CEBU TRANSCENTRAL ROAD BRIDGE DESIGN

PROJECT :
LOCATION No. 27 SOIL SPRING AT ABUTMENT A & B
NAME OF BRIDGE BRIDGE 27 ABUTMENT A
BOREHOLE No. 1 BOREHOLE ELEVATION = 0.00 m.
CALCULATION OF SOIL SPRINGS FOR ABUTMENTS :
Check if Backwall will break:
f'c = 21 MPa fvc = 0.67 Mpa
vc = 0.17 *√ fc' MPa Vc = 1849.20 kN(Shear Cap of Conc.)
f= 0.85 for shear Bearing friction resistance force Bf: m= 0.40
t bkwll = 300 mm Bf = m*Fy = 327.74 kN
from Staad Analysis: (No Release of Fx)
@ jt # 1
Fx = 1428.27 kN (LOAD # 2)
Fy = 819.35 kN (LOAD # 1)
Vc = 1849.20 > Fx = 1428.27 kN
Conclusion:
Since Vc is less than Fx so backwall will break!
A. Basic Data :
Backwall Height from top of coping : 2.500 m
Backwall Length : 9.200 m
Wingwall Height (@ Backwall) : 4.300 m
Wingwall Height (@ End) : 4.300 m
Wingwall Length (Inside) : 3.000 m
Number of Piles : 2
Ks_ Soil : [47000] 47,000.00 kN/m^3 Longitudinal
Ks_ Soil: [102000] 102,000.00 kN/m/m Transverse
Ks_Pile : = 3EI/L 3
= 15,000.00 kN/m/pile Long'l and Transv.

B. Calculations :

Part 1 : Calculate Spring Constants KFx and KFz

1.1 LONGITUDINAL :

Soil : Ks_soil x Backwall Length x coping height 1,081,000.00 kN/m

Pile : Ks_ piles x Number 30,000.00 kN/m

Assume soil acts 1/2 @ each abutment :

Kavg. = Soil/2 + 0.75*Pile 563,000.00 kN/m

FINAL VALUE USED ( KFx ) : 32,000.00 kN/m

(Must not be greater than Kavg.)
1.2 TRANSVERSE :
Soil : Ks_soil x 2/3 Wingwall Length = 204,000.00 kN/m
Pile : Ks_piles x Number = 30,000.00 kN/m
Assume 1 wall is fully effective and the other wall only 1/3 effective :
Kavg. = 4/3 Soil + 0.75*Pile 294,500.00 kN/m
FINAL VALUE USED ( KFz ) : 80,000.00 kN/m
 CEBU TRANSCENTRAL ROAD BRIDGE DESIGN
PROJECT :
LOCATION No. 27 SOIL SPRING AT ABUTMENT A & B

Part 2 : Soil Pressure and Displacement Check on Abutment

(Use data from STAAD III STRESS ANALYSIS )
1.1 LONGITUDINAL LOADING - SOIL PRESSURE CHECK :
(Use Forces from STAAD III LOAD COMBINATION : 1.0 x LONG'L. + 0.30 x TRANS.)
EQ.= Max. of Abutment Horizontal Forces x 2
EQ. (Abutment A) = 1,428.27 kN
EQ. (Abutment B) = 1,421.44 kN
EQ. = 2,856.54 kN
Calculated Abutment Displ. (x-trans.) = 0.0446 m
Soil Force = EQ. - Total Pile Force = 1,189.81 kN
Total Pile Force = 0.75*Ks_piles x No. of Piles x Calc. Abut. Displ.(x-trans)
= 1338.99 kN
Max. Allowable Soil Pressure (0.65*370) = 239.00 kN/m²
Calculated Soil Pressure = Soil Force/(Wall Ht x Wall Lt 51.73 kN/m²
ABUTMENT CAPACITY EXCEEDED ? NO
NOTE :If capacity is exceeded , reduce abutment stiffness and re-calculate forces.
1.2 LONGITUDINAL LOADING - DISPLACEMENT CHECK :
Max. Allow. Long'l. Displ.(0.20ftor 0.061m from Experi 0.0610 m
Calculated Abutment Displ. (x-trans.) = 0.0446 m
ALLOW. DISPLACEMENT EXCEEDED ? NO
NOTE If the displacement is excessive , abutment stiffness is too low.

2.1 TRANSVERSE LOADING - SOIL PRESSURE CHECK :

(Use Forces from STAAD III LOAD COMBINATION : 0.30 x LONG'L. + 1.0 x TRANS.)
EQ. = Max. of Abutment Horizontal Forces
EQ. (Abutment A) = 1,332.52 kN
EQ. (Abutment B) = 1,218.35 kN
EQ. = 1,332.52 kN
Calculated Abutment Displ. (z-trans.) = 0.0167 m
Soil Force = EQ. - Total Pile Force = -279.34 kN
Total Pile Force = 1611.86 kN
Calculate Effective Wall Area :
Assume Awi is fully effective and Awe is only 1/3 effective :
Awi = ( Wingwall Ht. + Wingwall Ht. @ Backwall) x Wingwall Length/2
= 12.90 m²
Awe = Awi / 3 = 4.30 m²
Max. Allowable Soil Pressure = 239.00 kN/m²
Calculated Soil Press. = Soil Force / [2/3(Awi+Awe)] = -24.36 kN/m²
ABUTMENT CAPACITY EXCEEDED ? NO
NOTE :If capacity is exceeded , reduce abutment stiffness and re-calculate forces.
2.2 TRANSVERSE LOADING - DISPLACEMENT CHECK :
Allow. Max. Trans. Displ. = 0.0610 m
Calculated Abut. Displ. (z-trans) = 0.0496 m

ALLOW. DISPLACEMENT EXCEEDED ? NO

 CEBU TRANSCENTRAL ROAD BRIDGE DESIGN
PROJECT :
LOCATION No. 27 SOIL SPRING AT ABUTMENT A & B
NOTE If the displacement is excessive , abutment stiffness is too low.
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DESIGN OF PIER 1, COLUMNS, COPING PILE CAP AND BORED PILE CAPACITY

