature Stability (20 ppm/°C) Power Supply 26 volts

Linear Frequency Sweep

Power Dissipation (package limitation)

Wide Sweep Range (1000:1 Min)

Ceramic package 385 mW
Plastic Package 300 mW
Wide Supply Voltage Range (+4V to ± 1 3V) Derate above +25°C 2.5 mW/°C
Low Supply Sensitivity (0.15%/V) Temperature Range
Wide Frequency Range (0.01 Hz to 1 MHz) Operating
Simultaneous Triangle and Squarewave Outputs XR-2209M -55°Cto+125°C
XR-2209C 0°C to +75°C
Storage , -65°Cto+150°C
APPLICATIONS AVAILABLE TYPES
Voltage and Current-to-Frequency Conversion Part Number Package Operating Temperature
Stable Phase-Locked Loop
XR-2209M Ceramic -55°Cto+125°C
Waveform Generation XR-2209CN Ceramic 0°C to +75°C
FM and Sweep Generation XR-2209CP Plastic 0°C to +75°C

EQUIVALENT SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

\s
J>— 3
HI 3 SQUARE-
WAVE
OUTPUT
G
CfTOR

L
-E 3
hg
STOR
it
I 3-

26
 E

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS - PRELIMINARY

Test Conditions: Test Circuit of Figure 1, V+ = V" = 6V, TA = +25°C, C = 5000 pF, R = 20 Kft, Rl = 4.7 K«.
Sj and S2 closed unless otherwise specified.

XR-2209M XR-2209C
PARAMETERS UNITS CONDITIONS
MIN. TYP. MAX. MIN. TYP. MAX.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS "

Supply Voltage
Single Supply 8 26 8 26 V See Figure 2
Split Supplies ±4 ±13 ±4 ±13 V .
See Figure 1

Supply Current
Single Supply 5 7 5 8 mA Measured at pin 1, S| s S2 open
See Figure 2
Split Supplies
Positive 5 7 5 8 mA Measured at pin 1, Sj, S2 open
Negative 4 6 4 7 mA Measured at pin 4, S 1 S2 open
,

OSCILLATOR SECTION - FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS

Upper Frequency Limit 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0 MHz C = 500pF, R-2KH
Lowest Practical Frequency 0.01 0.01 Hz C = 50mF, R =2 MO
Frequency Accuracy ±1 ±3 ±1 ±5 % of f

Frequency Stability
Temperature 20 50 30 ppm/ C 0°<T A <75°C
Power Supply 0.15 0.15 %/V
Sweep Range 1000:1 3000:1 1000:1 fH/fL R = 1.5 KllforfH1
R = 2 Mn
for fL

Sweep Linearity % C 5000pF

=
10:1 Sweep 1 2 1.5 fH= 10 kHz, fL = 1 kHz
1000:1 Sweep 5 5 fH= 100kHz,fL= 100Hz
FM Distortion 0.1 0.1 % ±10% FM Deviation
Recommended Range of 1.5 2000 1.5 2000 K£2 See Characteristic Curves
Timing Resistors
Impedance at Timing Pin 75 75 ft Measured at pin 4

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Triangle Output Measured at pin 8
Amplitude 4 6 4 6 Vpp
Impedance 10 10 ft

Linearity 0.1 0.1 % 10% to 90% of swing

Squarewave Output Measured at pin 7, S2 closed
Amplitude 11 12 11 12 Vpp
Saturation Voltage 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.4 V Referenced to pin 6
Rise Time 200 200 nsec CL<10pF, R L = 4.7Kn
Fall Time 20 20 nsec CL<10pF

•w -,A/V
i—
J-LTL
*-o
Z>

.tE

Figure 1. Test Circuit for Split Supply Operation (Di = IN 4148 or Figure 2. Test Circuit for Single Supply Operation
Equivalent)

27
CHARACTERISTIC CURVES

H2V ±16V
SPLIT SUPPLY
NECATIVS SUPPLY IVOLTSI

SINGLE SUPPLY
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VOLTS! '
Figure 5 Output Waveforms
:

Figure 3.Typical Operating Range Figure 4. Recommended Timing Re- Top: Triangle Output (Pin 8)
For Split Supply Voltage sistor Value vs. Power Supply Voltage* Bottom: Squarewave Output (Pin 7)

VS = ±6V RT 2 Mil
C -SOOOpF j RT Z0K1I-

TA = 2S°C
RT = TOTAL 2 Ki'l
TIMING "T
RESISTANCE
c * sow pF 1

1 1

10K TOOK 1M tS ±4 16 ±8 ?10 ±12 t

-SO -26 +25 *50 +75 +100 M25
TIMING RESISTANCE (OHMSI SPLIT SUPPLY VOLTAGE (VOLTS) TEMPERATURE (°C|-»

SINGLE SUPPLY VOLTAGE tVOLTSI

Figure 8. Normalized Frequency
Figure 7. Frequency Drift vs. Supply
Figure 6. Frequency Accuracy vs. Drift With Temperature
Voltage
Timing Resistance
*Note: Rj = Timing Resistor at Pin 4

RECOMMENDED CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS

ANGLE
OUTPUT
/vv

Figure 9. Circuit Connection for Single Figure 10. Generalized Circuit Connection Figure 11. Simplified Circuit Connection
Supply Operation for Split Supply Operation for Split Supply Operation with V(X =
Vee > ±7V (Note: Triangle wave output
has +0.6 V offset with respect to ground.)

PRECAUTIONS Terminals 2, 3, and 4 have very low internal impedance

and should, therefore, be protected from accidental short-
The following precautions should be observed when operating ing to ground or the supply voltages.
the XR-2209 family of integrated circuits: Triangle waveform linearity is sensitive to parasitic coup-
1. Pulling excessive current from the timing terminal will ling between the square and the triangle-wave outputs (pins
adversely effect the temperature stability of the circuit. 7 and 8). In board layout or circuit wiring care should be
To minimize this disturbance, it is recommended that the taken to minimize stray wiring capacitances between these
total current drawn from pin 4 be limited to <6 m A. pins.

28
 X
DESCRIPTION OF CIRCUIT CONTROLS At high supply voltages, the frequency sweep range is
supplies.
reduced (see Figures 3 and 4). Performance is optimum for
TIMING CAPACITOR (PINS 2 and 3) ±6V, or 12V single supply operation.
The oscillator frequency is inversely proportional to the timing
capacitor, C. The minimum capacitance value is limited by BIAS FOR SINGLE SUPPLY (PIN 5)
stray capacitances and the maximum value by physical size should be externally biased
For single supply operation, pin 5
and leakage current considerations. Recommended values
to a potential between + /3 and V + /2 volts (see Figure 9). The
V
range from 100 pF to 100 mF. The capacitor should be bias current at pin 5 is nominally 5% of the total oscillation
non-polar.
timing current, Ij, at pin 4. This pin should be bypassed to
ground with 0.1 ^F capacitor.

TIMING RESISTOR (PIN 4)

The timing determines the total timing current,

resistor
SQUAREWAVE OUTPUT (PIN 7)
Ij, available to charge the timing capacitor. Values for the The squarewave output at pin 7 is a "open-collector" stage
timing resistor can range from 1.5 KI2 to 2 MO; however, capable of sinking up to 20 mA
of load current. Rl serves as a
for optimum temperature and power supply stability, rec- pull-up load resistor for this output. Recommended values for
ommended values are 4 KI2 to 200 Kfi (see Figures 4, 7, RL range from 1 Ktt to 100 KO.
and 8). To avoid parasitic pick up, timing resistor leads should
be kept as short as possible.
TRIANGLE OUTPUT (PIN 8)
The output pin 8 is a triangle wave with a peak swing of
at
SUPPLY VOLTAGE (PINS 1 AND 6)
approximately one-half of the total supply voltage. Pin 8 has a
The XR-2209 is designed to operate over a power supply range very low output impedance of 10H and is internally protected
of ±4V to ±13V for split supplies, or 8V to 26V for single against short circuits.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
SPLIT SUPPLY OPERATION biased from V+ through a resistive divider, as shown in the
figure, and is bypassed to ground with a 1 fiF capacitor.
The recommended circuit for split supply operation is shown
in Figure 10. Diode D] in the figure assures that the triangle For single supply operation, the DC voltage at the timing
output swing at pin 8 is symmetrical about ground. This terminal, pin 4, is approximately 0.6 volts above Vb, the bias

circuit operates with supply voltages ranging from ±4V to ± 3 V. 1

voltage at pin 5.
Minimum drift occurs at ±6V supplies. See Figure 3 for opera-
The frequency of operation is determined by the timing capa-
tion with unequal supplies.
citor C and the timing resistor R, and is equal to 1/RC. The
squarewave output is obtained at pin 7 and has a peak-to-peak
Simplified Connection
voltage swing equal to the supply voltage. This output is an
For operation with split supplies in excess of ±7 volts, the "open-collector" type and requires an external pull-up load
simplified circuit connection of Figure 1 1 can be used. This resistor (nominally 5 Kfi) to
+ The triangle waveform ob-
V .

circuit eliminates the diode D] used in Figure 10; however the tained at pin 8 is centered about a voltage level Vq where:
triangle wave output at pin 8 now has a +0.6 volt DC offset
with respect to ground. Vo = Vb + 0.6V

SINGLE SUPPLY OPERATION whe r e Vg is the bias voltage at pin 5. The peak-to-peak output
swing of triangle wave is approximately equal to V + /2.
The recommended circuit connection for single-supply opera-
tion is shown in Figure 9. Pin 6 is grounded; and pin 5 is

FREQUENCY CONTROL (SWEEP AND FM)

The frequency of operation is proportional to the total timing
ic it
current If drawn from the timing pin, pin 4. This timing cur-

+ o—WV— Rs
f-

XR-2209
rent, and the frequency of operation can be modulated by
applying a control voltage, Vq, to the timing pin, through a
series resistor, Rg, as shown in Figure 12. If Vc is negative
with respect to V^, the voltage level at pin 4, then an addi-
vc
tional current Ifj is drawn from the timing pin causing Ij to
increase, thus increasing the frequency. Conversely, making

—
Vc higher than V&
causes the frequency to decrease by
decreasing Ij.

t The frequency of operation, is determined by:

_R _ V£_R'
f=fr "
Rs vA Rs

Figure 12. Frequency Sweep Operation where f = 1/RC.

29
 XR-8038
Precision Waveform Generator

GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The XR-8038 is a waveform generator IC capable of producing sine, square, triangular, sawtooth and pulse waveforms
precision
with a minimum number of external components and adjustments. Its operating frequency can be selected over nine decades of
frequency, from 0.001 Hz to MHz, by the choice of external R-C components. The frequency of oscillation is highly stable over a
1

wide range of temperature and supply voltage changes. The frequency control, sweep and modulation can be accomplished with an
external control voltage, without effecting the quality of the output waveforms. Each of the three basic waveforms, i.e. sinewave,
triangle and square wave outputs are available simultaneously, from independent output terminals.

