Manual testing Interview Questions

Q-1. What is Requirement Traceability Matrix?

Answer.

Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) is a document which records the mapping

between the high-level requirements and the test cases in the form of a table.

That’s how it ensures that the Test Plan covers all the requirements and links to their
latest version.

Q-2. Explain the difference between Pilot and Beta testing?

Answer. Read the following points to know the difference between Pilot and Beta testing.

1. We do the beta test when the product is about to release to the customer whereas pilot
testing takes place in the earlier phase of the development cycle.
2. In the beta test, testing application is given to few users to make sure that application
meet the customer requirements and does not contain any showstopper bug. Whereas, in
the pilot test, few members of the testing team work at the Customer site to set up the
product. They give their feedback also to improve the quality of the end product.

Q-3. Describe how to perform Risk analysis during software testing?

Answer. Risk analysis is the process of identifying the hidden issues that may derail the
successful delivery of the application. It also prioritizes the sequence of resolving the
identified risks for testing purpose.

Following are some of the risks that are of concern to the QA.

1. New Hardware.
2. New Technology.
3. New Automation Tool.
4. The sequence of code delivery.
5. Availability of test resources for the application.

We prioritize them into three categories which are as follows.

1. High magnitude: Impact of the bug on the other functionality of the application.
2. Medium: it is tolerable in the application but not desirable.
3. Low: it is tolerable. This type of risk has no impact on the company business.

Q-4. What is Silk Test and why should you use it?

Answer. Here are some facts about the Silk tool.

1. It’s a tool developed for performing the regression and functionality testing of the
application.
2. It benefits when we are testing Window based, Java, the web, and the traditional
client/server applications.
3. Silk Test help in preparing the test plan and managing them to provide the direct
accessing of the database and validation of the field.

50 Manual Testing Interview Questions Every

Tester Should Know
Interview Questions QA Interview Updated: October 20, 2017 Meenakshi Agarwal
interview questions for senior test engineer, interview questions for software test
engineers, qa interview questions

Here, we have laid down the 50 most essential manual testing interview questions and
answers. Any tester who is preparing for a job change or wish to acquaint himself with the
nitty-gritty of the software testing should read this post for quick results.

Our team has put a lot of efforts in the selection and preparation of these interview
questions for manual testers. They have thought through all the answers and tried the
best to keep them simple and easy to remember. However, if you like to improve any of
the answers or wish to add a new question, then do let us know.

Also, we are listing a few quick tips below. These will help you in presenting yourself with
confidence during interviews.

 Read about the company and the opportunity.

 Be good at non-vocal skills.
o Show them your confidence, make proper eye contact and stand straight.
o Brace for a great start.
 Dress well.
o Prefer to wear a formal outfit.
o You may even look out for a dress code in the company if they’ve any.
 Neither talk too much nor pretend to be too familiar.
 Be polite while replying.
 Take time to think before answering a question.
 Ask questions.
 Don’t look desperate.
 Be authentic, candid and concise.
 Thank the interviewer in person.

Apart from these manual testing interview questions, you might like to check out the
below post, one of best technical questionnaires for Senior test engineers.
 Recommended – Top 20 Interview Questions and Answers for QA Engineers.

The list of most important manual testing interview questions is given below. Read them
all to boost your testing concepts.

Top 50 Manual Testing Interview Questions & Answers.

Top 50 Manual Testing Interview Questions.

Q-1. What is Requirement Traceability Matrix?

Answer.

Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) is a document which records the mapping

between the high-level requirements and the test cases in the form of a table.

That’s how it ensures that the Test Plan covers all the requirements and links to their
latest version.

Q-2. Explain the difference between Pilot and Beta testing?

Answer. Read the following points to know the difference between Pilot and Beta testing.

1. We do the beta test when the product is about to release to the customer whereas pilot
testing takes place in the earlier phase of the development cycle.
2. In the beta test, testing application is given to few users to make sure that application
meet the customer requirements and does not contain any showstopper bug. Whereas, in
the pilot test, few members of the testing team work at the Customer site to set up the
product. They give their feedback also to improve the quality of the end product.
Q-3. Describe how to perform Risk analysis during software testing?

Answer. Risk analysis is the process of identifying the hidden issues that may derail the
successful delivery of the application. It also prioritizes the sequence of resolving the
identified risks for testing purpose.

Following are some of the risks that are of concern to the QA.

1. New Hardware.
2. New Technology.
3. New Automation Tool.
4. The sequence of code delivery.
5. Availability of test resources for the application.

We prioritize them into three categories which are as follows.

1. High magnitude: Impact of the bug on the other functionality of the application.
2. Medium: it is tolerable in the application but not desirable.
3. Low: it is tolerable. This type of risk has no impact on the company business.

Q-4. What is Silk Test and why should you use it?

Answer. Here are some facts about the Silk tool.

1. It’s a tool developed for performing the regression and functionality testing of the
application.
2. It benefits when we are testing Window based, Java, the web, and the traditional
client/server applications.
3. Silk Test help in preparing the test plan and managing them to provide the direct
accessing of the database and validation of the field.

Q-5. What is the difference between Master Test Plan and Test Plan?

Answer. The difference between Master Plan and Test Plan can be described using
following points.

1. Master Test Plan contains all the test scenarios and risks prone areas of the application.
Whereas, Test Plan document contains test cases corresponding to test scenarios.
2. Master Test Plan captures each and every test to be run during the overall development
of application whereas test plan describes the scope, approach, resources and schedule of
performing the test.
3. MTP includes test scenarios to be executed in all the phases of testing that run during
the complete life cycle of the application development. Whereas, a separate Test Plan
exists for each phase of testing like Unit, Functional, and System which contains the test
cases related to that type only.
4. Only for big projects, we need a Master Test Plan which requires execution in all phases
of testing. However, preparing a basic Test Plan is enough for small projects.
Q-6. How do you handle a non-reproducible bug?

1. Defects observed due to low memory issue.

2. Bugs raised due to address pointing to a memory location that does not exist.
3. The race condition is an error scenario which occurs when the timing of one event
impacts another executing in a sequence.
A tester can take the following actions to handle the non-reproducible bugs.

1. Execute test steps that are close to the error description.

2. Evaluate the test environment.
3. Examine and evaluate test execution results.
4. Keep the resources & time constraints under check.

How do you perform Automated Testing in your environment?

Answer. Automation Testing is a process of executing tests automatically. It reduces the

human intervention to a great extent. We use different test automation tools like QTP,
Selenium, and WinRunner. These tools help in speeding up the testing tasks.

Using the above tools we can create test scripts to verify the application automatically.
After completing the test execution, these tools also generate the test reports.

What are the factors that you’ll consider to choose automated testing over
manual testing?

Answer.

The choice of automated testing over manual testing depends on the following factors.

1. Tests require periodic execution.

2. Tests include repetitive steps.
3. Tests execute in a standard runtime environment.
4. Automation is expected to take less time.
5. Automation is increasing reusability.
6. Automation reports are available for every execution.
7. Small releases like service packs which include a minor bug fix. In such cases, regression
type of cases is sufficient for validation.

What is the difference between a Test Driver and Test Stub?

Answer.

The test driver is a piece of code that calls a software component under test. It is useful in
testing that follows the bottom-up approach.

Test stub is a dummy program that integrates with an application to complete its
functionality. These are relevant for testing that uses the top-down approach.
Let’s take an example.

1. Let’s say there is a scenario to test the interface between modules A and B.
We have developed only module-A. Then we can test module-A only if we have
real module-B or a dummy module for it. In this case, we call module-B as the
Test Stub
2. Now, module-B can’t send or receive data directly from module-A. In such
scenario, we’ve to move data from one module to another using some external
features called Test Driver.
-----------------------------------------
What are the essential qualities of an experienced QA or Test Lead?

Answer. Every QA or Test Lead should have the following qualities.

1. Well-versed in Software testing processes.

2. Ability to accelerate teamwork to increase productivity.
3. Improve coordination between QA and Dev engineers.
4. Provide ideas to refine the QA processes.
5. Ability to conduct RCA meetings and draw conclusions.
6. Excellent written and interpersonal communication skills.
7. Quick learner and able to groom the team members

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What are the different types of software testing?

Answer. Following is the list of various testing types used by manual testers.

 Unit testing
 Integration testing
 Regression testing
 Smoke testing
 Functional testing
 Performance testing
 Load testing
 stress testing
 Endurance testing
 White box and Black box testing
 Alpha and Beta testing
 System testing

------------------------------------------------------------------------------

What are the key elements of a test plan?

Answer. A test plan contains the following main points.

  Testing objectives.
 Test scope.
 Testing the frame.
 The environment
 Reason for testing
 The criteria for entrance and exit
 Deliverables
 Risk factors

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is a Test case?

Answer.

A test case is a sequence of actions and observations that are used to verify the desired
functionality. A good test case helps to identify problems in the requirements or design of
an application.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is Agile testing and why is it important?

Answer. Agile testing is a software testing process which evaluates software from the
customer point of view. And it is important because this does not require Dev to complete
coding for starting QA. Instead, the coding and testing both goes hand in hand. However,
it may require continuous customer interaction.

Q-15. How do you test a product if the requirements are yet to freeze?

Answer. If the requirement spec is not available for a product, then a test plan
can be created based on the assumptions made about the product. But we
should get all assumptions well documented in the test plan.

How will you tell if enough test cases have been created to test a product?

Answer. First of all, we’ll check if every requirement has at least one test case covered. If
yes, then we can say that there are enough test cases to test the product.

What will you do when a bug turns up during testing?

Answer. When a bug shows up, we can follow the below steps.

 Run more tests to make sure that the problem has a clear description.
 Run a few more tests to ensure that the same problem doesn’t exist with different
inputs.
 Once we are sure of the full scope of the bug, then we can add details and report
it.
If a product is in production and one of its modules gets updated, then is it
necessary to retest?

Answer. It is advisable to perform regression testing and run tests for all of the other
modules as well. Finally, the QA should carry out the System testing.

What is the difference between Functional Requirement and Non-Functional

Requirement?

Answer. The functional requirement specifies how a product should run whereas a non-
functional requirement represents how it should be.

Functional Requirements.

 Authentication
 Business rules
 Historical Data
 Legal and Regulatory Requirements
 External Interfaces

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
How comes the Severity and Priority relate to each other?

Answer.

 Severity – Represents the gravity/depth of the bug.

 Priority – Specifies which bug should get fixed first.
 Severity – Describes the application point of view.
 Priority – Defines the user’s point of view.

Q-21. What are different types of Severity?

Answer. The severity of a bug can be low, medium or high depending on the context.

