SSCE1793

DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
CHAPTER 1

FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL

EQUATIONS
LAST UPDATE: JANUARY 2019
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGE

1.1 Basic Definitions and Terminologies 3

1.2 Types of First Order ODEs and

Methods of Solution
1.2.1 Separable Equation 8
1.2.2 Homogenous Equation 13
1.2.3 Exact Differential Equation 18
1.2.4 Linear First Order Differential
26
Equations
1.2.5 The Bernoulli Equation 32

1.3 Applications of First ODEs

1.3.1 Newton’s Law of Cooling 35
1.3.2 Natural Growth and Decay 39
1.3.3 Electric Circuits Model 43
1.3.4 Vertical Motion – Newton’s 46
Second Law of Motion

2
1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGIES

➢ Differential equation

A differential equation is any equation which contains derivatives, either

ordinary derivatives or partial derivatives.

➢ Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE)

❖ Contains one or more dependent variables

❖ with respect to one independent variable

Examples:

y is the dependent variable,

which depends on one
independent variable, x.

➢ Partial Differential Equations (PDE)

❖ involve one or more dependent variables

❖ and two or more independent variables

Examples:

u – dependent variable
x, y – independent variables

3
 u – dependent variable
x, t – independent variables

u – dependent variable
x, y – independent variables

Can you determine which one is the DEPENDENT

VARIABLE and which one is the INDEPENDENT
VARIABLES from the following equations ???
𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 Dependent Variable:
+ =0 => 𝑤𝑥 + 𝑤𝑡 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑡
Independent Variable:

𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
2
+ + = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 => 𝑢𝑥𝑥 + 𝑢𝑥𝑦 + 𝑢𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
Dependent Variable:

Independent Variable:

➢ Order of Differential Equation

❖ Determined by the highest derivative

4
 ➢ Degree of Differential Equation

❖ Exponent of the highest derivative

More examples:

𝑑𝑦 2
a) ( ) + 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 Order : Degree:
𝑑𝑥

𝜕2 𝑢
b) + 𝑢2 = cos 𝑡 Order : Degree:
𝜕𝑡 2

𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕𝑤 2
c) +( ) + 𝑤 = 𝑒𝑥 Order : Degree:
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑥

4
𝜕3 𝑧 𝜕𝑧 2
d) ( ) +( ) +𝑧 =0 Order : Degree:
𝜕𝑦 3 𝜕𝑦

➢ Linear Differential Equations

❖ Dependent variables and their derivatives are of degree 1

❖ Each coefficient of the derivatives depends only on the
independent variable

5
Examples:

Linear

Nonlinear – because
dy
the derivative is
dx
not of degree 1

Nonlinear – why?

Nonlinear – why?

➢ Nonlinear Differential Equations

❖ Other than linear differential equations

➢ Initial & Boundary Value

Initial conditions: will be given on specified given point

Boundary conditions: will be given on some points

6
 Examples :

1) 𝑦(0) = 1 ; 𝑦 ′ (0) = 2 Initial condition

2) 𝑦(1) = 5 ; 𝑦(2) = 2 Boundary condition

➢ Initial Value Problems (IVP)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Initial Conditions:
+ 2 + 𝑦 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(0) = 0 ; 𝑦 ′ (0) = 1

➢ Boundary Value Problems (BVP)

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 Boundary Conditions:
+ 2 + 𝑦 + sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(0) = 1 ; 𝑦(1) = 2

7
1.2 FIRST ORDER ORDINARY DIFFERENTIAL
EQUATIONS (ODE)

Types of first order ODE

- Separable equation
- Homogenous equation
- Exact equation
- Linear equation
- Bernoulli Equation

1.2.1 SEPARABLE EQUATION

How to identify?