The XR-8038 monolithic waveform generator uses advanced processing technology and Schottky-barrier diodes to enhance its
frequency performance. It can be readily interfaced with a monolithic phase-detector circuit, such as the XR-2208, to form stable
phase-locked loop circuits.

FEATURES ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS

Direct Replacement for Intersil 8038 Power Supply 36V

Low Frequency Drift- 50 ppm/ C Max. Power Dissipation (package limitation)

Simultaneous Sine, Triangle and Square-Wave Outputs Ceramic package 750 mW

Low Distortion -THD - 1% Derate above +25°C 6.0 mW/°C
High FM and Triangle Linearity Plastic package 625 mW
Q
Wide Frequency Range - 0.001 Hz to 1 MHz Derate above +25°C 5 mW/ C
Variable Duty£ycle - 2% to 98% Storage Temperature Range -65°C to+150°C

APPLICATIONS AVAILABLE TYPES

PrecisionWaveform Generation Sine, Triangle, Square, Pulse Part Number Package Operating Temperature
Sweep and FM Generation XR-8038M Ceramic -55°Cto+125°C
Tone Generation XR-8038N Ceramic 0°Cto+75°C
Instrumentation and Test Equipment Design XR-8038P Plastic 0°C to +75°C
Precision PLL Design
XR-8038CN Ceramic 0°C to +75°C
XR-8038CP Plastic 0°C to +75°C

PACKAGE INFORMATION FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

0C5?

ir-» .063

ri XR-8038
T 240
027

_L
0Z90
3?5~

-WWfi
oo is
ooio'
MB
110 """I "o
OPS
0135

070
us
~\ \r

30
ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS
V s = ±5V to +15V, Ta =
Test Conditions: 25°C, Rl = 1 Mtt, Ra = RB - 10kS2, Ci = 3300 pF, S\ closed, unless otherwise speci-
fied. See Test Circuit of Figure 1.

XR-8038M/XR-8038 XR-8038C
CHARACTERISTICS UNITS CONDITIONS
M1N. TYP. MAX. MIN. TYP. MAX.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
Supply Voltage, V s

Single Supply 10 30 10 30 V
Dual Supplies ±5 ±15 ±5 ±15 V
Supply Current 12 15 12 20 mA Vs = ±10V. See Note 1.

FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS (Measured at Pin 9)

Range of Adjustment
Max. Operating Frequency 1 1 MHz RA=RB = 500n s Ci =0,
RL= 15 M2
Lowest Practical Frequency 0.001 0.001 Hz RA = Rb=1 Mfi.Ci =500mF
Max. FM Sweep Frequency 100 100 kHz
FM Sweep Range 1000:1 1000:1 Si Open. See Notes 2 and 3.
FM Linearity 0.1 0.2 % Si Open. See Note 3.
Range of Timing Resistors 0.5 1000 0.5 1000 kn Values of Ra and Rfi.
Temperature Stability
XR-8038M 20 50 — — — ppm/ C
XR-8038 50 100 - - - ppm/°C
XR-8038C — — — 50 ppm/°C
Power Supply Stability 0.05 0.05 %/v See Note 4.

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS
Square-Wave Measured at Pin 9.
Amplitude 0.9 0.98 0.9 0.98 xV s rl= ioo kn
Saturation Voltage 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.5 V (sink = 2 mA
Rise Time 100 100 nsec RL = 4.7kO
Fall Time 40 40 nsec RL = 4.7kO
Duty Cycle Adj. 2 98 2 98 %
Triangle/ Sawtooth/ Ramp Measured at Pin 3.

Amplitude 0.3 0.33 0.3 0.33 xV s R L = 100 k£2

Linearity 0.05 0.1 %
Output Impedance 200 200 lout = 5 mA
Sine-Wave Amplitude 0.2 0.22 0.2 0.22 xV s RL= 100 kO
Distortion
Unadjusted 0.7 1.5 0.8 3 % RL= 1 MU. See Note 5.

Adjusted 0.5 0.5 % RL= 1 Mft

Note 1 : Currents through Ra

and Rfi not included.
Note 2: Vs = 20V, f = 10 kHz, Ra = RB ka ™ -

Note 3: Apply sweep voltage at Pin 8.

(2/3 Vs + 2V) < VS weep < Vs *—O -15V

Note 4: 1 0V < V s < 30V or ±5V < Vs < ± 1 5 V.

Note 5: 81 kfi resistor connected between Pins 1 1 and 12.

\ XR-8038 -o W
HO 'V,

4= c i

Figure 1. Generalized Test Circuit.

31
 I

CHARACTERISTIC CURVES
m 1 03 1

> 1 02
z y
z
15 55°C ^~ a '
°' 1
or

a Q 1 00
u
N
z rV ^ i

2S"-C 12b 'C | 099 1

B JNADJUSTED
u O I

j
2 096 .__1L_ ADJUSTED
V, w ^
t
t
i
5 10 15 20 25 30 10Hz 100Hr IkHi 10kHz 100kHz 1MHz
FREQUENCY

Supply Voltage Supply Voltage

Power Dissipation vs. Supply Voltage Frequency Drift vs. Power Supply Sinewave THD vs. Frequency

WAVEFORM ADJUSTMENT 4 and 5 can be shorted together, as shown in Figure 2c. This
connection, however, carries an inherently larger variation of
The symmetry of waveforms can be adjusted with the
all
the duty-cycle.
Two possible ways to accomplish this
external timing resistors.
are shown in Figure 2. Best results are obtained by keeping the
With two separate timing resistors, the frequency is given by
timing resistors Ra and Rg separate (a). Ra controls the
rising portion of the triangle and sine-wave and the "Low"
state of the square wave.
f =
Rb
The magnitude of the triangle waveform is set at 1/3 V(x;
therefore, the duration of the rising portion of the triangle is:
2Ra" R B-
or, if RA = RB = R
CxV^ Cx1/3xVccxRa _
5
R A xC
t
i" I 1/5 xVrr 3
f=0.3/RC (for Figure 2a)
The duration of the falling portion of the triangle and the sine-

wave, and the "High" state of the square-wave is: If a single timing resistor is used (Figures 2b and c), the fre-

_ Cx V _ c x 1/3 Vcc 5 R A RbC quency is

t
2
= X
2 VCC VCC 3 2R A - RB
X X f=0.15/RC
5 RB 5 RA
The frequency of oscillation is independent of supply voltage,
Thus a 50% duty cycle is achieved when Ra = RB- even though none of the voltages are regulated inside the inte-
If the duty-cycle is to be varied over a small range about 50% grated circuit. This is due to the fact that both currents and
only, the connection shown in Figure 2b is slightly more con- thresholds are direct, linear function of the supply voltage and
venient. If no adjustment of the duty cycle is desired, terminals thus their' effects cancel.

-O -v cc

|
—WV—DUTY CYCLE

o Jin. *-«nn 9

XR-S038 XR-8038 -o vv XR-8038

10 II
o *S* -o ^
t_i -O VorGN'J

Figure 2. Possible Connections for the External Timing Resistors,

32
 o

DISTORTION ADJUSTMENT FREQUENCY MODULATION AND SWEEP

To minimize sine-wave distortion the 81 kO resistor between The frequency of the waveform generator is a direct function
pins 1 1 and 12 is best made a variable one. With this arrange- of the DC voltage at terminal 8 (measured from +Vqc)- By
ment distortion of less than 1% is achievable. To reduce this
altering this voltage, frequency modulation is performed.
even further, two potentiometers can be connected as shown
• in Figure 3. This configuration allows a reduction of sine-wave
distortion close to 0.5%. For small deviations (e.g. ±10%) the modulating signal can be

applied directly to pin 8 by merely providing ac coupling with

a capacitor, as shown in Figure 4a. An external resistor between
pins 7 and 8 is not necessary, but it can be used to increase
input impedance. Without it (i.e. terminals 7 and 8 connected
together), the input impedance is 8k£2; with it, this impedance
increases to (R + 8kQ),

'JUl For larger FM deviations or for frequency sweeping, the

modulating signal is applied between the positive supply
s XR-8038 -O *\/\{
voltage and pin 8 (Figure 4b). In this way the entire bias for
the current sources is created by the modulating signal and
-o ^\, 1000:1) sweep range is obtained (f = at
10 11 12 1 a very large (e.g.,

v sweep = °)- Care must be taken however, to regulate the

>

supply voltage; in this configuration the charge current no

41 longer a function of the supply voltage (yet the trigger thresh-
is

olds still are) and thus the frequency becomes dependent on

V c- GND
The potential on Pin 8 may be swept from
-

— the supply voltage.

VCC to 2/3 VCC +2V.
Figure 3. Connection to Achieve Minimum Sine- Wave Distortion.

SELECTING TIMING COMPONENTS

For any given output frequency, there is a wide range of RC
combinations that will work. However certain constraints are (a)
O tvcc

placed upon the magnitude of the charging current for opti-

"A
mum performance. At the low end, currents of less than 0,1
juA are undesirable because circuit leakages will contribute sig-
nificant errors at high temperatures. At higher currents (1 >5 o nn
mA), transistor betas
increasingly larger errors.
tained for charging currents of
and saturation voltages
Optimum performance will be ob-
m to mA. If pins 7 and 8 are
1 1
will contribute
MO )(-
XR-8038 *> w
shorted together the magnitude of the charging current due to 11 12
-o *S+
RA can be calculated from:

_Rj_x_V(X _L V CC
1= x
(Ri + R2) Ra~ 5R a —O V of GMO

A similar calculation holds for Rg.

-O *V CC
(b)
SINGLE-SUPPLY AND SPLIT-SUPPLY OPERATION
B'li

The waveform generator can be operated either from a single

SWEEP
power-supply (10 to 30 Volts) or a dual power-supply (±5 to VOLTAGE
±15 Volts). With a single power -supply the average levels of * O rui
the triangle and sine-wave are at exactly one-half of the supply
voltage, whUe the square-wave alternates between +V<x an d XR-8038'
ground. A split power supply has the advantage that all wave-
forms move symmetrically about ground.

The square-wave output is not committed. A load resistor can

be connected to a different power-supply, as long as the applied
voltage remains within the breakdown capability of the wave-
-O -Vor GND
form generator (30V). In this way, the square-wave output
will be TTL compatible (load resistor connected to +5 Voits)
while the waveform generator itself is powered from a higher
supply voltage. Figure 4. Connections for Frequency Modulation (a) and Sweep (b).

33
 • • ion Note AN-01
Stable FSK Modems Featuring the XR-2207, XR-2206 and XR-2211

INTRODUCTION

Frequency shift keying (FSK) is the most commonly-used method for transmitting digital data over telecommunications links. In order
to use FSK, a modulator-demodulator (modem) is needed to translate digital I's and O's into their respective frequencies and back again.

