HESCOM Report 1

HESCOM
ABOUT THE HESCOM
HISTORY
The area of operation of the HESCOM is wide spread. The Company is covering the areas
where the agricultural consumption is comparatively on higher side.
HESCOM Limited was incorporated on 30.04.2002 under the Companies Act, 1956 (No. 1
of 1956) and the company started operation w.e.f. 01.06.2002 with the headquarters at Hubli.
The Company came into existence with geographical jurisdiction of seven Districts
comprising of Dharwad, Belgaum, Gadag, Haveri, Uttar Kannada, Bagalkot &Bijapur with
an objective to carry on the business of distribution and supply of electricity more efficiently
and economically.
The area of operation of the Company is wide spread. The Company is covering the areas
where the agricultural consumption is comparatively on higher side.
It purchases power mainly from Karnataka power Corporation and also a number of
Independent Power Producers and sells the same on retail to its consumers. Karnataka
Government has designated Power Company of Karnataka Limited (PCKL) as nodal agency
to purchase power from Independent Power Producers. Purchase price is regulated by the
Power Purchase Agreements while the retail sale price is regulated by the Karnataka
Electricity Regulatory commission. Consequently, the Company does not have the freedom
of altering the purchase and sale price.
The cumulative effect of transmission losses, power thefts, regulated price mechanisms,
capital investments for infrastructure renewal as well as replacement etc., put the Company in
a tight spot. The company finds meeting its monthly cash needs hard. To prevent power
thefts, the Company introduced a new scheme called Nirantara Jyothi which requires a
parallel system of transmission lines involving massive capital investment in the order of
hundreds of crore rupees over the next few years.
DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 1

HESCOM
ABOUT HESCOM
HESCOM is registered as Limited Company under Companies Act. The number of Directors
of the Company shall be not less than 3 (three) and not more than 12 (twelve). The Directors
may be either whole time functional Directors or part time or non-functional or non-executive
Directors. The Board is headed by Chairman. Managing Director of HESCOM is Chief
Executive of the Company and assisted by Director
(Technical), Financial Adviser, General Managers, Controller and Company Secretary.
Organization structure at corporate office and at Hubli & Belgaum zones are presented in
below figures.
Organisationchart of HESCOM
Organisation chart of corporate office

HESCOM
ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

SCHEMES
It has social obligations in terms of implementing certain State Government policies like free
power to the irrigation pump sets, supporting drinking water supply schemes, providing
lighting for the streets in habitations, providing electricity connection to remote villages
under the ongoing Government schemes etc. There is partial reimbursement by GOK
towards infrastructure and towards energy consumption of IP set less than 10 HP.
IMPLEMENTATION OF SCHEMES
Energization of Drinking Water Supply Scheme
Under Drinking Water Supply Scheme both in rural and urban areas, HESCOM has serviced
6,715 drinking water installations during 2009-10 to 2012-13. Details are given in Table.
SLNO. YEAR NO.OF INSTALLATIONS
1 2009-10 1,511
2 2010-11 789
3 2011-12 1,065
4 2012-13 3,350
TOTAL 6,715
Energization of Drinking Water Installations
Energization of IP Sets
HESCOM has serviced 53,531irrigation pump sets during 2009-10 to 2012-13. Details are
given in Table
SL NO. YEAR NO. OF INSTALLATONS
1 2009-10 12,376
2 2010-11 11,823
3 2011-12 10,752
4 2012-13 18,580
TOTAL 53,531
Energization of IP Sets

HESCOM
Electrification of Tandas, Villages and Houses

HESCOM has undertaken electrification of Tandas, villages and BPL houses. Details are
given in Table
SL NO. YEAR NO. OF COLONIES NO OF VILLAGES NO. OF HOUSES
1 2009-10 78 4 22,285
2 2010-11 17 1 8,686
Energization of Electrification of Tandas, Villages and Houses
Energization of Ganga-Kalyan Installations

HESCOM has serviced 11,464 Ganga Kalyan installations during 2012-13.
Details are given in Table
SL NO. YEAR NO. OF INSTALLATIONS
1 2009-10 2,787
2 2010-11 4,001
3 2011-12 1,767
4 2012-13 2,909
TOTAL 11,464
Energization of Ganga Kalyan Installation
R-APDRP
Ministry of Power, Govt. of India has launched Restructured Accelerated Power
Development and Reforms Programme(R-APDRP) in XI five-year plan. The programme is
proposed to be implemented on all India basis covering town/ cities with a population of
more than 30,000 as per population data of 2001 census. As per the above guideline, 31
towns are selected from HESCOM.
Projects under the Scheme shall be taken up in two parts. Part-A shall include the projects for
establishment of baseline data and IT applications for energy Accounting & Auditing and IT
enabled Consumer Service Centre. Part-B shall include regular distribution strengthening of
projects.

HESCOM
Projects under Part-A include Establishment of Data Centre at Bangalore city, Establishment
of Disaster Recovery Centre at Hubli and IT applications, which include the following
modules:
• Meter Data Acquisition
• Energy Audit
• New Connection
• Disconnection & Dismantling
• Development of Commercial Database of Consumers
• Metering
• Billing
• Collections
• Centralized Customer Care Services
• Web Self Service
• Asset Management
• Asset Maintenance
• GIS based customer indexing and asset mapping
• GIS based integrated network analysis module
• Management Information System (MIS)
• System Security Requirement
• Identity and Access Management System
DGPS based GIS survey in the identified towns, AMR implementation and
establishment of LAN, MPLS VPN and other networking in the identified towns.
Nirantara Jyoti Yojana (NJY)
With a view to provide 24 Hours of reliable supply for households and other non-farming
communities in rural areas. The Government had initiated‚Niranthara Jyothi scheme. The
scheme comprises bifurcation of rural load into two separate feeders:
- Rural feeders (called Niranthara Jyothi Feeders) getting 24 hours continuous3-phase power
supply catering to Residential, Commercial and Industrial consumers in Rural area.
- Agricultural feeders catering to the demand exclusively of agricultural consumers.
Status regarding implementation of Niranthara Jyothi scheme in HESCOM:

• In HESCOM totally there are 48 Talukas, out of which 11 Taluks in Uttara Kannada
Districts are already being fed with 24 Hrs. power supply and hence they are excluded from
NJ scheme.
• Pilot Project has been implemented in three Talukas viz. Bailhongal in Belgaum District,
Shiggaon&Savanur Taluks in Haveri District.
• In Hukkeri Taluk, this scheme is being implemented by Hukkeri co-operative society.