4.4.1.5 DESIGN OF MEMBERS

Design Parameters
Steel = 76.9 KN/m³
Concrete = 24 KN/m³
Compacted Soil = 19 KN/m³
Loose Soil = 16 KN/m³
Allow. Comp. Strength, f'c = 21 MPa (3000psi)
Allow. Comp. Stress (flexure),fc = 0.4f'c MPa
Allow. Shear Stress, vc = 0.17sqr[f'c] MPa
Yield Strength , fy Ø 16 Below = 276 MPa (Grade 40)
Yield Strength , fy Ø 20 Above = 414 MPa (Grade 60)
Allowable Capacity of 0.40 x 0.40 = 50 Tons
Reinf. Conc. Piles

4.4.1.5.1 Design of Column

A. Dead Load Forces @ Support:

Z

x
D= 1800

Column Height = 6.00 m

Governing Loads from STAAD OUTPUT

B. Forces Due to Earthquake:

Load case 1 ( 1.00 Longi + 0.30 Trans)
Load case 2 ( 0.30 Longi + 1.00 Trans)
SUMMARY OF EARTHQUAKE FORCES
FORCES FX FY FZ MX MX MY MZ
Dead load 42.34 2486.88 183.42 390.55 2.61 292.1
Longi. 1487.88 161.54 16.37 34.69 61.04 10080.6
Trans. 161.62 4350.51 2346.55 7558.95 233.40 540.5
Case 1 1536.37 1466.69 720.34 2302.38 131.06 10242.7
Case 2 607.98 4398.97 2351.46 7569.36 251.71 3564.6
Note : Reference Axes- Global Axes
See STAADpro Output ,Node 38
C. Stream Flow: Where:
Ps = 0.515 (kv²) k = 0.67
= 5.14 kPa v = 3.86 m/s(assumeD)
MEFL = 102.93 m
OWL = 99.36 m
Top of Ftg. Elev. = 97.16 m

Effective Area :
Aeff = 6.43 m²
Vzs = 33.04 kN
Mxs = 131.65 kN.m
Modified Design Forces = 1.0 (DL + B + E + EQM)
Response Modification Factor
R = 3 --> for single column
= 5 --> for double/multiple column

D. Preliminary Design of Column:

By Investigation :
1. Load Case 1- 1.0(DL+B+SF+E+EQM/R)
Pu = 2486.88 ± 1466.69
Pu min = 1020.19 KN
Pu max = 3953.57 KN
Mx = 982.68 kN.m Note: Add Stream Flow Forces
Mz = 2340.67 kN.m
Design Moment , Mu = sqrt[ (Mz)² + (Mx)²]

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= 2538.58 kN.m ( Elastic Moment)

Vx = 1578.71 KN
Vz = 936.79 KN

Vu = sqrt[(Vx)² + (Vz)²]

= 1835.73 kN ( Elastic Shear)

2 Load Case 2 -1.0(DL+B+SF+E+EQM/R)

Pu = 2486.88 ± 4398.97
Pu min = -1912.09 KN
Pu max = 6885.85 KN
Mx = 2036.07 kN.m
Mz = 1005.05 kN.m

Design Moment , Mu = sqrt[(Mz)² + (Mx)²]

= 2270.62 kN.m ( Elastic Moment) Thus,Case 1 Governs !!

Vx = 650.32 KN
Vz = 2567.92 KN

Vu = sqrt[(Vx)² + (Vz)²]

= 2648.99 kN ( Elastic Shear) Thus, Case 2 Governs !!

E. Check for Slenderness:

K = 1.20
Lu , m (unsupported L.) = 6
Column shape = circular
Diameter,m = 1.80
Mom. of inertia, Ir=(PiD^4)/64 = 0.52
Gross Area, Ag , mm^2 = 2.54
r = ( Ir / Ag )^0.50 = 0.45
Ec, Kn / m^2 = 2.3E+7
Cm = 1
phi , f = 0.75
EI = (Ec I/2.5)/(1+B) = 4.7E+6
Pc = Pi^2 EI /(kLu)^2 = 895564.15079

Pu = factored axial load = 3232.944

f Pc = 671673
If (kLu) / r > 22 consider slenderness effect
(kLu) / r = 16
Moment Mod. Factor , d = 1.000
Therefore: SHORT COLUMN

CALCULATE THE MAXIMUM AXIAL STRESS:

Max. Axial Force (KN) = 6885.85 Ac = (Phi) * (Dc)^2/4

Column Width (mm) = 1800 Dc = out to out dimension of spiral.
Bar Size (mm) = 36 conc. cover = spiral clear cover
No. of Bars = 40
Conc. Cover (mm) = 95
Ac (mm^2) = 2035831
Max.axial stress(Mpa) 3.38 = max. axial force x 10^3 / Ac

Determine Reduction factor: F

fc' = 21 MPa

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0.20fc' = 4.2 MPa

Max. Axial Stress (MPa)= 3.38 MPa
IF :
Max. axial stress > = 0.20fc',Then F = 0.50
Max. axial stress < 0.20fc', Then F = 0.90 - Max. axial stress (0.40/0.20fc')
= 0.58

Note : See Computer (PCA Col) Results for Design of Column

Summary of Forces

Case 1 : (1.00 Longi. + 0.30 Trans.) + DL+SF Case 2 : (0.30 Longi. + 1.00 Trans.) +DL+SF
EQM EQM
Pu min = 1020.19 KN Pu min = -1912.09 KN
Pu max = 3953.57 KN Pu max = 6885.85 KN
d Mu = 2538.58 kN.m (Elastic Mo.) d Mu = 2270.62 kN.m (Elastic Moment)
Vu = 1835.73 kN (Elastic Shear) Vu = 2648.99 kN (Elastic Shear)