 User Interface Defect – Low

 Boundary Related Defects – Medium
 Error Handling Defects – Medium
 Calculation Defects – High
 Misinterpreted Data – High
 Hardware Failures – High
 Compatibility Issues – High
 Control Flow Defects – High
 Load Conditions (Memory leakages under load testing) – High

What is Entry and Exit Criteria in Software Testing?

Answer.
Entry criteria – It is a process that should run when a system begins. It includes the
following artifacts.

 SRS (Software Requirement Specification)

 FRS (Functional Requirement Specification)
 Use case
 Test-Case
 Test-plan

Exit Criteria – It signals when the testing should complete and when should the product be
ready to release. It includes the following artifacts.

 Test Summary Report

 Metrics
 Defect Analysis report

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---What is test strategy?

Answer. Test strategy is an approach to carry out the testing activity. It covers the
following.

 Roles and responsibilities for each member.

 Testing scope.
 Test tools.
 Test environment.
 Testing schedule.
 Associated risks.

Q-24. What is smoke testing and what is sanity?

Answer.

Smoke testing confirms the basic functionality works for a product. It requires you to
identify the most basic test cases for execution.

Sanity testing, on the other hand, ensures that the product runs without any logical
errors. For example, if we are testing a calculator app; we may multiply a number by 3 and
check whether the sum of the digits of the answer is divisible by 3.

Q-25. What is the difference between a Bug, Defect, and Error?

Answer. A bug is usually same as the defect. Both of them represents an unexpected
behavior of the software.

However, an error would also fall in the same category. But in some cases, errors are fixed
values. For example – 404/405 errors in HTML pages.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
---What is the difference between High level and Low-Level test case?

Answer.

 High-level test cases cover the core functionality of a product like standard business flows.
 Low-level test cases are those related to user interface (UI) in the application.

Q-27. What is the difference between Static testing and dynamic testing?

Answer.

Static Testing.

 It is a white box testing technique which directs the developers to verify their code with
the help of checklist to find errors in it.
 Developers can start it done without actually finalizing the application or program.
 Static testing is more cost effective than Dynamic testing.
 It covers more areas than Dynamic testing in a shorter time.

Dynamic Testing.

 Dynamic testing involves the execution of an actual application with valid inputs
and checking of the expected output.
 Examples of Dynamic testing are Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing
and Acceptance Testing.
 Dynamic testing happens after the code deployment.
 It starts during the validation stage.

-------------------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------
50 Manual Testing Interview Questions Every
Tester Should Know
Interview Questions QA Interview Updated: October 20, 2017 Meenakshi Agarwal interview
questions for senior test engineer, interview questions for software test engineers, qa interview
questions

Here, we have laid down the 50 most essential manual testing interview questions and
answers. Any tester who is preparing for a job change or wish to acquaint himself with the
nitty-gritty of the software testing should read this post for quick results.

Our team has put a lot of efforts in the selection and preparation of these interview
questions for manual testers. They have thought through all the answers and tried the
best to keep them simple and easy to remember. However, if you like to improve any of
the answers or wish to add a new question, then do let us know.

Also, we are listing a few quick tips below. These will help you in presenting yourself with
confidence during interviews.

 Read about the company and the opportunity.

 Be good at non-vocal skills.
o Show them your confidence, make proper eye contact and stand straight.
o Brace for a great start.
 Dress well.
o Prefer to wear a formal outfit.
o You may even look out for a dress code in the company if they’ve any.
 Neither talk too much nor pretend to be too familiar.
 Be polite while replying.
 Take time to think before answering a question.
 Ask questions.
 Don’t look desperate.
 Be authentic, candid and concise.
 Thank the interviewer in person.

Apart from these manual testing interview questions, you might like to check out the
below post, one of best technical questionnaires for Senior test engineers.

Recommended – Top 20 Interview Questions and Answers for QA Engineers.

The list of most important manual testing interview questions is given below. Read them
all to boost your testing concepts.

Top 50 Manual Testing Interview Questions & Answers.

Top 50 Manual Testing Interview Questions.

Q-1. What is Requirement Traceability Matrix?

Answer.

Requirement Traceability Matrix (RTM) is a document which records the mapping

between the high-level requirements and the test cases in the form of a table.

That’s how it ensures that the Test Plan covers all the requirements and links to their
latest version.

Q-2. Explain the difference between Pilot and Beta testing?

Answer. Read the following points to know the difference between Pilot and Beta testing.

1. We do the beta test when the product is about to release to the customer whereas pilot
testing takes place in the earlier phase of the development cycle.
2. In the beta test, testing application is given to few users to make sure that application
meet the customer requirements and does not contain any showstopper bug. Whereas, in
the pilot test, few members of the testing team work at the Customer site to set up the
product. They give their feedback also to improve the quality of the end product.

Q-3. Describe how to perform Risk analysis during software testing?

Answer. Risk analysis is the process of identifying the hidden issues that may derail the
successful delivery of the application. It also prioritizes the sequence of resolving the
identified risks for testing purpose.

Following are some of the risks that are of concern to the QA.

1. New Hardware.
2. New Technology.
3. New Automation Tool.
4. The sequence of code delivery.
5. Availability of test resources for the application.

We prioritize them into three categories which are as follows.

1. High magnitude: Impact of the bug on the other functionality of the application.
2. Medium: it is tolerable in the application but not desirable.
3. Low: it is tolerable. This type of risk has no impact on the company business.

Q-4. What is Silk Test and why should you use it?

Answer. Here are some facts about the Silk tool.

1. It’s a tool developed for performing the regression and functionality testing of the
application.
2. It benefits when we are testing Window based, Java, the web, and the traditional
client/server applications.
3. Silk Test help in preparing the test plan and managing them to provide the direct
accessing of the database and validation of the field.

Q-5. What is the difference between Master Test Plan and Test Plan?

Answer. The difference between Master Plan and Test Plan can be described using
following points.

1. Master Test Plan contains all the test scenarios and risks prone areas of the application.
Whereas, Test Plan document contains test cases corresponding to test scenarios.
2. Master Test Plan captures each and every test to be run during the overall development
of application whereas test plan describes the scope, approach, resources and schedule of
performing the test.
3. MTP includes test scenarios to be executed in all the phases of testing that run during
the complete life cycle of the application development. Whereas, a separate Test Plan
exists for each phase of testing like Unit, Functional, and System which contains the test
cases related to that type only.
4. Only for big projects, we need a Master Test Plan which requires execution in all phases
of testing. However, preparing a basic Test Plan is enough for small projects.

Q-6. How do you handle a non-reproducible bug?

Answer. Following bugs lie under the non-reproducible category.

1. Defects observed due to low memory issue.

2. Bugs raised due to address pointing to a memory location that does not exist.
3. The race condition is an error scenario which occurs when the timing of one event
impacts another executing in a sequence.

A tester can take the following actions to handle the non-reproducible bugs.

1. Execute test steps that are close to the error description.

2. Evaluate the test environment.
3. Examine and evaluate test execution results.
4. Keep the resources & time constraints under check.

Q-7. How do you perform Automated Testing in your environment?

Answer. Automation Testing is a process of executing tests automatically. It reduces the

human intervention to a great extent. We use different test automation tools like QTP,
Selenium, and WinRunner. These tools help in speeding up the testing tasks.
Using the above tools we can create test scripts to verify the application automatically.
After completing the test execution, these tools also generate the test reports.

Q-8. What are the factors that you’ll consider to choose automated testing over
manual testing?

Answer.

The choice of automated testing over manual testing depends on the following factors.

1. Tests require periodic execution.

2. Tests include repetitive steps.
3. Tests execute in a standard runtime environment.
4. Automation is expected to take less time.
5. Automation is increasing reusability.
6. Automation reports are available for every execution.
7. Small releases like service packs which include a minor bug fix. In such cases, regression
type of cases is sufficient for validation.

Q-9. What is the difference between a Test Driver and Test Stub?

Answer.

The test driver is a piece of code that calls a software component under test. It is useful in
testing that follows the bottom-up approach.

Test stub is a dummy program that integrates with an application to complete its
functionality. These are relevant for testing that uses the top-down approach.

Let’s take an example.

1. Let’s say there is a scenario to test the interface between modules A and B. We have
developed only module-A. Then we can test module-A only if we have real module-B or a
dummy module for it. In this case, we call module-B as the Test Stub.
2. Now, module-B can’t send or receive data directly from module-A. In such scenario,
we’ve to move data from one module to another using some external features called Test
Driver.

Q-10. What are the essential qualities of an experienced QA or Test Lead?

Answer. Every QA or Test Lead should have the following qualities.

1. Well-versed in Software testing processes.

2. Ability to accelerate teamwork to increase productivity.
3. Improve coordination between QA and Dev engineers.
4. Provide ideas to refine the QA processes.
5. Ability to conduct RCA meetings and draw conclusions.
6. Excellent written and interpersonal communication skills.
7. Quick learner and able to groom the team members.

Q-11. What are the different types of software testing?

Answer. Following is the list of various testing types used by manual testers.

 Unit testing
 Integration testing
 Regression testing
 Shakeout testing
 Smoke testing
 Functional testing
 Performance testing
 Load testing
 stress testing
 Endurance testing
 White box and Black box testing
 Alpha and Beta testing
 System testing

Recommended – Must Know Interview Questions for SSE/Test Lead.

Q-12. What are the key elements of a test plan?

Answer. A test plan contains the following main points.

 Testing objectives.
 Test scope.
 Testing the frame.
 The environment
 Reason for testing
 The criteria for entrance and exit
 Deliverables
 Risk factors

Q-13. What is a Test case?

Answer.

A test case is a sequence of actions and observations that are used to verify the desired
functionality. A good test case helps to identify problems in the requirements or design of
an application.

Q-14. What is Agile testing and why is it important?

Answer. Agile testing is a software testing process which evaluates a software from the
customer point of view. And it is important because this does not require Dev to complete
coding for starting QA. Instead, the coding and testing both goes hand in hand. However,
it may require continuous customer interaction.

Q-15. How do you test a product if the requirements are yet to freeze?

Answer. If the requirement spec is not available for a product, then a test plan can be
created based on the assumptions made about the product. But we should get all
assumptions well documented in the test plan.

Q-16. How will you tell if enough test cases have been created to test a product?

Answer. First of all, we’ll check if every requirement has at least one test case covered. If
yes, then we can say that there are enough test cases to test the product.

Q-17. What will you do when a bug turns up during testing?

Answer. When a bug shows up, we can follow the below steps.

 Run more tests to make sure that the problem has a clear description.
 Run a few more tests to ensure that the same problem doesn’t exist with different inputs.
 Once we are sure of the full scope of the bug, then we can add details and report it.

Q-18. If a product is in production and one of its modules gets updated, then is
it necessary to retest?