HESCOM
Electrification of Houses under RGGVY Scheme

The Government of India has introduced a scheme for creation of Rural Electricity
Infrastructure and Household Electrification known as Rajeev Gandhi
GrameenaVidyutikaranaYojna (RGGVY) through Rural Electrification Corporation Ltd.
Under this Scheme infrastructure facilities are being provided for electrification of houses
belonging to the people Below Poverty Line. The beneficiaries of this scheme are to be
identified by concerned Panchayats. The project financing is made through REC, which
includes 90% capital subsidy and 10% loan. The scheme is implemented in all the seven
districts coming under the jurisdiction of HESCOM. Details of achievement are given in
Table.
SL NO. YEAR NO.OF HOUSES AWARDED NO. OF HOUSES COMPLETED
1 2010-11 2,53,739 2,15,728
2 2011-12 2,53,739 2,19,371
3 2012-13 2,53,739 2,24,061
Energization of Houses
Bachat Lamp Yojana being Launched by BEE

The details of BPL consumers covered under Bachat Lamp Yojana aimed at replacing
Incandescent bulbs with Compact Florescent Lamps (CFL) in BPL families are given in
Table.
SL NAME OF TOTAL LT-2 TOTAL TOTAL ESTIMATED
NO. CIRCLE BJ\KJ (RESIDE- INSTALL- CFL PROJECT
INSTALL- NTIAL) ATION BULBS TO COST IN
ATION INSTALL- BE (RS. LAKHS)
ATION REPLACED
1 HUBLI 1,50,313 4,24,384 5,74,697 18,47,849 277
2 BELAGAVI 1,27,954 3,94,045 5,21,999 17,04,134 256
3 BIJAPUR 1,13,954 1,95,902 3,09,837 8,97,543 135
4 SIRSI 58,587 2,50,727 3,09,314 10,61,495 159
5 HAVERI 1,29,154 1,61,359 2,90,513 7,74,590 116
6 BAGALKOT 89,933 1,93,582 2,83,515 8,64,261 130
7 CHIKKODI 64,255 1,24,224 1,88,479 5,61,151 84
TOTAL 7,34,131 17,44,223 24,78,354 77,11,023 1,157
Details of Bachat Lamp Yojana

HESCOM
ENERGY METER
Watt hour meter or energy meter is an instrument which measures amount of electrical
energy used by consumers. Utilities install these instruments at every place like homes,
industries, organizations to charge the electricity consumption by loads such as lights, fans
and other appliances. Most interesting type are used as prepaid electricity meters.
Basic unit of power is watts. 1000watts is 1kilowatt. If we use 1kilowatt in one hour, it is
considered as one unit of energy consumed. These meter’s measure the instantaneous voltage
and currents, calculate its product and gives instantaneous power. This power is integrated
over a period which gives the energy utilized over that time period.
TYPES OF ENERGY METERS

The energy meter may be single or three phase meters depending on the supply utilized by
domestic or commercial installations. For small service measurements like domestic
costumers, these can be directly connected between line and load. But for larger loads,
stepdown current transformers must be placed to isolate energy meters from higher currents.
1-PHASE ENERGY METERS
Three basic types of energy meters

I. Electro mechanical induction type energy meters: This type of energy meter is
popularly known and most common type of age old watt hour meter. It consists of
rotating aluminum disc mounted on a spindle between two electrodes.
II. Electronic energy meters: These type of energy meters are accurate, high procession
and reliable types of measuring instruments as compare to conventional mechanical
meters. It consumes less power and starts measuring instantaneously when connected
to load.
III. Smart energy meters: This type of energy meter is an advanced metering technology
involving placing intelligent meters to read, process and feedback the data to
consumers, it measures energy consumption, remotely switches the supply to
customers and remotely controls the maximum electricity consumption.

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3-PHASE ENERGY METERS

The meter which is used for measuring the power of 3 phase supply is known as the three-
phase energy meter. the basic working of single phase energy meter is based on two
mechanisms,
• The mechanism of rotation of aluminum disc which is made to rotate at

a speed proportional to power.
• Mechanism of counting and displaying the amount of energy
transferred.
The metallic disc is acted upon by two coils. One coil is connected in such a way that it
produces a magnetic flux or voltage and the other produce a magnetic flux in proportion to
current. The field of the voltage coil is delayed by 90 degrees using a lag coil. This produces
eddy current in the disc and the effect is such that a force is exerted on the disc in
proportional to the product of the instantaneous current and voltage.
A permanent magnet exerts an opposing force proportional to the speed of rotation of the
disc- this acts as a break which causes the disc to stop spinning when power stops being
drawn rather than allowing it to spin faster and faster. This causes the disc proportional to
rotate at a speed proportional to the power being used.
The meter which is used for measuring the power of 3 phase supply is known as the three-
phase energy meter. The 3-phase meter is constructed by connecting the two single phase
meter through the shaft. The total energy is the sum of the reading of both the elements.
The torque of both the elements is added mechanically, and the total rotation of the shaft is
proportional to 3 phase energy consumption.
The 3-phase energy meter has two discs mounted on the common shaft. Both the discs has its
breaking magnet, copper ring, shading band and the compensator for getting the correct
reading. The two elements are used for measuring the 3-phase power. For 3 phase meter, the
driving torque of both the elements is equal. This can be done by adjusting the torque. The

HESCOM
torque is adjusted by connecting the current coils of both the elements in the series and their
potential coils of both the elements in the series and their potential coils in parallel.
METER TESTING LAB
3-PHASE HI-TECH ENERGY METER TEST
When Performing a meter test in the field, using equipment such as the Power Master 3
series with an internal reference standard is preferred. For auditing and legal purposes, the
accuracy of the field standard should be “traceable” to a recognized metrology lab such as the
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This means that any lab test
equipment used to verify the field standard has itself been verified against other traceable
equipment with each comparison in the sequence of comparisons being certified as having a
guaranteed maximum.
So, we have both a meter and test equipment with stated accuracies. We can determine,
which is correct one by, the ISO 17025 lab testing standard specifies that to verify a device
with a given stated accuracy, the reference device must have a stated accuracy of at least four
times the ratings of the device under test. For a 0.2% meter(typical rating) the test equipment
accuracy must be no worse than 0.05%. Currently there is no testing standard that addresses
the field testing of meters, so ANSI C12.1 is used as a guide.