F. Forces Resulting from Plastic Hinging o0f Column:

Center of Mass

1.30 Mn
h
l a

Vl Vr
1.30 Mn

PDl - Dr PDl + Dr
Input Data :
a = 5.50 m
l = 6.00 m PDll = 2486.88 Kn
h = 8.73 m PDlr = 2486.88 Kn
Mnl = 11080.73 Kn-m Result from PCA COL (Dead load @ Left Column)
Mnr = 11080.73 Kn-m Result from PCA COL (Dead load @ Right Column)
Mpl = 14404.95 Kn-m
Mpr = 14404.95 Kn-m
Procedure:
Step No.1 ; Mp = 1.30 Mn
Step No.2 ; Vl=Vr = Sum 1.30 Mn/ l
Step No.3 ; Dr =((Vl+Vr)*h - Sum 1.30Mn)/a

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Step Mp= 1.30Mn Column Shear Forces Dr Col. Axial Forces %

Left Right Left Right Total Left Right
1 14404.95 14404.95 2486.88 2486.88
2 4801.65 4801.65 9603.30
3 7380.23 15283.16 10010.13 -7523.25 12497.01
4 2460.08 5094.39 7554.46
5 9155.77 15753.56 7874.50 -5387.62 10361.38 -21.33
6 3051.92 5251.19 8303.11
7 8519.55 15609.04 8654.86 -6167.98 11141.74 9.91
8 2839.85 5203.01 8042.86
9 8741.38 15662.48 8383.59 -5896.71 10870.47 -3.13
10 2913.79 5220.83 8134.62
11 8479.23 -5992.35 10966.11 1.14

Note: OK

Summary:
Axial Forces :
Elastic = 2486.88 ± 1466.69 kN Load case 1
Pmax = 3953.57 kN
Pmin = 1020.19 kN
Elastic = 2486.88 ± 4398.97 kN Load case 2
Pmax = 6885.85 kN
Pmin = -1912.09 kN
Plastic = 2486.88 ± 8479.23 kN
Pmax = 10966.11 kN
Pmin = -5992.35 kN
Shear Forces:
Elastic = 2648.99 kN Load Case 2
Plastic = 5220.83 kN

G. Column Shear And Transverse Reinforcement

1. Factored Design Shear
Vd = Elastic Shear Governs
= 2648.99 kN

Mp = Moment Due to Plastic Hinging

= 15662.48 kN.m
Vp = Shear Due to Plastic Hinging
= 5220.83 kN
Where:
Vu = 2648.99 kN
vu = Vu ; where
Ø bd
= 1.22 MPa
Where: Ø = 0.85
Bar Dia. = 36 mm
Spiral Dia. = 16 mm
Cover = 50 mm
Effec. d = 1419 mm
dc, Core dia. = 1700 mm
b = 1800 mm
fy = 276 mpa Grade 60
fc' = 21 mpa
Ag = 2544690 mm²
Ac = 2269801 mm²
2. Stresses Carried by Concrete
Vc = 0.17sqrt [fc']
= 0.76 MPa < vu = 1.22 MPa Provide Spiral Ties
Note: If vu < vc , Provide min. Shear Reinforcement,
otherwise compute the Required Shear Reinforcement.

3. Total Shear Reinforcement, Av

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Try Ø = 16 @ 100 mm
Av = [ (vu - vc ) x b x S ] / fy
= 297.26 mm²
Av / 2 = 148.63 mm²
Use : 16 mm Dia. Bars Ab = 201.06 mm²
@ 100 mm Pitch @ Outside Region
----> For outside Column End Region
4. Column at End Region
Dimension of Column @ End Region
- Max Cross-Section = 1800 mm
- 1/6 Clear Height = 1000 mm
- 450 mm (18 inches) = 450 mm
Note:
Use 1800 mm From Top and Bottom of Column

5. Check for Minimum Stress:

P DLt
Stress min. =
Col. Area
= 0.40 MPa < 0.10 fc'= 2.10 MPa
Note: Since, Min concrete stress @ Column End region is less than 0.10 fc'
Stress carried by concrete is zero,otherwise vc =0.166 sqrt (fc').
Total Shear Reinforcement, Using , s= 50 mm Pitch
Av = ( Vu-Vc) b. s
fy
= 148.63 mm ²
Area per Leg; ½ Av = 74.315 mm²
16 mm Dia. Bars Ab = 201.062 mm²
@ 50 mm Pitch @ End Region
Transverse Reinforcement for Confinement @ Plastic Hinging
r1 = 0.45 [ Ag/Ac - 1] fc'/fy = 0.0041
or r2 = 0.12 fc'/fy = 0.0091
Use r = 0.0091 Governs!

6. DetermineCross Sectional Area of Spiral

Try S = 50 mm (Spacing of Spiral)
Asp = r S x dc / 4
= 194.02 mm²
16 mm Dia. Bars Ab = 201.06 mm²
Therefore: @ 50 mm Pitch
For Outside Region , Use :
16 mm Dia. Spiral @ 100 mm
For End Region , Use :
16 mm Dia. Spiral @ 50 mm

4.4.1.5.2 Stability of Pile Footings:

[GIVEN DATA]
Unit Wt. of Soil , gc = 19.00 KN/m³ Pile Length = 16.00 m
Unit Wt. of Conc. gc = 24.00 KN/m³ Diameterof Col.= 1.80 m
Total Height of Column (H) = 6.00 m Length of Coping = 9.12 m

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Height of ,Soil @ Top of Ftg. (df) = 2.20 m Ht. of Coping = 1.80 m

Dimension of piles= 1.40 m
[INPUT DATA] PROPERTIES D= 1.40m
a) Foundation b) CIDHPILES
L = 10.60 m D= 1.40m
B = 7.60 m
h = 2.00 m
Pile Section

