Unit-3

Fundamentals of electrical machines :

 Fleming’s left hand and right hand rule
 mutual inductance and mutual coupling phenomena in
transformer, transformer – working, concept of turns ratio
and applications, transformer on DC, instrument
transformers, auto-transformer
 dc machines- working principles, classification, starting,
speed control and applications of dc motors,
 working principle of single and three phase induction
motors, applications of ac motors

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 TRANSFORMERS

.
Principle of operation
It is based on
principle of MUTUAL
INDUCTION.
According to which
an e.m.f. is induced
in a coil when
current in the
neighbouring coil
changes.
What is Transformer?
 Transformer is an ac machine that
 Transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another
electric circuit
 It basically changes the level of voltages from one value to the other at
constant frequency.
 Work on principle of electromagnetic induction

 Since the construction of a transformer requires no moving

parts it is known as static transformer.

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Types Transformer(in terms of turn ratio)
 There are two types
 Step Up Transformer
 Step Down Transformer

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Principle of Operation of Transformer
 A transformer in its simplest form will consist of a rectangular
laminated magnetic structure on which two coils of different number
of turns are wound as shown in Figure.

 Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction of two coils.

 When current in the primary coil is changed the flux linked to the
secondary coil also changes

 Consequently an EMF is induced in the secondary coil.

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Construction of a Transformer
 Two types of iron-core construction:
a) Core - type construction
b) Shell - type construction

 Core - Type Construction:

 When alternating voltage is applied to the primary winding, an
alternating current will flow that will magnetize the magnetic
core.
 First in one direction and then in the other direction.
This alternating flux flowing around the entire length of the
magnetic circuit induces a voltage in both primary &
secondary windings.
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Cont…
 Since both windings are linked by the same flux , voltage
induced per turn of the primary and secondary
windings must be the same value and same direction.

 This voltage opposes the voltage applied to the primary

winding and is called counter-electromotive force (CEMF).

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Shell - Type Construction
 The shell-type transformer is considered the most efficient.
Such transformers are used in transmitting commercial power.

 The core of the shell-type transformer is made of laminated

silicon steel sheets placed on top of one another.

 The coils are wound around

the central section of the core.

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Cont...
 Since the primary and secondary coils are wound close together
around the core, the windings must be highly insulated. A
special insulating material is coated on the wires of both coils.

 For the high voltage used in x-ray, the entire transformer is

immersed in a container filled with a special insulating oil or
gas. The insulating oil also helps to cool the transformer during
operation.

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Transformer on DC
 Transformer can not work on DC
 because if the dc voltage is applied to the primary of the
transformer then the flux linking with the primary will not
vary and will remain constant in magnitude. Therefore no
emf is induced in the secondary.

 Also there is no self induced emf in primary. The resistance

of primary coil is very low and a high current will flow
across the primary which will result burning of primary coil
according to ohm’s law.
V=IR
This is the reason that DC is never applied to transformers.
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Ideal Transformer
 An ideal transformer is a transformer which has no loses, i.e.
it’s winding has no ohmic resistance, no magnetic leakage, and
therefore no I2 R and core loses.

 However, it is impossible to realize such a transformer in

practice.

 Yet, the approximate characteristic of ideal transformer will be

used in characterized the practical transformer
N1 : N2

Thus udder no load condition, I1 I2

V1 E1 E2 V2

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Transformer Equation

 Faraday’s Law states that,

 If the flux passes through a coil of wire, a voltage will be induced in
the turns of wire. This voltage is directly proportional to the rate of
change in the flux with respect of time.

d(t )
Vind  Emf ind 
dt

If we have N turns of wire, Lenz’s Law

d (t )
Vind  Emf ind  N
dt
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Transformer Equation
 For an ac sources,
 Let V(t) = Vm sint
i(t) = im sint
Since the flux is a sinusoidal function;
Then:
Therefore: (t )   m sin t
d m sin t
Vind  Emf ind   N
dt
  N m cost
Thus:
Vind  Emf ind (max)  Nm  2fNm
N m 2fN m
Emf ind ( rms )    4.44 fN m
2 2
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 Transformer Equation
 For an ideal transformer
E1  4.44 fN1 m ………………… (i)
E2  4.44 fN 2  m
 In the equilibrium condition, both the input power will be equaled to the output power,
and this condition is said to ideal condition of a transformer.