HESCOM
TEMPORARY ENERGY METER
Temporary energy meter
Temporary electrical installations are needed whether you are building a new home or are
building a new commercial site. In case of using it for a commercial site, beside power tools,
you will need temporary power for your building facilities.
Before setting up a temporary electricity supply, you need to contact your existing
DNO(Distribution Network Operator) for the connection and then an energy supplier who
will arrange a meter. The requirements and installations may vary in different companies, but
most of the process in the same or similar.
Installation process
• Contact your existing DNO to request a new domestic connection via an
application/quotation and fill out an application online.
• The meter point is commonly built-in or mounted to a wall on new builds. It allows
them to externally access for the maintenance and reading without any disruption.
• The DNO should prepare all the details from the quotation, lead time schedule, and an
acceptance form for you to sign.
• After checking that everything is fine, fill-up the form and you are ready to begin the
contract after making the payment.
• Upon receiving a date for the new electricity connection, you should obtain a meter
point administration number(MPAN).
• After you have all these requirements, you can contact your preferred utility
connection supplier and arrange the installation of the meter. The new energy supply
must be ready on site before the arrival of meter.

HESCOM
SUBSTATION
Substation
The assembly of apparatus which is used to change electrical voltage, frequency and power
factor of electrical supply is call substation. Substations are the important part of power
system there are some following important points.
• It should be at proper site as far a possible.
• It should be located at center of gravity of load.
• It should provide safe and reliable arrangement for safety consideration must be given
to the maintenance of regulation clearance.
• It should be easily operated at maintained it involve minimum capital cost.
PURPOSE OF SUBSTATION
• To control load flow.
• To accommodate new generation.
• To maintain reliability requirements.
• To step up or step down AC voltage using transformer(s).
• It is used for switching operation.

HESCOM
CONTROL ROOM
CONTROL ROOM
• CONTROL AND RELAY PANNEL
A Control and relay panel is designed to provide to control the associated line or
transformer through outdoor switchgear at various 11KV and 33KV zonal substations.
The control and relay panels are complete in themselves with all main and auxiliary
relays, annunciation relay , fuses , links, switches, wiring, labels, terminal blocks,
earthing terminals, base frame, foundation bolts , illumination, cable glands etc.
These panel are used for the control and monitoring of electrical equipment such as
transformers, generators and circuit breakers. Indoor control panel for outdoor VCB
includes IDMT Numerical relay, Master trip relay, Trip circuit supervision relay,
indications and meters etc. These control and relays panels are available in various
combinations as single circuit or multi circuit depending upon the customer requirements.
• FEATURES OF CONTROL RELAY PANEL:

➢ Complete protection of transformer or feeder
➢ Alarm and Annunciation features
➢ Simplex construction
➢ Multiple construction choice (front door or rear door type)
➢ Also available with communicable relays
➢ Multiple scheme configurations in a single panel
➢ Compact
➢ CPRI Tested
➢ Vendor approved from government utilities like MPEB-Jabalpur, Bhopal and
Indore

HESCOM
BATTERIES
BATTERIES
Battery rooms are also found in electric power plants and substations where reliable power is
required for operation of switchgear, critical standby systems, and possibly black start of
the station. Often batteries for large switchgear line-ups are 125V or 250V nominal systems,
and feature redundant battery charges with independent power sources. Separate battery
rooms may be provided to against loss of the station due to a fire in a battery bank. For
stations that are capable of black start, power from the battery system may be required for
many purposes including switchgear operation.

HESCOM
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

INTRODUCTION:As per the definition of the single line diagram, it is specified as the
diagram that uses single line and symbols to represent the path and the components of an
electrical circuit. These diagrams are specifically used when the information of the circuit is
required but the details of the actual wire connection and the operation of the circuit is not
needed. The entire logic of an electric circuit or one can say it is a system using standard
symbols are properly specified diagram.
IMPORTANCE OF SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

• Identification of the problem location, in safety conformity and the staff safety can be
benefitted by the use of single diagram.
• If n case of the inaccuracy in the connection and the failure arises the updation of the
single line diagram becomes easy even on the regular basis.
• The information from one single line diagram can be widely used to enhance the
performance of service activities.
• The single line diagram can be termed as building an electrical system.
STATION EARTHING
The earthing plays very important role in safety point of view, as it protects human beings
working under the energized area and protects the equipment as well. During the construction
of substation, 40mm MS rod was laid at a depth of 600mm from the ground level as earth mat
to minimize the earth resistance.
Each MB, Gantry tower, MOM boxes and all equipment are provided two earthing. And 02
Nos of Treated earth pits are provided for ICTs and Bus reactor using 12x75 mm GI earth
flat, and LA and CVTs are proved 01Nos solid rod earthing and all other equipment
supporting structures, MBs, MOM boxes, towers are provided GI earth flat of different sizes.
VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

• Lightening arrester
• Bus bar
• Instrumental transformer
a. Potential transformer
b. Current transformer
• Power transformer
• Group operated switch(GOS)
• Circuit breaker
• Relay
• Capacitor bank
• Isolator

