Image Processing Using MATLAB

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Image Processing Using MATLAB®

TechSource Systems Sdn. Bhd.

©2005 Systems Sdn. Bhd.

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Course Outline:
1. Working with Images in MATLAB
a) Image types and classes
b) Read/write images
c) Display images

2. Basic Image Processing

a) Image contrast and brightness enhancement
b) Image arithmetic

3. Block Processing of Images

4. Image Restoration
a) Noise reduction (filtering)
b) Image alignment

5. Image Segmentation & Edge Detection

6. Case Studies
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Image Processing Using MATLAB

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Section Outline:
1. Image types
• Index images
• Intensity images
• Binary images
• RGB images

2. Importing and exporting images in MATLAB

• imfinfo
• imread and imwrite
• imshow

3. Converting between image formats

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Image Types
• Four basic types of images are supported in
MATLAB
• Index images: m-by-3 colormap matrix
• Intensity images: [0 1] or uint8
• Binary images: {0, 1}
• RGB images: m-by-n-by-3 matrix

>> load sampleImages

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Image Types: MATLAB Data Types Used

• A wide array of different data types exist in
MATLAB, but only a subset of the data types are
used to represent images in MATLAB.

Image data types

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Image Types: Index Images

• An indexed image consists of a data matrix, X, and a
colormap matrix, map.

>> imshow(indexImg, map)

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Image Types: Intensity Images

• An intensity image only consists of one matrix, I,
whose values represent intensities within some
range, for example [0 1] or uint8.

>> imshow(intenImg)

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Image Types: Binary Images

• In a binary image, each pixel assumes one of only
two discrete values: 0 (off) and 1 (on).

>> imshow(bwImg)

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Image Types: RGB Images

• RGB image is stored in MATLAB as an m-by-n-by-3
data where each m-by-n page defines red (R), green
(G) and blue (B) color components for each pixel.

>> imshow(rgbImg)
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Overview: How Images are Represented?

Image Type Indexed Intensity Binary RGB

Image is an M-by-N Image is an M-by-N Image is an M-by- Image is an

array of integers in the array of floating- N logical array M-by-N-by-3
range [1,P]. point values. The containing only 0's array of
conventional and 1's. floating-point
Double Colormap is a P-by-3 dynamic range is values in the
Data array of floating-point [0,1]. range [0,1].
values in the range [0,1].

Image is an M-by-N Image is an M-by-N Image is an M-by- Image is an

array of integers in the array of unsigned 8- N logical array M-by-N-by-3
range [0,P-1]. bit integers. The containing only 0's array of
conventional and 1's. Unlike floating-point
Uint8 Colormap is a P-by-3 dynamic range is uint8 intensity values in the
Data array of floating-point [0,255]. images, 1 range
values in the range [0,1]. represents white [0,255].

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Color Space of RGB and HSV

• There are two main types of color spaces that are
used with images: RGB and Hue-Saturation- Value
(HSV).

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Importing and Exporting Images in MATLAB

• Image Processing Toolbox
• imfinfo- Returns info about graphics file.
• imread - Read image from graphics file.
• imwrite- Write image to graphics file.
• MATLAB
• uiimport - Starts the Import Wizard.

>> imfinfo(‘canoe.tif’)
>> [X, map] = imread(‘canoe.tif’);
>> imshow(X, map);
>> imwrite(X, map, ‘canoe2.bmp’);

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Graphical Representation of Importing an Image

Colormap?
imfinfo('file.fmt')

file.fmt x=imread('file.fmt');
[x,map]=imread('file.fmt');
Im age Intensity Binary RGB
Image Indexed Type
Type Double
1 0 1 0.9 0.4
1 0.5 0.2
Double Data 0 0.1 0.9 0 1 0
0.1 0.7
0.5 0.3
0.2
1 0.5 0.3
Data [MXN] + 0 0.7 0.8 0 1 1
0.9 0.2

Uint8 90 140
Uint8 Data 1 45 220
100 78 110
1 0 1 225 30
100 70
0 1 0
Data [MXN] + 200 7 98 0 1 1
22 230
10 50
109 220

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Displaying Images
• imshow - Display image.
• image - Create and display image object (MATLAB).
• imagesc - Scale data and display as image (MATLAB).

• colorbar - Display colorbar (MATLAB).

• colormap - Sets the color map of the image (MATLAB).
• montage - Display multiple image frames.
• truesize - Adjust display size of image.
• warp - Display image as texture-mapped surface.

