Basic Calculus: INTEGRALS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

#STEMEngineNotes

Grade 11

Let u be a function expressed in terms of x. Then

1. ∫ sinu du = -cosu + C

2. ∫ cosu du = sinu + C

3. ∫ tanu du = -ln | cosu | + C

= ln | secu | + C

4. ∫ cotu du = ln | sinu | + C

5. ∫ secu du = ln | secu + tanu | + C

6. ∫ cscu du = -ln |cscu + cotu| + C

7. ∫ sec²u du = tanu + C

8. csc²u du = - cotu + C

9. ∫ secu tanu du = secu + C

10. ∫ cscu cotu du = -cscu + C

EXAMPLES:

1. ∫ (x - 3)cos(x² - 6x + 3) dx

let u = x² - 6x + 3 and then du = 2x - 6 dx

dx = du/2(x - 3)
∫ (x - 3)cos(u) [du/2(x - 3)]

1/2 ∫ cos(u) du

then integrate.

1/2 sin (x² - 6x + 3) + C

2. ∫ [sec(ln 4t)tan(ln 4t)]/3t dt

let u = ln 4t and then du = dt/t

dt = t du

∫ [sec(u)tan(u)]/3t t(du)

∫ [sec(u)tan(u)]/3 du

1/3 ∫ sec(u)tan(u) du

then integrate.

1/3 sec (ln 4t) + C

3. ∫ 5e⁻¹⁰ⁿ csc(e⁻¹⁰ⁿ) cot(e⁻¹⁰ⁿ) dn

let u = e⁻¹⁰ⁿ, then du = -10e⁻¹⁰ⁿ dn

-du/10e⁻¹⁰ⁿ = dn
∫ 5e⁻¹⁰ⁿ csc(u) cot(u) -du/10e⁻¹⁰ⁿ

∫ csc(u) cot(u) -du/2

-1/2 ∫ csc(u) cot(u) du

then integrate.

1/2 csc (e⁻¹⁰ⁿ) + C

POWERS AND PRODUCTS OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

To integrate integrands of the form ∫ sinu cosv dx, we may use the basic trigonometric identities.

2sinu cosv = sin(u+v) + sin(u-v)

2sinu sinv = cos(u-v) - cos(u+v)

2cosu cosv = cos(u-v) + cos(u-v)

so that,

∫ sinu cosv dx = ∫ 1/2 [sin(u+v) + sin(u-v)] dx

∫ sinu sin v = ∫ 1/2 [cos(u-v) - cos(u+v)] dx

∫ cosu cosv = ∫ 1/2 [cos(u-v) + cos(u-v)] dx

EXAMPLE

1. ∫ sin2x cos5x dx
∫ sin2x cos5x dx = ∫ 1/2 [sin(2x+5x) + sin(2x-5x)] dx

∫ 1/2 [sin(7x) + sin(-3x)] dx

∫ 1/2 [sin(7x)] dx + ∫ 1/2[sin(-3x)] dx

then integrate.

∫ (1/2)*(1/7)[sin(u)] du + ∫ (1/2)*(-1/3)[sin(v)] dv

-1/14 cos(7x) + cos(3x) + C

Try this:

Integrate sin(x + π/2)sin(x - π/3) dx

Source: Integral Calculus (Batongbakal, 2007)

— De Moivre

Basic Calculus: SUMMARY OF DIFFERENTIATION FORMULAS

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Grade 11

1. Constant Multiple Rule:

2. Sum/Difference Rule:

d/dx[u ± v] = u' ± v' (where u and v are functions of x)

3. Product Rule:

d/dx[uv] = uv' + vu'

4. Quotient Rule:

d/dx[u/v] = (vu' - uv')/(v²) (given that v ≠ 0)

5. Constant Rule:

d/dx[c] = 0

6. Chain Rule:

d/dx[f(u)] = f'(u)u'

7. General Power Rule:

d/dx[uⁿ] = nuⁿ⁻¹u'
8. d/dx[x] = 1

9. d/dx[ln|x|] = 1/x

10. d/dx[eˣ] = eˣ (e = 2.718281828...)