HESCOM
LIGHTENING ARRESTER
Lightening arrester
The device which is used for the protection of the equipment at the substations against
travelling waves, such type of device is called lightning arrester or surge diverter. In other
words, lightning arrester diverts the abnormal high voltage to the ground without affecting
the continuity of supply. It is connected between the line and earth, i.e., in parallel with the
equipment to be protected at the substation.
An ideal lightning arrester should have the following characteristics;
• It should not draw any current during normal operating condition, i.e., it sparks-over
voltage must be above the normal or abnormal power frequency that may occur in the
system.
• Any transient abnormal voltage above the breakdown value must cause it to break
down as quickly as possible so that it may provide a conducting path to ground.
• When the breakdown has taken place, it should be capable of carrying the resulting
discharge current without getting damaged itself and without the voltage across it
exceeding the breakdown value.
• The power frequency current following the breakdown must be interrupted as soon as
the transient voltage has fallen below the breakdown value.
The following are the damages that are caused by the travelling wave on the substation
equipment:
• The high peak or crest voltage of the surge may cause flash-over in the internal
winding thereby spoil the winding insulation.
• The steep wave fronts of the surges may cause external flashover between the
terminal of the transformer.
• The highest peak voltage of the surge may cause external flashover, between the
terminal of the electrical equipment which may result in damage to the insulator.

HESCOM
ISOLATOR
Isolator switch is used to ensure that an electrical circuit is completely de-energized for
service or maintenance. Such a switches are often found in Electrical Distribution and
industrial applications, where machinery must have its source of driving power removed for
adjustment or repair. High-voltage isolation switches are used in electrical substations to
allow isolation of apparatus such as circuit breakers, transformers, and transmission lines, for
maintenance. The disconnector is usually not intended for normally control of the circuit, but
only for safety isolation. Disconnectors can be operated either manually or automatically.
BUS BAR
The term busbar is derived from the lattin word omnibus, which translates into English as
“for all” indicating that a busbar carries all of the currents in a particular system. In electric
power distribution, a bus bar is a metallic strip or bar, typically housed inside switch gear,
panel boards and busway enclosers for local high current power distribution. They are also
used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards, and low voltage equipment
in battery banks. They are generally uninsulated and have sufficient stiffness to be supported
in air by insulated pillars. These features allow sufficient cooling of the conductors and the
ability to tap in at various points without creating a new joint.
INSTRUMENTAL TRANSFORMER
It is not an easy way to measure the high voltage and current associated with power
transmission and distribution system. Hence instrumental transformer are often used to step
down these values to a safer level to measure. This is because measuring meters or
instruments and protective relays are low voltage devices. There by cannot be connected
directly to high voltage circuit for the purpose of measurement and protection of the system.
In addition to the reduction of voltage and current levels these transformers isolate main
circuit which is operating at high power levels.
Types of instrumental transformers
i. CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CURRENT TRANSFORMER

HESCOM
Current transformers are a series connected type of instrumental transformer. They are
designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an accurate current
ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected metering. Current
transformers are the current sensing units of the power system and are used at generating
stations, electrical substations and in industrial and commercial electric power distribution.
The current transformer is typically described by its current ratio from primary to secondary.
A 1000:5 current transformer will provide an output current of 5 amperes when 1000 amperes
are flowing through its primary winding. Standard secondary current rating are 5 amperes or
1 ampere, compatible with standard measuring instruments. It is used to step down current for
metering purpose for the safety of the equipment as well as operator.
ii. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
Potential transformer
Potential transformers are a parallel connected type of instrumental transformer. It is a

voltage step down transformer which reduces the voltage of a high voltage circuit to a lower
level for the purpose of measurement. These are connected in parallel to the line which is to
be monitored.
a. Outdoor potential transformer
i. Electromagnetic potential transformer
ii. Capacitive voltage transformer
b. Indoor potential transformer
The primary winding consists of large number of turns which are connected across high
voltage side or the line in which measurements have to be taken or to be protected. The
secondary winding has less number of turns which is connected to the voltmeter or potential
coils of wattmeter and energy meters. Relays are the other control devices, since the
voltmeters and potential coils of other meters have high impedance and a small current flows
through the secondary of the potential transformers.

HESCOM
POWER TRANSFORMER
Power transformer
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to transfer power from one circuit to
another circuit through electromagnetic induction. The power transformer is accompanied
without frequency change. The power transformer is a kind of transformer, that is used to
transfer electrical energy in any part of the electrical or electric circuit between the generator
and the distribution primary circuits.
• These transformers are used in distribution system to interface step up and step down
voltages.
• The common type of transformer is liquid immersed and the life span of these
transformers is around 30 years.
These transformers transfer the voltage. It holds a low voltage, high current circuit at one side
of the transformer and on the other side of the transformer it holds high voltage and low
current circuit. Power transformer depends on the principle of Faradays induction. They
describe the power system into zones where every gear connected to the system is sized per
the ratings set by the power transformer. Power transformer can be classified into three types
based on the ranges. They are
• Small power transformer
• Medium power transformer
• Large power transformer
Main parts of power transformer
• Laminated core
• Windings
• Bushing
• Conservator and breather
• Temperature indicator
• Tap changer
• Radiator

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• LAMINATED CORE
The core acts as support to the winding in the transformer. It also provides a low reluctance
path to the flow of magnetic flux. It is made of laminated soft iron core in order to reduce
eddy current and hysteresis loss. The composition of a transformer core depends on factors
such as voltage, current and frequency.
Generally the core of the transformer is made of:
• Cold Rolled Grain Oriented ( CRGO) Silicon steel
• Ferrite
Laminated core
• WINDINGS
Two sets of windings are made over the transformer core and are insulated from each other.
Winding consist of several turns of copper conductors bundled together, and connected in
series. Within the input/output supply classification of windings are further categorized:
1) Primary winding- These are the winding to which the input voltage is applied.
2) Secondary winding- These are the winding to which output voltage is available Within the
voltage range classification, windings are further categorized:
1) High voltage winding- It is made of copper conductor. The numbers of turns are more on
high voltage side.
2) Low voltage winding- It consists of fewer number of turns than the high voltage winding.
It is made of thick copper conductors.
Windings