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Montage
• An example of displaying multiple image frames as a
rectangular montage.

>> load mri

>> montage(D, map)

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Warping
• The warp function allows you to display an image as
a texture-mapped surface.

>> [x, y, z] = sphere;

>> load earth
>> warp(x, y, z, X, map)

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Converting Image Formats

• ind2gray – indexed image to intensity image.
• ind2rgb – indexed image to RGB image (MATLAB).
• gray2ind – intensity image to indexed image.
• rgb2gray – RGB image or colormap to grayscale.
• rgb2ind – RGB image to indexed image.

• mat2gray – matrix to intensity image.

• im2bw – image to binary image by thresholding.
• im2double – image array to double precision.
• im2uint8 – image array to 8-bit unsigned integers.
• im2uint16 – image array to 16-bit unsigned integers.

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Exercise 1: Loading and Viewing an Image

1. Load in the trees.tif file into MATLAB.

– What type of image is it? Can you tell before
loading in the file?
2. Display the loaded image.
3. Convert the image to an intensity image (grayscale).
4. Now convert it to a binary (black and white) image.

Extra credit:
1. Use subplots to display all three images.
2. Did you find the "Easter egg" in the "trees"?

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Solution: Loading and Viewing an Image

>> im_info = imfinfo('trees.tif');
>> im_info(1).ColorType Why use subimage?

>> [I,map] = imread('trees.tif');

>> subplot(2,2,1), subimage(I,map)

>> I_gray = ind2gray(I,map);

>> subplot(2,2,2), subimage(I_gray) Threshold

>> I_bw = im2bw(I,map,0.4);

>> subplot(2,2,3), subimage(I_bw)

% Easter egg
>> figure
>> [I2,map] = imread('trees.tif',2);
>> imshow(I2,map)

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Section Summary:
1. Image types
• Index images
• Intensity images
• Binary images
• RGB images

2. Importing and exporting images in MATLAB

• imfinfo
• imread and imwrite
• imshow

3. Converting between image formats

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Image Processing Using MATLAB

Basic Image Processing www.techsource.com.my

Section Outline:
1. Image enhancement
• Image histogram
• Image contrast adjustment
• Image brightness adjustment

2. Image thresholding

3. Image arithmetic

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Basic Image Processing www.techsource.com.my

Image Enhancement
• One of the most basic ways to enhance an image is
to change its brightness and its contrast, and this
can be done is by working with the image's
histogram.

– By stretching the color distribution

– By equalizing the distribution of colors to use the
full range
– By adjusting the scaling of the colors

• If you are separating an object from its background,

thresholding is a technique that could be used as
well.

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Histogram
• A histogram of an image shows the current level of
contrast (the distribution of gray levels).
>> I = imread('pout.tif');
>> imshow(I)
>> figure, imhist(I)

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Histogram Stretching
• One way to increase the contrast of an image is to
stretch the pixel values (min == 0 and max == 255).
I − I min
J = 255 ⋅
I max − I min

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Histogram Equalization
• The histeq function can be used to equally
distribute the histogram and enhance the contrast.
>> J = histeq(I);

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Histogram Adjustment
• Intensity adjustment is a technique for mapping an
image's intensity values to a new range (imadjust).
>> I = imread('cameraman.tif');
>> J = imadjust(I,[0 0.2],[0.5 1]);
>> imshow(I)
>> figure, imshow(J)

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Understanding Intensity Adjustment

• The following example demonstrates how an image's
intensity can be changed to enhance different characteristics
of an image.

>> imadjdemo

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Image Thresholding
• The adjusted cameraman image can be thresholded to
create a black and white image of the cameraman and
the camera.

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Using imtool GUI for Image Analysis

• The imtool is an image display GUI that provides access to
Pixel Region tool, the Image Information tool, and the Adjust
Contrast tool.