This Applications Note describes the design of a modem using state-of-the-art Exar devices specifically intended for modem application.

The devices featured in this XR-2206 and XR-2207 FSK modulators, and the XR-2211 FSK demodulator
Application Note are the
with carrier-detect capability. Because of the superior frequency stability (typically 20ppm/°C) of these devices, a properly designed
modem using them will be virtually free of the temperature and voltage-dependent drift problems associated with many other designs.
In addition, the demodulator performance is independent of incoming signal strength variation over a 60 dB dynamic range. Because
bias voltages are generated internally, the external parts count is much lower than in most other designs. The modem designs shown in
this Applications Note can be used with mark and space frequencies anywhere from several Hertz to 100 kiloHertz.

THE XR-2206 FSK MODULATOR

FEATURES Potentiometers Rg and R
9 should be adjusted for minimum
total harmonic distortion. In applications where minimal dis-
Typically 20 ppm/°C temperature stability
tortion is unnecessary, pins 15 and 16 may be left open-

Choice of 0.5% THD sine wave, triangle, or square wave circuited and Rg may be replaced by a fixed 200U resistor. In

output
applications where a triangular output waveform is satisfactory,

pins 13 thru 16 may be left open-circuited.

Phase -continuous FSK output
The output impedance at pin 2 is about 600£2 with AC cou-
Inputs are TTL and C/MOS compatible
pling normally be used.

Low power supply sensitivity (0.01%/V)

Split or single supply operation

• Low external parts count

OPERATION

The XR-2206 is ideal for FSK applications requiring the spectral

X
SINE OR TRIANGLE
purity of a sinusoidal output waveform. It offers TTL and FSK OUTPUT o i_, R. 2SK

C/MOS compatibility, excellent frequency stability, and ease

of application. The XR-2206 can typically provide a 3 volt p-p
lEl

sinewave output. Total harmonic distortion can be trimmed to

untrimmed, approximately 2.5%. SQUAREWAVE
0.5%. If left it is
FSK OUTPUT

The circuit connection for the XR-2206 FSK Generator is

shown in Figure 1. The data input is applied to pin 9. A high
1 DATA
INPUT

level signal selects the frequency (l/RgCg) Hz; a low level

signal selects the frequency (1/R 7 C 3 ) Hz, (resistors in ohms and

capacitors in farads). For optimum Rg and R7 should

stability,

be within the range of 10 kH to 100 The voltage applied

kQ,.

to pin 9 should be selected to fall between ground and V+.

Note: Over and under voltage may damage the device. Figure 1 . The XR-2206 Sinusoidal FSK Generator

34
 THE XR-2207 FSK MODULATOR
FEATURES
• Typically 20 ppm/°C temperature stability

• Phase -continuous FSK output

• Provides both triangle and squarewave outputs

OUTPUT
• Operates single-channel or two-channel multiplex *—*JUUL
• Inputs are TTL and C/MOS compatible
(DATA INPUT —
• Split or single power supply operation > ENABLE/DISABLE OR
CHANNELSELECT

• Low power supply sensitivity (0. 1 5%/V)

• Low external parts count

OPERATION
The XR-2207 is a stable FSK generator which is designed for
those applications where only a triangle or squarewave output Figure 2 . The XR-2207 FSK Modulator Single-Supply Operation
is required. It is capable of either single-channel or two-channel
multiplex operation, and can be used easily with either split or
single power supplies.
+6V
9
Figure 2 shows the XR-2207 using a single-supply and Figure 3
shows split-supply operation. When used as an FSK modulator
pins 8 and 9 provide the digital inputs. When the 2207 is used
with a split-supply, the threshold at these pins is approximately
g —uni ™ AA/M. fsk
QU
+2 volts, which is a level that is compatible with both TTL and 13} — 0-6V

C/MOS logic forms. When used with a single supply, the thresh- IB

old is near mid-supply and is C/MOS compatible. Table 1 shows

-ODATA INPUT
how to select the timing resistors Ky thru R4 to determine the

output frequency based upon the logic levels applied to pins 8

and 9. For optimum stability, the values of Rj and R3 should
be selected to fall between 10 kH and 100 kll.

With pin 8 grounded, pin 9 serves as the data input. A high

level signal applied to pin 8 will disable the oscillator. When
used in this manner, pin 8 of the XR-2207 serves as the channel
select input. For two-channel multiplex operation, pins 4 and Figure 3. The XR-2207 FSK Modulator Split-Supply Operation
5 should be connected as shown by the dotted lines. (For single
channel operation, pins 4 and 5 should be left open-circuited.)

TABLE 1
The XR-2207 provides two outputs; a squarewave at pin 13
XR-2207 FSK Input Control Logic
and a trianglewave at pin 14. When used with a split-supply,

the trianglewave peak-to-peak amplitude is equal to V- and Logic Level

the dc level is near ground. Direct coupling is usually used. Active Timing Resistor Output Frequency
Pin 8 Pin 9
'With a single-supply, the peak-to-peak amplitude is approxi-
mately equal to AV+,
l
the DC level is at approximately mid-
L L Pin 6
1

supply and AC coupling is usually necessary. In either case, the C Rl

output impedance is typically 10H and is internally protected 1 1
L H Pins 6 and 7
against short circuits. C R 1
C R2
1
The squarewave output has an NPN open-collector configura- H L Pin 5
C R3
tion. When connected as shown in Figure 2 or 3 this output
voltage will swing between V+ and the voltage at pin 12. H H Pins 4 and 5
1 1

C R3 C R4
Note: For safe operation, current into pin 13 should be limited
to 20 mA. Units: Resistors - Ohms; Capacitors - Farads; Frequency - Hz

35
 —

THE XR-2211 FSK DEMODULATOR WITH CARRIER DETECT

FEATURES The FSK output filter time constant (r F ) removes chatter from
the FSK output. The formula is: rF = R pC F . Normally
• Typically 20 ppm/°C temperature stability calculate t f to be approximately equal to [0.3/(baud rate)]
I
seconds.
• Simultaneous FSK and carrier-detect output

• Outputs are TTL and C/MOS compatible The lock-detect filter capacitor (C D ) removes chatter from the
lock-detect output. With RD = 510 k£2, the minimum value of
• Wide dynamic range (2 mV to 3 Vrms) C D can be determined by: CD (fif) % 16/capture range in Hz.

• Split or single supply operation Note: Excessive values of CD will unnecessarily slow the lock-
detect response time.
• Low power supply sensitivity (0.05%/V)

• '
Low external parts count

The XR-2211 has three NPN open collector outputs, each of

OPERATION which is capable of sinking up to 5 mA. Pin 7 is the FSK data
output, Pin 5 is the Q lock-detect output, which goes low when
The XR-2211 is a FSK demodulator which operates on the a carrier is detected, and Pin 6 is the Q lock detect output,
phase -locked-loop principle. Its performance is virtually
which goes high when lock is detected. If pins 6 and 7 are
independent of input signal strength variations over the range from these terminals
wired together, the output signal will
of 2 mV to 3 Vrms. provide data when FSK is applied and will be "low" when no
carrier is present.
Figure 4 shows the circuit connection for the XR-2211. The
center frequency is determined by f
Q
= (1/C
1
R4 ) Hz, where If the lock-detect feature is not required, pins 3, 5 and 6 may
capacitance is in farads and resistance is in ohms. F should be be left open-circuited.
Q
calculated to fall midway between the mark and space fre-

quencies.

The tracking range (±Af) is the range of frequencies over which

the phase-locked loop can retain lock with a swept input signal.
This range is determined by the formula: Af = (R 4 f /R 5 ) Hz.
Af should be made equal to, or slightly less than, the difference
between the mark and space frequencies. For optimum stability,
choose an R4 between lOkftand 100 k£2. INPUT O 1|

The capture range (±Af c ) is the range of frequencies over

which the phase-locked loop can acquire lock. It is always less

than the tracking range. The capture range is limited by C 2 ,
510KS!

which, in conjunction with R5 , forms the loop filter time

>DATA OUTPUT
constant. In most modem applications, Afc = (80% - 99%) Af.
)Q LOCK DETECT OUTPUT

-OQ LOCK DETECT OUTPUT

The loop damping factor (J) determines the amount of over-
shoot, undershoot, or ringing present in the phase-locked loop's
response to a step change in frequency. It is determined by

f
= ^VCj/C2- For most modem applications, choose £ *» %. Figure 4. The XR-221 1 FSK Demodulator with Carrier Detect

DESIGNING THE MODEM

Table 2 shows recommended component values for the three • For maximum baud rate, choose the highest upper fre-

FSK many instances, system quency that is consistent with the system bandwidth.
most commonly used bands. In
constraints dictate the use of some non-standard FSK band.
• The lower frequency must be at least 55% of the upperi
The XR-2206/XR-2207, XR-2211 combination is suitable for
any range of frequencies from several Hertz to 100 kiloHertz. frequency. (Less than a 2:1 ratio)

Here are several guidelines to use when calculating non-standard • For minimum demodulated output pulsewidth jitter,

frequencies: select an FSK band whose mark and space frequencies are

36
 :

both high compared to the baud rate, (i.e., for a 300 baud For narrower spacing, the minimum ratio should be about
channel, mark and space frequencies of 2025 Hz and 67%.
2225 Hz would result in significantly less pulsewidth jitter
than 300 Hz and 550 Hz). The values shown in Table 2 may be scaled proportionately
for mark and space frequencies, maximum baud rate, and
For any given pair of mark and space frequencies, there is
(inversely) capacitor value. It is best to retain (approxi-
a limit to the baud rate that can be achieved. When maxi- mately) the resistor values shown.
mum spacing between the mark and space frequencies is

used (where the ratio is close to 2:1) the relationship

mark -space frequency difference (Hz)

>83%
maximum data rate (baud)

should be observed.