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• BUSHINGS
Transformers are connected to high voltage system and therefore care must be taken to
prevent flashover from the high voltage connection to the earthed tank. The Bushings consist
of current carrying conducting rod housed in a hollow porcelain cylinder. The purpose of the
bushing is to connect jumper to the windings by maintaining the clearance from earth. The
types of Bushings used in transformer are:
• Oil Impregnated paper (OIP) bushing: these are conventionally used in power
transformer. The traditional OIP bushings technology uses of as its basic insulating
medium. Now-a-days, a new technology has araised, which has replaced OIP
Bushing with
• RIP (Resin Impregnated Paper) bushing: In this the main insulation consists of a
core wound from insulation paper which is impregnated resin. Outer insulation is
made from silicone rubber.
• CONSERVATOR AND BREATHER
Conservator and breather

The satisfactory operation of a transformer largely depends on the condition of oil, and
therefore keeping the oil clean and dry are of prime importance. The Oil level of transformer
changes with change in temperature raise of oil, which depends upon load current of the
transformer. The Oil expands if the load increases and compresses when load decreases.
Therefore, provision must be made to take this expansion and compression of oil. The
conservator tank is connected to the breather through air-cell which take cares the oil
expansion/compression. When the oil expands air inside air cell is expelled out, while if it
compressed air is drawn from the atmosphere through silica gel stored in breather. This is
called “Breathing of Transformer”. The air entering into the air-cell is passed through
breather. The purpose of breather is to extract moisture from atmospheric air. A breather
consists of a small container connected to a vent pipe and contains dehydrating materials like
Silica gel, Crystal impregnated with cobalt chloride. The material is blue when dry and
whitish pink when damp. The conservator is an air tight cylindrical drum mounted on the
level above the main tank. The function of conservator is to take up expansion and
compression of the oil, without allowing oil to come in contact with ambient air. The
Magnetic Oil Gauge is fixed to the conservator, which indicates the oil level in transformer.

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• TEMPERATURE INDICATORS
Temperature indicators
The most obvious indicator of transformer temperature is the temperature of the oil and
winding. Therefore it is desirable to use an indicator which will show the actual temperature
of oil and winding. A sensor is present in oil packet which is connected to OTI and WTI.OTI
indicates the temperature of oil present inside the transformer tank. WTI indicates the
temperature of the winding by measuring the oil temperature and the proportionate current in
the winding.
• TAP CHANGER
Tap Changer is used to regulate the output voltage manually and electrically according to line
voltage. It is provided on HV side because of less current and to reduce the sparking. The tap
changer can be either On-Load Tap changers or Off-load tap changers. On-Load Tap
changer: In this tapping can be changed without isolating the transformer from the supply.
Off-Load Tap changer: In this tapping is done after disconnecting this transformer.
• RADIATOR
Radiator
When an electrical transformer is loaded the current starts flowing through its winding due to
this flowing of electrical current heat is produced in the winding. This heat ultimately rises
the temperature of transformer oil. The radiator of transformer accelerates the cooling rate of

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transformer. Thus, it plays a vital role in the increasing loading capacity of electrical
transformer.
• GANG OPERATED SWITCH (GOS)
Gang operated switch
Gang operated switches or G.O switches as they are commonly known as switching devices
used in overhead power lines. They are called gang operated as they are operated in gang, all
three switches together using single mechanism. They are also called air-break switches as
they use air as the breaking medium or G.O.D.(Gang Operated Disconnector) switch. These
switches do not have any load breaking capacity. They can only be operated when the
transformer is on no-load and only the small magnetizing current flows though them. A
substation must be disconnected from the load it is feed and only then can these switches
located on the incoming lines of the substation be disconnected.
These switches are used in lines with voltage about 5KV. They can also be motorized and
operated remotely. Gang operated switches can be mounted vertically or horizontally. A thin
film of non-oxide grease is usually applied to the contacts of the Gang operated switches. The
gang operated switches should be checked periodically for proper alignment and rigidity.

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• ELECTRIC CIRCUIT BREAKER
Electric circuit breaker
Electrical circuit breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually and
automatically for controlling and protection of electrical power system respectively. As the
modern power system deals with huge currents, the special attention should be given during
designing of circuit breaker for safe interruption of arc produced during the operation of
circuit breaker. This is the basic definition of circuit breaker. For saving this equipment and
the power networks the fault current should be cleared from the system as quickly as
possible. Again, after the fault is cleared, the system must come to its normal working
condition as soon as possible for supplying reliable quality power to the receiving ends. In
addition to that for proper controlling of power system, different switching operations are
required to be performed.
Sulfur hexafluoride circuit breakers protect electrical power stations and distribution system
by interrupting electric current, when tripped by a protective relay. Instead of oil, air or a
vacuum, a sulfur hexafluoride circuit breaker uses sulfur hexafluoride gas to cool and quench
the arc on opening the circuit. Advantages over other media include lower operating noise
and no emission of hot gases, and relatively low maintenance. Developed in 1950s and
onwards, these circuit breakers are widely used in electrical grids and transmission voltages
up to 800kv, as generator circuit breakers and in distribution system at voltage up to 35kv.

HESCOM
RELAY
Relay
A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations.
Various types of relays used in fault detection are:
• Over current relay
• Earth fault relay
• Distance relay
• Differential relay
• Master trip relay
• Buchholz relay
• OVER CURRENT RELAY

The overcurrent relay is defined as the relay, which operates only when then the value of the
current is greater than the relay setting time. It protects the equipment of the power system
from the fault current. Depending upon the time of operation the overcurrent relay is
categorized into different types. They are: instantaneous over current relay, inverse
overcurrent relay, definite overcurrent relay, inverse definite time overcurrent relay, very
inverse definite time overcurrent relay and extremely inverse definite time overcurrent relay.
• EARTH FAULT RELAY
The devices give the tripping command to break the circuit when earth fault occurs. The fault
current is restricted and the fault is dispersed by the restricted earth fault protection(REFP)
scheme. It is a safety device used in electrical installation with high earth impedance. It
detects small stray voltages on the metal enclosures of electrical equipment. The result is to
interrupt the circuit if a dangerous voltage is detected.

