REPLICATION

Use the DNA code provided and fill in the complementary DNA strand.

1. 3’- G G T C T C A C T -5’ 2. 3’-G A T A T G A C A-5’ 3. 3’-C A G T G A C T T-5’

4. 5’-A T G C G A T G A-3’ 5. 5’-T A C G G A C A T-3’ 6. 5'-G C C T C A T G A-3'

7. 3’-T A C G G A T C G-5’ 8. 5’-C T C C C G G G A-3’ 9. 5’-A C G G T A G A T-3’

10. 3’- A T T C G A T G C -5’

11. Why is DNA replication said to be semi-conservative?

12. Explain why complementary base pairing is necessary to maintain the double helix shape of the
DNA molecule. (2 pts)
13. How does the process of replication differ in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? (2pts)
14. What are the roles of :
- Topoisomerase
- Helicase
- Ligase
- Primase
- Sliding clamp

TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology. It is the process by
which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA).
Identify the mRNA strand created from the template strand on DNA.

1. GTG TTA CCT TAC 2. ACT GGA TAC AGA 3. TGA CAG CTA ACA

4. GCG TGA GGT CTC 5. ACG GAT CGT AGC 6. TCA CAG GGC CTC

7. TAC CGC CAT TCA 8. TCG GGA CTA AAA 9. GAT CTC CCG GGA

10. ATA TTA TCT CGT

A. How is transcription performed in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? (3pts)

B. How does RNA polymerase know when to start and end (in prokaryotes and eukaryotes)? (2pts)
TRANSLATION:
 Translation is the USE the Which two mRNA codes correspond to
DECODING WHEEL to DETERMINE the histidine?
AMINO ACID that corresponds to the m-
RNA CODE GIVEN: CAU CAC

mRNA CODE AMINO ACID How many different mRNA codes

AAA Lysine correspond to Threonine? Four
GCG Alanine
GAU Aspartic acid
CAA Glutamine Which amino acids have ONLY ONE
CAC Histidine codon?
UUU Phenylalanine Tryptophan Methionine

Tell the amino acid sequence for the following mRNA message:

MRNA MESSAGE: A U G C C A U G G C A U

Amino acid sequence:

Methionine - Proline - Tryptophan - Histadine

Look at the m-RNA message below:

PUT A NUMBER under each of the t-RNA/amino acid complexes to show the correct
sequence that they would attach as this message is read.
 __2__ __4__ __3__ 1__

WHAT IS THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE FOR THE PROTEIN THAT WOULD BE PRODUCED
FROM THIS MESSAGE?

Methionine - phenylalanine - _lycine - leucine

FILL IN THE INFORMATION BELOW with the correct sequence

DNA code TTACGCGCA DNA code C C GAAT C G T

mRNA message A A U G C G C G U mRNA message GGCUUAGCA

DNA code A C A C T C G G C DNA code GACCGATGT

mRNA message UGUGAGCCG mRNA message C U G G C U A C A

This process of protein synthesis is also called TRANSLATION

Another name for a protein chain is AMINO ACID SEQUENCE.

What if a mutation caused a change in the code so the message read UGG instead of UGC?
How would this affect the protein produced?
If UGG is read instead of UGC, the protein would have tryptophan instead of cysteine. It
would have a different shape.

What if a mutation caused a change in the code so the message read GGA instead of GGC?
How would this affect the protein produced?
If GGA is read instead of GGC, the protein would have glutamic acid instead of glycine. It
would have a different shape.

MATCH THE PARTS IN THE DIAGRAM WITH

THE CORRECT LABEL.

__C___ RIBOSOME

__A__ NUCLEUS

_B__ MESSENGER RNA

_E__ ANTICODON

_G__ AMINO ACID

__F___ CODON

__B___ TRANSFER RNA

What will happen to D after it drops off its amino acid?

When D drops of the amino acid it will go and get another amino acid.

What will happen to B after its message is read?

B can be used to code for many of the same protein or it will be dissolved into the nucleus.

CENTRAL DOGMA

REPLICATION
DNA synthesis always occurs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, so one new strand is synthesized
continuously towards the replication fork, producing the leading strand. The other strand, known as
the lagging strand, forms away from the replication fork in small fragments. Use the DNA code
provided and fill in the complementary DNA strand.