Answer. It is advisable to perform regression testing and run tests for all of the other
modules as well. Finally, the QA should carry out the System testing.

Q-19. What is the difference between Functional Requirement and Non-

Functional Requirement?

Answer. The functional requirement specifies how a product should run whereas a non-
functional requirement represents how it should be.

Functional Requirements.

 Authentication
 Business rules
 Historical Data
 Legal and Regulatory Requirements
 External Interfaces

Non-functional Requirements.

 Performance
 Reliability
 Security
 Recovery
  Data Integrity
 Usability

Q-20. How comes the Severity and Priority relate to each other?

Answer.

 Severity – Represents the gravity/depth of the bug.

 Priority – Specifies which bug should get fixed first.
 Severity – Describes the application point of view.
 Priority – Defines the user’s point of view.

Q-21. What are different types of Severity?

Answer. The severity of a bug can be low, medium or high depending on the context.

 User Interface Defect – Low

 Boundary Related Defects – Medium
 Error Handling Defects – Medium
 Calculation Defects – High
 Misinterpreted Data – High
 Hardware Failures – High
 Compatibility Issues – High
 Control Flow Defects – High
 Load Conditions (Memory leakages under load testing) – High

Q-22. What is Entry and Exit Criteria in Software Testing?

Answer.

Entry criteria – It is a process that should run when a system begins. It includes the
following artifacts.

 SRS (Software Requirement Specification)

 FRS (Functional Requirement Specification)
 Use case
 Test-Case
 Test-plan

Exit Criteria – It signals when the testing should complete and when should the product be
ready to release. It includes the following artifacts.

 Test Summary Report

 Metrics
 Defect Analysis report

Q-23. What is test strategy?

Answer. Test strategy is an approach to carry out the testing activity. It covers the
following.

 Roles and responsibilities for each member.

 Testing scope.
 Test tools.
 Test environment.
 Testing schedule.
 Associated risks.

Q-24. What is smoke testing and what is sanity?

Answer.

Smoke testing confirms the basic functionality works for a product. It requires you to
identify the most basic test cases for execution.

Sanity testing, on the other hand, ensures that the product runs without any logical
errors. For example, if we are testing a calculator app; we may multiply a number by 3 and
check whether the sum of the digits of the answer is divisible by 3.

Q-25. What is the difference between a Bug, Defect, and Error?

Answer. A bug is usually same as the defect. Both of them represents an unexpected
behavior of the software.

However, an error would also fall in the same category. But in some cases, errors are fixed
values. For example – 404/405 errors in HTML pages.

Also Read – Software Testing Interview Questions and Answers – Part1.

Q-26. What is the difference between High level and Low-Level test case?

Answer.

 High-level test cases cover the core functionality of a product like standard business flows.
 Low-level test cases are those related to user interface (UI) in the application.

Q-27. What is the difference between Static testing and dynamic testing?

Answer.

Static Testing.

 It is a white box testing technique which directs the developers to verify their code with
the help of checklist to find errors in it.
 Developers can start it done without actually finalizing the application or program.
  Static testing is more cost effective than Dynamic testing.
 It covers more areas than Dynamic testing in a shorter time.

Dynamic Testing.

 Dynamic testing involves the execution of an actual application with valid inputs and
checking of the expected output.
 Examples of Dynamic testing are Unit Testing, Integration Testing, System Testing and
Acceptance Testing.
 Dynamic testing happens after the code deployment.
 It starts during the validation stage.

Q-28. What is Test Harness?

Answer.

Test Harness requires configuring a set of tools and input data to test an application under
various conditions. It involves monitoring the actual output with expected output for
correctness.

Its benefits are as follows.

 Upward push in productivity due to process automation.

 Improve the overall product Quality.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
--
. What is Defect Leakage?

Answer.

Defect leakage occurs at the Customer or the End-user side after the product delivery. If
the end user sees any issue in the application, then such bugs lead to Defect leakage. And
this process of finding bugs is also called as Bug Leakage.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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What kind of document will you need to begin Functional testing?

Answer.

 It is none other than the Functional specification document. It defines the full
functionality of a product.
 Other documents are also useful in testing like user manual and BRS.
 Gap analysis is another document which can help in understanding the expected
and existing system.

Q-31. Beside test case & test plan, what documents a tester should produce?
Answer. Here are a few other documents to prepare.

 Testing metrics
 Test design specs
 End-to-end scenarios
 Test summary reports
 Bug reports

What is Business Requirements Document (BRD)?

Answer. BRD provides a detailed business solution for a project including the
documentation of customer needs and expectations.

BRD fulfills the following objectives.

 Gain agreement with stakeholders.

 Provide clarity on the business requirements.
 Describe the solution that meets the customer/business needs.
 Determine the input for the next phase of the project.

Q-33. What is Risk Analysis?

Answer. Risk analysis is a technique to identify the things that can go wrong in a software
development project. They can negatively impact the scope, quality, timeliness, and cost
of a project.

However, everyone involved in the project has a part in minimizing the risk. But it’s the
lead who ensures that whole team understands the individual role in managing the risk.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is exploratory testing?

Answer.

Exploratory testing is a process which lets a tester to concentrate more on execution and
less on planning.

 It requires formulating a test charter, a short declaration of the scope, set of

objectives and possible approaches to be used.
 The test design and test execution activities may run in parallel without formally
documenting the test conditions, test cases or test scripts.
 Testers can use boundary value analysis to concentrate the testing effort on error-
prone areas by accurately pinpointing the boundaries.
 Notes should be recorded for the Exploratory Testing sessions as it would help to
create a final report of its execution.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Can we do System testing at any stage?

Answer. No. The system testing should start only if all modules arc in place and work
correctly. However, it should happen before the UAT (User Acceptance testing).

Why is it impossible to test a program completely?

Answer.

Here are the two principal reasons that make it impossible to test a program entirely.

 Software specifications can be subjective and can lead to different interpretations.

 A software program may require too many inputs, too many outputs, and too
many path combinations to

What is the primary difference between Debugging & Testing?

Answer.

 Testing is to find out defects while using a product whereas debugging is to reach
the part of the code causing failure.
 Debugging is isolating the problem area in the code done by a developer whereas
Testing is identifying the bug in an application and done by a tester.

What are the roles of glass-box and black-box testing tools?

Answer.

Black-box testing.

It doesn’t require the knowledge of internal design or code. So the tests are based on
requirements and functionality. Black box testing focuses on finding the following errors.

 Interface errors
 Performance errors
 Initialization errors
 Incorrect or missing functionality
 Errors in accessing external database
Glass-box testing or White-box testing.

It requires familiarity with the internal design and application code. So the tests
concentrate on path coverage, branch coverage, and statement coverage. It is expected to
cover the following.

 All possible code flows of a module.

 Execute all loops.
 Exercise all logical decisions.
 Verify internal data structure to ensure their validity.

What is GAP analysis?

Answer. Gap analysis reveals any deviation between the features available for testing and
how the customer perceives them to be.

Traceability matrix is a testing tool which testers can use to track down the gaps.

Error Guessing.

It is a test case design technique in which testers have to guess the defects that might
occur and write test cases to represent them.

Error Seeding.

It is the process of adding known bugs in a program for the tracking the rate of detection
& removal. It also helps to estimate the number of faults remaining in the program.

What is risk-based testing?

Risk-based Testing is the term used for an approach to creating a Test Strategy that is
based on prioritizing tests by risk. The basis of the approach is a detailed risk analysis and
prioritizing of risks by risk level. Tests to address each risk are then specified, starting with
the highest risk first.

3. A wholesaler sells printer cartridges. The minimum order quantity is 5. There is a 20%
discount for orders of 100 or more printer cartridges. You have been asked to prepare test
cases using various values for the number of printer cartridges ordered. Which of the
following groups contain three test inputs that would be generated using Boundary Value
Analysis?

4, 5, 99

4. What is the KEY difference between preventative and reactive approaches to testing?

Preventative tests are designed early; reactive tests are designed after the software has
been produced.
5. What is the purpose of exit criteria?

The purpose of exit criteria is to define when a test level is completed.

6. What determines the level of risk?

The likelihood of an adverse event and the impact of the event determine the level of
risk.

7. When is used Decision table testing?

Decision table testing is used for testing systems for which the specification takes the
form of rules or cause-effect combinations. In a decision table the inputs are listed in a
column, with the outputs in the same column but below the inputs. The remainder of the
table explores combinations of inputs to define the outputs produced.

Learn More About Decision Table Testing Technique in the Video Tutorial here

8. What is the MAIN objective when reviewing a software deliverable?

To identify defects in any software work product.

9. Which of the following defines the expected results of a test? Test case specification or
test design specification.

Test case specification defines the expected results of a test.

10. What is the benefit of test independence?

It avoids author bias in defining effective tests.

11. As part of which test process do you determine the exit criteria?

The exit criteria is determined on the bases of 'Test Planning'.

12. What is beta testing?

Testing performed by potential customers at their own locations.

13. Given the following fragment of code, how many tests are required for 100% decision
coverage?

if width > length

thenbiggest_dimension = width

if height > width

 thenbiggest_dimension = height

end_if

elsebiggest_dimension = length

if height > length

thenbiggest_dimension = height

end_if

end_if

14. You have designed test cases to provide 100% statement and 100% decision coverage
for the following fragment of code. if width > length then biggest_dimension = width else
biggest_dimension = length end_if The following has been added to the bottom of the
code fragment above. print "Biggest dimension is " &biggest_dimensionprint "Width: " &
width print "Length: " & length How many more test cases are required?

None, existing test cases can be used.

15. Rapid Application Development?

Rapid Application Development (RAD) is formally a parallel development of functions and

subsequent integration. Components/functions are developed in parallel as if they were
mini projects, the developments are time-boxed, delivered, and then assembled into a
working prototype. This can very quickly give the customer something to see and use and
to provide feedback regarding the delivery and their requirements. Rapid change and
development of the product is possible using this methodology. However the product
specification will need to be developed for the product at some point, and the project will
need to be placed under more formal controls prior to going into production.

16. What is the difference between Testing Techniques and Testing Tools?

Testing technique: – Is a process for ensuring that some aspects of the application system
or unit functions properly there may be few techniques but many tools.

Testing Tools: – Is a vehicle for performing a test process. The tool is a resource to the
tester, but itself is insufficient to conduct testing

Learn More About Testing Tools here

17. We use the output of the requirement analysis, the requirement specification as the
input for writing …
User Acceptance Test Cases

18. Repeated Testing of an already tested program, after modification, to discover any
defects introduced or uncovered as a result of the changes in the software being tested or
in another related or unrelated software component:

Regression Testing

19. What is component testing?

Component testing, also known as unit, module and program testing, searches for defects
in, and verifies the functioning of software (e.g. modules, programs, objects, classes, etc.)
that are separately testable. Component testing may be done in isolation from the rest of
the system depending on the context of the development life cycle and the system. Most
often stubs and drivers are used to replace the missing software and simulate the
interface between the software components in a simple manner. A stub is called from the
software component to be tested; a driver calls a component to be tested.