𝑑𝑦
Suppose 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑢(𝑥 )𝑣(𝑦)

Hence this become a SEPARABLE EQUATION if it can be written

as

𝑑𝑦
= 𝑢(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑣(𝑦)

Method of Solution: integrate both sides of equation

1
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑢(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑣(𝑦)

8
Before we proceed with the complete examples, let’s try to rewrite the
following functions into separable form:

9
Example 1:

Solve the initial value problem

𝑑𝑦 𝑦 cos 𝑥
= , 𝑦(0) = 1
𝑑𝑥 1 + 2𝑦 2

Solution:

i) Separate the functions

ii) Integrate both sides

iii) Use the initial condition given, 𝑦(0) = 1

iv) Final answer ln 𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = sin 𝑥 + 1

Note: Some DE may not appear separable initially but

through appropriate substitutions, the DE can be
separable.
10
Example 2:

𝑑𝑦
Show that the differential equation = (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 can be reduced to a separable
𝑑𝑥
equation by using substitution 𝑧 = 𝑥 + 𝑦. Then obtain the solution for the original
differential equation.

Solutions:

i) Differentiate both sides of the substitution wrt 𝑥

ii) Substitute into the DE

iii) Write into separable form

iv) Integrate the separable equation

11
 Questions from past year Test 1:

Solve the following differential equation.

1 𝑑𝑦
=𝑒 𝑥+𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥

12
1.2.2 HOMOGENOUS EQUATION

How to identify?

𝑑𝑦
Suppose 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = , 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) is homogenous if
𝑑𝑥

𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦)

for every real value of 𝜆

Method of Solutions:

i) Determine whether the equation homogenous or not

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
ii) Use substitution 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and =𝑣+𝑥 in the original DE
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

iii) Separate the variable 𝑥 and 𝑣

Separable
iv) Integrate both sides
equation
v) Use initial condition (if given) to find the constant value method

13
Example 1:

Determine whether the DE is homogenous or not

a) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
=
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)

b) 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 − 𝑦 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥

Solutions:

a) 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦2
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = =
𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(𝑥 + 𝑦)

𝑓(𝜆𝑥, 𝜆𝑦) =

b) 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = = + √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥

14
Example 2:

Solve the homogenous equation

(𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solutions:

Note: 15
Non-homogenous can be reduced to a homogenous equation by
using the right substitution.
Example 3:

Find the solution for this non-homogenous equation

𝑑𝑦 𝑦−2 (1)
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 5
by using the following substitutions
𝑥 = 𝑋 + 3, 𝑦 =𝑌+2 (2),(3)
Solutions:

16
Questions from past year Test 1

17
1.2.3 EXACT EQUATION

How to identify?

𝑀(𝑥,𝑦)
Suppose 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = − ,
𝑁(𝑥,𝑦)

Therefore the first order DE is given by

𝑑𝑦 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)
=−
𝑑𝑥 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)

=> ⏟
𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + ⏟
𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

Condition for an exact equation.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

Method of Solution (Method 1):

i) Write the DE in the form

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
And test for the exactness

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

ii) If the DE is exact, then

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (1), (2)
𝑀= , 𝑁=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

To find 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦), integrate (1) wrt 𝑥 to get

(3)
From (1) : 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙(𝑦)
18
 iii) To determine 𝜙(𝑦), differentiate (3) wrt 𝑦 to get
𝜕𝑢 𝜕
= [∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥] + 𝜙 ′ (𝑦) = 𝑁
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

iv) Integrate 𝜙 ′ (𝑦) to get 𝜙(𝑦)

v) Replace 𝜙(𝑦) into (3). If there is any initial conditions given,
substitute the condition into the solution.
vi) Write down the solution in the form
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴, where A is a constant

Method of Solution (Method 2):

i) Write the DE in the form

𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0
And test for the exactness

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

ii) If the DE is exact, then

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑢 (1), (2)
𝑀= , 𝑁=
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

iii) To find 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) from 𝑀, integrate (1) wrt 𝑥 to get

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜙1 (𝑦) (3)

iv) To find 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) from 𝑁, integrate (2) wrt 𝑦 to get

𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 + 𝜙2 (𝑥) (4)

v) Compare (3) and (4) to get value for 𝜙1 (𝑦) and 𝜙2 (𝑥).
vii) Replace 𝜙1 (𝑦) into (3) OR 𝜙2 (𝑥) into (4).
viii) If there are any initial conditions given, substitute the conditions
into the solution.
ix) Write down the solution in the form
19
𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝐴, where A is a constant
Example 1:

Solve (2𝑥𝑦 + 3) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Solution (Method 1):

20
21
Exercise :

Try to solve Example 1 by using Method 2

Note:
Some non-exact equation can be turned into exact
equation by multiplying it with an integrating factor.