A. Loads Working on Foundation (from Computer Output) --> PCACOL

From Plastic Hinging of Column:
Consider Longitudinal Direction
Dead Load Reac. @ Super, Pdl = 4973.76 kN
Dead Load @ Foundation, Fdl = 3866.88
Weight of Soil @ Top of Ftg. = 2656.57
Total Axial Load , DL = 11497.21 kN
Shear Force, V Vp = 3671.45 kN Elastic Shear
Probable Plastic Moment, Mp = 21813.81 kN. m Elastic Moment Governs
Ø = 1.80 m

D1
Vp
h= 2.00 Mp

B = 7.60

FIG. - 1 : Pier Footing

1. Total Moment @ Center & Bottom of Footing

Moment @ Top of Ftg. = 21813.8 kN-m
Due to Shear Force = 7342.9 kN-m
Total = 29156.7 kN-m
B. Constant of Pile Foundation
L : Pile Length = 16.00 m
D : Dimension of conc. piles = 1.40 m
Ep : Elastic modulus of piles = 2.5E+7 kPa
Ap : Net area of the pile = 1.539 m²
Ix : Mom. of Inertia @ Long. Sect. = 0.189 m^4
Iy : Mom. of Inertia @ Trans. Sect. = 0.189 m^4
b : Characteristic value of the pile foundation

b = ( kH D / 4 E I )^¼ m-1
1. Horizontal subgrade reaction coefficient , kH

N = 14 ( 1/ b = 4.80 m , Is it OK?)
a = 1 (Ordinary Time)
2 (During Earthquake)

E0 = 28 N * 98067 = 38442 k Pa

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2. Ordinary Time

BH = [ ( 4 Ep I D³ ) / ( ( 1 / 0.3 )¼ * a ^(4/29)
= 2.592 m

kH0 = 1 / 0.3 * a * Eo = 128141 kN/m³

kH = kH0 ( BH / 0.3 )^¾ = 25427 kN/m³

_1
b = [ ( kH D ) / ( 4 Ep I ) ] ^¼ ¼ = 0.208 m

Check for BH :
BH = ( D/ b )½ = 2.592 m ... OK
1/b = 4.799 m

b L = 3.334 ..... Long Pile

3. During Earthquake

KH = 25,427 x 2 = 50855 kN/m³

=
b = [ ( kH D ) / ( 4 Ep I ) ]¼ = 0.248 m-1

4. Pile - Axial Spring Coefficient

KV = a Ap Ep / L = 1826841 kN/m
a = 0.013 ( L /D ) + 0.61 = 0.759 CIDHP

5. Spring Coefficient perpendicular to Pile axis

During Earthquake
For Short Pile Only
where : 1 < bi < 3 =1< 3.334 > 3
Ø1^c = 1
Ø2^c Ø3^c = 1
Ø4^c = 1
K1 = 4 Er I b 3 x Ø1^c = 287316 kN/m
K2 , K 3 = 2 Er I b 2 x Ø2^c = 579711 kN/rad , N/m
K4 = 2 Er I b x Ø4^c = 2339337 kN/rad

6. Pile Reaction, Displacement and Moment

In case, all piles are vertical and arranged symmetrically, the displacement
analysis formula is simplified as follows:
Where :
Pni = Axial reaction of (i)th row of piles. (ton/Pile)
Ph = Lateral reaction of piles. (ton/Pile)
Mt = Bending moment @ top of piles. (ton . m/Pile)
Mm = Maximum bending moment @ subgrade of piles when pile top connection
get hinged. (ton . m/Pile)
dx = Horizontal displacement of pile foundation. (m)
n = Total no. of Piles. (pcs)
V = Total vertical load on the pile foundation. (ton)
H = Total horizontal load on the pile foundation. (ton)
Xi = Distance from the center of footing to the ith pile (m)

1
l - h+
b
h - Length of pile above ground. (m)
Where:
V M + ½. l . H . ( h + 1/ b )
Pni = + * Xi
n n K2²
S ( Xi² ) + . ( K4 - )
Kv K1
H
Ph =
n Mt
1

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Mt = { M - S ( Pni . Xi )}
n
n K 2
H + * M
Kv . S ( Xi² + nK 4 )
dx =
(n K1)²
n K1 -
Kv S ( Xi² + nk4 )

Maximum Bending Moment @ Underground, Mmf

when pile top is fixed:
Ph b. Lmf Mmf
Mmf = . [(1+2 b ( h + ho )]² + 1 * e¯
2 b
where: Lmf
1 1 1
Lmf = tan¯ *
b 1 + 2 b . (h + ho)

Maximum Bending Moment @ Underground, Mmh

when pile top is hinged:

PH b. Lmh Mmh
Mmh = * [(1+2 b ( h + ho )]² + 1 * e ¯
2 b Lmh
where:
1 1 1
Lmh = tan¯ *
b (1 + 2 b . h )

C. Displacement and Reaction of Pile Foundation

(In case of symmetrically arranged vertical piles)

Input Data: @ Longitudinal Direction

a) Total Force on Pile Foundation Due to Modified Design Forces:

CASE-1 CASE-2 CASE-3 CASE-4

V (tf) 1171.99
H (tf) 374.26
M (tfm) 2972.14

b) Constant :

K1 = 29288 tf/m
K2=K3 = 59094 tf/rad , tf/m
K4 = 238464 tm/m
KV = 186222 tf/m
b = 0.25 m-1
h = 0.00 m
c) Arrangement of Piles :

ROW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL

Xi 2.10 0.00 -2.10

Xi² 4.41 4.41 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! 0.00 #VALUE!
No. 3 0 3 6
ROW

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Xi
Xi²
No.