Here is an awesome video on Unit Testing

20. What is functional system testing?

Testing the end to end functionality of the system as a whole is defined as a functional
system testing.

21. What are the benefits of Independent Testing?

Independent testers are unbiased and identify different defects at the same time.

22. In a REACTIVE approach to testing when would you expect the bulk of the test design
work to be begun?

The bulk of the test design work begun after the software or system has been produced.

23. What are the different Methodologies in Agile Development Model?

There are currently seven different agile methodologies that I am aware of:

1. Extreme Programming (XP)

2. Scrum
3. Lean Software Development
4. Feature-Driven Development
5. Agile Unified Process
6. Crystal
7. Dynamic Systems Development Model (DSDM)

24. Which activity in the fundamental test process includes evaluation of the testability of
the requirements and system?
A 'Test Analysis' and 'Design' includes evaluation of the testability of the requirements
and system.

25. What is typically the MOST important reason to use risk to drive testing efforts?

Because testing everything is not feasible.

26. What is random/monkey testing? When it is used?

Random testing often known as monkey testing. In such type of testing data is generated
randomly often using a tool or automated mechanism. With this randomly generated
input the system is tested and results are analysed accordingly. These testing are less
reliable; hence it is normally used by the beginners and to see whether the system will
hold up under adverse effects.

27. Which of the following are valid objectives for incident reports?

1. Provide developers and other parties with feedback about the problem to enable
identification, isolation and correction as necessary.
2. Provide ideas for test process improvement.
3. Provide a vehicle for assessing tester competence.
4. Provide testers with a means of tracking the quality of the system under test.

28. Consider the following techniques. Which are static and which are dynamic
techniques?

1. Equivalence Partitioning.
2. Use Case Testing.
3. Data Flow Analysis.
4. Exploratory Testing.
5. Decision Testing.
6. Inspections.

Data Flow Analysis and Inspections are static; Equivalence Partitioning, Use Case Testing,
Exploratory Testing and Decision Testing are dynamic.

29. Why are static testing and dynamic testing described as complementary?

Because they share the aim of identifying defects but differ in the types of defect they
find.

30. What are the phases of a formal review?

In contrast to informal reviews, formal reviews follow a formal process. A typical formal
review process consists of six main steps:

1. Planning
2. Kick-off
 3. Preparation
4. Review meeting
5. Rework
6. Follow-up.

31. What is the role of moderator in review process?

The moderator (or review leader) leads the review process. He or she determines, in co-
operation with the author, the type of review, approach and the composition of the
review team. The moderator performs the entry check and the follow-up on the rework,
in order to control the quality of the input and output of the review process. The
moderator also schedules the meeting, disseminates documents before the meeting,
coaches other team members, paces the meeting, leads possible discussions and stores
the data that is collected.

Learn More about Review process in Video Tutorial here

32. What is an equivalence partition (also known as an equivalence class)?

An input or output ranges of values such that only one value in the range becomes a test
case.

33. When should configuration management procedures be implemented?

During test planning.

34. A Type of functional Testing, which investigates the functions relating to detection of
threats, such as virus from malicious outsiders?

Security Testing

35. Testing where in we subject the target of the test , to varying workloads to measure
and evaluate the performance behaviours and ability of the target and of the test to
continue to function properly under these different workloads?

Load Testing

36. Testing activity which is performed to expose defects in the interfaces and in the
interaction between integrated components is?

Integration Level Testing

37. What are the Structure-based (white-box) testing techniques?

Structure-based testing techniques (which are also dynamic rather than static) use the
internal structure of the software to derive test cases. They are commonly called 'white-
box' or 'glass-box' techniques (implying you can see into the system) since they require
knowledge of how the software is implemented, that is, how it works. For example, a
structural technique may be concerned with exercising loops in the software. Different
test cases may be derived to exercise the loop once, twice, and many times. This may be
done regardless of the functionality of the software.

38. When "Regression Testing" should be performed?

After the software has changed or when the environment has changed Regression testing
should be performed.

39. What is negative and positive testing?

A negative test is when you put in an invalid input and receives errors. While a positive
testing, is when you put in a valid input and expect some action to be completed in
accordance with the specification.

40. What is the purpose of a test completion criterion?

The purpose of test completion criterion is to determine when to stop testing

41. What can static analysis NOT find?

For example memory leaks.

42. What is the difference between re-testing and regression testing?

Re-testing ensures the original fault has been removed; regression testing looks for
unexpected side effects.

43. What are the Experience-based testing techniques?

In experience-based techniques, people's knowledge, skills and background are a prime

contributor to the test conditions and test cases. The experience of both technical and
business people is important, as they bring different perspectives to the test analysis and
design process. Due to previous experience with similar systems, they may have insights
into what could go wrong, which is very useful for testing.

44. What type of review requires formal entry and exit criteria, including metrics?

Inspection

45. Could reviews or inspections be considered part of testing?

Yes, because both help detect faults and improve quality.

46. An input field takes the year of birth between 1900 and 2004 what are the boundary
values for testing this field?

1899,1900,2004,2005
47. Which of the following tools would be involved in the automation of regression test?
a. Data tester b. Boundary tester c. Capture/Playback d. Output comparator.

d. Output comparator

48. To test a function, what has to write a programmer, which calls the function to be
tested and passes it test data.

Driver

49. What is the one Key reason why developers have difficulty testing their own work?

Lack of Objectivity

50."How much testing is enough?"

The answer depends on the risk for your industry, contract and special requirements.

51. When should testing be stopped?

It depends on the risks for the system being tested. There are some criteria bases on
which you can stop testing.

1. Deadlines (Testing, Release)

2. Test budget has been depleted
3. Bug rate fall below certain level
4. Test cases completed with certain percentage passed
5. Alpha or beta periods for testing ends
6. Coverage of code, functionality or requirements are met to a specified point

52. Which of the following is the main purpose of the integration strategy for integration
testing in the small?

The main purpose of the integration strategy is to specify which modules to combine
when and how many at once.

53.What are semi-random test cases?

Semi-random test cases are nothing but when we perform random test cases and do
equivalence partitioning to those test cases, it removes redundant test cases, thus giving
us semi-random test cases.

54. Given the following code, which statement is true about the minimum number of test
cases required for full statement and branch coverage?

Read p

Read q
 IF p+q> 100

THEN Print "Large"

ENDIF

IF p > 50

THEN Print "p Large"

ENDIF

1 test for statement coverage, 2 for branch coverage

55. What is black box testing? What are the different black box testing techniques?

Black box testing is the software testing method which is used to test the software
without knowing the internal structure of code or program. This testing is usually done to
check the functionality of an application. The different black box testing techniques are

1. Equivalence Partitioning
2. Boundary value analysis
3. Cause effect graphing

56. Which review is normally used to evaluate a product to determine its suitability for
intended use and to identify discrepancies?

Technical Review.

57. Why we use decision tables?

The techniques of equivalence partitioning and boundary value analysis are often applied
to specific situations or inputs. However, if different combinations of inputs result in
different actions being taken, this can be more difficult to show using equivalence
partitioning and boundary value analysis, which tend to be more focused on the user
interface. The other two specification-based techniques, decision tables and state
transition testing are more focused on business logic or business rules. A decision table is
a good way to deal with combinations of things (e.g. inputs). This technique is sometimes
also referred to as a 'cause-effect' table. The reason for this is that there is an associated
logic diagramming technique called 'cause-effect graphing' which was sometimes used to
help derive the decision table

58. Faults found should be originally documented by whom?

By testers.
59. Which is the current formal world-wide recognized documentation standard?

There isn't one.

60. Which of the following is the review participant who has created the item to be
reviewed?

Author

61. A number of critical bugs are fixed in software. All the bugs are in one module, related
to reports. The test manager decides to do regression testing only on the reports module.

Regression testing should be done on other modules as well because fixing one module
may affect other modules.

62. Why does the boundary value analysis provide good test cases?

Because errors are frequently made during programming of the different cases near the
'edges' of the range of values.

63. What makes an inspection different from other review types?

It is led by a trained leader, uses formal entry and exit criteria and checklists.

64. Why can be tester dependent on configuration management?

Because configuration management assures that we know the exact version of the
testware and the test object.

65. What is a V-Model?

A software development model that illustrates how testing activities integrate with
software development phases

66. What is maintenance testing?

Triggered by modifications, migration or retirement of existing software

67. What is test coverage?

Test coverage measures in some specific way the amount of testing performed by a set of
tests (derived in some other way, e.g. using specification-based techniques). Wherever we
can count things and can tell whether or not each of those things has been tested by some
test, then we can measure coverage.

68. Why is incremental integration preferred over "big bang" integration?

Because incremental integration has better early defects screening and isolation ability
69. When do we prepare RTM (Requirement traceability matrix), is it before test case
designing or after test case designing?

It would be before test case designing. Requirements should already be traceable from
Review activities since you should have traceability in the Test Plan already. This question
also would depend on the organisation. If the organisations do test after development
started then requirements must be already traceable to their source. To make life simpler
use a tool to manage requirements.

70. What is called the process starting with the terminal modules?

Bottom-up integration

71. During which test activity could faults be found most cost effectively?

During test planning

72. The purpose of requirement phase is

To freeze requirements, to understand user needs, to define the scope of testing

73. Why we split testing into distinct stages?

We split testing into distinct stages because of following reasons,

1. Each test stage has a different purpose

2. It is easier to manage testing in stages
3. We can run different test into different environments
4. Performance and quality of the testing is improved using phased testing

74. What is DRE?

To measure test effectiveness a powerful metric is used to measure test effectiveness

known as DRE (Defect Removal Efficiency) From this metric we would know how many
bugs we have found from the set of test cases. Formula for calculating DRE is

DRE=Number of bugs while testing / number of bugs while testing + number of bugs
found by user

75. Which of the following is likely to benefit most from the use of test tools providing test
capture and replay facilities? a) Regression testing b) Integration testing c) System testing
d) User acceptance testing

Regression testing

76. How would you estimate the amount of re-testing likely to be required?

Metrics from previous similar projects and discussions with the development team
77. What studies data flow analysis?

The use of data on paths through the code.

78. What is Alpha testing?

Pre-release testing by end user representatives at the developer's site.

79. What is a failure?

Failure is a departure from specified behaviour.