22
Example 2:

Show that (𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is not exact. Then, by

multiplying both sides with the integrating factor, 𝜇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑥 , solve the
equation.

Solutions:

23
24
Questions from Past Year Test 1

25
1.2.4 LINEAR EQUATION

How to identify?

The general form of the first order linear DE is given by

𝑑𝑦
(𝟏) + 𝒑(𝒙) 𝑦 = 𝒒(𝒙) (1)
𝑑𝑥

Where 𝑝(𝑥 ) and 𝑞(𝑥 ) are functions in x NOTE:

Must be + here!!
Method of Solution :

i) Determine the value of 𝑝(𝑥 ) dan 𝑞 (𝑥 ) such that the

𝑑𝑦
coefficient of is 1.
𝑑𝑥
ii) Calculate the integrating factor, 𝜇(𝑥 )
𝜇(𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
iii) Write the equation in the form of
𝑑
[𝜇(𝑥 )𝑦] = 𝜇(𝑥 )𝑞(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝜇(𝑥 )𝑦 = ∫ 𝜇 (𝑥 ) 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥

iv) The general solution is given by

1
𝑦= ∫ 𝜇(𝑥 ) 𝑞(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝜇 (𝑥 )

26
Example 1:

Solve this first order DE

𝑑𝑦 1+𝑥 𝑒𝑥
+( )𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

Solution:

i) Determine 𝒑(𝒙) and 𝒒(𝒙)

ii) Find integrating factor, 𝝁(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

iii) Write down the equation

27
 iv) Final answer

𝑒𝑥 𝐶
𝑦= + 𝑥
2𝑥 𝑥𝑒

Note:
Non-linear DE can be converted into linear DE by using
the right substitution.

Example 2:

Using 𝑧 = 𝑦 2 , convert the following non-linear DE into linear DE.

𝑑𝑦
𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 2 = 1; 𝑦(1) = 1
𝑑𝑥

Solve the linear equation.

Solutions:

𝒅𝒚
i) Differentiate 𝒛 = 𝒚𝟐 to get and replace into the non-linear
𝒅𝒙
equation.

28
ii) Change the equation into the general form of linear equation
& determine 𝒑(𝒙) and 𝒒(𝒙)

iii) Find the integrating factor, 𝝁(𝒙) = 𝒆∫ 𝒑(𝒙)𝒅𝒙

29
iv) Find 𝒚

v) Use the initial condition given, 𝒚(𝟏) = 𝟏.

30
Questions from Past Year Test 1

31
1.2.5 BERNOULLI EQUATION

How to identify?

The general form of the Bernoulli equation is given by

𝑑𝑦 (1)
+ 𝑏(𝑥) 𝑦 = 𝑐(𝑥) 𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑥

where 𝑛 ≠ 0, 𝑛 ≠ 1
To reduce the equation to a linear equation, use substitution

𝑧 = 𝑦1−𝑛 (2)

Method of Solution :

i) Divide ( 1 ) with 𝑦 𝑛
𝑑𝑦 (3)
𝑦 −𝑛 + 𝑏(𝑥) 𝑦1−𝑛 = 𝑐(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑦
ii) Differentiate ( 2 ) wrt 𝑥 ( to get )
𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦
= (1 − 𝑛)𝑦 −𝑛
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑦 (4)
= 𝑦 −𝑛
(1 − 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

iii) Replace ( 4 ) into ( 3 )

1 𝑑𝑧
+ 𝑏(𝑥) 𝑧 = 𝑐(𝑥)
(1 − 𝑛) 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑧
(1 − 𝑛)𝑏(𝑥) 𝑧 = ⏟
+⏟ (1 − 𝑛)𝑐(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥)

iv) Solve using the linear equation solution

• Find integrating factor, 𝜇(𝑥) = 𝑒∫ 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑
• Solve (𝜇(𝑥) 𝑧) = 𝜇(𝑥) 𝑞(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
32
Example 1:

Solve
𝑑𝑦 1
+ 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑦4
𝑑𝑥 3
Solutions:

33
Questions from Past Year Final

34
1.3 APPLICATIONS OF THE FIRST ORDER ODE

1.3.1 The Newton’s Law of Cooling

The Newton’s Law of Cooling is given by the following equation

𝒅𝑻
= −𝒌(𝑻 − 𝑻𝒔 )
𝒅𝒕
where Do you know
𝒌 is a constant of proportionality what type of
𝑻𝒔 is the constant temperature of the surrounding DE is this?
medium

The general solution is given by:

35
Example 1:

According to Newton’s Law of cooling, the rate of change of the

temperature 𝑇 satisfies

𝑑𝑇
= −𝑘(𝑇 − 𝑇𝑠 )
𝑑𝑡

where 𝑇𝑠 is the ambient temperature, 𝑘 is a constant and 𝑡 is time in

minutes. When object is placed in room with temperature 10°C, it was
found that the temperature of the object drops from 90°C to 30°C in 30
minutes. Then determine the temperature of an object after 20 minutes.

Solution:

i) Determine all the information given.

Room temperature =
When 𝑡 = 0, 𝑇0 =
When 𝑡 = 30, 𝑇30 =

Question: Temperature after 20 minutes, 𝑡 = 20, 𝑇 = ?

ii) Find the solution for 𝑇(𝑡)

36
iii) Use the conditions given to find 𝐴 and 𝑘

iv) 𝑡 = 20, 𝑇 = ?

37
Exercise:

1. A pitcher of buttermilk initially at 25⁰C is to be cooled by setting it

on the front porch, where the temperature is 𝟎℃. Suppose that the
temperature of the buttermilk has dropped to 𝟏𝟓℃ after 20 minutes.
When will it be at 𝟓 ℃ ?

2. Just before midday the body of an apparent homicide victim is

found in a room that is kept at a constant temperature of 70⁰F. At
12 noon, the temperature of the body is 80⁰F and at 1pm it is 75⁰F.
Assume that the temperature of the body at the time of death was
98.6⁰F and that it has cooled in accord with Newton’s Law. What
was the time of death?

3. (Past Final)

4. (Past final)

38
1.3.2 Natural Growth and Decay

The differential equation

𝒅𝒙 Do you know
= 𝒌𝒙 what type of
𝒅𝒕 DE is this?
where
𝒌 is a constant
𝒙 is the size of population / number of dollars / amount of radioactive

The problems can be seen in the applications of:

1. Population Growth
2. Compound Interest
3. Radioactive Decay
4. Drug Elimination
5. Chemical reaction

Example 1:

A certain city had a population of 25000 in 1960 and a population of 30000

in 1970. Assume that its population will continue to grow exponentially
at a constant rate. What populations can its city planners expect in the
year 2000?

Solution:

1) Extract the information

39
2) Solve the DE

3) Use the initial & boundary conditions

40
Questions from Past Year Final

41
42
1.3.3 Electric Circuits - RC

Given that the DE for an RL-circuit is

𝒅𝑰
𝑳 + 𝑹𝑰 = 𝑬(𝒕) Do you know
𝒅𝒕
what type of
where
DE is this?
𝑬(𝒕) is the voltage source
𝑳 is the inductance
𝑹 is the resistance

CASE 1 : 𝑬(𝒕) = 𝑬𝟎 (constant)

𝑑𝐼 (1)
𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸0
𝑑𝑡

i) Write in the linear equation form

𝑑𝐼 𝑅 𝐸0
+ 𝐼=
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
𝑅 𝐸0
Hence, 𝑝(𝑡) = , 𝑞 (𝑡) =
𝐿 𝐿

ii) Find the integrating factor, 𝝁(𝒕)