D. Results of Analysis :
a) Reaction and Displacement :
CASE-1 CASE-2 CASE-3 CASE-4

PN1(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! Note : 1tf = 10kN

PN2(tf)
PN3(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PN4(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PN5(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PN6(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PN7(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PN8(tf)
PN9(tf)
PN10(tf)
Ph (tf) 0.0 #VALUE! 62.4 0.0
Mt(tfm) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

dx (m) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

b) Maximum Moment Under- ground

CASE-1 CASE-2 CASE-3 CASE-4
h0 (m) #VALUE! #VALUE!
Mmf(tfm) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Mmh(tfm) 0.00 #VALUE! -81.15 0.00
Lmf(m) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Lmh(m) 3.17 3.17 3.17 3.17
E. Point Bearing Capacity of Piles :
a) Ultimate Capacity of Pile, Ru
Ru = Qs + Qt Ru = Ultimate Baring Capacity (ton)
Qs = Ultimate shaft resistance (ton/pile)
= u S ( li . fi )
Qt = Ultimate tip resistance (ton/pile)
= qd . A
qd = Ultimate Bearing Capacity per unit area
= @ tip of pile. (ton /m²)
u = Circumference of pile. (m)
= 4.398 m
A = Area of pile tip = 1.539 m²
li = Stratum depth with the skin friction taken into account. (m)
fi = Skin Resistance. (t/m²)
= 2 .N (Sandy Soil) =< 100
= 10 .N (Cohesive Soil) =< 150
li = Depth of Strata
qd = qd .Ñ
N
Ñ = N1 + N2 = 60
2 Use 40
Ñ = Average N-value (N = 40 max.)
N1 = N-Value @ pile tip = 60
N2 = Mean N-value within range of 4 d above the pile tip
60
30

qd 20

N in case of an open-end steel pipe

10

0
5
7.5
EQUIVALENT EMBEDDED DEPTH IN BEARING LAYER

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PILE DIAMETER
FIG. 2 (qd/N) vs. EMBEDDED DEPTH RATIO
When embedded depth into bearing layer, ld = 0.50 m
ld/D = 0.4
qd/N = 11.43 from Fig. 2
qd = 11.43 x 40
457.14 t/m²
ULTIMATE SHAFT RESISTANCE
Borehole No. 1
Depth Soil Classification li Ñ fi li . fi
(m) (m) (SPT) (kPa)
0.0 - 0.00
0.0 - 0.00 Silty Sands 0 0 0 0
4.0 - 4.00 Silty Sands 0 14 28 0
4.0 - 4.50 Silty Sands 0.5 14 28 14
4.5 - 6.00 Silty Sands 1.5 16 32 48
6.0 - 7.50 Silty Sands 1.5 18 36 54
7.5 - 9.00 Silty Sands 1.5 20 40 60
9.0 - 10.50 Silty Sands 1.5 23 46 69
10.5 - 12.00 Silty Sands 1.5 31 62 93
12.0 - 13.50 Silty Sands 1.5 60 120 100
13.5 - 15.00 CORING 1.5 100 200 200
15.0 - 16.50 CORING 1.5 100 200 200
16.5 - 18.00 CORING 1.5 100 200 200
18.0 - 19.50 CORING 1.5 100 200 200
-
S li fi = 1238
Qs = u S ( li . fi ) = 5445.02 kN
Qt = qd . A = 6903.48 kN
Ru = Qs + Qt = 12348.499 kN = 1258.77 Ton
Ru = 1258.77 Ton
Ultimate Capacity = 1258.77 #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
12587.6642 kN #VALUE! kN
Note : For sand/gravel layer, corrected n - value is 0.60 n -obtained
For cobbles/gravel layer, corrected n-value is computed using
the min. last 2 blow n-obtained multiply by 2
b.) Ultimate Uplift Capacity, Pu
Pu = Qs + Wp
Wp = Weight of Pile
= 45.36 ton/Pile
Qs = 555.05 ton/Pile

Pu = 600.41 ton/Pile = 600.00 #VALUE! #VALUE! ton #VALUE!

6004.10 kN/pile 6000.00 kN #VALUE! kN

4.4.1.5.3 Design of Pile Footing:

@ Longitudinal Direction:
A B
0.10Ø = 0.18 Ø = 1.80 m

//\\ Nat. Grd Line

////////\\\\\//////\\ ////\\\\/////\\\\
df = 2.20 2.90 2.90

h = 2.00

1 3
1.70 2.10 2.10 1.70

B = 7.60 m

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DESIGN OF PIER 1, COLUMNS, COPING PILE CAP AND BORED PILE CAPACITY

PN1 PN2 PN3

Fig 3 - Model for the Design of Footing @ Longitudinal Direction
A. Loads for Design of Footing (Section A-A)
Forces Pile No.
PN1 = #VALUE! kN 3
PN2 = #VALUE! kN 0
PN3 = #VALUE! kN 3
1. Bottom Bars 6
Moment @ Section (A-A) Forces Pile No. x Moment
kN (pcs) (m) (kN.m)
Pile Reaction, PN1 = #VALUE! 3 1.38 #VALUE!
Wt. of Soil, Ws = 823.96 1.54 -1268.9
Wt. of Ftg., Wc1 = 1123.58 1.54 -1730.3
TOTAL = #VALUE!
Mu per Meter Strip = #VALUE!
2. Top Bars
Moment @ Section (B-B)
Forces Pile No. x Moment
kN (pcs) (m) (kN.m)
PileReaction, PN3 = #VALUE! 3 1.38 #VALUE!
Wt. of Soil, Ws = -823.96 1.54 -1268.90
Wt. of Ftg., Wc1 = -1123.58 1.54 -1730.32
TOTAL = #VALUE!
B. Section and Reinforcement Mu per Meter Strip = #VALUE!
1. Arrangement of Reinforcement, Bottom Bars
Mu = #VALUE! kN . m/m
fc' = 21 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
Bottom d = #VALUE! - 246.00 = #VALUE! mm
ø = 0.90
Check for Cracking Moment of Section where:
frIg fr = 7.5 fc' (Psi)
Mcr = = 410.79 Psi
yt = 2.832 MPa
Ig = 0.667 m4
yt = 1.00 m

Mcr = 1888.27 kN-m

1.2 Mcr = 2265.93 kN-m #VALUE! #VALUE! kN-m
Use #VALUE! kN-m
Rn = Mu/øbd²
= #VALUE!
m = 0.85 . fc' Substi:
fy As = r bd
= 0.0431 As = #VALUE! mm²
r = m - m² - 2mRn Try Ø = 28 Ab = 615.7536 mm²
fy s = Ab*1000/As
= #VALUE! s = #VALUE! mm say 150 mm

Thus, provide Ø 28 mm @ 150 mm for bottom bars.