80. What are Test comparators?

Is it really a test if you put some inputs into some software, but never look to see whether
the software produces the correct result? The essence of testing is to check whether the
software produces the correct result, and to do that, we must compare what the software
produces to what it should produce. A test comparator helps to automate aspects of that
comparison.

81. Who is responsible for document all the issues, problems and open point that were
identified during the review meeting

Scribe

82. What is the main purpose of Informal review

Inexpensive way to get some benefit

83. What is the purpose of test design technique?

Identifying test conditions and Identifying test cases

84. When testing a grade calculation system, a tester determines that all scores from 90 to
100 will yield a grade of A, but scores below 90 will not. This analysis is known as:

Equivalence partitioning

85. A test manager wants to use the resources available for the automated testing of a
web application. The best choice is Tester, test automater, web specialist, DBA

86. During the testing of a module tester 'X' finds a bug and assigned it to developer. But
developer rejects the same, saying that it's not a bug. What 'X' should do?

Send to the detailed information of the bug encountered and check the reproducibility

87. A type of integration testing in which software elements, hardware elements, or both
are combined all at once into a component or an overall system, rather than in stages.
Big-Bang Testing

88. In practice, which Life Cycle model may have more, fewer or different levels of
development and testing, depending on the project and the software product. For
example, there may be component integration testing after component testing, and
system integration testing after system testing.

V-Model

89. Which technique can be used to achieve input and output coverage? It can be applied
to human input, input via interfaces to a system, or interface parameters in integration
testing.

Equivalence partitioning

90. "This life cycle model is basically driven by schedule and budget risks" This statement
is best suited for…

V-Model

91. In which order should tests be run?

The most important one must tests first

92. The later in the development life cycle a fault is discovered, the more expensive it is to
fix. Why?

The fault has been built into more documentation, code, tests, etc

93. What is Coverage measurement?

It is a partial measure of test thoroughness.

94. What is Boundary value testing?

Test boundary conditions on, below and above the edges of input and output equivalence
classes. For instance, let say a bank application where you can withdraw maximum
Rs.20,000 and a minimum of Rs.100, so in boundary value testing we test only the exact
boundaries, rather than hitting in the middle. That means we test above the maximum
limit and below the minimum limit.

95. What is Fault Masking?

Error condition hiding another error condition.

96. What does COTS represent?

Commercial off The Shelf.

97.The purpose of which is allow specific tests to be carried out on a system or network
that resembles as closely as possible the environment where the item under test will be
used upon release?

Test Environment

98. What can be thought of as being based on the project plan, but with greater amounts
of detail?

Phase Test Plan

99. What is exploratory testing?

Exploratory testing is a hands-on approach in which testers are involved in minimum

planning and maximum test execution. The planning involves the creation of a test
charter, a short declaration of the scope of a short (1 to 2 hour) time-boxed test effort, the
objectives and possible approaches to be used. The test design and test execution
activities are performed in parallel typically without formally documenting the test
conditions, test cases or test scripts. This does not mean that other, more formal testing
techniques will not be used. For example, the tester may decide to use boundary value
analysis but will think through and test the most important boundary values without
necessarily writing them down. Some notes will be written during the exploratory-testing
session, so that a report can be produced afterwards.

100. What is "use case testing"?

In order to identify and execute the functional requirement of an application from start to
finish "use case" is used and the techniques used to do this is known as "Use Case
Testing"

Bonus!

101. What is the difference between STLC (Software Testing Life Cycle) and SDLC
(Software Development Life Cycle) ?

SDLC deals with developement/coding of the software while STLC deales with validation
and verification of the software

102. What is traceability matrix?

The relationship between test cases and requirements is shown with the help of a
document. This document is known as traceability matrix.

103. What is Equivalence partitioning testing?

Equivalence partitioning testing is a software testing technique which divides the

application input test data into each partition at least once of equivalent data from which
test cases can be derived. By this testing method it reduces the time required for
software testing.

104. What is white box testing and list the types of white box testing?

White box testing technique involves selection of test cases based on an analysis of the
internal structure (Code coverage, branches coverage, paths coverage, condition coverage
etc.) of a component or system. It is also known as Code-Based testing or Structural
testing. Different types of white box testing are

1. Statement Coverage
2. Decision Coverage

105. In white box testing what do you verify?

In white box testing following steps are verified.

1. Verify the security holes in the code

2. Verify the incomplete or broken paths in the code
3. Verify the flow of structure according to the document specification
4. Verify the expected outputs
5. Verify all conditional loops in the code to check the complete functionality of the
application
6. Verify the line by line coding and cover 100% testing

106. What is the difference between static and dynamic testing?

Static testing: During Static testing method, the code is not executed and it is performed
using the software documentation.

Dynamic testing: To perform this testing the code is required to be in an executable form.

107. What is verification and validation?

Verification is a process of evaluating software at development phase and to decide

whether the product of a given application satisfies the specified requirements.
Validation is the process of evaluating software at the end of the development process
and to check whether it meets the customer requirements.

108. What are different test levels?

There are four test levels

1. Unit/component/program/module testing
2. Integration testing
3. System testing
4. Acceptance testing
109. What is Integration testing?

Integration testing is a level of software testing process, where individual units of an

application are combined and tested. It is usually performed after unit and functional
testing.

110. What are the tables in testplans?

Test design, scope, test strategies , approach are various details that Test plan document
consists of.

1. Test case identifier

2. Scope
3. Features to be tested
4. Features not to be tested
5. Test strategy & Test approach
6. Test deliverables
7. Responsibilities
8. Staffing and training
9. Risk and Contingencies

111. What is the difference between UAT (User Acceptance Testing) and System testing?

System Testing: System testing is finding defects when the system under goes testing as a
whole, it is also known as end to end testing. In such type of testing, the application
undergoes from beginning till the end.

UAT: User Acceptance Testing (UAT) involves running a product through a series of
specific tests which determines whether the product will meet the needs of its users.

112. Mention the difference between Data Driven Testing and Retesting?

Retesting: It is a process of checking bugs that are actioned by development team to

verify that they are actually fixed.

Data Driven Testing (DDT): In data driven testing process, application is tested with
multiple test data. Application is tested with different set of values.

113. What are the valuable steps to resolve issues while testing?

 Record : Log and handle any problems which has happened

 Report: Report the issues to higher level manager
 Control: Define the issue management process

114. What is the difference between test scenarios, test cases and test script?

Difference between test scenarios and test cases is that

Test Scenarios: Test scenario is prepared before the actual testing starts, it includes plans
for testing product, number of team members, environmental condition, making test
cases, making test plans and all the features that are to be tested for the product.

Test Cases: It is a document that contains the steps that has to be executed, it has been
planned earlier.

Test Script: It is written in a programming language and it's a short program used to test
part of functionality of the software system. In other words a written set of steps that
should be performed manually.

115. What is Latent defect?

Latent defect: This defect is an existing defect in the system which does not cause any
failure as the exact set of conditions has never been met

116. What are the two parameters which can be useful to know the quality of test
execution?

To know the quality of test execution we can use two parameters

 Defect reject ratio

 Defect leakage ratio

117. What is the function of software testing tool "phantom"?

Phantom is a freeware, and is used for windows GUI automation scripting language. It
allows to take control of windows and functions automatically. It can simulate any
combination of key strokes and mouse clicks as well as menus, lists and more.
118. Explain what is Test Deliverables ?

Test Deliverables are set of documents, tools and other components that has to be
developed and maintained in support of testing.

There are different test deliverables at every phase of the software development lifecycle

 Before Testing
 During Testing
 After the Testing

119. What is mutation testing?

Mutation testing is a technique to identify if a set of test data or test case is useful by
intentionally introducing various code changes (bugs) and retesting with original test
data/ cases to determine if the bugs are detected.

120. What all things you should consider before selecting automation tools for the AUT?

 Technical Feasibility
 Complexity level
 Application stability
 Test data
 Application size
 Re-usability of automated scripts
 Execution across environment

121. How will you conduct Risk Analysis?

For the risk analysis following steps need to be implemented

a) Finding the score of the risk

b) Making a profile for the risk

c) Changing the risk properties

d) Deploy the resources of that test risk

e) Making a database of risk

122. What are the categories of debugging?

Categories for debugging

a) Brute force debugging

b) Backtracking
c) Cause elimination

d) Program slicing

e) Fault tree analysis

123. What is fault masking explain with example?

When presence of one defect hides the presence of another defect in the system is known
as fault masking.

Example : If the "Negative Value" cause a firing of unhandled system exception, the
developer will prevent the negative values inpu. This will resolve the issue and hide the
defect of unhandled exception firing.

124. Explain what is Test Plan ? What are the information that should be covered in Test
Plan ?

A test plan can be defined as a document describing the scope, approach, resources and
schedule of testing activities and a test plan should cover the following details.

 Test Strategy
 Test Objective
 Exit/Suspension Criteria
 Resource Planning
 Test Deliverables

125. How you can eliminate the product risk in your project ?

To eliminate product risk in your project, there is simple yet crucial step that can reduce
the product risk in your project.

 Investigate the specification documents

 Have discussions about the project with all stakeholders including the developer
 As a real user walk around the website

126. What are the common risk that leads to the project failure?

The common risk that leads to a project failure are

 Not having enough human resource

 Testing Environment may not be set up properly
 Limited Budget
 Time Limitations

127. On what basis you can arrive to an estimation for your project?

To estimate your project , you have to consider following points

  Divide the whole project into a smallest tasks
 Allocate each task to team members
 Estimate the effort required to complete each task
 Validate the estimation

128. Explain how you would allocate task to team members ?

Task Member
 Analyze software requirement specification  All the members

 Create the test specification  Tester/Test Analyst

 Build up the test environment  Test administrator

 Execute the test cases  Tester, Test administrator

 Report defects  Tester

129. Explain what is testing type and what are the commonly used testing type ?

To get an expected test outcome a standard procedure is followed which is referred as

Testing Type.

Commonly used testing types are

 Unit Testing: Test the smallest code of an application

 API Testing: Testing API created for the application
 Integration Testing: Individual software modules are combined and tested
 System Testing: Complete testing of system
 Install/UnInstall Testing: Testing done from the point of client/customer view
 Agile Testing: Testing through Agile technique

130. While monitoring your project what all things you have to consider ?

The things that has to be taken in considerations are

 Is you project on schedule

 Are you over budget
 Are you working towards the same career goal
 Have you got enough resources
 Are there any warning signs of impending problems
 Is there any pressure from management to complete the project sooner

131. What are the common mistakes which creates issues ?

 Matching resources to wrong projects

  Test manager lack of skills
 Not listening to others
 Poor Scheduling
 Underestimating
 Ignoring the small problems
 Not following the process

132. What does a typical test report contains? What are the benefits of test reports?

A test report contains following things:

 Project Information
 Test Objective
 Test Summary
 Defect

The benefits of test reports are:

 Current status of project and quality of product are informed

 If required, stake holder and customer can take corrective action
 A final document helps to decide whether the product is ready for release

133. What is test management review and why it is important?

Management review is also referred as Software Quality Assurance or SQA. SQA focusses
more on the software process rather than the software work products. It is a set of
activities designed to make sure that the project manager follows the standard process.
SQA helps test manager to benchmark the project against the set standards.