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>> imtool(‘moon.tif’)

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Image Arithmetic
• With just simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and
division a number of different image processing techniques can
be implemented.
– With addition and multiplication an image contrast can be
increased that facilitates edge detection process.
– With subtraction and division changes can be detected from one
image to another.

imabsdiff - Compute absolute difference of two images

imadd - Add two images or add constant to image
imcomplement - Complement image
imdivide - Divide two images or divide image by a constant
imlincomb - Compute linear combination of images
immultiply - Multiply two images or multiply image by constant
imsubtract - Subtract two images or subtract constant from image
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Image Addition
• Image addition makes it possible to superimpose an
image on top of another or control the brightness of an
image.
• Each resulting pixel is the sum of the respective pixels
of the two images, of the same size and of the same
class.
>> I1 = imread(‘peppers.png’);
>> I2 = imadd(I1, 50);
>> subplot(2,1,1), imshow(I1)
>> subplot(2,1,2), imshow(I2)

>> % MATLAB 7 New Features

>> I1 = imread(‘peppers.png’);
>> I2 = I1 + 50 % direct addition
>> subplot(2,1,1), imshow(I1)
>> subplot(2,1,2), imshow(I2)
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Image Addition (Continued)

>> I = imread(‘rice.png’);
>> J = imread(‘cameraman.tif’);
>> K = imadd(I, J);
>> imshow(K)

>> % MATLAB 7 New Features

>> I = imread(‘rice.png’);
>> J = imread(‘cameraman.tif’);
>> K = I + J; % direct addition
>> imshow(K);

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Image Multiplication

>> I = imread(‘moon.tif’);
>> J = immultiply(I, 1.2);
>> subplot(1,2,1),imshow(I)
>> subplot(1,2,2),imshow(J)

>> % MATLAB 7 New Features

>> I = imread(‘moon.tif’);
>> J = 1.2 * I; % direct multiply
>> subplot(1,2,1),imshow(I)
>> subplot(1,2,2),imshow(J)

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Image Subtraction
• Can you see anything different about the two images?

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• Using subtraction, you can identify the following

differences.

Did the image match

up with what you were
expecting?

>> [im1, map1] = imread(‘change1.gif’);

>> [im2, map2] = imread(‘change2.gif’);
>> im_diff = imsubtract(im1, im2);
>> % im_diff = im1 – im2; % direct subtraction
>> imshow(im_diff)
>> colormap(jet)
>> set(gca, ‘clim’, [0 60]); % adjust colorbar
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Exercise 2: Image Division

• Repeat what you just did with image subtraction,

except, this time, use division instead.

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Solution: Loading and Viewing an Image

>> [im1, map1] = imread(‘change1.gif’);

>> [im2, map2] = imread(‘change2.gif’);
>> im_diff = imdivide(im1, im2);
>> % im_diff = im1./im2; % direct element-wise division
>> imshow(im_diff)
>> colormap(map1)
>> min(im_diff(:)); % ans = 0
>> max(im_diff(:)); % ans = 5
>> set(gca, ‘clim’, [0 5])

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Section Summary:
1. Image enhancement
• Image histogram
• Image contrast adjustment
• Image brightness adjustment

2. Image thresholding

3. Image arithmetic

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Image Processing Using MATLAB

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Section Outline:
1. What is block processing?
2. Distinct block operations
3. Sliding neighbourhood operations
4. Example of block processing
• Convolution
• Correlation
5. Column processing

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What is block processing?

An operation in which an image is processed in blocks
rather than all at once.
• The blocks have the same size across the image.
• An operation is applied to one block at a time.
• Once processed, the blocks are re-assembled to
form an output image.

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Distinct Block Operations

Distinct blocks are rectangular partitions that divide an
image matrix into m-by-n sections.
• Blocks are overlaid by starting at the upper-left corner.
• Zeros are padded onto blocks that exceed the size of
the image.

Single
block n Zero-padding

B = blkproc(A,[m n],fun)
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Block Processing – Averaging Filter

Find the average value of each 8-by-8 block and replace all
the pixels in the block with the average value.
>> I1 = imread('tire.tif');
>> f = @(x) uint8(round(mean2(x)*ones(size(x))))
>> I2 = blkproc(I1,[8 8], f);
>> subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I1)
>> subplot(1,2,2), imshow(I2) Function handle

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Sliding Neighborhood Operations

Each center pixel value is determined by applying some
algorithm to its neighboring pixels of a defined size –
neighborhood

Center pixel
n
Neighborhood
m

B = nlfilter(A,[m n],fun) Note:

For an m-by-n neighborhood, the center
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Sliding Neighborhood Operations –

Nonlinear Filter
Replace each pixel with the standard deviation of the
values of the input pixel's 3-by-3 neighborhood.
>> I1 = imread('tire.tif');
>> f = @(x) uint8(round(std2(x))); % function handle
>> I2 = nlfilter(I1,[3 3], f);
>> subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I1)
>> subplot(1,2,2), imshow(I2)

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Example of Block Processing - Convolution

In convolution, the value of an output pixel is computed as
a weighted sum of neighboring pixels. The matrix of
weights is called the convolution kernel (or filter).
Steps for convolving an image
• Rotate the convolution kernel 180 degrees about the
center.
• Slide the rotated convolution kernel over the image.
• Multiply each weight in the rotated convolution kernel
by the pixel of the image
• Sum up all individual products.