TABLE 2
Recommended Component Values for Typical FSK. Bands

FSK Band XR-2207 XR-2206 XR-2211

Baud R 1A R 1B R 2A R 2B c R 7A R 7B c3 R 4A R 4B R5 c2 cF cD
Rate
k *U
R 3A R 3B R 4A R 4B ^A ^B Ci

300 1070 1270 10 20 100 100 .039 10 18 10 20 .039 10 18 100 .039 .01 .005 .05

300 2025 2225 10 18 150 160 .022 10 16 10 18 .022 10 18 200 .022 .0047 .005 .05

1200 1200 2200 20 30 20 36 .022 10 16 20 30 .022 10 18 30 .027 .01 .0022 .01

Units: Frequency - Hz; Resistors - k!2; Capacitors - uF

DESIGN EXAMPLES

A. Design a modem to handle a 10 kilobaud data rate, using b. For the XR-2206, we can make Ry equal to Rj
the minimum necessary bandwidth. and C3 equal to C above. To determine Rg

18.5 kHz = 1/R 6 C 3 ;R 6 = 16 kO,

1. Frequency Calculation

Because we want to use the minimum possible band- Use a lOkH potentiometer for R 6A and set

width (lowest possible upper frequency) we will use a R 6B = 13 kn

55:100 frequency ratio. The frequency difference, or
45% of the upper frequency, will be 83% of 10,000. c. For the XR-2211 demodulator, we need to first
We therefore choose an upper frequency: determine and Cj. First, f = (fL + fn)/2 =
R4
(10.175 + 18.500)/2 = 14.338 kHz. If we make
83 x 10,000
= 18.444 kHz * 18.5 kHz. R 4 = 25 kn, then 1/(0] x 25,000) = 14,338;
45 C : =2790pF==2700pF. With that value of C : ,

the precise value of R is now 25.8 kn. Select

and the lower frequency: 4
m
R 4B * ^n and use a 1 kn for R 4A .

0.55 x 18.5 kHz = 10.175 kHz.

3 . Frequency Component Selection
2. Component Selection
a. To calculate R5 , we first need our Af, which is

a. For the XR-2207 FSK modulator, set R **30kn. x

18.500- 10.175, or 8.325 kHz.
Now, select a value of C to generate 10.175 kHz
8325 = (25,800 x 14,338)/R 5
withR ;

R 5 =44.4kn«47kn.
10.175 kHz = 1/(C x 30,000) ;C = 3300 pF.
b. To determine C 2 use f = h = M \ZCi/C 2 Then, x
.

To choose R 2 : C 2 = %C 1 ;C 2 =670pF.

18.500 kHz -10.175 kHz = 8.325 kHz =

c. To select CF , we use r F = [0.3/(baud rate)]
1/C R 2 R2 = 36 kn. seconds.
I ;

A good choice would be to use 10 kn potentiom- x F =0.3/10,000 = 30 Msec. ;

eters for R 1A and R 2A , and to R 1B = 24 kn

set with
and R 2B = 30 kH. RF = 100kn,C F = 300pF.

37
 1

4. Lock Range Selection Calculating R using 600 Hz and 0,033 yf, we get Rj =
:

To select CD let us start with the actual lock range:

,

For R 2>
2, we get 101 kH. Use R 2B =91 kSl and R 2A
Af=R 4 f /R 5 Hz = 7870 Hz. 20 kO. To determine R 3 use: , 1400 Hz = 1/R 3 C
which ,

gives us R 3 = 2 1 .6 kU. Use R 3B = 1 8 kH and R 3A = 5 k£2. t

If we assume a capture range of 80%,
R 4 must generate a 300 Hz shift in frequency, the same as
Afc = 6296 Hz R2 . Therefore set R4 equal to R2 .

therefore, our total capture range or +Afc is 1 2,592 Hz.

Our minimum value for CD is (16/12,592) /if or

0.0013 Mf-

5. Completed Circuit Example

See Figure 5.

Design a 3 kilobaud modem to operate with low output

jitter. The bandwidth available is 13 kHz.

For this modem, we can take the values from 2 for the
300 baud modem operating at 1070 Hz and 1270 Hz,
multiply our baud rate and mark and space frequencies by
10, and divide all capacitor values on the table by 10.
Resistor values should be left as they are.

Design a 2 channel multiplex FSK modulator to operate

at the following pairs of mark and space frequencies;

600 Hz and 900 Hz, and 1400 and 1 700 Hz. (Each of these
channels could handle about 400 baud.)

For this task, we XR-2207. The only real

will use the
consideration here is that, if possible, we want to keep the
•
following- resistances all between 10 kH and 100 kfi:
Rp R 1 /R 2 R3 and R3/R4. The ratio between the maxi-
,

mum and minimum frequencies is less than 3:1, so we

should have no trouble meeting this criterion. If we set
our maximum frequency with an R of about 20 kO, we
have: 1700 = 1/(C x 20,000); C = 0.029 (d which is Figure 5. Full Duplex FSK Modem Using XR-2206 and

approximately equal to 0.033 /if- XR-221 1 . (See Table 2 for Component Values.)

ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE

The only adjustments that are required with any of the circuits and VCO frequency may be anywhere within

in this application note are those for frequency fine tuning. the lock range. There are several ways that f

Although these adjustments are fairly simple and straight- can be monitored:
forward, there are a couple of recommendations that should 1. Short pin 2 to pin 10 and measure f at
be followed. pin 3 with C D disconnected;

The XR-2207: Always adjust the lower frequency first with 2. Open R 5 and monitor pin 13 or 14 with a

R or R 3B and a low level on pin 9. Then high-impedance probe; or

1B
with a high level on pin 9, adjust the high fre- 3. Remove the resistor between pins 7 and 8
quency using R 2B or R 4B The . second adjust- and find the input frequency at which the
ment affects only the high frequency, whereas FSK output changes state.
the first adjustment affects both the low and
Note: Do NOT adjust the center frequency of
the high frequencies.
the XR-221 1 by monitoring the timing capaci-

TheXR-2206: The upper and lower frequency adjustments tor frequency with everything connected and.
are independent so the sequence is not impor- no input signal applied. f
tant.
For further information regarding the use of the XR-2207,
The XR-221 : With the input open-circuited, the loop phase XR-2206 and XR-2211 refer to the individual product data

detector output voltage is essentially undefined sheets.

38
 Application AN-06

PLL System Using the

Precision
XR-2207 and the XR-2208

INTRODUCTION
The phase-locked loop (PLL) is a versatile system block, suitable for a wide range of applications in data communications and signal
conditioning. In most of these applications, the PLL is required to have a highly stable and predictable center frequency and a well-
controlled bandwidth. Presently available monolithic PLL circuits often lack the frequency stability and the versatility required in
these applications.

This application note describes the design and the application of two-chip PLL system using the XR-2207 and the XR-2208 mono-
lithic circuits. The XR-2207 is a precision voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) circuit with excellent
temperature stability (±20
ppm/°C, typical) and linear sweep capability. The XR-2208 is an operational multiplier which combines a four quadrant multiplier

and a high gain operational amplifier in the same package. Both circuits are designed to interface directly with each other with a
minimum number of external components. Their combination functions as a high performance PLL, with the XR-2207 forming
the VCO section of the loop, and the XR-2208 serving as the phase-detector and loop amplifier.

As compared with the presently available single-chip PLL circuits such as the XR-210 or the Harris HI-2820, the two-chip PLL sys-

tem described in this paper offers approximately a factor of .0 improvement in temperature

1 stability and center frequency accuracy.
The system can operate from 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz, and its performance characteristics can be tailored to given design requirements
with the choice of only four external components.

I DEFINITIONS OF PLL PARAMETERS

The phase-locked loop (PLL) is a unique and versatile feedback V S ltJ
INPUT PHASE
Comparator
v.(t) ^ LOW PASS — -O v d HI
system that provides frequency selective tuning and filtering SIGNAL FILTER

without the need for coils or inductors. It consists of three

basic functional blocks: phase comparator. low-pass filter, and ! V

voltage-controlled oscillator, interconnected as shown in Figure V ltl

1. With no input signal applied to the system, the error voltage. *0 Vd

VCO
Vd: is equal to zero. The VCO operates at a set "free-running"
frequency, f If an input signal is applied to the system, the
.

phase comparator compares the phase and frequency of the

input signal with the VCO frequency and generates an error Figure t. Block Diagram of a Phase-Locked Loop.
voltage, V e (t), that is related to the phase and frequency dif-

between the two signals. This error voltage is then

ference
filtered and applied to the control terminal of the VCO. If r— Af L
H
frequency, fs is sufficiently close to f„, feed-
U A *f-J
the input signal ,

back causes the VCO to synchronize or "lock" with the in- . i

+ i
r* h
coming signal. Once in lock, the VCO frequency is identical
_A N.
to the input signal, except for a finite phase difference.

Two key parameters of a phase-locked loop system are its

Vd

i
o
T t

\N N
i i
*.

(a)
INCREASING
FREQUENCY f,

"lock" and "capture" ranges. These can be defined as follows: <CL 'O f
CH lH
1 1 1 1

Lock Range = The band of frequencies in the vicinity of f(>

over which the PLL can maintain lock with an input signal. It
is also known as the "tracking" or "holding" range. Lock range
<*) \L
increases as the overall loop gain of the PLL is increased. X
Capture Range = The band of frequencies in the vicinity of fQ
where the PLL can establish or acquire lock with an input
vd

i-]
o i

y~^
M » - DECREASING
FREQUENCY f,

(bl

signal. It is also known as the "acquisition" range. The capture

is always smaller than the lock range. It is related to the low Figure 2. Frequency to Voltage Transfer Characteristics of a PLL
pass filter bandwidth and decreases as the low pass filter time System; (a) Increasing Input Frequency; (b) Decreasing Input Fre-
constant increased. quency.

39
 " )

Hh
SQUARE WAVE
OUTPUT
I
ruL
INPUT II
^"AA TRIANGLE
SIGNAL OUTPUT

R2
ANALOG OUTPUT
"**

T C2
(OPTIONAL),.

Figure 3. Circuit Interconnections for the Precision PLL System Using the XR-2207 and the XR-22Q8 Monolithic Circuits. (Split-supply operation,
±6Vtozl3V.)

SQUARE WAVE
M OUTPUT

V* TRIANGLE
9 dm OH O OUTPUT

Cc * Coupling Capacitor

Cg - By pan Capacitor
— ( V+ = 12Vto24V)

Figure 4. Circuit Interconnections lor Single Supply Operation.

TABLE 1

Phase-Locked Loop Design Equations*

1 /2C
Center Frequency: f = tttt Hz (7) Loop Damping: m ~ <-^- = V ~q
(1)

(2) Lock Range: (Afjf ) = (0.9)(R /R, (8) Capture Range:

a) Underdamped Loop (f < 1/2):

(3) Phase Detector Gain: K^ = 0.5 Vcc volts/radian
'
, 0.8
Ro /Co"
,
Where V cc V+ for split supply; Vcc = V + /2 for single

supply.
b) Overdamped Loop (| > 1):

(4) VCO Conversion Gain: ¥^ = rad/sec/volt

g
(Af/f ) = 0.8(R /R 1 ) •
0.25 _i
(5) Loop Gain : KL = K^ = srg- sec

(6) Low Pass Filter Time Constant : t = —-

C R1
sec. *See Figures 3 and 4 for component designation.