2. Arrangement of Reinforcement, Top Bars

Mu = #VALUE! kN . m/m
fc'= 21 MPa
fy= 414 MPa
Top d = #VALUE! - 94 = #VALUE! mm
ø= 0.90
Check forCracking Moment of Section
Mcr = 1888.27 kN-m
1.2 Mcr = 2265.93 kN-m > #VALUE! kN-m
1.33 x As Req'd = #VALUE! kN-m
Mu Use Mu = #VALUE! kN-m
Rn =
øbd²
= #VALUE!
m = 0.85 . fc'
fy

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= 0.0431
r = m - m² - 2mRn
fy
= #VALUE!
Substi:
As = r bd
= #VALUE! mm²
Try Ø 28 Ab = 615.7536 mm²
s = Ab*1000/As
s = #VALUE! mm say 150 mm

Thus, Provide Ø 28 mm @ 150 mm for Top bars.

C. Check for Shear 3.08

0.10Ø = 0.18
Ø = 1.80 m
1.33 1.75
Nat.Grd. Line
///\\\\////\\\\/// ///\\\\////\\\\///\\
df = 2.20 Ws1 2.90 2.90

h = 2.00 wc1

1 3
1.70 2.10 2.10 1.70
B = 7.60

PN1 PN2 PN3

Computation of Shear @ "d" distance from face of support, Vud
FORCES (kN)
Pile Reaction, PN1 = #VALUE!
Wt. oVud per meter Strip Ws1 = -823.96
Wt. of Ftg., Wc1 = -1123.58
Vu "d" = #VALUE! kN
= #VALUE! kN where:
Vu = #VALUE! kN Allow. Vc = 0.166 fc' b d d = #VALUE! mm
Vn = Vu/ø = #VALUE! kN b = 1000mm mm
= #VALUE! kN #VALUE! #VALUE! kN #VALUE! ø = 0.85

SUMMARY OF ULTIMATE LOADS & STRESSES ON EACH PILES

Max. Axial Load(kN) Min. Axial Load (kN) Hor. Shear (kN)
Loading Remarks
Comp. Ult.cap Comp. Ult.cap Comp. Ult.cap
Grp- VII (owl) #VALUE! 12348.50 #VALUE! 5886.00 611.91 1652.49 #VALUE!

@ Transverse Direction:
2.55 5.50 2.55

\\\\///\\ \\////////\\\///\\\\\ ///\\\\\///\\\

df= 2.20 m Ws
Vl Pl Ml Vr Pr Mr

h= 2.00 m
Ml Mr
Wf
Pt. "o"

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PN1 PN2 PN3

2.00 3.30 3.30 2.00
W= 10.60 m
Fig 4: Model for Stability of Footing (Transverse Direction)

A. Forces Resulting from Plastic Hinging

Pl = -5992.35 kN Pr = 10966.11 kN
Vl = 3051.92 kN Vr = 5251.19 kN
Ml = 8741.38 kN.m Mr = 15753.56 kN.m
Note: Elastic Moment Governs !!
Dead Load @ Foundation, Wf = 3866.88 kN

Weigth of Soil @ Top of Ftg.,Ws = 2656.57 kN

SUMMARY OF FORCES
Load Forces (kN) L.A Moment @ Pt. "o"
Fz Fy (m) R.M O.M
Ws 2656.6 5.30 14079.8
Wf 3866.9 5.30 20494.5
0.5wtg of Ctr pile 453.6 0.47 211.7
Pl -5992.4 8.05 48238.4
Vl 3051.9 2.00 6103.8
Ml - 8741.4
Pr 10966.1 2.55 27963.6
Vr 5251.2 2.00 10502.4
Mr - 15753.6
TOTAL 8303.1 11950.8 - 62749.6 89339.6
Note: Reference Axis- Global Axis

B. Location of Resultant Force

2.55 5.50 2.55

0.10Ø = 0.18
1.83

//\\ ///\\\\ ///\\\ //// \\\\////\\\ \\\// \\\///\\\//

df= 2.20 Pl Ws Pr
Vl Pl Vr Pr
Ml Mr
h= 2.00 Ml Mr
Wf
Wf
Pt. "o"

PN1 PN2 PN3

2.00 3.30 3.30 2.00
L = 10.60 m

1. x = RM - OM
Fy
= -2.22 m
e = L/2 - x
= 7.52 m

2. Total Moment @ Center & Bottom of Footing

Moment @ Bottom of Footing = Fy x e
= 89,929 kN-m

C. Displacement and Reaction of Pile Foundation

(In case of symmetrically arranged vertical piles)
1. Total Force on Pile Foundation Due to Modified Design Forces:
CASE-1 CASE-2 CASE-3 CASE-4

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V (tf) 1218.23
H (tf) 846.39
M (tfm) 9167.12

2. Constant :
K1 = 29288 tf/m
K2=K3 = 59094 tf/rad , tf/m
K4 = 238464 tm/m
KV = 186222 tf/m
b = 0.25 m-1
h = 0.00 m

3. Arrangement of Piles :
ROW 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TOTAL

Xi 3.30 0.00 -3.30

Xi² 10.89 0.00 10.89 #VALUE!
No. 2 2 2 6

ROW 8 9

Xi
Xi² #VALUE!
No.

D. Results of Analysis :
1. Reaction and Displacement :

CASE-1 CASE-2 CASE-3 CASE-4

PN1(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

PN2(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PN3(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PN4(tf)
PN5(tf)
PN6(tf)
PN7(tf)
PN8(tf)
PN9(tf)
PN10(tf) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
PN11(tf)
PN12(tf)
PN13(tf)
PN14(tf)

Ph (tf) 0.0 #VALUE! 141.1 0.0

Mt(tfm) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

dx (m) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!

b) Maximum Moment Under- ground

CASE-1 CASE-2 CASE-3 CASE-4

h0 (m) #VALUE! #VALUE!