11. d/dx[logₐ(x)] = 1/[ln(a)x]

12. d/dx[aˣ] = ln(a)aˣ

13. d/dx[sin(x)] = cos(x)

14. d/dx[cos(x)] = -sin(x)

15. d/dx[tan(x)] = sec²(x)

16. d/dx[cot(x)] = -csc²(x)

17. d/dx[sec(x)] = sec(x)tan(x)

18. d/dx[csc(x)] = -csc(x)cot(x)

19. d/dx[arcsin(x)] = 1/[√(1 - x²)]

21. d/dx[arcsec(x)] = 1/[|x|√(x² - 1)]

Sources: Understanding Calculus: Problems, Solutions, and Tips (Edwards, 2010)

— Hipparchus

Basic Calculus: INTEGRATION BY TRANSFORMATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

#STEMEngineNotes

Grade 11

Some trigonometric functions can be only evaluated after transformation to related trigonometric
functions. The ff. rules can help yiu evaluating the integrals of trigonometric functions.

1. A power of the form ∫ sinᵐθcosⁿθ dθ, where either m or n is odd, write the integrand as sinᵐθcosⁿ⁻¹θ
and express cosⁿ⁻¹θ in terms of sinθ, or if m or n is odd, write sinᵐθcosⁿθ = sinᵐ⁻¹θcosⁿθsinθ and express
sinᵐ⁻¹θ in terms of cosθ.

2. A power of the form ∫ sinᵐθcosⁿθdθ, where both m and n are even exponents, express both functions
in terms of cos2θ using the double-angle formulas, sin²θ = 1/2 (1- cos2θ), and cos²θ = 1/2 (1 + cos2θ) or
the formula sin2θ = 2sinθcosθ.

3. The power of the form ∫ secⁿθdθ or ∫ cscⁿθdθ where n is an even integrand > 2, write the integrand as
secⁿ⁻²θsec²θ and express secⁿ⁻²θ in terms of tanθ.

If n is odd, the function can be evaluated using integration by parts.

4. The product of the form ∫ secᵐθtanⁿθdθ or ∫ cscᵐθcotⁿθdθ where m is even and n is odd, write the
itegrand as secᵐ⁻²θ in terms of tan²θ.
If both m and n are odd integers, write the integrands as secᵐ⁻¹θsecθtanⁿ⁻¹θtanθ. Knowing that the
derivative of secθ is secθtanθ, express tanⁿ⁻¹θ in terms of secθ. If m is odd and n is even, the product can
be evaluated using integration by parts.

5. A power of the form ∫ tanⁿθdθ or cotⁿθdθ, factor tanⁿθ as tanⁿ⁻²θtan²θdθ and write tan²θ = sec²θ - 1
and factor cotⁿθ as cotⁿ⁻²θcot²θ and write cot²θ = csc²θ - 1.

EXAMPLES

1. Evaluate ∫ sin⁴θcos⁵θdθ

Since the cos function is raised to an odd exponent, then

∫ sin⁴θcos⁴θcosθdθ

∫ sin⁴θ(1 - sin²θ)²cosθdθ

∫ sin⁴θ(1 - 2sin²θ + sin⁴θ) cosθ dθ

∫ sin⁴θ cosθdθ - 2∫sin⁶θcosθdθ + ∫ sin⁸θcosθdθ

For each integrand, let u = sinθ then du = cosθdθ

using power formula, we get,

∫ sin⁴θcos⁵θdθ = sin⁵θ/5 + sin⁷θ/7 + sin⁹θ/9 + C

2. Evaluate ∫ sin²θcos²θdθ.

m and n are even exponents.

∫ sin²θcos²θdθ = ∫ [1/2(1 - cos2θ)][1/2(1 + cos2θ)] dθ

∫ sin²θcos²θdθ = 1/4∫dθ - 1/4 ∫ 1/4(1+cos4θ) dθ

it will become

(1/4)θ - 1/8(θ + 1/4sin4θ) + C.

∫ sin²θcos²θdθ = (1/8)θ - (1/32)sin4θ + C.

Source: Integral Calculus (Batongbakal et. al., 2007)

— De Moivre