40
 : :

The PLL responds only to those input signals sufficiently close PRECISION PLL USING XR-2207 AND XR-2208
to the VCO frequency, f , to fall within the "lock" or "capture"
The XR-2207 VCO and the XR-2208 operational multiplier
ranges of the system. Its performance characteristics, there- can be inter-connected as shown in Figure 3, to form a highly
fore, offer a high degree of frequency selectivity, with the stable PLL system. The circuit of Figure 3 operates with sup-
selectivity characteristics centered about f Figure 2 shows ±13 and over a
ply voltages in the range of ±6 volts to volts;
.

the typical frequency-to-voltage transfer characteristics of the PLL system of

frequency range of 0.01 Hz to 100 kHz. In the
PLL. The input is assumed to be a sine wave whose frequency the basic performance characteristics of the PLL
Figure 3, all
is swept slowly, over a broad frequency range covering both can be controlled and adjusted by the choice external 4 com-
the "lock" and the "capture" ranges of the PLL. The vertical ponents identified as resistors R and R and the capacitors t ,

scale corresponds to the filtered loop error voltage, Vd appear- ,

C and C C and R control the VCO center frequency; Ri
,
x

ing at the VCO control terminal.

and C l
determine the tracking range and the low pass filter

As the input frequency, £, is swept up (Figure 2(a)) the sys- characteristics. The two-chip PLL system can be readily con-

tem does not respond to the input signal until the input verted to single supply operation by inter-connecting the cir-

frequency reaches the lower end of capture range, fCL Then, . cuit as shown in Figure 4. The*PLL circuit of Figure 4 operates
the loop suddenly locks on the input signal, causing a positive over a supply voltage range of + 12V to +26V.
jump in the error voltage Vd . Next, Vd varies at a slope equal

to the reciprocal of VCO voltage-to-frequency conversion gain, For best results, the timing resistor R should be in the range
(Ky), and goes through zero at £ = f . The loop tracks the in- of 5k to 100k, and R! > R Under these conditions, the basic
.

put frequency until £ reaches the upper edge of the lock parameters of the PLL can be easily calculated from the de-
range, f
LH . Then the PLL loses lock, and the error voltage sign equations listed in Table 1.

drops to zero. If the input frequency is swept back slowly,

from high towards low frequencies the cycle repeats itself,
Design Example
with the characteristics shown in Figure 2(b). The loop cap-

tures the signal at the upper edge of the capture range, fCH , As an example, consider the design of a PLL system using the
and tracks it down the lower edge of the lock range, fLL With . circuit of Figure 3, to meet the following nominal performance
reference to the figure, the "lock" and the "capture" ranges specifications:

can be defined as:

a) Center Frequency = 10 kHz
Lock Range =
= fLH 'LL M L (
b) Tracking Range = 20% (9 kHz to kHz) 1 1

Capture Range " Afc = fCH fC L (

c) Capture Range = 10% (9.5 kHz to 10.5 kHz)

The gain parameters associated with the PLL are defined as

follows: Solution:

Phase Detector Gain, K0: Phase detector output per unit of

a) Set Center Frequency:
phase -difference between the two signals appearing at the
normally measured in volts per ra-
Choose R = 10k (Arbitrary choice for 5k <R < 100k)
phase detector inputs. It is

dian. Then, from equation 1 of Table 1:

VCO Conversion Gain, K^: VCO frequency change per unit of C o =(l/f o Ro) = 0.01 mF
input voltage. It is normally measured in radians/sec./volt.
b) Set Lock Range
Loop Gain, KL : Total (L. gain around the feedback loop. It is
From equation 2 of Table 1
equal to the product of K0 and Ky.
R, = (0,45)R =45k
Loop Damping Factor, £: Defines the response of the loop
error voltage Vd , to a step change in frequency. If £ < 1, the
c) Set Capture Range:
loop is underdamped; and the error voltage Vd will exhibit an
Since capture range is significantly smaller than Lock
underdamped response for a step change of signal frequency.
range, equation 8(a) applies.
The lock range of the phase-locked loop is controlled by the
Solving equation 8(a) for C] , one obtains:
loop gain, K L The capture range and the damping factor are
.

controlled by both the loop gain and the low pass filter. Ci = 0.032 mF

41
 ion Note AN-14

A High Quality Function Generator System*

Using the XR-2206

INTRODUCTION
Waveform or function generators capable of producing AM/FM modulated sine wave outputs find a wide range of applications in
electrical measurement and laboratory instrumentation. This application note describes the design, construction and the perform-

ance of such a complete function generator system suitable for laboratory usage or hobbyist applications. The entire function
generator is comprised of a single XR-2206 monolithic IC and a limited number of passive circuit components. It provides the
engineer, student, or hobbyist with highly versatile laboratory instrument for waveform generation at a very small fraction of the

cost of conventional function generators available today.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION (b) Frequency Setting: At any range setting, frequency can be
varied over a 100:1 tuning range with a potentiometer
The basic circuit configuration and the external components
(see R]3 of Figure 1).
necessary for the high-quality function generator system is
shown in Figure I The circuit shown in the figure is designed
.

(c) Frequency Accuracy: Frequency accuracy of the XR-

to operate with either a 12V single power supply, or with a
2206 is set by the timing resistor R and the timing capac-
±6V split supplies. For most applications, split-supply opera- itor C, and is given as:
tion is preferred since it results in an output DC level which

is nearly at ground potential.

f= 1/RC

The circuit configuration of Figure 1 provides three basic The above expression is accurate to within ±5% at any
waveforms: sine, triangle and square wave. There are four range setting. The timing resistor R is the series combina-

overlapping frequency ranges which give an overall frequency tion of resistors R4 and R]j of Figure 1. The timing

range of 1 Hz to 100 kHz. In each range, the frequency may be capacitor C is any one of the capacitors Ct through Cg,

varied over a 100: 1 tuning range. shown in the figure,

The sine or triangle output can be varied from to over 6V (d) Sine and Triangle Output: The sine and triangle output
(peak to peak) from a 600 ohm source at the output terminal. amplitudes are variable from 0V to 6 V p p. The amplitude
is set by an external potentiometer, R|2 of Figure 1. At
A square wave output is available at the sync output terminal
for oscilloscope synchronizing or driving logic circuits.
any given amplitude setting, the triangle output ampli-
tude is approximately twice as high as the sinewave out-
put. The internal impedance of the output is 600H.
TYPICAL PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS
The performance characteristics listed below are not guar- (e) Sinewave Distortion: The total harmonic distortion of
anteed or warranted by Exar. However, they represent the sinewave is less than 1% from 10 Hz to 10 kHz and less
typical performance characteristics measured by Exar's appli- than 3% over the entire frequency range. The selection
cation engineers during the laboratory evaluation of the of a waveform is made by the triangle/sine selector
function generator system shown in Figure The typical
1 . switch, $2.
performance specifications listed below apply only when all of
the recommended assembly instructions and adjustment pro- (f) Sync Output: The sync output provides a 50% duty cycle

cedures are followed: pulse output with either swing or upper half swing of
full

the supply voltage depending on the choice of sync out-

(a) Frequency Ranges: The function generator system is
put terminals on the printed circuit board (see Figure 1).
designed to operate over four overlapping frequency
ranges:
(g) Frequency Modulation (External Sweep): Frequency can
Hz1 to 100 Hz be modulated or swept by applying an external control
10 Hz to 1 kHz voltage to sweep terminal (Terminal I of Figure 1). When
100 Hz to 10 kHz not used, this terminal should be left open-circuited. The
1 kHz to 100 kHz
open circuit voltage at this terminal is approximately 3V
The range selection is made by switching in different tim- above the negative supply voltage and its impedance is

ing capacitors. approximately 1 000 ohms.

42
 ^
AMPLITUDE

l| R12
AM INPUT
50K
OUTPUT

':.4
-6V j
ci 1 0ji/1 ov

GND IB RX

rTTZ— T
DC
< OFFSET
Rg
10V > R2 10QK
v+
=tiC
+6V

C3
2
^ ||^i.

2 IE C4 1
1 O.Iai

3 IF C5 ,, 0.01i

SYNC OUTPUT
4 IG C6 ,
, C
(HALF SWING)
'

— T

FREQUENCY

NOTE:
I 1. For single supply operation lift GND connection keeping R1 2 across terminals Ft and B intact, and connect terminal A to GND.
2. For maximum output, Rv may be open. Rj^ =68 Kn is recommended for external amplitude modulation.

Figure 1. Circuit Connection Diagram for Function Generator. (See Note 1 for single supply operation.)

(h) Amplitude Modulation (AM): The output amplitude Position Nominal Range Timing Capacitance
varies modulation voltage applied to AM
linearly with
1 1 Hz to 100 Hz 1/jF
input (terminal Q of Figure 1). The output amplitude 2 10 Hz to kHz
1 0.1 fi¥
reaches its minimum as the AM control voltage approaches 3 100 Hz to 10 kHz 0.01 (iF
the half of the total power supply voltage. The phase of 4 1 kHz to 100 kHz 0.001 /iF
the output signal reverses as the amplitude goes through
If additionalfrequency ranges are needed, they can be added
its minimum value. The total dynamic range is approxi-

mately 55 dB, with AM control voltage range of 4V by introducing additional switch positions.

referenced to the half of the total supply voltage. When Triangle/Sine Waveform Switch, S2: Selects the triangle or sine
not used, AM terminal should be left open circuited. output waveform.

(i) Power Source: Split supplies: +6V, or single supply:

+ 12V. Supply Current: 15 mA (see Figure 3).
Trimmers and Potentiometers
DC Offset Adjustment, R9: The potentiometer used for ad-
justing the DC offset level of the triangle or sine output wave-
EXPLANATION OF CIRCUIT CONTROLS: form.
Switches
Sinewave Distortion Adjustment, R10: Adjusted to minimize
Range Select Switch, SI: Selects the frequency range of opera- the harmonic content of sinewave output.
tion for the function generator. The frequency is inversely
Sinewave Symmetry Adjustment, Rll: Adjusted to optimize
proportional to the timing capacitor connected across Pins 5
the symmetry of the sinewave output.
and 6 of the XR-2206 circuit. Nominal capacitance values and
frequency ranges corresponding to switch positions of SI are Amplitude Control, R12: Sets the amplitude of the triangle or
as follows: sinewave output.

43
Frequency Adjust, R13: Sets the frequency for any
oscillator Case:
range setting of SI. Thus, frequency dial on a
R13 serves as a 7" x 4" x 4" (approx.) Metal or Plastic
conventional waveform generator and varies the frequency of (See Figures 4(a) and 4(b).)
the oscillator over an approximate 100 to 1 range.

Terminals
Power Supply:

A. Negative Supply — 6V Dual supplies ±6V or single + 1 2V

B. Ground Batteries or power supply unit
(See Figures 3(a) and 3(b).)
C. Positive Supply +6V
D. Range 1 , timing capacitor terminal
Miscellaneous:
E. Range 2, timing capacitor terminal
F. Range 3, timing capacitor terminal Knobs, solder, wires, terminals, etc.