134. What are the best practices for software quality assurance?

The best practices for an effective SQA implementation is

 Continuous Improvement
 Documentation
 Tool Usage
 Metrics
 Responsibility by team members
 Experienced SQA auditors

135. When is RTM (Requirement Traceability Matrix) prepared ?

RTM is prepared before test case designing. Requirements should be traceable from
review activities.

136. What is difference between Test matrix and Traceability matrix?

Test Matrix: Test matrix is used to capture actual quality, effort, the plan, resources and
time required to capture all phases of software testing

Traceability Matrix:Mapping between test cases and customer requirements is known as

Traceability Matrix

137. In manual testing what are stubs and drivers?

Both stubs and drivers are part of incremental testing. In incremental testing there are
two approaches namely bottom up and top down approach. Drivers are used in bottom
up testing and stub is used for top down approach. In order to test the main module, stub
is used, whuich is a dummy code or program .

138. What are the step you would follow once you find the defect?

Once defect is found you would follow the step

a) Recreate the defect

b) Attach the screen shot

c) Log the defect

139. Explain what is "Test Plan Driven" or "Key Word Driven" method of testing?

This technique uses the actual test case document developed by testers using a spread
sheet containing special "key Words". The key words control the processing.

140. What is DFD (Data Flow Diagram) ?

When a "flow of data" through an information system is graphically represented then it is

known as Data Flow Diagram. It is also used for the visualization of data processing.

141. Explain what is LCSAJ?

LCSAJ stands for 'linear code sequence and jump'. It consists of the following three items

a) Start of the linear sequence of executable statements

b) End of the linear sequence

c) The target line to which control flow is transferred at the end of the linear sequence

142. Explain what is N+1 testing?

The variation of regression testing is represented as N+1. In this technique the testing is
performed in multiple cycles in which errors found in test cycle 'N' are resolved and re-
tested in test cycle N+1. The cycle is repeated unless there are no errors found.
143. What is Fuzz testing and when it is used?

Fuzz testing is used to detect security loopholes and coding errors in software. In this
technique random data is added to the system in attempt to crash the system. If
vulnerability persists, a tool called fuzz tester is used to determine potential causes. This
technique is more useful for bigger projects but only detects major fault.

144. Mention what are the main advantages of statement coverage metric of software
testing?

The benefit of statement coverage metric is that

a) It does not require processing source code and can be applied directly to object code

b) Bugs are distributed evenly through code, due to which percentage of executable
statements covered reflects the percentage of faults discovered

145. How to generate test cases for replace string method?

a) If characters in new string > characters in previous string. None of the characters
should get truncated

b) If characters in new string< characters in previous string. Junk characters should not
be added

c) Spaces after and before the string should not be deleted

d) String should be replaced only for the first occurrence of the string

146. How will you handle a conflict amogst your team members ?

 I will talk individually to each person and note their concerns

 I will find solution to the common problems raised by team members
 I will hold a team meeting , reveal the solution and ask people to co-operate

147. Mention what are the categories of defects?

Mainly there are three defect categories

 Wrong: When requirement is implemented incorrectly

 Missing: It is a variance from the specification, an indication that a specification
was not implemented or a requirement of the customer is not met
 Extra: A requirement incorporated into the product that was not given by the end
customer. It is considered as a defect because it is a variance from the existing
requirements

148. Explain how does a test coverage tool works?

The code coverage testing tool runs parallel while performing testing on the actual
product. The code coverage tool monitors the executed statements of the source code.
When the final testing is done we get a complete report of the pending statements and
also get the coverage percentage.

149. Mention what is the difference between a "defect" and a "failure" in software
testing?

In simple terms when a defect reaches the end customer it is called a failure while the
defect is identified internally and resolved then it is referred as defect.

150. Explain how to test documents in a project that span across the software
development lifecycle?

The project span across the software development lifecycle in following manner

 Central/Project test plan: It is the main test plan that outlines the complete test
strategy of the project. This plan is used till the end of the software development
lifecycle
 Acceptance test plan: This document begins during the requirement phase and is
completed at final delivery
 System test plan: This plan starts during the design plan and proceeds until the end
of the project
 Integration and Unit test plan: Both these test plans start during the execution
phase and last until the final delivery

151. Explain which test cases are written first black boxes or white boxes?

Black box test cases are written first as to write black box test cases; it requires project
plan and requirement document all these documents are easily available at the beginning
of the project. While writing white box test cases requires more architectural
understanding and is not available at the start of the project.

152. Explain what is the difference between latent and masked defects?

 Latent defect: A latent defect is an existing defect that has not caused a failure
because the sets of conditions were never met
 Masked defect: It is an existing defect that has not caused a failure because
another defect has prevented that part of the code from being executed

153. Mention what is bottom up testing?

Bottom up testing is an approach to integration testing, where the lowest level

components are tested first, then used to facilitate the testing of higher level components.
The process is repeated until the component at the top of the hierarchy is tested.

154. Mention what are the different types of test coverage techniques?
Different types of test coverage techniques include

 Statement Coverage: It verifies that each line of source code has been executed
and tested
 Decision Coverage: It ensures that every decision in the source code is executed
and tested
 Path Coverage: It ensures that every possible route through a given part of code is
executed and tested

155. Mention what is the meaning of breadth testing?

Breadth testing is a test suite that exercises the full functionality of a product but does not
test features in detail

156. Mention what is the difference between Pilot and Beta testing?

The difference between pilot and beta testing is that pilot testing is actually done using
the product by the group of user before the final deployment and in beta testing we do
not input real data, but it is installed at the end customer to validate if the product can be
used in production.

157. Explain what is the meaning of Code Walk Through?

Code Walk Through is the informal analysis of the program source code to find defects
and verify coding techniques

158. Mention what are the basic components of defect report format?

The basic components of defect report format includes

 Project Name
 Module Name
 Defect detected on
 Defect detected by
 Defect ID and Name
 Snapshot of the defect
 Priority and Severity status
 Defect resolved by
 Defect resolved on

159. Mention what is the purpose behind doing end-to-end testing?

End-to end testing is done after functional testing. The purpose behind doing end-to-end
testing is that

 To validate the software requirements and integration with external interfaces

 Testing application in real world environment scenario
 Testing of interaction between application and database
160. Explain what it means by test harness?

A test harness is configuring a set of tools and test data to test an application in various
conditions, it involves monitoring the output with expected output for correctness.

161. Explain in a testing project what testing activities would you automate?

In a testing project testing activities you would automate are

 Tests that need to be run for every build of the application

 Tests that use multiple data for the same set of actions
 Identical tests that needs to be executed using different browsers
 Mission critical pages
 Transaction with pages that do not change in short time
 What is Exhaustive Testing?
Ans. Testing functionality with all valid, invalid inputs and pre-conditions is called
Exhaustive testing.
 Q. What is Defect Clustering?
Ans. Any small module or functionality may contain a number of defects –
concentrating more on testing these functionalities is known as Defect Clustering.
 Q. What is Pesticide Paradox?
Ans. If prepared test cases are not finding defects, add/revise test cases to find
more defects, this is known as Pesticide Paradox.
 Q. What is Static Testing?
Ans. Manual verification of the code without executing the program is called as
Static Testing. In this process, the issues are identified in the code by checking
code, requirement and design documents.
 Q. What is Positive Testing?
Ans. It is the Testing which is conducted on the application to determine if the
system works properly. Basically known as “test to pass” approach.
 Q. What is Negative Testing?
Ans. Testing Software with a negative approach to check if the system is not
“showing error when not supposed to” and “not showing error when supposed to”
is termed as Negative Testing.
 Q. What is an End-to-End Testing?
Ans. Testing the overall functionality of the system including the data integration
among all the modules is called End-to-End Testing.
 Q. What is Exploratory Testing?
Ans. Exploring the application, understanding its functionalities, adding (or)
modifying the existing test cases for better testing is called Exploratory testing.
 Q. What is Monkey Testing?
Ans. Testing conducted on an application without any plan and carried out
randomly with the tests to find any system crash with an intention of finding tricky
defects is called Monkey Testing.
 Q. What is Non-Functional Testing?
Ans. Validating various non-functional aspects of the system such as user
 interfaces, user-friendliness, security, compatibility, Load, Stress, and Performance
etc., is called Non-Functional testing.
 Q. What is Usability Testing?
Ans. Checking how easily the end users are able to understand and operate the
application is called Usability Testing.
 Q. What is Security Testing?
Ans. Validating whether all security conditions are properly implemented in the
software (or) not is called Security testing.
 Q. What is Performance Testing?
Ans. The process of measuring various efficiency characteristics of a system such as
response time, load stress transactions per minutes, transaction mix etc., is termed
as Performance Testing.
 Q. What is Load Testing?
Ans. Analyzing both the functional and performance behavior of an application
under various conditions is called Load Testing.