Mmf(tfm) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Mmh(tfm) 0.00 #VALUE! -183.52 0.00
Lmf(m) #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE! #VALUE!
Lmh(m) 3.17 3.17 3.17 3.17
Ultimate Capacity of Piles:
Ru = 1258.77 Ton #VALUE! #VALUE! Ton #VALUE!
Ultimate Uplift Capacity, Pu
Pu = 600.00 Ton #VALUE! #VALUE! Ton #VALUE!

E. Ultimate Shear of Piles: Vertical Reinf of Bored Pile:

Shear Strength , Vu (Group VII - Loading) Pile Dia. = 1.40 m L= 16.00 m
f'c = 27.6 Mpa Pu = #VALUE! tf = #VALUE! kN
fy = 275 Mpa Mu = #VALUE! tfm = #VALUE! kN-m

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w = 1.12 mm from PCACol Run:

d = 1120 mm fMn = 5321.2 kN > Mu So, Safe!
= Spacing of Lateral Ties
= 75 mm Therefore Adopt : 18-36mm dia vertical bars. For bored pile.
= Area of Lateral Ties
= 2 Ø 16 mm One hoops / Two legs
= 402.1248 mm²
Vu = b . d . vu + Av . fy . D/s
vu = 0.167 f'c
Substi: = 0.88 Mpa
V = 1652.49 Kn
= 168.45 Ton > Ph = 141.07 Ton Safe !

F. Design of Pile Footing @ Transverse direction:

2.55 5.50 2.55
A B
0.10 Ø = 0.18 Ø 1.80 m
Nat, Grd. Line
////
\\\/ \\\//// \\// \\\\/////\\\\\// //\\ ///\\\\//\\ //\\
Ws1 Ws
df = 2.20 0.170 0.17

h = 2.00 Wc1
Wc1 Wf 0

3.30 3.30
2.00 3.30 3.30 3.30 2.00
A L = 10.60 B

PN1 PN2 PN3

1. Loads for Design of Footing (Section A-A)

FORCES PILE NO.
PN1 = #VALUE! kN 2
PN2 = #VALUE! kN 2
PN3 = #VALUE! kN 2
PN4 = #VALUE! kN 0
PN5 = #VALUE! kN 0
PN6 = #VALUE! kN 0
PN7 = #VALUE! kN 0
PN8 = #VALUE! kN 0
PN9 = #VALUE! kN 0
6
2. Bottom Bars :
Moment @ Section (A-A) FORCES Pile No. x MOMENT
(kN) (pcs) (m) (kN.m)
PileReaction, PN1 = #VALUE! 2 0.17 #VALUE!
PN2 = #VALUE! 2 3.13 #VALUE!
Wt. of Soil, Ws = -130.59 0.18 -22.85
Wt. of Ftg., Wc1 = -178.08 0.18 -31.16
TOTAL = #VALUE!
Mu per Meter Strip = #VALUE!
3. Top Bars :
Moment @ Section (B-B) FORCES Pile No. x MOMENT
kN (pcs) (m) (kN.m)
PileReaction, PN9 = #VALUE! 0 0.17 #VALUE!
PN8 = #VALUE! 0 3.13 #VALUE!
Wt. of Soil, Ws = -130.59 0.18 -22.85
Wt. of Ftg., Wc1 = -178.08 0.18 -31.16
TOTAL = #VALUE!
Mu per Meter Strip = #VALUE!
4. Section and Reinforcement
a.) Arrangement of Reinforcement, Bottom Bars

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Mu = #VALUE! kN . m/m
fc' = 21 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
Bott. d = 2000 - 214 = 1786 mm
ø = 0.9
Check for Cracking Moment of Section
Mcr = 1888.27 kN-m
1.2 Mcr = 2265.93 kN-m #VALUE! #VALUE! kN-m
Use #VALUE! kN-m
Rn = Mu/øbd²
= #VALUE!
m = 0.85 . fc'
fy
= 0.043
r = m - m² - 2mRn
fy
= #VALUE!
As = r bd
As = #VALUE! mm²
Try Ø 32 Ab = 804.25 mm²
s = Ab*1000/As
s = #VALUE! mm say 150 mm
Thus, provide Ø 32 mm @ 150 mm for bottom bars.

b.) Arrangement of Reinforcement, Top Bars

Mu = #VALUE! kN . m/m
fc' = 21 MPa
fy = 414 MPa
Top d = 2000 - 125 = 1875 mm
ø = 0.9
Check for Cracking Moment of Section
Mcr = 1888.27 kN-m
1.2 Mcr = 2265.93 kN-m #VALUE! #VALUE! kN-m
Rn = Mu/øbd²
= #VALUE!
m = 0.85 . fc'
fy
= 0.0431
r = m - m² - 2mRn/fy
= #VALUE!
As = r bd
= #VALUE! mm²
Try Ø 28 Ab = 615.75 mm²
s = Ab*1000/As
s = #VALUE! mm say 150 mm
Thus, Provide Ø 28 mm @ 150 mm for Top bars.

5. Check for Shear

2.55 5.50 2.55
0.10 Ø = 0.18
Ø 1.80
d" dist = 1.79

Nat, Grd. Line

\\\////\ \\/// //// \\\\/////\\\\\// \\/ ///\\\\///
df = 2.20 1.65 Ws 1.65
Ws1

h = 2.00 Wf
Wc1

PN1
2.00 3.30 3.30 3.30 2.00
A W = 10.60 B

Computation of Shear @ "d" distance from face of support, Vud

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FORCES (kN)
Pile Reaction, PN1 = #VALUE!
Wt. of Soil, Ws1 = -280.30
Wt. of Ftg., Wc1 = -323.22
Vu "d" = #VALUE! kN
Vud per meter Strip = #VALUE! kN
Vu = #VALUE! kN Allow. Vc = 0.166 fc' b d where:
Vn = Vu/ø d = 1786 mm
= #VALUE! kN #VALUE! 1358.62 kN b = 1000 mm
#VALUE! ø = 0.85

SUMMARY OF ULTIMATE LOADS ON EACH PILES

Max. Axial Load(kN) Min. Axial Load (kN) Hor. Shear (Kn)
Loading Remarks
Comp. Ult.cap. Comp. Ult.cap. Comp. Ult.cap.
Grp- VII (owl) #VALUE! 12348.50 #VALUE! 5886.00 611.91 1652.49 #VALUE!