G. Range 4, timing capacitor terminal

H. Timing capacitor common terminal
I. Sweep Input
BOARD LAYOUT
J. Frequency adjust potentiometer terminal Figures 2(a) and 2(b) show the recommended printed-circuit
K. Frequency adjust potentiometer negative supply board layout for the function generator circuit of Figure 1.
terminal
L. Sync output (1/2 swing)
M.Sync output (full swing)
N. Triangle/sine waveform switch terminals
0. Triangle/ sine waveform switch terminals
P. Triangle or sinewave output
Q. AM input
R. Amplitude control terminal

PARTS LIST
The following is a list of external circuit components necessary
to provide the circuit interconnections shown in Figure 1.

Capacitors:

C1,C2,C7
C3
Electrolytic, 10 /xF,
Mylar, 1 jnF, nonpolar,
10V
10%
«
C4 Mylar, 0.1 mF, 10%
(a) Split Supply PC Board Layout
C5 Mylar, 0.01 juF, 10%
C6 Mylar, 1000 pF, 10%

Resistors:

Rl 30 KQ, 1/4W, 10%

R2 100 KO, 1/4W, 10%
R3,R7 1 KO, 1/4W, 10%
R4 9K£2, 1/4W, 10%
R5,R6 5 KO, 1/4W, 10%
R8 300H, 1/4W, 10%
RX 62 KO, 1/4 W, 10% (RX can be eliminated
for maximum output)

Potentiometers:

R9 Trim, 1 MO, 1/4W

RIO Trim, 1 KI2, 1/4W
Rll Trim, 25 Kfi, 1/4W
(b) Single Supply PC Board Layout

The following additional items are recommended to convert

Figure 2. Recommended PC Board Layout for Function Generator
the circuit of Figure 1 to a complete laboratory instrument: Circuit of Figure 1.

Potentiometers:

R12 Amplitude control, linear, 50 KS2 RECOMMENDED ASSEMBLY PROCEDURE

R13 Frequency control, audio taper, 1 MO
The following instructions and recommendations for the as-
Switches: sembly of the function generator assume that the basic PC
SI Rotary switch, 1-pole, 4 pos. board layout of Figures 2(a) or 2(b) is used in the circuit
S2 Toggle or slide, SPST assembly.

44
All the parts of the generator, with the exception of frequency Precaution: Keep the lead lengths small for the range selector
adjust potentiometer, amplitude control potentiometer, switch.
triangle/ sine switch and frequency range select switch, are
Figure 4 gives an example of the fully assembled version of the
mounted on the circuit board.
function generator system described above.
Installand solder all resistors, capacitors and trimmer resistors
on the PC board first. Be sure to observe the polarity of
capacitors CI, C2 and C7. The timing capacitors C3, C4, C5
and C6 must be non-polar type. Now install IC1 on the board.
We recommend the use of an IC socket to prevent possible
damage to the IC during soldering and to provide for easy
replacement in case of a malfunction.

The entire generator board along with power supply or batter-

ies and several switches and potentiometers will fit into a case

of the type readily available at electronic hobby shops. It will

be necessary to obtain either output jacks or terminals for the

outputs and AM and frequency sweep inputs.
Install the frequency adjust pot, the frequency range select
switch, the output amplitude control pot, the power switch,
and the triangle/ swine switch on the case. Next, install the PC
board in the case, along with a power supply.
Any simple power supply having reasonable regulation may be
some recommended power supply config-
used. Figure 3 gives
uration.

R1 51 +6V
• VA 1 o
. I D5
~: 500 ^F s\ 6V

GND
4 O

-6V
-1 —\W L-
Figure 4. Typical Example of a Fully Assembled Function Generator.

(a) Zener Regulated Supply

ADJUSTMENT PROCEDURE
—+ -O +6V
When assembly is completed and you are ready to put the
-OGND
function generator into operation, make sure that the polarity
-O -6V of power supply and the orientation of the IC unit are correct.
Then apply the DC power to the unit.
(b) Battery Power Supply
To adjust for minimum distortion, connect the scope probe to
the triangle/ sine output. Close S2 and adjust the amplitude
control to give non-clipping maximum swing. Then adjust RIO
T1 : Filament transformer
Primary 1 1 5V/Secondary 12.6 VCT, 0.5A and Rl 1 alternately for minimum distortion by observing the
D1 — D4: IN4001 or similar sinusoidal waveform. If a distortion meter is available, you
D5, D6: IN4735 or similar may use it as a final check on the setting of sine-shaping trim-
C1, C2: 500 yF/12
Electrolytic, VDC mers. The minimum distortion obtained in this manner is
R1, B2: 5in, 1/2W, 10%
typically less than \% from Hz to 10 kHz and less than 3%
1

Figure 3. Recommended Power Supply Configurations. over the entire frequency range.

45
Application Note AN-15

An Electronic Music Synthesizer

Using the XR-2207 and the XR-2240

INTRODUCTION
This 'application note describes a simple, low-cost "music synthesizer" systemmade up of two monolithic IC's and a minimum
number of external components. The electronic music synthesizer is comprised of the XR-2207 programmable tone generator IC
which is driven by the pseudorandom binary pulse pattern generated by the XR-2240 monolithic counter/timer circuit.

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION frequency by the external capacitor C! and the resistors

sel

Ri through R6
connected to Pins 4 through 17. These resis-
All the active components necessary for the electronic music tors set the frequency or the "'pitch" of the output tone
synthesizer system two low-cost monolithic
is contained in the sequence. The counter/timer IC generates the pseudo-random
IC's, the XR-2207 oscillator and the
variable frequency pulse patterns by selectively counting down the time-base
XR-2240 programmable counter/timer. Figure shows the l frequency. The counter outputs of XR-2240 (Pins through 8) I

functional block diagram of the XR-2207 oscillator. This then activate the timing resistors R through R 6 of the oscil-
(

monolithic IC is comprised of four functional blocks: a lator IC, which converts the binary pulse patterns to tones.
variable-frequency oscillator which generates the basic periodic The time-base oscillator frequency of the counter/timer sets
waveforms; four current switches actuated by binary keying the "beat" or the tempo of the music. This setting is done
inputs; and buffer amplifiers for both the triangle and square- through C 3 and R of Figure 3.
wave outputs. The internal current switches transfer the
oscillator any of four external timing resistors
current- to
The pulse sequence coming out of the counter/timer IC can be
to produce four discrete frequencies which are selected accord-
programmed by the choice of counter outputs (Pins through 1
ing to the binary logic levels at the keying terminals (pins 8
8 of XR-2240 connected to the programming pins (Pins 4
and 9).
through 7) of the XR-2207 VCO. The connection of Figure 3
The XR-2240 programmable counter/timer is comprised of an is recommended since it gives a particularly melodic tone
internal time-base oscillator, a control flip-flop and a pro- sequence at the output.
grammable 8-bit binary counter. Its functional block diagram
is shown in Figure 2, in terms of the 16-pin IC package. The

eight separate output terminals of the XR-2240 are "open- The pseudo-random pulse pattern out of the counter-timer
collector" type outputs which can either be used individually, or repeats itself at 8-bit (or 256 count) intervals of the time-
can be connected in a "wired-or" configuration. base period. Thus, the output tone sequence continues for
about 1 to 2 minutes (depending on the "beat") and then
Figure 3 shows the circuit connection for the electronic music repeats itself. The counter/timer resets to zero when the device
or time synthesizer system using the XR-2207 and the XR-2240. is turned on; thus, the music, or the tone sequence, always
The XR-2207 produces a sequence of tones by oscillating at a starts from the same point when the synthesizer is turned on.

,nr
^ tHIANGLEWAVE 'o[T
^r
W OUT
I H^J \~2 isl
HFti
TT1 SUUAREWAVE Kl.7
'<i\ OUT
TIMIN<
V( o^S 0T1M
CAP AC ott \J OUT
HJ 13]tiw
iT] bias

10l GROUND
'0 16 [S
m MODULATION

TIMING '0/32 I 6 1l] TRIG

RESISTOR
CURRENT
SWIICHE5 H '
!

BINARV
KEYING
'0/S4 [ 7
n.
10|R£S£
1= ~~| INPUTS
L"*[T a j ia/ne [ 8
IK
Figure 1. Functional Block Diagram of XR-2207 Oscillator Circuit. Figure 2. Functional Block Diagram of XR-2240 Counter/Timer.

46
 —

+12V

VOLUME
CONTROL R21 -=±r
R7 IK
\J'
p-^VS^ Vs
V\A,
1

nn nnnnn
14
£
XR-2207

A
SPEAKER
uuuuuuu
ROTHRU R6= 10OK
+12VQ-
C1
HH R7= 10 Kfi
C4
0.01 mF R1

I 1 mF

R16
10K OFF
AA/V
ON +12V

8
nn 1

XR-2240 <

9 16

uuuuuuuu
10K
+12V
(i

-ii C3
R19
\a\ —^yv- ^ R0

C2 100K^
["gi^rpiOMF

Figure 3. Circuit Connection Diagram for the Music Synthesizer.

47
Monolithic Chips for Hybrid Assemblies

The major performance characteristics of Exar products are ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS

also available in chip form. All chips are 100% electrically
tested for guaranteed DC parameters at 25°C; and 100% Probing the IC chips in die form limits the electrical testing
visually inspected at 30x to lOOx magnification using Exar's to low level DC parameters at 25°C. These DC parameters
standard visual inspection criteria or MIL-STD-883, Method are characteristic of those parameters contained on the indi-
201, depending on the individual customer requirements. vidual device data sheet and are guaranteed to an LTPD of
Each chip is protected with an inert glass passivation layer 1 0%.
over the metal interconnections. The chips are packaged in
waffle-pack carriers with an anti-static shield and cushioning The AC parameters, which are similar to those in the standard
strip plated over the active surface to assure protection dur- Exar device data sheets, have been correlated to selected DC
ing shipment. All chips are produced on the same well -proven probe parameters and are guaranteed to an LTPD of 20%.
production lines that produce Exar's standard encapsulated
devices. The Quality Assurance testing of dice is provided by
normal production testing of packaged devices. HANDLING PRECAUTIONS AND PACKAGING
OPTIONS

Extreme care must be used in the handling of unencapsu-

lated semiconductor chips or dice to avoid damage to the
chip surface. Exar offers the following three handling or
packaging options for monolithic chips supplied to the cus-
tomer:
OLASS PASSIVATION LAYER

Cavity or Waffle Pack: The dice are placed in individual

TT7 VJS+-1/ ^s^

"
compartments of the waffle pack (see figure). The plastic a
^^ J
'EMITTER
7

COLLECTOH snap clips permit inspection and re sealing. V

T Vial Pack: The vial is filled with inert freon TF and a plastic
cap seals the vial. The freon acts as a motion retarder and
cleansing agent.