 Q. What is Stress Testing?

Ans. Checking the application behaviour under stress conditions
(or)
Reducing the system resources and keeping the load as constant and checking how
the application is behaving is called Stress Testing.
 Q. What is Process?
Ans. A process is a set of practices performed to achieve a given purpose; it may
include tools, methods, materials or people.
 Q. What is Software Configuration Management?
Ans. The process of identifying, Organizing and controlling changes to the Software
development and maintenance.
(or)
It is a methodology to control and manage a software development project.
 Q. What is a Testing Process / Lifecycle?
Ans. It includes the below factors:
 Writing a Test Plan
Test Scenarios
Test Cases
Executing the Test Cases
Test Results
Defect Reporting
Defect Tracking
Defect Closing
Test Release
 Q. What is full form of CMMI?
Ans. Capability Maturity Model Integration
 Q. What is a Code Walk Through?
Ans. An informal analysis of the program source code to find the defects and verify
the coding techniques is termed so.
 Q. What is Unit Level Testing?
Ans. Testing of single programs, modules or unit of code is termed as Unit Level
Testing.
 Q. What is Integration Level Testing?
Ans. Testing of related programs, Modules (or) Unit of code.
(or)
Partitions of the system which is ready for testing with other partitions of the
system is termed so.
 Q. What is System Level Testing?
Ans. Testing of the entire computer system across all the modules is termed so.
This kind of testing can include Functional as well as Structural Testing.
 Q. What is Alpha Testing?
Ans. Testing of a whole computer system before rolling out to the UAT is termed
so.
 Q. What is User Acceptance Testing (UAT)?
Ans. Testing of a computer system by the client to verify if it adhered to the
provided requirements.
 Q. What is a Test Plan?
Ans. It is a document describing the scope, approach, resources, and schedule of
testing activities. It identifies test items, features to be tested, testing tasks, who
will do each task, and any risks requiring contingency planning.
 Q. What is a Test Scenario?
Ans. Identifying all the possible areas to be tested (or) what is to be tested is
termed so.
 Q. What is ECP (Equivalence Class Partition)?
Ans. It is a method for deriving test cases.
 Q. What is a Defect?
Ans. Any flaw or imperfection in a software work product is termed as a Defect.
(or)
When the expected result does not match with the application actual result, it is
termed so.
 Q. What is Severity?
Ans. It defines the importance of the defect from the functional point of view i.e.
how critical is a defect with respect to the application.
 Q. What is Priority?
Ans. It indicates the importance or urgency of fixing a defect
 Q. What is Re-Testing?
Ans. Re-testing the application means verifying whether the defects have been
fixed or not.
 Q. What is Regression Testing?
Ans. Verifying an existing functional and non-functional area after making changes
to the part of a software or addition of new features is termed so.
 Q. What is Recovery Testing?
Ans. Checking whether the system is able to handle some unexpected or
unpredictable situations is called Recovery Testing.
 Q. What is Globalization Testing?
Ans. It is the process of verifying whether a software can be run independent of its
 geographical and cultural environment. Checking if the application is having
features of setting and changing language, date, format, and currency if it is
designed for global users.
 Q. What is Localization Testing?
Ans. Verifying globalized application for a particular locality of users, under cultural
and geographical conditions is termed so.
 Q. What is Installation Testing?
Ans. Checking whether we are able to install a software successfully (or) not, as per
the guidelines given in the installation document is called Installation Testing.
 Q. What is Un-Installation Testing?
Ans. Checking whether we are able to uninstall the software from the system
successfully (or) not is called Un-Installation Testing
 Q. What is Compatibility Testing?
Ans. Checking whether the application is compatible with different software and
hardware environment or not is called Compatibility Testing.
 Q. What is a Test Strategy?
Ans. It is a part of a test plan describing how testing is carried out for the project
and what testing types need to be performed on the application.
 Q. What is a Test Case?
Ans. A Test case is a set of pre-conditional steps to be followed with input data and
expected behavior to validate the functionality of a system.
 Q. What is Business Validation Test Case?
Ans. A test case which is prepared to check the business condition or a business
requirement is called Business Validation test case.
 Q. What is a Good Test Case?
Ans. A Test case that has the high priority of catching defects is called a Good Test
Case.
 Q. What is Use Case Testing?
Ans. Validating a software to confirm whether it is developed as per the use cases
or not is called Use Case testing.
 Q. What is a Defect Age?
Ans. The time gap between the date of detection & the date of closure of a defect
is termed so.
 Q. What is Showstopper Defect?
Ans. A defect which is not permitting to continue further with testing is called
Showstopper Defect.
 Q. What is a Test Closure?
Ans. It is the last phase of the STLC, where the management prepares various test
summary reports that explain the complete statistics of the project based on the
testing carried out.
 Q. What is Bucket Testing?
Ans. Bucket testing is also known as A/B testing. It is mostly used to study the
impact of various product designs in the website metrics. Two simultaneous
versions are run on a single or a set of web pages to measure the difference in click
rates, interface, and traffic.
 Q. What is meant by Entry Criteria and Exit Criteria in Software Testing?
Ans. Entry Criteria is the process that must be present when a system begins, like,
 SRS – Software
FRS
Use Case
Test Case
Test Plan
Exit criteria ensures whether the testing is completed and the application is ready
for release, like,
Test Summary Report,
Metrics
Defect Analysis Report.
 Q. What is Concurrency Testing?
Ans. This is a multiple user testing to access the application at the same time to
verify the effect on code, module or DB and it is mainly used to identify the locking
and deadlocking situations in the code.
 Q. What is Web Application Testing?
Ans. Web application testing is done on a website to check – load, performance,
security, Functionality, Interface, Compatibility and other usability-related issues.
 Q. What is Unit Testing?
Ans. Unit testing is done to check whether the individual modules of the source
code are working properly or not.
 Q. What is Interface Testing?
Ans. Interface testing is done to check whether the individual modules are
communicating properly as per the specifications or not. Interface testing is mostly
used to test the user interface of GUI applications.
 Q. What is Gamma Testing?
Ans. Gamma testing is done when the software is ready for release with the
specified requirements, this testing is done directly by skipping all the in-house
testing activities.
 Q. What is Test Harness?
Ans. Test Harness is configuring a set of tools and test data to test an application
under various conditions, which involves monitoring the output with the expected
output for correctness.
The benefits of Testing Harness are: Productivity increase due to process
automation and increase in the product quality
 Q. What is Scalability Testing?
Ans. It is used to check whether the functionality and performance of a system are
capable to meet the volume and size changes as per the requirements.
Scalability testing is done using load test by changing various software, hardware
configurations, and testing environment.
 Q. What is Fuzz Testing?
Ans. Fuzz testing is a black box testing technique which uses a random bad data to
attack a program to check if anything breaks in the application.
 Q. What is Difference between QA, QC, and Testing?
Ans. QA?
It is process oriented and its Aim is to prevent the defects in an application.
  QC?
QC is product oriented and it is a Set of activities used to evaluate a developed
work product
 Testing?
Executing and verifying an application with the intention of finding defects.
 Q. What is Date Driven Testing?
Ans. It is an Automation testing process in which an application is tested with
multiple sets of data with different preconditions as an input to the script.

Some questions from other source

What is test scenario and test case? Please explain in detail?

Test Scenario:
Test scenario is like laying out plans for testing the product, environmental condition,
number of team members required, making test plans, making test cases and what all
features are to be tested for the product. Test scenario is very much dependent on the
product to be tested.
Test scenario is made before the actual testing starts.
Test Case:
Test case is a document which provides the steps to be executed which has been planned
earlier. It also depends on the type of product to be tested. Number of test cases is not
fixed for any product.

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What is Entry and Exit Criteria in Software Testing?

Entry Criteria is the process that must be present when a system begins, like,

 SRS (Software Requirement Specification)

 FRS (Functional Requirement Specification)
 Usecase
 Test Case
 Test plan

Exit Criteria ensures whether testing is completed and the application is ready for release,
like,Test Summary Report

 Metrics
 Defect Analysis report

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Who will prepare FRS (functional requirement documents)? What is the important of FRS?

The Business Analyst will pre pare the FRS.

Based on this we are going to prepare test cases.
It contains
1. Over view of the project
2. Page elements of the Application (Filed Names)
3. Prototype of the of the application
4. Business rules and Error States
5. Data Flow diagrams
6. Use cases contains Actor and Actions and System Responses

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What is the difference in writing the test cases for Integration testing and system testing?

Integration testing is done at module level when various modules are integrated with
each other to form a system or sub-system. Its main purpose is to ensure that interfaces
between various modules are working properly; i.e. modules which are working
individually are also working correctly together.

System testing is done on a complete, integrated system to evaluate the system's

compliance with its specified requirements. It validates that the system meets its
functional and non-functional requirements.

From these definitions, it is clear that the purpose of Integration and purpose of System
Testing are different. Therefore, Integration test cases focus more on the interfaces
between modules (interface integrity) - the data transfer and their interaction with each
other. System test cases focus on testing the product as a whole; i.e. whether the
functional, non-functional requirements of the System are met or not. Since System
Testing is the final phase before delivery of the product, System test cases should pinpoint
configuration related errors along with testing for performance, security, reliability etc.

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How do you perform regression testing, explain with an example?

Regression Testing is carried out both manually and automation. The automatic tools are
mainly used for the Regression Testing as this is mainly focused repeatedly testing the
same application for the changes the application gone through for the new functionality,
after fixing the previous bugs, any new changes in the design etc. The regression testing
involves executing the test cases, which we ran for finding the defects. Whenever any
change takes place in the Application we should make sure, the previous functionality is
still available without any break. For this reason one should do the regression testing on
the application by running/executing the previously written test cases.

Give me examples for high priority and low severity defects?

Suppose in one banking application there is one module ATM Facility. In that ATM facility
when ever we are depositing/withdrawing money it is not showing any conformation
message but actually at the back end it is happening properly with out any mistake means
only missing
Of message. In this case as it is happening properly so there is nothing wrong with the
application but as end user is not getting any conformation message so he/she will be
Confuse for this. So we can consider this issue as HIGH Priority but LOW Severity defect.

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Explain Use case diagram. What are the attributes of use cases?

Use Case Diagrams is an overview graphical representation of the functionality in a

system. It is used in the analysis phase of a project to specify the system to be developed.

In Use Case Diagrams the whole system is defined as ACTORS, USE CASES and
ASSOCIATIONS, the ACTORS are the external part of the system like users, computer
software & hardware, USECASES is the behavior or functionality of the system when these
ACTORS perform an action, the ASSOCIATIONS are the line drawn to show the connection
between ACTORS and USECASES. One ACTOR can link too many USECASES and one
USECASE can link too many ACTORS.

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What will be the Test case for ATM Machine & Coffee Machine?

Successful inspection of ATM card

2. Un successful operation due to insert card in wrong angle
3. Un successful operation due to invalid account ex: other bank card or time expired card
4. Successful entry of PIN number
5. Un successful operation due to enter wrong PIN number 3times
6. Successful selection of language

7. Successful selection of account type

8. Un successful operation due to invalid account type
10. Successful selection of withdraw operation
11. Successful selection of amount to be withdraw
12. Successful withdraw operation
13. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to wrong denominations
14. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to amount is greater than day limit
15. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to lack of money in ATM
16. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to amount is greater than possible balance
17. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to transactions is greater than day limit
18. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to click cancel after insert card
19. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to click cancel after insert card & pin number
20. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to click cancel after insert card, pin number &
language
21. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to click cancel after insert card, pin number,
language &account type
22. Unsuccessful withdraw operation due to click cancel after insert card , pin number ,
language ,account type & withdraw operation
23.unsuccessful withdraw operation due to click cancel after insert card , pin number ,
language ,account type ,withdraw operation &amount to be withdraw

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What is the difference between build and release?

A "build" is given by dev team to the test team. A "release" is formal release of the
product to its customers.