Input power  output power

V1 I1 cos  V2 I 2 cos
V1 I 2
 
V2 I1
 From the ideal transformer circuit, note that,

E1  V1 and E2  V2
 Hence, substitute in (i)

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 Transformer Equation N1 : N2

I1 I2

E1 N1 I 2 V1 E1 E2 V2
Therefore,   a
E 2 N 2 I1

Where, ‘a’ is the Voltage Transformation Ratio; which will

determine whether the transformer is going to be step-up
or step-down

For a >1 E1 > E2

For a <1 E1 < E2

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 Transformer Rating
 Transformer rating is normally written in terms of Apparent
Power.
 Apparent power is actually the product of its rated current and
rated voltage.

VA  V1I1  V2 I 2
 Where,
 I1 and I2 = rated current on primary and secondary winding.
 V1 and V2 = rated voltage on primary and secondary winding.

 Rated currents are actually the full load currents in

transformer
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Transformer Losses
Generally, there are two types of losses:
 Iron or core losses
i. Hysteresis Loss
ii. Eddy Current Loss
 Copper or ohmic losses

 Iron losses are of two types and these are expressed as:

Piron=Pc=(Ic)2Rc=Popen circuit

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  Eddy Currents:
 Eddy currents induced in the core cause the core to heat,
resulting in power loss in the transformer.

 To reduce eddy currents to a minimum, the material making up

the transformer core is laminated and each strip is sprayed with
an insulating coating.

 Hysteresis Losses:
 Since the use of AC causes a rapidly changing magnetic field,
there is a continuous reversal of the magnetic polarity in the core
of the transformer.
 The tiny magnetic particles in the core are constantly shifted
around, arranging themselves first in one direction and then in
another, resulting in the development of friction between the
molecules, which produces heat in the core
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  Since the electrical energy required to shift the molecules around
must come from the primary current, some electrical energy is
wasted.

 This loss, hysteresis, can be lessened by using a core material of high

permeability

 Copper or ohmic losses:

 Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary
windings of a transformer due to the ohmic resistance of the
windings. Copper loss, in watts, can be found using Equation
 Copper Loss= I2P RP+ I2S RS

 IP = primary current
 IS =secondary current
 RP =primary winding resistance
 RS =secondary winding resistance
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 Transformer Efficiency
 The efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of useful
power output to the input power.

 Power output = power input – power losses

 Power input = power output + total losses
 = power output + Pi + Pcu

Output Power
Efficiency,  100%
Input Power


Pout
100% VA cos
( full load )  100%
Pout  Plosses VA cos  Pc  Pcu
V2 I 2 cos nVA cos
 100% (load n )  100%
V2 I 2 cos  Pc  Pcu nVA cos  Pc  n Pcu
2

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Voltage Regulation
 The purpose of voltage regulation is basically to determine the
percentage of voltage drop between no load and full load.

VNL  VFL
V .R   100%
VNL

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 Auto-Transformer
• An Auto-transformer is an electrical transformer with only one
winding.
• It is a special transformer connection that is useful in power
system, motor starters,and other applications.
The auto transformer is cheaper than the ordinary transformer
because of single winding uses less copper than the two winding.
Some special Transformers
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER:
 They are high accuracy class electrical devices used to
isolate or transform voltage or current levels
 The most common usage of instrument transformers is
to operate instruments or metering from high voltage
or high current circuits, safely isolating secondary
control circuitry from the high voltages or currents.
 Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and
closing contacts in another circuit.
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER
 Instrument transformers are other type of transformers which is
mainly use for measuring purposes.
 To Measure high voltages and high currents these kind of
instrument transformers are widely used.
 Ammeters and Voltmeters are use for measure the voltage and
currents of Direct Current but in High voltage alternative Current
instruments are difficult to measure by using ammeters and
voltmeters.
 So to solve these problems instrument transformers are use to
measure these kinds of large alternative currents and voltages.
 Normally Instrument Transformers can divide in to two sections
such as Current Transformers and Potential Transformers.
MCQ
Laminations of core in dc machine are generally made of
(a) cast iron
(b) carbon
(c) silicon steel
(d) stainless steel

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MCQ
Which of the following does not change in a transformer ?
(a) Current
(b) Voltage
(c) Frequency
(d) All of the above

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MCQ
Primary winding of a transformer
(a) is always a low voltage winding
(b) is always a high voltage winding
(c) could either be a low voltage or high voltage winding
(d) none of the above

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.

THANK YOU

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