Typical Bipolar Chip Cross Section

Wafer Pack: The entire wafer is sandwiched between two
pieces of mylar and vacuum sealed in a plastic envelope.

FEATURES

DC Parameters Guaranteed at 25°C

100% Visual Inspection
Care in Packaging
100% Stabilization Bake (Wafer Form)
10% LTPD on DC Electrical Parameters

CHIPS IN WAFER FORM

Probed and inked wafers are also available from Exar. The
hybrid microcircuit designer can specify either scribed or un-
scribed wafers and receive a fully tested silicon wafer. Rejected
die are clearly marked with an ink dot for easy identification Typical Cavity Pack
in wafer form. (Waffle Pack)

48
XR-205 MONOLITHIC WAVEFORM GENERATOR Pad No. Pad Function

DCT) (m 1 Modulator Output

2 Modulator Output
3 Modulator X-lnput
4 Modulator X-lnput
5 Modulator Y-lnput
6 Modulator Y-lnput
7 Waveform Adj.
8 Waveform Adj.
9 -vee
10 Buffer Input
11 Buffer Output
12 Square Wave Output
13 FM/Sweep Input
14 Timing Capacitor
15 Timing Capacitor
16 +vcc

Chip Size: 76 mils x 78 mils

(1.93 mm x 1.98 mm)

XR-2206 MONOLITHIC FUNCTION GENERATOR Pad No. Pad Function

1 Amplitude Modulation
2 Sine or Triangle Output
3 Multiplier Output
4 +VCC
5 Timing Capacitor
6 Timing Capacitor
7 Timing Resistor R]
8 Timing Resistor R2
9 FSK Input
10 Bypass
11 Sync. Output
12 Ground
13 Waveform Adj.
14 Waveform Adj.
15 Symmetry Adj.
16 Symmetry Adj.

Chip Size: 88 x 105

®h © ® ®
mils
(2.23 mm x 2.66 mm)

49
XR-2207 VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR Pad No. Pad Function

1 +Vcc
2 Timing Capacitor
3 Timing Capacitor
4 Timing Resistor Ri
5 Timing Resistor R2
6 Timing Resistor R3
7 Timing Resistor R4
8 Binary Keying Input
g Binary Keying Input
10 Ground
11 Bias
12 -V EE
13 Square Wave Output
14 Triangle Wave Output

Chip Size: 80 x 85 mils.

{2.03 mm x 2.16 mm)

XR-2209 PRECISION OSCILLATOR Pad No. Pad Function

1 +vcc
2 Timing Capacitor

G>-^ 3
4
Timing Capacitor
Timing Resistor
5 Bias
6 -vee
7 Square Wave Output
8 Triangle Wave Output

XR2EQ9

Chip Size: 80x85 mils

(2.03 mm x2.16 mm)

50
 XR-8038 PRECISION WAVEFORM GENERATOR
Pad No. Pad Function
T) (7) 1 Distortion Adj.
2 Sine Wave Output
3 Triangle Wave Output
4 Duty-Cycle Adj.
5 Duty -Cycle Adj.
6 + vcc
7 FM Bias
8 FM /Sweep Input
9 Square Wave Output
10 Timing Capacitor
11 Ground
12 Distortion Adj.
.

Chip Size: 75x92 mils.

(1.82 mm x 2.33 mm)

Product Ordering Information

PART IDENTIFICATION Definition of Symbols:

M = Military Grade Part, Ceramic Package Only. All Military

XR xxxxx Grades have been processed to MIL-STD-883 Level C,
Manufacturer's Prefix Basic Type (5 spaces) and are guaranteed to operate over military tempera-
ture range.
Grade Package Type N Prime Grade Part, Ceramic Package.
M = Military = Ceramic Dual-in-line P Prime Grade Part, Plastic Package.
N = Prime Plastic Dual-in-line CN Commercial Grade Part, Ceramic Package.
Electrical = Metal can CP Commercial Grade Part, Plastic Package.
P = Prime Chip (Dice)

K
Electrical
C = Commercial
= Kit W
> 'M variations

= Wafer
N, P, CN
to operate over
and CP parts are electrically identical and guaranteed
0°C to +75°C range unless otherwise stated. In
addition, N and P parts generally have operating parameters
Example:
more tightly controlled than the CN or CP parts.
XR-2206 CN
• Manufacturer's
I

Basic
I

Package Type
Prefix Type For details, consult Exar Sales Headquarters or Sales/Technical
|

Grade Representatives.

51
INTERNATIONAL SALES OFFICES AND REPRESENTATIVES
NORWAY
ARGENTINA
Rayo Electronics SRL
Belgrando 990
Pisos 6Y2
HONG KONG
ROHM Electronics (H.K.)
Rm 1027A, Ocean Centre
5, Canton Road, Tsimshatsui,
Kowloon
Co., Ltd. Hefro Teknisk A/S
Trondheimsveier 80
Oslo 5
Phone: 38 02 86
•
Phone: 37 98 90
Telex: (390) 122153 (RAYOX AR) Phone; 3-688841/3-672307 Telex: (856) 16205 (HEFRO N)
Telex: (780) 37503 (REHCL HX)
SINGAPORE
AUSTRALIA ROHM Electronics CO. Pte. Ltd.
INDIA Unit G, Third Floor
Total E lectronics
Zenith Electronics Cheng Chwee Huat Ind. Btdg.
310 Queen St. Melbourne
541 Panchratna 18-D, Paya Lebar Road
G.P.O. Box 1286K
1

Melbourne, 3001 Mama Parmanand Marg Singapore 1440

Phone: 67 9306 Bombay 400004 Phone: 2834327
Telex (790) 31261 (TOTELEC AA) Phone: 38 42 14 Telex: (786) 26648 (ROHM S)
Telex: (953) 11 3152 (ZNTH IN)
SOUTH AFRICA
BELGIUM ISRAEL South Continental Devices (Pty.) Ltd.
CVS Technologies 1974 Ltd, Suite 516, 5th Floor, Randover House
(See Germany)
54 Jabotinsky Str. Cor. Hendrik Verwoerd, Dover Road
Ramat-Gan 52462 Randburg, Transvaal
BRASIL Phone: 330190 Phone: 48 05 15
342369 (CVS Telex: (960) 4-24849 (SA)
ROHM Do Brasil Industria Electronics Ltda. Telex: (922) I L)
Av. Dom
Pedro I, 420
01552 Sao Paulo SPAIN
1121178 (UIEL BR) ITALY Unitronics, S. A.
Telex: (391)
Eledra 3S S.p.A, Princesa, 1
Viale Elvezia, 18 Madrid 8,
DENMARK 20154 Milano Phone: 242 52-04
Mer-el A/S Phone: 34.93.041 Telex: (831) 46786 (UTRON E)

Ved Klaedebo 18 Telex: (843) 332332 (ELEDRA I)

DK-2970 Horshoim SWEDEN

Phone: 571000
Lagercrantz Eiectronix AB
JAPAN Kanalvagen 5
Telex: (855) 37360 (MEREL OK)
Tokyo Electron Ltd. S-194 01 Upplands Vasby
Panetron Division Phone: (0760) 86 120
FINLAND 38 FLShinjuku Nomura Bldg. Telex: (854) 11275 (LAGER S)

(Call Exar Direct) 1-26-2, Nishi-Shinjuku

Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160 SWITZERLAND

FRANCE
Tekelec/Airtronic
Phone: 03-343-441 1
Telex: (781) 2322240 (LABTEL J)
Amera Electronics
Lerchenhaldenstrasse 73
CH-8046 Zurich
Phone: (01) 57 11 12
AG
4
Rue Carle Vernet LIECHTENSTEIN Telex; (845) 59837 (AMERA CH)
F-92310 Sevres (See Switzerland)
Phone: (1) 534 75 35 TAIWAN
Telex: (842) 204552 (TKLEC A) LUXEMBOURG (See Hong Kong)
(See Germany)
UNITED KINGDOM
Thame Components
GERMANY (WEST) NETHERLANDS Thame Park Road
ROHM Electronics GmbH Tekelec/Airtronic B. V. Thame, Oxon OX9 3RS
D-4051 Korschenbroich Stork Staat 7 Phone: (084 421) 3146
Muehlenstrasse 70 2722 MN Zoetermeer Telex: (851) 837917 (MEMEC G)
Phone: (02161) 29 805 Phone: 079-310100
Telex: (841) 852330 (ROHM D) Telex: (844) 33332 (TKLEC NL) LATIN AMERICA
Intectra
2349 Charleston Road
GREECE NEW ZEALAND Mt. View, CA 94043 U.S.A.
General Electronics Ltd. Professional Electronics Ltd. Phone: (415) 967-8818
209 Thevon Street 126 Kitchener Road Telex: 345545 (INTECTRA MNTV)
N ikaia 77, Piraeus Milford, Auckland 9
Phone: 49 13 595 Phone: 46 94 50 ALL OTHER COUNTRIES
Telex: (863) 212949 (GELT GR) Telex: (791) 21084 (PROTON) (Call Exar Direct)

DISTRIBUTOR
Finland
Y leiselektroniikka/oy
Atomitie 5B
00370 Helsinki 37
Phone: 90-562 1 122
•
Telex: 123212 (YLEOY SF)

52
AUTHORIZED STOCKING DISTRIBUTORS
ALABAMA CONNECTICUT MARYLAND NEW YORK (Cont.) TEXAS (Continued)
Pioneer Electronics Diplomat Electronics Diplomat Electronics JACO Quality Components
H u n t sv e i 1 1 Danbury Columbia Hauppauge Addison
(205) 837-9300 (203) 797-9674 (301) 995-1226 (516) 273-5500 (214) 387-4949

Resisticap, 1 nc. JV E lectronics, nc.

1 Pioneer Electronics Zeus Components, Inc. Quality Components
Huntsville East Haven Gaithersburg Port Chester Austin
(205) 881-9270 (203) 469-2321 (301) 948-0710 (914) 937-7400 (512) 835-0220

R. M. Electronics DELAWARE NORTH CAROLINA Quality Components

Huntsville (See Pennsylvania) MASSACHUSETTS (See Maryland) Houston
(205) 852-1550 Diplomat Electronics (713) 772-7100
FLORIDA Holiiston NORTH DAKOTA
ARIZONA Diplomat Southland (617) 429-4121 (Call Exar Direct) UTAH
Bell I ndustries Clearwater Bell Industries
Tempe (813) 443-4514 Gerber Electronics OHIO SaltLake City
(602) 966-7800 Norwood Component Elect., Inc. (801) 972-6969
Diplomat Southland (617) 329-2400 Brunswick
Sterling Electronics Ft. Lauderdale (216) 225-3401 Diplomat Electronics
Phoenix (305) 971-7160 RC Components SaltLake City
(602) 258-4531 Wilmington Graham Electronics (801) 486-4134
Diplomat Southland (617) 657-4310 Cincinnati
ARKANSAS Palm Bay (513) 772-1661 VERMONT
Carlton-Bates Co. (305) 725-4520 (See New Hampshire)
LittleRock MICHIGAN OKLAHOMA
(501) 562 9100 GEORGIA Ambur Electronics, Inc. Component Specialties VIRGINIA
(See Florida) Farmington H ills Tulsa (See Maryland)
CALIFORNIA (313) 477-8670 (918) 664-2820
Anthem Electronics IDAHO WASHINGTON
Chatsworth (See Washington) Diplomat Electronics Radio, Inc. JACO
(213) 700 1000 Farmington Tulsa Bellevue
(313) 477 3200 (918) 587-9123 (206) 455-2727
Anthem Electronics ILLINOIS
San Diego Diplomat Electronics R, M. E lectronics Quality Components Radar Electric Co., Inc.