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Given an image, A, and the convolution kernel, h, the

procedure for calculating the convolution for the value of
14 would be as follows.
• Notice that in the calculation the convolution kernel,
h, is rotated a 180 degrees.

>> A = [17 24 1 8 15
23 5 7 14 16
4 6 13 20 22
10 12 19 21 3
11 18 25 2 9]
>> h = [8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2]

>> conv2(A,h, ‘same’)

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Example of Block Processing - Correlation

In correlation, the value of an output pixel is also
computed as a weighted sum of neighboring pixels. The
difference is that the matrix of weights (correlation kernel)
is not rotated.

>> A = [17 24 1 8 15
23 5 7 14 16
4 6 13 20 22
10 12 19 21 3
11 18 25 2 9]
>> h = [8 1 6
3 5 7
4 9 2]

>> filter2(h,A)

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Column Processing
Arranging each sliding neighborhood or distinct block as
separate columns, and process each column as a block.
• Faster, since most of MATLAB is column-based.
• But uses more memory.

Syntax

B = colfilt(A,[m n],block_type,fun)

A – image matrix
[m n] – size of block
block_type – Either 'distinct' or 'sliding'
fun – function to apply

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>> I1 = imread('tire.tif');
>> f = @(x) uint8(round(std(double(x))));
>> I2 = colfilt(I1,[3 3],'sliding',f);
>> subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I1)
>> subplot(1,2,2), imshow(I2)

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Section Summary:
1. What is block processing?
2. Distinct block operations
3. Sliding neighbourhood operations
4. Example of block processing
• Convolution
• Correlation
5. Column processing

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Image Processing Using MATLAB

Image Restoration www.techsource.com.my

Section Outline:
1. Reducing noise
• Filters
• Region-based processing
2. Image alignment
• Rotation
• Cropping
• Resizing

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Reducing Noise
Where does noise come from?
• Scanner resolution
• Film grain (granularity)
• Hardware (interference patterns)
• Other
Common types of noise
• Whitenoise (Gaussian)
• Local variance (Gaussian with intensity-dependent
variance)
• Salt and pepper
• Speckle

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A filter can be used to reduce the effect of noise in an

image. The Image Processing Toolbox provides three
main methods of filtering:
• Linear filtering
• Median filtering
• Adaptive filtering

Different methods are better for different kinds of noise.

In the following section we will investigate the types of

methods, and what type of noise they are most effective
in reducing.

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How Do I Model Noise?

The function imnoise allows different types of
noise to be modeled.

Syntax:
J = imnoise(I,type,parameters)

I – Image
type – gaussian, localvar, poisson,
salt & pepper, speckle
parameters – additional parameters needed
given the type of noise

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Linear Filtering
A linear filter computes each output pixel value according
to a linear combination of the input pixel's neighborhood.
• The basics of linear filtering are done through
correlation and convolution.

• In the Image Processing Toolbox both these

operations are performed using the imfilter
command.
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Filtering using imfilter

Syntax
B = imfilter(A,H)
B = imfilter(A,H,option1,option2,...)

A – Input image
H – The filter, also known as the
correlation/convolution kernel
options – Boundary options, output size option,
correlation and convolution option

Note: By default imfilter performs correlation.

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Averaging Filter
A very basic example of a linear filter is an averaging filter.
>> I = imread('cameraman.tif');
>> % addition of graininess (i.e. noise)
>> I_noise = imnoise(I, 'speckle', 0.01);
>> % the average of 3^2, or 9 values
>> h = ones(3,3) / 3^2;
>> I2 = imfilter(I_noise,h);
>> subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I_noise), title('Original image')
>> subplot(1,2,2), imshow(I2), title('Filtered image')

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Special Linear Filters

The function fspecial creates a variety of two-
dimensional filters.

Syntax

h = fspecial(type, parameter)

h – two-dimensional correlation kernel

type – one of the specified special filter types:
gaussian, sobel, prewitt, laplacian, log,
motion, averaging (average), circular averaging
(disk), and a contrast sharpening (unsharp) filter
parameters – particular to the type of filter chosen

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Exercise 3: Investigating Linear Filters

• Create a checkerboard image using the
checkerboard function.