HESCOM
• DISTANCE RELAY
The relay whose working depends on the distance between the impedance of the faulty
section and the position on which relay installed is known as the impedance relay or distance
relay. It is a voltage controlled equipment. The relay measures the impedance of the fault
point, if the impedance is less than the tripping command to the circuit breaker for closing
their contacts. The impedance relay continuously monitors the line current and voltage flows
through the CT and PT respectively. If the ratio of voltage and current is less than the relay
starts operating then the relay starts operating.
• DIFFERENTIAL RELAY
The differential relay is very commonly used relay for protecting transformers and generators
from localized faults. Differential relays are very sensitive to the faults occurred within the
zone of protection but they are least sensitive to the faults that occur outside the protected
zone. Most of the relay operate when any quantity exceeds beyond a predetermined value for
example over current relay operates when current through it exceeds predetermined value.
But the principle of differential value of differential relay is somewhat different. It operates
depending upon the difference between two or more similar electrical quantities.
• MASTER TRIP RELAY

Master trip relays are generally a contact multiplication relay whose coils operate on 220 DC
and have multiple NO and NC contact for extending tripping command to circuit breaker trip
coil, providing CB interlock, contacts for extending events to control room or SCADA.
Master trip relay is the main relay. The breaker will trip through this relay only. In
transmission and distribution line there are so many protection relays like distance relay,
overcurrent relay, earth fault relay, differential relay. All the relays connect will be connected
in parallel to the master relay. If any of the protection relay senses the fault it will energize
the master trip relay and the master trip relay will trip the breaker.
• BUCHHOLZ RELAY
In the field of electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety
device mounted on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an
external overhead oi; reservoir called a conservator. The Buchholz relay is used as a
protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric failure inside the equipment. The
generic designation for this type of device is “gas detector relay”.

HESCOM
CAPACITOR BANK
Capacitor bank
A capacitor bank is a group of several capacitors of the same rating that are connected in
series or parallel with each other to store electrical energy. The resulting bank is then used
to counteract or correct a power factor lag or phase shift in an alternating current(AC)
power supply. They can also be used in a direct current(DC) power supply to increase the
ripple current capacity of the power supply or to increase the overall amount of stored
energy.
Capacitor banks work on the same theory that a single capacitor does.They are designed to
store electrical energy, just at a greater capacity than a single device. An individual
capacitor consist of two conductors which are separated by a dielectric or insulating material.
When current is sent through the conductors, a electric field that is static in nature then
develops in the dielectric which acts as stored energy. The dielectric is designed to permit
a predetermined amount of leakage which will gradually dissipate the energy stored in
the device which is one of the larger difference between capacitors and batteries.

HESCOM

HESCOM

HESCOM

HESCOM
SCADA
SCADA is an acronym for supervisory control and data acquisition, a computer system for
gathering and analyzing real time data. SCADA systems are used to monitor and control a
plant or equipment in industries such as telecommunications, water and waste control,
energy, oil and gas refining and transportation. The SCADA system takes the reading of the
meters and checks the status of sensors in regular interval so that it requires minimal
interference of human.
• BENEFITS OF SCADA
➢ Remote operation
➢ Reduces man power
➢ Access to risky areas
➢ Multiple control from single point
➢ Quick implementation of decision
➢ Operate while you view
➢ Basic requirement to run energy management system

HESCOM
• SCADA FOR POWER TRANSMISSION

➢ The load dispatch centre is the hub for load dispatch and control
➢ LDC requires data with respect to available generation and load to be attended
➢ As such
❖ Real time data is required from all generating stations.
❖ Real time data is required from all receiving stations.
❖ Real time data is required from interface points(feeders) from where
power is delivered to distribution companies or consumers.
• UTILIZATION OF SCADA FUNCTIONS

➢ Information storage and retrieval
➢ Data retrieval for ABT functions
➢ Data retrieval for RMMI functions
➢ Supervisory control
• SCADA COMPONENTS IN KPTCL

➢ RTUs at stations, generating stations and control centres
➢ Communication media by VSAT
➢ SCADA master control system at LDC
• RTU
➢ The SCADA RTU is
✓ Small ruggedized computer
✓ Provides intelligence in the field
✓ Allows the central SCADA master to communicate with the field instruments
Stand alone data acquisition and control unit
➢ Its function are
▪ To control process equipment at the remote site
▪ Acquire data from the equipment
▪ Transfer the data back to the central SCADA system

HESCOM
• RTU – BASIC OPERATION:

➢ The RTU will operate scanning it’s input’s normally at a fairly fast rate
➢ Response to Master when polled
➢ Some processing such as
▪ Change of state
▪ Time stamping of changes
▪ Storage of data awaiting polling from SCADA master
▪ Reporting to SCADA master
▪ Alarm processing
• SOFTWARE FUNCTIONALITY IN AN RTU

➢ Real time operating system
▪ Scanning of inputs
▪ Monitoring the communications ports
▪ Driver for the communications system
▪ Device drivers for the I/O system (field devices)
➢ SCADA application
▪ Scanning of inputs
▪ Processing and storage of data
▪ Responding to requests from the SCADA master

HESCOM
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCEDIVISION

HESCOM is vested with the duty of distribution of power to consumers. In this process, the
following supplemental duties are incidental to main function :
• Distribution of Power to consumers at the rates approved by KERC Tariff

Regulations.
• Supply at specified voltage and frequency.
• Maintenance of 11 KV lines, distribution of transformers and equipment to ensure
reliable and quality power supply.
• Augmentation of infrastructure to meet the demand.
• Ensuring safety of Human and animal life by taking suitable actions to minimize risk
of accidents.
• Perspective planning of activities in relation to demand and supply of Power.
Meter Reading, Billing & Collection Efficiency