(714) 279-5200 Bensenville Grand Rapids Tulsa Seattle

(312) 595-1000 (616) 531-9300 (918) 664-8812 (206) 282-2511
Anthem Electronics
San Jose GBL-Goold MINNESOTA Western Electromotive
(408) 946-8000 Elk Grove Village Diplomat Electronics OREGON Seattle
(312) 593-3220 Fridley Bell 1 ndustries (206) 575-1910
Anthem Electronics (612) 572-0313 Lake Oswego
Tustin 1ntercornp (503) 241-4115 WISCONSIN
(714) 730 8000 Hoffman Estates MISSISSIPPI Taylor Electric Co.
(312) 843-2040 (See Alabama) Radar Electric Co., Inc. M eq u o n
Bell ndustries
I
Portland (414) 241-4321
Roseville R. M. E lectronics MISSOURI (503) 233-3691
(916) 969 3100 Lombard Olive Industrial Elect. WYOMING
(312) 932-5150 St. Louis (See Colorado)
Bell Industries (314) 426 4500 PENNSYLVANIA
Sunnyvale Advacom CANADA
(408) 734-8570 INDIANA MONTANA Erie Future Electronics
Altex Electronics, Inc. (Call Exar Direct) (814) 476 7774 Point Claire, Quebec
Diplomat Electronics Carmel (514) 694-7710
Sunnyvale (317) 848-1323 NEVADA Pioneer Electronics
(408! 734 1900 (See Cal ifornia) Horsham Intek Electronics Ltd.
Graham Electronics (215) 674-4000 Vancouver, B.C.
JACO 1ndianapolis NEW HAMPSHIRE (604) 324 6831
Chatsworth (317) 634-8202 (See Massachusetts) RHODE ISLAND
(213) 998-2200 (See Massachusetts) R-A-E Industrial Elect.
R. M. E lectronics NEW JERSEY Burnaby, B.C.
VSI Electronics 1ndianapol is Diplomat Electronics SOUTH CAROLINA (604) 291 8866
(USA) Inc. (317) 247-9701 Mount Laurel (See Maryland)
Santa Ana (609) 234-8080 Cam Gard Supply Ltd.
(213) 299-7760 IOWA SOUTH DAKOTA Calgary, Alberta
DEECO, Incorporated Diplomat Electronics (Call Exar Direct) (403) 287-0520
Western Cedar Rapids Totowa
M icrotechnology (319) 355-7551 (201) 785-1830 TENNESSEE Cam Gard Supply Ltd.
Cupertino (See Alabama) Saskatoon,
(408) 725-1664 NEW MEXICO Saskatchewan
KANSAS Bell Industries (306) 652-6424
Zeus West, I nc. Component Specialties Albuquerque TEXAS
Anaheim Lenexa (505) 292 2700 Component Specialties Cam Gard Supply Ltd.
(714) 632-6880 (913) 492 3555 Austin Toronto, Ontario
(512) 837-8922 (416) 252-5031
COLORADO KENTUCKY NEWYORK
Bell I ndustries (See Indiana) Diplomat Electronics Component Specialties Cam Gard Supply Ltd.
Wheatridge Liverpool Dal las Vancouver, B. C.
(303) 424-1985 LOUISIANA (315) 652-5000 (214) 357 6511 (604) 291-1441
(See Texas)
Diplomat Electronics Diplomat Electronics Component Specialties Cam Gard Supply Ltd.
Denver MAINE Melville Houston Winnipeg, Manitoba
(303) 427-5544 (See New Hampshire) (516) 454-6400 (713) 771-7237 (204) 786-8401

53
AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVES
ALABAMA GEORGIA MISSISSIPPI NORTH DAKOTA UTAH
Rep, Incorporated Rep, Incorporated (See Alabama) (See Minnesota) Waugeman Assoc, Inc.
11527 S. Memorial 1944Cooledge Road 2520 State, Ste. 159
S,
Parkway. Tucker, GA 30084 MISSOURI Salt Lake City, UT
Huntsville, AL 35803 (404) 938 4358 Dy-Tronix, Inc. OHIO 84118
(205) 881-9270 TWX 810 766-0822 1 1 190 Natural Bridge McFadden Sales (801) 467-4263
TWX 810 726-2102 Bridgeton, MO 63044 4645 Executive Drive TWX 910-925-4026
HAWAII (314) 731-5799 Columbus, OH 43220
ALASKA (Call Exar Direct) TWX 910-762 0651 (614) 459-1280 VERMONT
(Call Exar Direct) TWX 810-482-1623 (See Massachusetts)
IDAHO Dv-Tronix, I nc.
ARIZONA (See Washington) 13700 E. 42nd Terrace VIRGINIA
Summit Sales Suite 202 OKLAHOMA (See Maryland)
7825 E. Redfield Road Independence, MO (See Texas)
Scottsdale, AZ 85260 ILLINOIS (NORTH) 64055
(602) 998-4850 Janus, Incorporated (816) 373 6600 OREGON WASHINGTON
TWX 910 950-1283 3166 Des Plaines Ave. SDR 2 Products & Sales SDR 2 Products & Sales
Suite 14 MONTANA 1526 S.E. Claybourne 14230 NE 8th Street
ARKANSAS Des Plaines, IL 60018 (See Colorado) Portland, OR 97202 Bellevue, WA 98007
(See Oklahoma) (312) 298-9330 (503) 231-7638 (206) 747 9424
NEBRASKA TWX 910-443-2483
ILLINOIS (SOUTH) (See Missouri)
CALIFORNIA (NO.) (See Missouri) PENNSYLVANIA
Criterion NEVADA (WEST) WASHINGTON, D.C.
3350 Scott Blvd., INDIANA (See California No.) (See Ohio) (See Maryland)
Bldg. 44 (See Ohio)
Santa Clara, CA 95051 NEW HAMPSHIRE PENNSYLVANIA WEST VIRGINIA
(408) 988-6300 (See Massachusetts) (EAST) (See Ohio)
TWX 910338-7352 IOWA Vantage Sales Company
Dytronix, I nc. NEW MEXICO 21 Bala Avenue WISCONSIN (S. EAST)
23 Twixt Town Road Syn tech Bala Cynwyd, PA 19004 Janus, Incorporated
CALIFORNIA (SO.) NorthEast 302C San Pablo S.E. (215) 667-0990 1 1430 Bluemound Rd.
Varigon Associates Suite 201 Albuquerque, NM TWX 510-662-5846 Milwaukee, Wl 53026
137 Eucalyptus Drive Cedar Rapids, IA 87108 (414) 476-9104
El Segundo, CA 90245 52402 (505) 266-7951
(213) 322-1129 (319) 377 8275 RHODE ISLAND WISCONSIN (WEST)
TWX 910-348 7141 NEW JERSEY (NO.) (See Massachusetts) (See Minnesota)
KANSAS (See New York City)
Varigon/ ARC (See Missouri) SOUTH CAROLINA WYOMING
2356 Moore St., NEW JERSEY (SO.) (See North Carolina) (See Colorado)
Suite 103 KENTUCKY (See Pennsylvania)
San Diego, CA 921 10 (See Ohio) SOUTH DAKOTA
(714) 299-5413 (See Mi nnesota)
LOUISIANA NEWYORK
(See Tex as) (UPSTATE)
COLORADO Quality Components TENNESSEE
Waugaman Assoc, Inc. MAINE 3343 Harlem Road Rep, Incorporated CANADA (EAST)
4800 Van Gordon St. (See Massachusetts) Buffalo, NY 14225 1 1 3 S. Branner Ave. R.F.Q. Limited
Wheatridge, CO 80033 (716) 837-5430 Jefferson City, TN 385 The West Mall
(303) 423-1020 MARYLAND 37760 Suite 251
TWX 910-938-0750 Component Sales, Inc. Quality Components (615) 475-4105 Etobicoke, Ontario
3701 Old Court Rd. 1 16 E. Fayette St. TWX 810 570 4203 M9C 1E7
Suite 14h , Manlius, NY 13104 (416) 626-1445
CONNECTICUT Baltimore, 'MD 21208 (315) 682-8885 TWX 610-492-2540
Phoenix Sales (301 48 4 3647
-
TWX 710 545 0663 TEXAS
389 Main Street TWX TlO 862 0852 Technical Marketing R.F.Q. Limited
Ridgefield, CT 06877 9027 Northgate Blvd. 2249 Carling Avenue
(203) 438 9644 MASSACHUSETTS NEWYORK (CITY) Suite 140 Suite 204
TWX 710 467 0662 Contact Sales, 1 nc ERA, Incorporated Austin, TX 78758 Ottawa, Ontario
101 Cambridge Street 354 Veterans (512) 835-0064 K2B 7E9
DELAWARE Burlington, 01803 MA Memorial Hwy. (613) 820 8445/8446
(See Maryland) (617) 273 1520 Commack, NY 1 1725 Technical Marketing TWX 610-562-1973
TWX 710-332 6569 (516) 543 0510 3320 Wiley Post Road
FLORIDA In NJ: 800-645 5500/1 Carrollton, TX 75006
Donato & Assoc, Inc. MICHIGAN TWX 510 226-1485 (214) 387-3601
2660 West Oakland (See Ohio) TWX 910 860 5158
Park Blvd. NORTH CAROLINA
Suite 21 MINNESOTA Component Sales, Inc. Technical Marketing
Ft. Lauderdale, F L Dan'l Engineering P.O. Box 18821 6430 Hillcroft
3331 1 12350 W. 175th St. Raleigh, NC 27619 Suite 104
(305) 733-3450 Lakeville, MN 55044 (919) 782-8433 Houston, TX 77081
TWX 510-955-9789 (612) 435-6000 TWX 510-928 0513 (713) 777-9228

EXAR INTEGRATED SYSTEMS,

EXAR
INC.
75D Pabmar Avenue, P.O. Box B2223, Sunnyvale, CA 94088 (4081 732-7970 TAA/X 91D-339-9233
May 1981