3’ 3’ 5’
T- T- A
G- G- C
A- A- T
C- B- G
G- G- C
A- T-
T- G-
G- C-
C- 5’ 3’
5’

1. 3’-A T T C G A T G C-5’ 2. 3’-T A C G G A T C G-5’ 3. 3’-C A G T G A C T T-5’

5’ T A A G C T A C G 3’ 5’ A T G C C T A G C 3’ 5’ G T C A C T G A A 3’

4. 5’-A T G C G A T G A-3’ 5. 5’-T A C G G A C A T-3’ 6. 5'-G C C T C A T G A-3'

5’ T C A T C G C A T 5’ 5’ A T G T C C G T A 3’ 5'-T C A T G A G G C-3'

7. 5’-A C G G T A G A T-3’ 8. 5’-C T C C C G G G A-3’ 9. 3’-G A T A T G A C A-5’

10. 3’-G G T C T C A C T-5’

11. Why is DNA replication said to be semi-conservative ?

12. Explain why complementary base pairing is necessary to maintain the double helix shape of
the DNA molecule.
- Complementary base pairing is necessary because the double helix shape would not be the same if not.
Doubles would only pair with doubles and the singles to singles. (Normally single to double and double to
single). The molecule would not be in an even shape.
TRANSCRIPTION
 Transcription is the first part of the central dogma of molecular biology. It is the process by
which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
(mRNA). Identify the mRNA strand created from the template strand on DNA.

2. ACT GGA TAC AGA 2. ACG GAT CGT AGC 3. TGA CAG CTA ACA
UGA CCU ATG UGC CUA GCA ACU GTC GAU

4. GCG TGA GGT CTC 5. ACT CGC CAT TCA 6. TCA CAG GGC CTC

7. GTG TTA CCT TAC 8. CCG GGA CTA AAA 9. GAT CTC CCG GGA

10. ACA TTA TCT CGT

11. In prokaryotes (organisms without a nuclear

membrane), DNA undergoes replication and transcription and RNA undergoes translation in an
undivided compartment. All three processes can occur simultaneously.

In eukaryotes (organisms with a nuclear

membrane), DNA undergoes replication and transcription in the nucleus, and proteins are made in
the cytoplasm. RNA must therefore travel across the nuclear membrane before it
undergoes translation. This means that transcription and translation are physically separated. The
primary transcript, heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA), undergoes extensive post-transcriptional
processing to make a messenger RNA (mRNA)molecule that can pass through the nuclear
membrane.

TRANSLATION:
USE the DECODING WHEEL to
DETERMINE the AMINO ACID that
corresponds to the m-RNA CODE GIVEN : Which amino acids have ONLY ONE
codon?
mRNA CODE AMINO ACID Tryptophan Methionine
AAA Lysine
GCG Alanine
GAU Aspartic acid
CAA Glutamine
CAC Histidine
UUU Phenylalanine

Which two mRNA codes correspond to

histidine?

CAU CAC

How many different mRNA codes

correspond to Threonine? Four
Tell the amino acid sequence for the following mRNA message:

MRNA MESSAGE: A U G C C A U G G C A U

Amino acid sequence:

Methionine - Proline - Tryptophan - Histadine

Look at the m-RNA message below:

PUT A NUMBER under each of the t-RNA/amino acid complexes to show the correct
sequence that they would attach as this message is read.

__2__ __4__ __3__ 1__

WHAT IS THE AMINO ACID SEQUENCE FOR THE PROTEIN THAT WOULD BE PRODUCED
FROM THIS MESSAGE?

Methionine - phenylalanine - _lycine - leucine

FILL IN THE INFORMATION BELOW with the correct sequence

DNA code TTACGCGCA DNA code C C GAAT C G T

mRNA message A A U G C G C G U mRNA message GGCUUAGCA

DNA code A C A C T C G G C DNA code GACCGATGT

mRNA message UGUGAGCCG mRNA message C U G G C U A C A

This process of protein synthesis is also called TRANSLATION

Another name for a protein chain is AMINO ACID SEQUENCE.

What if a mutation caused a change in the code so the message read UGG instead of UGC?
How would this affect the protein produced?
If UGG is read instead of UGC, the protein would have tryptophan instead of cysteine. It
would have a different shape.

What if a mutation caused a change in the code so the message read GGA instead of GGC?
How would this affect the protein produced?
If GGA is read instead of GGC, the protein would have glutamic acid instead of glycine. It
would have a different shape.

MATCH THE PARTS IN THE DIAGRAM WITH

THE CORRECT LABEL.

__C___ RIBOSOME

__A__ NUCLEUS

_B__ MESSENGER RNA

_E__ ANTICODON

_G__ AMINO ACID

__F___ CODON

__B___ TRANSFER RNA

What will happen to D after it drops off its amino acid?

When D drops of the amino acid it will go and get another amino acid.

What will happen to B after its message is read?

B can be used to code for many of the same protein or it will be dissolved into the nucleus.