G. Check J-Bars Requirments:

Calculate vertical reinforcement needed to transfer vertical component of diagonal
compressive force at the bottom of footing to top of footing and columns.
1. Longitudinal Direction:
3.08

Data:
////\\\\///\\\ PN3 = #VALUE! Kn n= 3
2.20 L = 10.60 m
Ø= 0.9
fy = 276 Mpa
2.00

PN3
Determine area of reinforcement:
As = VL/Ø fy
Where:
VL= Weight of footing , soil and uplift force of piles
= #VALUE! Kn
Substi:
As = #VALUE! mm²
Compute for number of Bars: =
Ab, Area Ø 16 201.06 mm²
No. of J Bars = As/Ab
= #VALUE! Pcs. Say #VALUE! Pcs.

Use #VALUE! Pcs. Ø 16 mm J Bars( @ one side only)

2. Transverse Direction:
1.83

///\\\///\ Data:
2.20 PN9 = #VALUE! Kn n= 0
PN8 = #VALUE! Kn n= 0
B = 10.60 m
2.00

PN8 PN9
Determine area of reinforcement:
As = VL/Øfy
Where:
VL = Weight of footing , soil and uplift force of piles
= #VALUE! Kn
Substi:
As = #VALUE! mm²
Compute for number of Bars: =
Ab, Area Ø 16 201.06 mm²
No. of J Bars = As/Ab
= #VALUE! Pcs. Say #VALUE!

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Use #VALUE! Pcs. Ø 16 mm J Bars( @ one side only)

4.4.1.5.4 DESIGN OF COPING :

2.40 9.12

1.80 Ml Mr

Vl Pl Vr
Pr
Fig 5: Coping Dimension
Note: Coping shall be Design to resist Plastic Moment of Col. Mnl = 11080.73 Kn-m
Due To Earthquake Motion @ Top of Coping. Mnr = 11080.73 Kn-m
Reduction Factor R, = 1
Step Mp= 1.30Mn Column Shear Forces Dr Col. Axial Forces %
Left Right Left Right Total Left Right
1 14404.95 14404.95 2486.88 2486.88
2 4801.65 4801.65 9603.30
3 7380.23 15283.16 10010.13 -7523.3 12497.01
4 2460.08 5094.39 7554.46
5 9155.77 15753.56 7874.50 -5387.6 10361.38 -21.33
6 3051.92 5251.19 8303.11
7 8654.86 -6168.0 11141.74 9.91
Note: OK
SUMMARY OF FORCES
@LEFT @ Right
Ml=Mp = 9155.77 kN.M Mr=Mp = 15753.56 kN.M
Vl = 3051.92 kN Vr = 5251.19 kN
Pl = -6168.0 kN Pr = 11141.74 kN
Governed Loads:
Mu = 15753.56 kN.M
Vu = 11141.74 kN

A. Section and Reinforcement

a.) Arrangement of Reinforcement, Top / Bottom Bars
Mu = 15753.56 kN . m/m
fc' = 21.00 MPa
fy = 414.00 MPa
Bottom d = 1800 - 130 = 1670 mm
b = 2400 mm
ø = 0.9
Substi:
Rn = Mu/øbd²
= 2.615
m = 0.85 . fc'
fy
= 0.0431
r = m - m² - 2mRn
fy
= 0.00686 > r min 1.40/fy = 0.00338
Check for r max=0.75 * r bal
r bal = 0.85 * b1 fc'/fy [600/(600+fy)]
= 0.0217
r max = 0.0163
r > r min
< r max Ok
Use r = 0.00686
B. Check Required Effective Depth of Coping
q = r max fy/fc'
= 0.3206
R = fc'q (1-0.60 q )
= 5.4380
d = Mu/ Ø bR
= 1158.09 mm < dsupplied = 1670 mm Safe !

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C. Check for Cracking Moment of Section

where:
Mcr = frIg fr = 7.5 fc' ( 3000 psi )
yt = 410.79 Psi = 2.83 MPa
Ig = 1.166 m4
Mcr = 3670.80 kN-m yt = 0.90 m
1.2 Mcr = 4404.96 kN-m < Mu max = 15753.56 kN-m
Use Mu max

D. Required Steel Reinforcement

As = r bd
= 27507 mm²
Try Ø 32 Ab = 804.25 mm²
No. of Bars = 34.20 Pcs - Ø 32 Say 40 Pcs. Ø- 32

Thus, Provide 20- Ø 32 Two Layer Bars for Top & Bot. Bars

E. Check for Shear Reinforcement

Shearing Stress, Vu
vu = Vu ; Where
Øbd Vu = 11141.74 kN
d = 1670 mm
= 3.27 MPa b = 2400 mm
Ø = 0.85
vu = 3.27 MPa > Vc = 0.76 MPa Therefore, Provide Stirrups .....
Shear Force Carried by Concrete, Vc
Vc = 0.17 sqrt [fc'] bd
= 3122.38 kN
Shear Force Carried by Steel, Vs
Use 6 , Ø 20 Ab = 314.16 mm²
fy = 276 MPa
Av = 1885 mm²
Try spacing @ 75 mm o.c.

Vs = Av fy d/s
Vs = 11584.18 kN
øVu = 12500.58 kN > 11141.74 kN
Therefore, Safe !

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