• Filter the checkerboard image with each fspecial

filter type and display the image. For each filter type
you can just use its default parameter(s).
• Extra credit: Display all nine images in one figure.

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Solution: Investigating Linear Filters

>> I = checkerboard;
>> type = {'gaussian','sobel','prewitt',...
'laplacian','log','motion',...
'average','disk','unsharp'}; % cell arrays
>> for index = 1:length(type)
h = fspecial(type{index});
I2 = imfilter(I,h);
subplot(3,3,index)
imshow(I2)
title(type{index})
end

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Median Filtering
When noise causes the pixels to vary greatly from
the original value (salt and pepper), a median filter
is more effective in reducing the noise.
Syntax

B = medfilt2(A,[m n])

A – Input image
B – Output image
[m n] – Neighborhood block size to be used to
calculate the median.

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Example: Median Filter

>> I = imread('eight.tif');
>> I_noise = imnoise(I,'salt & pepper');
>> h = fspecial('average',[3 3]);
>> I_avg = imfilter(I_noise,h);
>> I_med = medfilt2(I_noise, [3 3]);
>> subplot(2,2,1.5)
>> imshow(I_noise), title('Quarters w/ Salt & Pepper')
>> subplot(2,2,3)
>> imshow(I_avg), title('Averaging Filter')
>> subplot(2,2,4)
>> imshow(I_med), title('Median Filter')

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Adaptive Filter
The wiener2 adaptive filter tailors itself to the local image
variance adaptively. If the variance is large, it minimally
smoothes the image. If the variance is small, it performs more
smoothing.
This type of filter is effective in reducing the effects of
Gaussian whitenoise.
Syntax

[J,noise] = wiener2(I,[m n],noise)

I – Input image
[m n] – Size neighborhood block used to calculate the
median.
J – Output image
noise – Noise variance

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Wiener Filter Example

>> I = imread('cameraman.tif');
>> I_noise = imnoise(I, 'gaussian', 0.01);
>> [I2, noise] = wiener2(I_noise,[3 3]);
>> subplot(1,2,1), imshow(I_noise), title('Original Image')
>> subplot(1,2,2), imshow(I2)
>> title(['Filtered Image: noise variance =',...
num2str(noise)])

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Filter Demonstration
Explore noise reduction in images using linear and non-
linear filtering techniques by running the following demo:

>> nrfiltdemo

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Region-Based Processing
Region-based processing allows you to select a region of
interest (ROI), and process only upon the selected area.

• A ROI is defined using a binary mask – The mask

contains 1's for all pixels that are part of the region
of interest and 0's everywhere else.

• Types of region-based processing that can be done:

ƒ Specify a region of interest (roipoly, roicolor)
ƒ Filter a region (roifilt2)
ƒ Fill in a region (roifill)

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Specifying a Region of Interest

A region of interest can be specified using one of the
Image Processing functions or with any user defined
binary mask.
The options are:
ƒ Using roipoly, allows you to specify a polygonal
region of interest. When called with no inputs a
cursor can be used to create a polygon.
ƒ Using roicolor, where you can define the region
of interest based on a color or intensity range.
ƒ Using Boolean indexing to create a binary mask.

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Filtering a Region
Once a region has been specified, a filter can be created
and implemented on the region.

>> I = imread('cameraman.tif');
>> imshow(I)
>> BW = roipoly;
>> figure, imshow(BW)
>> h = fspecial('unsharp');
>> I2 = roifilt2(h,I,BW);
>> imshow(I2)

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Filling in a Region of Interest (ROI)

>> [X,map] = imread('trees.tif');
>> I = ind2gray(X,map);
>> imshow(I)
>> I2 = roifill; % intensity img only
>> figure, imshow(I2)

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Image Alignment
When the alignment is off in an image, you can apply
some basic spatial transformation techniques.
ƒ Rotate the image (imrotate)
ƒ Crop the image (imcrop)
ƒ Resize the image (imresize)

With the imtransform function, you can transform

your image to any geometric shape as well.

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Image Rotation
Syntax
B = imrotate(A,angle,method)
B = imrotate(A,angle,method,'crop')

B – Output image
A – Input image
angle – Degrees of rotation in the
counter-clockwise direction
method – Type of interpolation:
[{nearest}, bilinear, bicubic]
'crop' – Returns only central portion of B which is
the same size as A.

