Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
Over the past decade, the prevalence of obesity has increased considerably in
the world for children and teenagers. One of the most significant challenges in public
health lies in childhood obesity. Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by
an excess of body fat. Moreover, obesity is associated with a sedentary lifestyle. The
Body Mass Index (BMI) is most commonly used to determine a person measurement of
body size. Typically, a BMI of ≥ 25 is considered overweight while a BMI ≥ 30 is
considered obese.
As with any other medical conditions, obesity is caused by genetic and
environmental factors. The major factor in the rise of the obesity epidemic has been the
increased energy intake which has to do with the affordable food supply, well marketed
and energy dense food, and reduced physical activity (Swinburn et al, 2011). Based on
the study, the cause of obesity and overweight are the imbalance amounts of calories
consumed and those expended (WHO, 2009). Overweight and obesity are the fifth
leading risk for global deaths. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated in the
year 2016, at least 1.9 billions of adults aged 18 years and older were overweight and
41 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight or obese. The prevalence
of overweight and obese among adolescents and children had risen dramatically both
men and women.

Obesity and overweight have been connected to numerous serious morbidities
and also psychological condition. Obesity is related to increasing cause of mortality (Hu,
2008). One of the common diseases associated to obesity are cardiovascular disease,
osteoarthritis, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders.
Furthermore, its physical effects on health also shown relevant social, emotional and
psychological issues that are often missed. These include social stigma, bias, and
discrimination (Puhl et al. 2001) that lead to isolation and disadvantages in the
workplace, education or at school (Taras et al. 2005), and personal relationships (Chen
et al. 2005). Obesity has been linked to psychological, social effects, and personal
disorders such as narcissistic, depression and suicide (Carpenter, 2000). Nevertheless,
several community programs targeted at schools to reduce obesity in children. One
common approach is to ban vendors who sell sweets and sugary drinks while reducing
calories and physical activity for the children (Han JC et al. 2010). In the United
Kingdom public policies have placed compulsory screening in children's schools and
report results to parents on the body weight of their children.
Despite the fact that obesity has been a worldwide concern, the good news is
that it can be prevented and treated. One of the organizations that establish obesity and
overweight information is the Philippine Association for the Study of Overweight and
Obesity (PASOO) with the mission to pioneer in the prevention and control of obesity
and its complications through education, research and advocacy. However, the effects
of obesity at a secondary level of education which are the high school students are of
great interest since at these ages ranging from 12-20 years old, their knowledge of
understanding and curiosity are being developed. Hence, the general aim of this study
is to provide depth information and perception about the lived experiences of obese
students.
The Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study aims to investigate the lived experiences of overweight students of
Senior High School in Carmen National High School- Day Class. The researchers will
recruit from a diverse population without regard to race, gender, sexual identity, and
section.
In order for this study to address the research questions, several delimitations
will be established. The scope of this study will limit to a very specific population from
the Senior High students who will be considered overweight in their eyes but not
necessarily by any other measure. The researchers limited the study to 10 chosen
respective respondents. The selected students came from different sections to prevent
bias and get objective perceptions.

Definition of the Terms
The meaning of the words as used in this research is presented in order to easily
understand what is being done in the study.
Academic Performance- is the measurement of student achievement across
various academic subjects.
Experience- direct observation of or participation in events as a basis of
knowledge
Explore- to learn, to investigate, and to understand a certain subject
Impact- the overall outcome and the effect of a certain situation where lives were
changed
Nutritional Status- is a requirement of health of a person convinced by the diet,
the levels of nutrients containing in the body and this includes include obesity,
overweight, underweight, and short stature
Overweight- a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 27.3% or more for women and 27.8%
or more for men.
Social Life- the part of a person's time spent doing enjoyable things with others
especially your school life.

REFERENCES
Alaimo, K., Olson, C., Frongillo, E., & Briefel, R. (2001). Food insufficiency, family
income,
and health in US preschool and school-aged children. American Journal of Public
Health, 91, 781-786.
Apostolopoulou, M., Savopoulos, C., Konstantinos, M., Michalakis, K., Coppack, S.,
Dardavessis, T., & Hatzitolios, A. (2012). Age, weight and obesity. Maturitas,
71(2), 115-119.
Bombak & Monaghan, (2017); Carryer, (2001); Thomas, Hyde, Karunaratne, Herbert, &

Komesaroff, (2008). Retrieved from,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227714992_Being_'fat'_in_today's_worl
d_a_qualitative_study_of_the_lived_experiences_of_people_with_obesity_in_Au
stralia/
Carpenter, K. M. (2000). "Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive

disorder, suicide ideation, and suicide attempts: results from a general population
study." Am J Public Health 90(2): 251-257.
Chan-Cua, S, Cuayo-Juico C, Bugayong-Regidor P, Guerrero M. Prevalence of

overweight among boys in a Metro Manila private grade school. JAFES. 1995;
16-20.
Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2007). The spread of obesity in a large social network
over 32 years. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357(4), 370-379
Han JC, Lawlor DA, and Kimm SYS. (2010). Childhood obesity. Lancet 375: 1737–48.
Hu, F. 2008. Obesity epidemiology. Oxford University Press: USA.
Lahey, M., Rosen, S. (2002). Dietary factors affection learning behavior. Retrieved from
http://childrensdisabilities.info
Li, Y., Dai, Q., Jackson, J., & Zhang, J. (2008) Overweight is associated with decreased
cognitive functioning among school-age children and adolescents. Obesity, 16,
1809 -1815.
Merrill & Grassley. (2008). Retrieved from,
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Overgaard. (2002). Retrieved from,

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6713124/
Puhl, R. and K. D. Brownell. (2001). "Bias, discrimination, and obesity." Obes Res
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788- 805.
Swinburn et al. Obesity 1: The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and
local environments. Lancet: 385: 804-814.
Taras, H. and W. Potts-Datema. (2005). "Obesity and student performance at school."

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730-732.

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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

health lies in childhood obesity. Obesity is a chronic health condition characterized by

body size. Typically, a BMI of ≥ 25 is considered overweight while a BMI ≥ 30 is

As with any other medical conditions, obesity is caused by genetic and

men and women.

osteoarthritis, cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and other metabolic disorders.

disorders such as narcissistic, depression and suicide (Carpenter, 2000). Nevertheless,

several community programs targeted at schools to reduce obesity in children. One

report results to parents on the body weight of their children.

The Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study aims to investigate the lived experiences of overweight students of

bias and get objective perceptions.

understand what is being done in the study.

Academic Performance- is the measurement of student achievement across

various academic subjects.

Experience- direct observation of or participation in events as a basis of

Explore- to learn, to investigate, and to understand a certain subject

Nutritional Status- is a requirement of health of a person convinced by the diet,

overweight, underweight, and short stature

or more for men.

especially your school life.

Bombak & Monaghan, (2017); Carryer, (2001); Thomas, Hyde, Karunaratne, Herbert, &

Carpenter, K. M. (2000). "Relationships between obesity and DSM-IV major depressive

Chan-Cua, S, Cuayo-Juico C, Bugayong-Regidor P, Guerrero M. Prevalence of

Hu, F. 2008. Obesity epidemiology. Oxford University Press: USA.

Overgaard. (2002). Retrieved from,

Taras, H. and W. Potts-Datema. (2005). "Obesity and student performance at school."

World Health Organization. (2009). Obesity and Overweight. Available at

World Health Organization. (2015). Overweight and Obesity. Retrieved from,

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