HESCOM aims at 100% achievement in metering of all its consumers. However, this could
be achieved only after installing meters to all the IP sets and BJ/KJ installations.
HESCOM has achieved 86.21% overall efficiency in Metering and 99.68% in Billing during
2009-10. LT2, LT-3, LT-5, LT-6, LT-7 and HT categories recorded almost 100% metering.
However, LT-1 (BJ/KJ) records 82.72% whereas LT-4 IP sets recorded only 29.40%.
HESCOM has achieved 87.23% overall efficiency in Metering and 99.90% in Billing during
2012-13. LT2, LT-3, LT-5, LT-6, LT-7 and HT categories recorded almost 100% metering.
However, LT-1 (BJ/KJ) records 84.05% whereas LT-4 IP sets recorded only 33.92%.
HESCOM has achieved collection efficiency of 88.90% during 2008-09, 92.36% during
2009-10 and 96.05% during 2012-13. Maintenance
Latest IT Initiatives in HESCOM
ERP (Enterprise Resource planning): ERP Package includes Finance and Accounts,
HRMS, Store Inventory, Material Management, Project Monitoring and Legal activity
monitoring, tender monitoring, transformer failure and replacement monitoring. Under this
project all the modules are accessible through mobile. The customization of software is under
process.

HESCOM
PLO (Paperless Office): PLO is implemented w. e. f 08.01.2012 to reduce usage of paper

and fast tracking of letter, files without wasting time. PLO is successfully implemented in
corporate office, HESCOM. Major benefits of PLO are Cost, Space Management, Data
retrieval, access anywhere and security.
Bio-Metric Devices: Web based bio metric devices have been installed at 26 locations in 1st
phase and at 97 locations in 2nd phase. This device captures the in time, out time of
employees by taking finger scan. The attendance is available online and various reports can
be taken from Biometric attendance software.
Customer Call Center: CCC was established under RAPDRP Part-A projects at Corporate
Office, HESCOM, Hubli. CCC is operational in HESCOM for proper monitoring of customer
care
• activity such as registration of consumer complaints and speedy redressal of consumer
grievances. The helpline executives are working round the clock.
E-procurement: The E-procurement system has been implemented in HESCOM on
19.07.2010 to procure works, goods and services through the e-procurement platform through
e-procurement portal of Government of Karnataka.
ATP (Anytime payments) Counters: ATP Counters are working in HESCOM in various
divisions enabling consumers to pay their bills 24X7 days. Fresh tenders were invited to
install additional ATP machines in HESCOM on BOOM basis.
ECS (Electronic Clearing System): ECS is being implemented on pilot basis in Hubli
Division. It is decided to implement ECS facility in other divisions of HESCOM. The same is
mandatory for all officers/employees of HESCOM.
Billing Activities: In all 65 Sub divisions and 45 Accounting Sections has been computerized
through outsourcing to 6 different Agencies. Spot Billing is done through handheld machines
and computerized receipts are being issued

HESCOM
Unit Office
Operational & Maintenance Unit is the primary link between the consumer and the company.
It is the lowest office in the hierarchy, where consumer relationship is established. It is
headed by an officer of the rank of an Assistant Engineer or a Junior Engineer. The duties of
the official in charge of an O&M Unit are as follows :
• Receiving applications of power supply from prospective consumers.

• Preparation of estimate to assess the expenditure involved and to obtain sanction for
incurring the expenditure for releasing connections.
• Examination of the feasibility of Power Supply from the existing infrastructure.
• Forwarding the application of the prospective consumer with their comments on
feasibility and estimate to the sanctioning authority.
• Releasing service connection duly following the prescribed procedure on receipt of
power sanction from competent authorities.
• Maintenance of 11 KV lines, distribution transformers, cables and equipment to
ensure reliable and quality power supply to the consumers.
• Attending to consumer complaints regarding power supply in terms of its quality, and
other technical matters.
Sub-divisional Office
A Sub-division consists of 3 to 5 O&M Units and headed by an officer of the rank of

Assistant Executive Engineer. He oversees the functioning of O&M Units, so as to ensure
reliable distribution of power in the jurisdictional area. An Assistant Accounts Officer/Senior
Assistant is placed in the Sub-division to look after the Accounting and Finance related
functions. The duties of the Sub-divisional Officers are as follows :
• Sanctioning of service connections as per powers vested with him.

• Approving works mainly in the nature of maintenance works as per power vested with
him.
• Maintenance of 11KV lines, distribution of transformers, cables and equipmentto
ensure reliable and quality power supply to the consumers.
• Attending/Monitoring of consumer complaints regarding power supply in terms of its
quality, interruption and other technical matters and bill related issues.
• Proposition of Augmentation works to cater to the needs of public.

HESCOM
• Monitoring of works.
• Billing the consumers in the jurisdictional area.
• Collection of bills from consumers as per the terms and conditions of Supply.
• Maintenance of Consumers Accounts in the prescribed manner.
• Preparation and submission of various statistical information to the higher offices.
• Integration of men, material and special labour in execution of certain works which
required special skills viz RMU, MT and cable faults.
• Action for prevention of theft of power.
• Initiating criminal actions against the consumers involved in theft of power.
Divisional Office
A Division has 3 to 5 sub-divisions under its jurisdiction. It is purely an administrative office
and does not deal with consumers directly. It is headed by an Officer of the rank of Executive
Engineer and assisted by sub-ordinate officers. An Accounts Officer is also placed in the
Division office to look after the Financial and Accounting functions of the Division. The
duties of the Divisional Officers areas as follows :
• Overseeing the functioning of the sub-divisions as per specified parameters and

regulations.
• Approving works both in the nature of Maintenance and Capital works as per
power vested with him.
• Approval of Augmentation Works within the powers vested with him.
• Procurement of men and materials within the powers vested with him.
• Monitoring of various works being undertaken in the jurisdictional area and
ensuring timely completion of the same.
• Rendering periodical statistical information to Head office and other offices.
• Ensuring the activities of the Company such as execution of works, releasing of
service connections, prevention of theft of power, realization of revenue, redressal
of consumers grievances etc.,
• Initiating disciplinary actions against the officials who found guilty of offence,
non-performing etc., within the powers delegated.