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Image Cropping
Syntax
I2 = imcrop(I,rect)

I2 – Output image
I – Input image
rect – Spatial coordinates of
[xmin ymin width height]

If rect is omitted, you specify the crop region on

the image directly using the mouse.

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Image Resizing

Syntax

B = imresize(A,m,method)

B – Output image
A – Input image
m – Magnification factor
method – Type of interpolation:
[{nearest}, bilinear, bicubic]

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Exercise 4: Aligning an Object

ƒ Rotate the image so that the letter

L is standing right side up.
ƒ Crop the image so that only the
letter is showing.
ƒ Resize the image so that it is the
same as the original image.

>> [X, map] = imread('bw_L.gif');

>> I = ind2gray(X,map);

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Solution: Aligning an Object

>> [X, map] = imread('bw_L.gif');
>> I = ind2gray(X,map);
>> size_I = size(I);
>> subplot(2,2,1), imshow(I)
>> J = imrotate(I,120,'nearest','crop');
>> subplot(2,2,2), imshow(J)
>> K = imcrop(J);
>> subplot(2,2,3), imshow(K)
>> L = imresize(K,size_I);
>> subplot(2,2,4), imshow(L)
>> whos I J K L

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Section Summary:
1. Reducing noise
• Filters
• Region-based processing
2. Image alignment
• Rotation
• Cropping
• Resizing

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Image Processing Using MATLAB

Image Segmentation & Edge Detection www.techsource.com.my

Section Outline:
1. Morphology and segmentation
2. Structuring element
3. Dilation and erosion
4. Edge detection

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Example Problem
We are assigned to locate all the rectangular chips on a
black and white integrated circuit image, but how?

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Morphology & Segmentation

One way we can solve the problem of identifying objects

is using morphological techniques to segment the
objects.

ƒ Morphology – technique used for processing

image based on shapes.

ƒ Segmentation – the process used for identifying

objects in an image.

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Structuring Element
To process an image according to a given shape, we
need to first define the shape, or structuring element.
The Image Processing Toolbox provides a function
for creating a structuring element that can be used,
strel.
Syntax
SE = strel(shape,parameters)

SE – Structuring element
shape – Flat ['arbitrary' 'pair' 'diamond' 'periodicline'
'disk' 'rectangle' 'line' 'square' 'octagon']
Nonflat ['arbitrary' 'ball']
parameters – Associated with the selected shape

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Below is an example of a diamond shaped structuring

element with the distance from the structuring element
origin to the points of the diamond being 3.
>> SE = strel('diamond',3)

SE =
Flat STREL object containing 25 neighbors.
Decomposition: 3 STREL objects containing a total of 13
neighbors

Neighborhood:
0 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0

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Dilation & Erosion

To dilate an image, use the imdilate function, and
to erode an image, use the imerode function.

Syntax
IM2 = imdilate(IM,SE)
IM2 = imerode(IM,SE)

IM2 – The dilated/eroded image

IM – The image to dilate/erode
SE – The structuring element

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Below is an example of dilating a square binary image.

BW = zeros(9,10);
BW(4:6,4:7) = 1
SE = strel('square',3)
BW2 = imdilate(BW,SE)

BW = BW2 =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

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Example Solution
To locate the chips on the integrated circuit we can use
the morphological techniques of erosion and dilation.

>> BW1 = imread('circbw.tif');

>> SE = strel('rectangle',[40 30]);
>> BW2 = imerode(BW1,SE);
>> BW3 = imdilate(BW2,SE);
>> L = bwlabel(BW3);
>> RGB = label2rgb(L, 'spring',...
'c', 'shuffle');
>> imshow(RGB)

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Edge Detection
The edge function of the Image Processing Toolbox
makes it easy to perform edge detection.
>> I = imread('circuit.tif');
>> BW1 = edge(I,'sobel');
>> BW2 = edge(I,'canny');
>> subplot(131),imshow(I),title(‘Original’)
>> subplot(132),imshow(BW1),title(‘sobel’)
>> subplot(133),imshow(BW2),title(‘canny’)
>> edgedemo

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Section Summary:
1. Morphology and segmentation
2. Structuring element
3. Dilation and erosion
4. Edge detection

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Motion Detection
Section Outline:
1. Motion detection
[motion_detect.m]
2. Object tracking
[BounceJasc.m]
3. Text recognition
[recognize_text.m]

Text Object Tracking

Recognition
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