𝑅
∫( 𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝜇 (𝑡) = 𝑒

𝑅𝑡⁄
=𝑒 𝐿

iii) Write down the equation as follows

𝑑 𝑅𝑡⁄ 𝑅𝑡 𝐸0
(𝑒 𝐿 𝐼) = (𝑒 ⁄𝐿 ) ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝐿

43
 iv) Integrate the equation to find 𝑰

𝑅𝑡⁄ 𝑅𝑡⁄ 𝐸0
(𝑒 𝐿 𝐼) = ∫ (𝑒 𝐿) ( ) 𝑑𝑡
𝐿

1 𝑅𝑡⁄ 𝐸0 𝐿 𝐸0 −𝑅𝑡
𝐼 = 𝑅𝑡⁄ [(𝑒 𝐿) ( ) ( ) + 𝐶] = + 𝐶𝑒 ⁄𝐿
𝑒 𝐿 𝐿 𝑅 𝑅

CASE 2 : 𝑬(𝒕) = 𝑬𝟎 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒘𝒕 or 𝑬(𝒕) = 𝑬𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒘𝒕

Consider 𝐸 (𝑡) = 𝐸0 sin 𝑤𝑡, the DE can be written as

𝑑𝐼
𝐿 + 𝑅𝐼 = 𝐸0 sin 𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑡

i) Write into the linear equation form and determine 𝒑(𝒕) and
𝒒(𝒕)

𝑑𝐼 𝑅 𝐸0
+ 𝐼= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿 𝐿
𝑅 𝐸0
Hence, 𝑝(𝑡) = , 𝑞 (𝑡) = sin 𝑤𝑡
𝐿 𝐿

ii) Find integrating factor, 𝝁(𝒕)

𝑅
∫( 𝐿 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝜇 (𝑡) = 𝑒
𝑅𝑡
= 𝑒 ⁄𝐿
iii) Write down the equation with the integrating factor

𝑑 𝑅𝑡⁄ 𝑅𝑡 𝐸0
(𝑒 𝐿 𝐼) = (𝑒 ⁄𝐿 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝐿

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 iv) Integrate the equation to find 𝑰

1 𝐸0 𝑅𝑡
𝐼=( 𝑅𝑡 )( ) ∫ (𝑒 ⁄𝐿 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡 (1)
𝑒 ⁄𝐿 𝐿

Use tabular method, or integration by parts to solve

𝑅𝑡⁄
∫ (𝑒 𝐿) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑡 𝑑𝑡. Then, substitute the results in (1) to
obtain a complete solution to I.

Example 1:

Two 9-volt batteries are connected to a series in which the inductance is

0.25 Henry and the resistance is 8 ohms. Determine the current, I(t) if the
initial current is zero. Then, determine I when 𝑡 → ∞ (steady state).

Example 2:

Consider the circuit given in the figure with R=4, L=2, and V=cos 3t. Find
the current, I(t) .

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 Vertical Motion – Newton’s Second Law of Motion

The Newton’s Second Law of Motion is given by

𝒅𝑽
𝒎 =𝑭
𝒅𝒕
Where
𝑭 is the external force
𝒎 is the mass of the body
𝒗 is the velocity of the body with the same direction with 𝑭
𝒕 is the time

Image from http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys311.old/lectures/freebody/freebody.html

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Example 1:

A parachutist falling towards earth with velocity v. His acceleration is given

by
dv
= 32 − 2v .
dt
Assume that the parachutist starts from rest (i.e at t = 0, v(0) = 0 ). Find the
velocity v = v(t) and the distance, x = x(t) that the parachutist has fallen
after t seconds.

Solution for v(t):

Solution for x(t):

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Example 2:

A particle moves vertically under the force of gravity, g against air

resistance 𝑘𝑣 2 , where 𝑘 is a constant. The movement of the particle is
govern by the differential equation

𝑑𝑣
= 𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣 2 .
𝑑𝑡

If the particle starts off from rest, show that the velocity of that particle at
any time t is given by:
𝜆(𝑒 2𝜆𝑘𝑡 − 1)
𝑣=
(𝑒 2𝜆𝑘𝑡 + 1)
𝑔
such that 𝜆 = √ . Then, find the velocity as the time approaches infinity.
𝑘

Solutions:

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