HESCOM
Circle Office
A Circle has 3 to 5 Divisions under its jurisdiction. It is also an administrative office which
does not deal with consumers directly. It is headed by an Officer of the rank of
Superintending Engineer and assisted by sub-ordinate officers. A Deputy Controller of
Accounts is placed in the Circle office to look after the Financial and Accounting functions of
the Circle. The duties of the Circle Officers are as follows :
• Overseeing the functioning of the jurisdictional Divisions and sub-divisions as per

specified parameters and regulations.
• Approving works both in the nature of maintenance works and Capital as per power
vested with him.
• Approval of Augmentation works within the powers vested with him.
• Monitoring of various works being undertaken in the jurisdictional area and ensuring
timely completion of the same.
• Rendering periodical statistical information to Head office and other offices.
service connections, prevention of theft of power, realization of revenue, redressal of
consumers grievances etc.,
• Initiating disciplinary actions against the officials who found guilty of offence, non-
performing etc., within the powers delegated.
Zonal Office
A Zone has 2 to 3 Circles under its jurisdiction. It is also an administrative office which does
not deal with consumers directly. It is headed by an Officer of the rank of Chief Engineer and
assisted by sub-ordinate officers. A Controller of Accounts is placed in the Circle office to
look after the Financial and Accounting functions of the Circle. The duties of the Zonal
Officers are as follows :
• Overseeing the functioning of the jurisdictional Circle, Divisions and sub-divisions as

per specified parameters and regulations.

HESCOM
• Approving works both in the nature of maintenance works and Capital as per power
vested with him.
• Approval of Augmentation works within the powers vested with him.
• Monitoring of various works being undertaken in the jurisdictional area and ensuring
timely completion of the same.
• Rendering periodical statistical information to Head office.
service connections, prevention of theft of power, realization of revenue, redressal of
consumers grievances etc.,
• Initiating disciplinary actions against the officials who found guilty of offence, non-
performing etc., within the powers delegated.
ENERGY AUDITING
The Energy Audit identifies the area of leakage and wastage of energy. It helps to identify
suitable measures for reduction of T and D losses. As a part of Energy Audit and Accounting,
Out of 61,849 Distribution Transformers, 28,258 were metered. The company has planned to
provide meters on balance transformers by end of the year.
TARIFF
“A tariff is a tax imposed on the import or export of goods. In general parlance, however, a
tariff refers to “import duties” charged at the time goods are imported”.
Functions of Tariffs
Tariffs have three primary functions
• To serve as source of revenue.

• To protect domestic industries.
• To remedy trade distortions (punitive functions)
Applications of Tariffs
They are used to protect a nation’s industry. But tariffs are a barrier to international trade.
Other countries retaliate and impose their own tariffs. Over time, tariffs reduce business for
all countries.

HESCOM
CONCLUSION
A intern can use the knowledge gain in the college practically so that her ability to solve
problems can be understood. A intern can use both technical knowledge such as generation,
transmission and distribution etc. and non-technical such as communication, time
management, personality development and skill utilization so that a intern can grow both
technically and non-technically during its intern period and it can be carried out in her future.
The experience during the internship is so well that we had a supporting management. The
organization environment was good and well supportive in all the departments. Along with
gaining knowledge. Improved my practical knowledge in different departments such as in
transmission and distribution, inspection and testing of energy meter.So the internship is very
much useful for me to gain practical knowledge.
• Collection of primary data on operations and performance.

• Discussions with senior officers of HESCOM to know the operations& performance
and Key factors affecting the performance of HESCOM.
• Obtaining annual reports of HESCOM and analysing the same.
• Benchmarking the performance of HESCOM against better performing organization
in the power distribution (any one of the DISCOMs) through data collected from
secondary sources.
• Information collected was scrutinized, compiled and analyzed and the Report was
prepared based on the outcome of the analysis.

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HESCOM

ABOUT THE HESCOM

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 1

Organisation chart of corporate office

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 2

ABOUT THE DEPARTMENT

SLNO. YEAR NO.OF INSTALLATIONS

Energization of Drinking Water Installations

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 3

Electrification of Tandas, Villages and Houses

Energization of Electrification of Tandas, Villages and Houses

Energization of Ganga-Kalyan Installations

Energization of Ganga Kalyan Installation

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 4

Status regarding implementation of Niranthara Jyothi scheme in HESCOM:

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 5

Electrification of Houses under RGGVY Scheme

2 2011-12 2,53,739 2,19,371

3 2012-13 2,53,739 2,24,061

Bachat Lamp Yojana being Launched by BEE

2 BELAGAVI 1,27,954 3,94,045 5,21,999 17,04,134 256

3 BIJAPUR 1,13,954 1,95,902 3,09,837 8,97,543 135

4 SIRSI 58,587 2,50,727 3,09,314 10,61,495 159

5 HAVERI 1,29,154 1,61,359 2,90,513 7,74,590 116

6 BAGALKOT 89,933 1,93,582 2,83,515 8,64,261 130

7 CHIKKODI 64,255 1,24,224 1,88,479 5,61,151 84

TOTAL 7,34,131 17,44,223 24,78,354 77,11,023 1,157

Details of Bachat Lamp Yojana

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 6

TYPES OF ENERGY METERS

1-PHASE ENERGY METERS

Three basic types of energy meters

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 7

3-PHASE ENERGY METERS

• The mechanism of rotation of aluminum disc which is made to rotate at

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 8

METER TESTING LAB

3-PHASE HI-TECH ENERGY METER TEST

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 9

TEMPORARY ENERGY METER

Temporary energy meter

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 10

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 11

• FEATURES OF CONTROL RELAY PANEL:

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 12

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 13

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

IMPORTANCE OF SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 14

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 15

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 16

ii. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

Potential transformers are a parallel connected type of instrumental transformer. It is a

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 17

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 18

DEPT. OF EEE, JCE, BELAGAVI 19

• CONSERVATOR AND BREATHER

Conservator and breather