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EE8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I
CHAPTER I
MAGNETIC CIRCUITS AND MAGNETIC MATERIAL
1. Mention the types of electrical machines.
There are three basic rotating machines types, namely
a. The dc machines
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b. the poly phase synchronous machine (ac), and
c. Poly and single phase induction machine (ac)and a stationary machine,
namely Transformer
2. State Ohm’s law for magnetic circuit.
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It states that the magneto motive force across the magnetic element is equal to
the product of the magnetic flux through the magnetic element and the reluctance of
the magnetic material. It is given by
MMF = Flux X Reluctance
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3. Define leakage flux
The flux setup in the air paths around the magnetic material is known as
leakage flux.
6. What is fringing?
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In the air gap the magnetic flux fringes out into neighboring air paths due to the
reluctance of air gap which causes a non uniform flux density in the air gap of a
machine. This effect is called fringing effect.
The stacking factor is defined as the ratio of the net cross sectional area of a
magnetic core to the gross cross sectional area of the magnetic core. Due to lamination
net cross sectional are will be always less than gross cross sectional area. Therefore the
value of stacking factor is always less than unity.
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9. What is magnetostriction?
When ferromagnetic materials are subjected to magnetizing mmf, these may
undergo small changes in dimension; this phenomenon is known as magnetostriction.
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EE8301 ELECTRICAL MACHINES – I
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perpendicular to each other. If the forefinger represents the direction of flux and the
middle finger the direction of current, then the middle finger represents the direction of
movement of conductor.
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14. What are the losses called as core loss?
Hysteresis loss and eddy current loss.
15.Define coercivity.
It is the measure of mmf which, when applied to the magnetic circuit would reduce
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its flux density to zero, i.e., it demagnetizes the magnetic circuit.
UNIT II
TRANSFORMERS
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1. Mention the difference between core and shell type transformers.
In core type , the windings surround the core considerably and in shell type the
core surround the winding.
3. Give the emf equation of a transformer and define each term (April –99)
Emf induced in primary coil E1 = 4.44 fΦ mN1 volt
Emf induced in secondary coil E2 = 4.44fΦ mN2 volt
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4. Does the transformer draw any current when secondary is open ? Why ?
Yes,it (primary) will draw the current from the main supply in order to magnetise
the core and to supply iron and copper losses on no load . There will not be any current in
the secondary since secondary is open.
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decreases for lagging power factor load, and increases for leading pf load because of its
internal resistance and leakage reactance . The change in secondary terminal voltage from
no load to full load expressed as a percentage of no load or full load voltage is termed as
regulation .
% regulation down = (0V2-V2) x 100/0V2
% regulation up = (0V2-V2) x 100/V2
6. Full load copper loss in a transformer is 1600 watts. What will be the loss at half load ?
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If x is the ratio of actual load to full load then copper loss = x2(full load copper
loss).Here Wc = (0.5)2 x 1600 = 400 watts
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Copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage . Hence
total losses depend on Volt- Ampere and not on the power factor. That is why the rating of
transformers are in kVA and not in kW.
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9. What are the typical uses of auto transformer ?
(i)To give small boost to a distribution cable to correct for the voltage drop.
(ii)As induction motor starters.
(iii)As furnace transformers
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(iv)As interconnecting transformers
(v)In control equipment for single phase and 3 phase elective locomotives.
used at generating stations and receiving stations are called power transformers.
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What are the two types of cores used ? Compare them.
Transformers are classified according to their construction as,
(i)Core type (ii)Shell type (iii)Spirakore type.
Spirakore type is a latest transformer and is used in big transformers. In “core” type, the
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windings(primary and secondary)surround the core and in “shell” type, the core surround
the windings.
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12. Explain on the material used for core construction. (Oct 02)
The core is constructed of transformer sheet steel laminations assembled to provide
a continuous magnetic path with a minimum of air gap included. The steel used is of high
silicon content sometimes heat-treated to produce a high permeability and a low hysteresis
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loss at the usual operating flux densities. The eddy current loss is minimized by laminating
the core, the laminations being insulated from each other by light coat of core-plate vanish
or by an oxide layer on the surface .the thickness of laminations varies from 0.35 mm for a
frequency of 59 Hz and 0.5 mm for a frequency of 25 Hz.
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14. How does change in frequency affect the operation of a given transformer?
With a change in frequency, iron loss, copper loss, regulation, efficiency and heating
varies and thereby the Operation of the transformer is affected
15. What is the angle by which no-load current will lag the ideal applied voltage?
In an ideal transformer, there are no copper loss and no core loss,(i.e. loss free
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core).The no load current is only magnetizing current. Therefore the no-load current lags
behind by an angle of 90°. However the windings possess resistance and leakage reactance
and therefore the no-load current lags the applied voltage slightly less than 90°.
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16. List the advantages of stepped core arrangement in a transformer.
(i) To reduce the space effectively.
(ii) To obtain reduced length of mean turn of the windings.
(iii)To reduce I2R loss.
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17. Why are breathers used in transformers?
Breathers are used to entrap the atmospheric moisture and thereby not allowing it
to pass on to the transformer oil. Also to permit the oil inside the tank to expand and
contract as its temperature increases and decreases. Also to avoid sledging of oil i.e.
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decomposition of oil. Addition of 8 parts of water in 1000000 reduces the insulations
quantity of oil. Normally silica gel is filled in the breather having pink colour. This colour
will be changed to white due to continuous use, which is an indication of bad silica gel, it
is normally heated and reused.