A build when tested and certified by the test team is given to the customers as "release".
A "build" can be rejected by test team if any of the tests fail or it does not meet certain
requirements. One release can have several builds associated with it.

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Explain about Intergration testing types with example:

The types of Integration Testing are

1. Big Bang Integration Testing

In Big Bang Integration Testing, the individual modules are not integrated until all the
modules are ready. Then they will run to check whether it is performing well.

In this type of testing, some disadvantages might occur like,

Defects can be found at the later stage.It would be difficult to find out whether the defect
arouse in Interface or in module.

1.
In Top Down Integration Testing, the high level modules are integrated and tested
 first. i.e Testing from main module to sub module. In this type of testing, Stubs are
used as temporary module if a module is not ready for integration testing.

3. Bottom Up Integration Testing

In Bottom Up Integration Testing, the low level modules are integrated and tested first i.e
Testing from sub module to main module. Same like Stubs, here drivers are used as a
temporary module for integration testing.

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What is defect masking?

Masked defect is commonly known as a defect that hides other defects in the system. This
defect is of the kind which is not detected at a given point of time.

What is failure recovery testing?

It is a type of non-functional testing. Recovery testing is done in order to check how fast
and better the application can recover after it has gone through any type of crash or
hardware failure etc.

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What is Cyclomatic complexity?

Cyclomatic complexity is a software metric used to measure the complexity of a program.

These metric, measures independent paths through program source code.

Independent path is defined as a path that has at least one edge which has not been
traversed before in any other paths.

Cyclomatic complexity can be calculated with respect to functions, modules, methods or

classes within a program.

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What is test coverage? What is the formula for it?

Test coverage measures the amount of testing performed by a set of test. Wherever we
can count things and can tell whether or not each of those things has been tested by some
test, then we can measure coverage and is known as test coverage.
The basic coverage measure is where the ‘coverage item’ is whatever we have been able
to count and see whether a test has exercised or used this item.

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What is RTM? Why do we need this?

Requirement Traceability Matrix or RTM captures all requirements proposed by the client
or development team and their traceability in a single document delivered at the
conclusion of the life-cycle. In other words, it is a document that maps and traces user
requirement with test cases. The main purpose of Requirement Traceability Matrix is to
see that all test cases are covered so that no functionality should miss while testing.

Requirement Traceability Matrix – Parameters include

 Requirement ID
 Risks
 Requirement Type and Description
 Trace to design specification
 Unit test cases
 Integration test cases
 System test cases
 User acceptance test cases
 Trace to test script

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What is negative testing? Give me an example.

Negative testing is the process of applying as much creativity as possible and validating
the application against invalid data. This means its intended purpose is to check if the
errors are being shown to the user where it’s supposed to, or handling a bad value more
gracefully.

Example:

Say for example you need to write negative test cases about a pen. The basic motive of
the pen is to be able to write on paper.

Some examples of negative testing could be:

  Change the medium that it is supposed to write on, from paper to cloth or a brick
and see if it should still write.
 Put the pen in the liquid and verify if it writes again.
 Replace the refill of the pen with an empty one and check that it should stop
writing.

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What is Smoke Test and Sanity Testing?

Smoke Testing: It is done to make sure if the build we got is testable or not, i.e to check
for the testability of the build also called as "day 0" check. Done at the 'build level'

Sanity Testing: It is done during the release phase to check for the main functionalities
without going deeper. Sometimes also called as subset of regression testing. When no
rigorous regression testing is done to the build, sanity does that part by checking major
functionalities. Done at the 'release level'

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What is Defect Life Cycle?

Defect life cycle, also known as Bug Life cycle is the journey of a defect cycle, which a
defect goes through during its lifetime. It varies from organization to organization and also
from project to project as it is governed by the software testing process and also depends
upon the tools used.

Defect Life Cycle - Workflow:

Defect Life Cycle States:

 New - Potential defect that is raised and yet to be validated.

 Assigned - Assigned against a development team to address it but not yet resolved.
 Active - The Defect is being addressed by the developer and investigation is under
progress. At this stage there are two possible outcomes; viz - Deferred or Rejected.
 Test - The Defect is fixed and ready for testing.
 Verified - The Defect that is retested and the test has been verified by QA.
 Closed - The final state of the defect that can be closed after the QA retesting or
can be closed if the defect is duplicate or considered as NOT a defect.
 Reopened - When the defect is NOT fixed, QA reopens/reactivates the defect.
  Deferred - When a defect cannot be addressed in that particular cycle it is deferred
to future release.
 Rejected - A defect can be rejected for any of the 3 reasons; viz - duplicate defect,
NOT a Defect, Non Reproducible.

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What is concurrent testing?

Concurrent testing is also known as multi-user testing, performed to identify the defects
in an application when multiple users login to the application.

It helps in identifying and measuring the problems in system parameters such as response
time, throughput, locks/dead locks or any other issues associated with concurrency.

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What is rapid application development? What is its significance? Under which

methodology does it come?

Rapid application development(RAD) is a software development methodology that uses

minimal planning in favor of rapid prototyping. A prototype is a working model that is
functionally equivalent to a component of the product.

Parameter Rapid App Development Traditional App Development

Parameter Rapid App Development Traditional App Development
Application Incremental and iterative. DifferentLinear and predictive. Follows
Development phases of development are revisitedsequential flow of application
Process as required. development.
Small teams with intermediate
Large teams with strictly defined
technology skills, good business
roles and technology skills.Well-
Team Structure knowledge and communication
defined project management
skills. Thin project management
layer.
layer.
High productivity and flexibility dueLow productivity and flexibility
to iterations, end-user interactionsdue to linear, rigid approach.
Productivity and
and use of predefined elementsExhibits wait times and waste at
Flexibility
leading to faster turnaround timeeach stage, leading to high cycle
and low waste. times.
Minimum viable documentation asInvolves stringent documentation
Documentation the deliverable at every iteration isand reviewal at every stage of
the code/app itself. development.
Parameter Rapid App Development Traditional App Development
Parameter Rapid App Development Traditional App Development
Medium to long duration projects
Short duration projects with small
Time and Cost with high costs. There are chances
variance in the cost estimation. Low
Estimation for additional increase because of
maintenance costs.
reworking and maintenance costs.
Testing is performed at everyTesting is performed after
Testing
iteration. completion of coding phase.
Extensive user interaction withUser is involved at the beginning
End Userreviews and suggestions on timelyduring the requirements stage
Interaction basis during every iteration andand then in the end delivery
phase. during user acceptance stage.
Use of predefined themes,Elements have to be designed and
Predefined templates, layouts and microconstructed from the ground up
Elements applications which are tested andas per project requirements and
ready-to-use. hence, are not reusable.

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What are the advantages of early testing?

Advantages of starting early testing:

 In the requirement’s stage, testing project’s requirements can be a cost-effective &

useful to avoid bugs afterward.
 Completion of writing test cases early will help to fix the test cases if later changes
in requirements.
 You will get enough to quantify the problem’s scope.
 Early preparation of test environment, thereby preventing any delays and
unknown risks will have enough time to deal with.
 Many times test team not get enough time to test the software application, so
they have to squeeze the testing time which affects the Quality of the product. So
one soluyion is to start testing early so test team will get enough time to test
software application so need not to squeeze your testing time.
 You may find that few items may not be tested, since they may not be impacted.
This input can cut down on your Testing phase.

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Tell me two major scenarios to test a telephone.

Answer would be varied from candidate to candidate.

It would be some like this:

Test cases for telephone

test the "functionality" of telephone,

1. Test for presence of dial tone.
2. Dial Local number and check that receiver phone(dialled no.) rings.
3. Dial any STD number and check that intended phone number rings.
4. Dial the number of "under test" phone and check that it rings.
5. When ringing, pick it up and check that ringing stops.
6. When talking - then there should be no noise or disturbance.
7. Check that "redial" works properly.
8. Check STD lock facility works.
9. Check speed dialing facility.
10. Check for call waiting facility.
11. Check that only the caller can disconnect the call.
12. If "telephone Under test" is engaged with any caller and at this time if a third caller
attempts to call the "telephone under test" then call between two other parties should
not get disconnected.
13. If "telephone Under test" is engaged with any caller and at this time if a third caller
attempts to call the "telephone under test" then third caller will listen to engage tone or
message from exchange.
14. Check for volume(increase or decrease) of the handset.
15. Keep the hand set down from base unit and attempt to call the "telephone under test"
then it should not ring.
16. Check for call transfer facility.

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What are different types of Performance testing?

The following are the most common types of performance testing for Web applications.

Performance
To determine or validate speed, scalability, and/or stability.
test
Load test To verify application behavior under normal and peak load conditions.
To determine or validate an application’s behavior when it is pushed
Stress test
beyond normal or peak load conditions.
To determine how many users and/or transactions a given system will
Capacity test
support and still meet performance goals.

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What are High level test-cases. How will you write high-level test-cases for an switch ?
How will you write high level test cases for web application and desktop application ?

High Level Test Cases:- These test cases define the functionality of a software/product in a
broader way without going into deep functionality. Like if we have to write high level test
cases for login functionality we'll test that 'User should be able to login success full with
valid credentials'.

Advantages :-Its advantage is that a tester is not bound to follow the test cases step by
step and thus it gives a chance to explore more edge cases. This also increases the chance
to find new bugs.
Disadvantages:- Its disadvantage is that its not sure that all scenarios are covered and its
difficult for an inexperienced tester to work with these test cases.

Low Level Test cases:-These test cases define the functionality of a software/product in
deep way. These test cases generally include details like 'Excepted Result', 'Test Data',etc.
Like if we have to write low level test case for login functionality then we'll describe UI of
the login page(user name & password text boxes, Save, Forget password link), URL of the
login page, login with proper test data(valid credentials).

Advantages:-Its advantages is that a tester is unlikely to miss bugs and also its easy for an
inexperienced tester to work with these test cases as he can easily get the desired results
by following steps.
Disadvantages:- Its a tedious to executes these test cases again and again and tester may
not find job challenges

http://www.softwaretestinghelp.com/what-is-negative-testing/

http://istqbexamcertification.com/what-is-test-coverage-in-software-testing-its-advantages-and-disadvantages/

Core java OOPS concepts-diff between interface and

abstraction,polymorphism,inheritance, Overloading vs over riding

x path in selenium

write a code in selenium to get dynamic values using xpath

mouse hover code in selenium

how to convert into id , css value and link value into xpath

scenario based questions-(write possible test cases for payment gateway)

agile –what are the diff meetings,team size , velocity of scrum team

Verify and assert in selenium

Implicit and explicit wait in selenium

Locaters in selenium

Ispresent & isselected

Object repository and data provider

How to connect object repository to test suite