Nowadays instead of natural mineral oil, synthetic oils known as ASKRELS (trade
name) are used. They are noninflammable; under an electric arc do not decompose to
produce inflammable gases. PYROCOLOR oil possesses high dielectric strength. Hence it
can be said that transformer oil provides, (i) good insulation and (ii) cooling.
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19. A 1100/400 V, 50 Hz single phase transformer has 100 turns on the secondary
winding. Calculate the number of turns on its primary.
We know that V1 / V2 = k = N2 / N1
Substituting in above equation 400/1100 = 100/N1
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N1 = 100/400 x 1100
= 275 turns.
20. What are the functions of no-load current in a transformer?
No-load current produces flux and supplies iron loss and copper loss on no-load.
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21. How will you transfer the quantities from one circuit to another circuit in a
transformer?
1.Secondary to primary 2.Primary to secondary
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levels will be medium.Power ranging will be small in order of kVA. Complicated controls
are not needed.
24. What is the purpose of providing ‘taps’ in transformer and where these are provided?
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In order to attain the required voltage, ‘taps’ are provided. Normally it will be
provided at low voltage sides
25. Give the method of reducing iron loss in a Transformer (Oct –98)
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The iron losses are minimized by using high-grade core material like silicon steel
having very low hysteresis loop and by manufacturing the core in the form of laminations.
electrical signal. Such transducers requires two or more excitation called as multiply
excited magnetic field system.
Co energy is an energy used for a linear system computation keeping current as constant.
It will not be applied to the non linear systems.
Energy can be stored of retrieved from the magnetic system by means of an exciting coil
connected to an electric source.
33. Write the equation that governs doubly excited magnetic field.
34. Define field energy.
The energy drawn by virtue of change in the distance moved by the rotor in
electrical machines in field configuration is known as field energy.
35. Draw the graphical relation between field energy and coenergy
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kc = cos α/2 where α = angle of short pitch
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which there is a reduction in the emf due to distribution of coil is called distribution
factor denoted as kd.
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(i) The length required for the end connection of coils is less i.e., inactive length of
winding is less. So less copper is required. Hence economical.
(ii) Short pitching eliminated high frequency harmonics which distort the
sinusoidal nature of emf. Hence waveform of an induced emf is motre sinusoidal due to
short pitching.
(iii)
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As high frequency harmonics get eliminated, eddy current and hysteresis losses
which depend on frequency also get minimized. This increases the efficiency.
41. Explain the following terms with respect to rotating electrical machines.
a) Pole pitch
b) Chording angle.
Pole pitch: The distance between the centres of two adjacent poles is called pole
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pitch.One pole pitch is equal to 180 electrical degrees. It is also defined as the number of
slots per pole.
Chording angle: It is defined as that angle by which the coil pitch departs from 180
electrical degrees.
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UNIT IV
DC GENERATOR
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46. Define rotating magnetic field.
When a balanced three phase winding with phase distributed in space so that the
relative space angle is 120 is fed with balanced 3 phase current, resultant mmf rotates in
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air gap at speed.
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is called prime mover.
49. How will you change the direction of rotation of a d.c motor?
Either the direction of the main field or the direction of current through the
armature conductors is to be reserved.
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direction opposite to the current .As this emf always opposes the flow of current in motor
operation it is called back emf.
51. Under what condition the mechanical power developed in a dc motor will be
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maximum?
Condition for mechanical power developed to be maximum is
Eb = Ua /2
or I a= Ua / 2Ra
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52. What is the function of a no-voltage release coil provided in a dc motor starter?
As long as the supply voltage is on healthy condition the current through the NVR coil
produce enough magnetic force of attraction and retain the starter handle in the ON
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position against spring force. When the supply voltage fails or becomes lower than a
prescribed value the electromagnet may not have enough force and the handle will come
back to OFF position due to spring force automatically. Thus a no-voltage or under
voltage protections given to the motor.
53. Name the two types of automatic starters used for dc motors.
Back emf type starter
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55. List the different methods of speed control employed for dc series motor(APR’04,AU)
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Field diverter method
Regrouping of field coild\s
Tapped field control
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Armature resistance control
Armature voltage control for single motor
Series parallel control for multiple identical motors
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57. Name the different methods of electrical breaking of dc motors.
(i) Dynamic braking
(ii) Regenerating braking
(iii) Counter current braking or plugging
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58. Under what circumstances does a dc shunt generator fail to build up?
Absence of residual flux.
Initial flux set up by the field winding may be in opposite direction to
residual flux
Shunt filed circuit resistance may be higher than its critical field
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Resistance
Load circuit resistance may be less than its critical load resistance.
UNIT V
DC MOTOR
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Electric traction
Mixies
Hoists
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Drilling machines
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2. Addition of flywheel whose function is to reduce fluctuations in the power
demand from the supply circuit.
67. What type of DC motors are suitable for various torque operations?
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1. DC series motor
2. DC cumulatively compound motor
24. Define speed regulation.
% Speed regulation= NL speed- FL speed x 100
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FL speed
68. What are the performance curves?
Output Vs torque
Output Vs current
Output Vs speed
Output Vs efficiency
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69. To what polarity are the interpoles excited in dc generators?
The polarity of the interpoles must be that of the next main pole along the direction
of rotation in the case of generator.
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