Chapter 2

CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES
According to World Health Organization (2009), obesity and overweight have
both been defined as the abnormal accumulation of excessive body fat which may be
harmful to health. Obesity simply involves over-eating which leads to any possible
diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies adults as overweight when
the BMI is equal or greater than 25 and obese when the BMI is equal or greater than 30.
Based on a studies reported by Bombak & Monaghan, 2017; Carryer, 2001;
Thomas et al. 2008 an individual living with obesity describe an increasing culture of
blame, amplified by media and public health messages. People experienced stigma and
discrimination in childhood as adolescents and as adults. Furthermore, half of the
individuals stated that they had been humiliated by health professionals because of their
weight size. An increasing culture of 'blame' against people living with obesity
perpetuated by media and public health messages.
On a previous research, people living with obese experience great vulnerability
and existential challenges as human beings (Overgaard, 2002). Living in a state of
unease between hiding and showing one’s body is like experiencing oneself as being
significantly different from others. Despite increased attention in practice and research
on how to reduce stigma and stereotypical thinking, research shows that obese people
still feel that they are less than fully human (Merrill & Grassley, 2008).
Obesity may contribute to poor mental and physical health, increase cost of
living, social problems, prejudice against obese and impaired school performance. A
more recent local study (2009) reported a higher overall prevalence of overweight and
obesity (21%) among adolescents in Metro Manila (Chan-Cua et al, 2009). In addition to
that those from upper socioeconomic status and studying in the private schools are at
higher risk to be obese.
Obesity has been linked to psychological and personal disorders such as
narcissistic, depression and suicide (Carpenter 2000). Higher rates of depression and
obesity have been found to occur in women more than men and among older people
living in poor socio-economic conditions (Apostolopoulou et al., 2012). Certain
medications, stress, sleep deprivation, and personal diet and physical activity choices
can also contribute to overweight and obesity (Wright & Aronne, 2012).
Currently, the majority of products in grocery stores are affordable, non-
perishable, highly processed, pre-packaged, and heavily marketed convenience foods
(Christakis & Fowler, 2007). These products can also be found in restaurants, fast-food
companies, and school cafeterias. Rather than supporting healthier diet options, food
prices and policies make the unhealthy choice the easier choice. These poor policies
and physical environments contribute to obesity rates. Increased sedentary behaviours
and less physical activity are also being supported and promoted. Less access to
physical activity, less physical education in schools, the increasing sedentary nature of
many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increased advances in
technology lead to less energy expenditure (Christakis & Fowler, 2007; WHO, 2014).
Lahey and Rosen (2010) furthered the research that nutrition affects learning and
behavior and suggested that diet can influence cognition and behavior in many ways,
which include the condition of not enough nutrition or the condition of the lack of certain
nutrients. About one-third of children who completed a food-habit questionnaire had

inadequate fruit and vegetable intake. These students also showed poor school
performance as compared to those students who had an adequate intake of fruits and
vegetables (Lahey & Rosen, 2010).
Li Dai, Jackson, and Zhan, (2008) examined the associations between academic
performance, cognitive functioning, and increased BMI. The researchers studied a
nationally representative sample of 2,519 children ages eight to sixteen years old. Each
participant had completed a brief neuropsychological battery and measures of their vital
signs. Children were then categorized as a participation group or nonparticipation
group. Hence, poor academic performance was not the cause of being overweight but
obese adolescents consider themselves worse student (Li et al, 2008).
Alaimo, Olson, Frongillo, and Briefel (2001) examined the relationships between
family income, food insufficiency, and health among US children. For this study, food
insufficiency was defined as “an inadequate amount of food intake due to lack of
resources” (p.782). A child was classified as “food insufficient” if the proxy reported that
the family either “sometimes” or “often” did not get enough food to eat.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND RELATED STUDIES

According to World Health Organization (2009), obesity and overweight have

Based on a studies reported by Bombak & Monaghan, 2017; Carryer, 2001;

Thomas et al. 2008 an individual living with obesity describe an increasing culture of

discrimination in childhood as adolescents and as adults. Furthermore, half of the

perpetuated by media and public health messages.

On a previous research, people living with obese experience great vulnerability

and existential challenges as human beings (Overgaard, 2002). Living in a state of

living, social problems, prejudice against obese and impaired school performance. A

higher risk to be obese.

Obesity has been linked to psychological and personal disorders such as

narcissistic, depression and suicide (Carpenter 2000). Higher rates of depression and

living in poor socio-economic conditions (Apostolopoulou et al., 2012). Certain

Currently, the majority of products in grocery stores are affordable, non-

perishable, highly processed, pre-packaged, and heavily marketed convenience foods

and physical environments contribute to obesity rates. Increased sedentary behaviours

many forms of work, changing modes of transportation, and increased advances in

nutrients. About one-third of children who completed a food-habit questionnaire had

vegetables (Lahey & Rosen, 2010).

performance, cognitive functioning, and increased BMI. The researchers studied a

signs. Children were then categorized as a participation group or nonparticipation

obese adolescents consider themselves worse student (Li et al, 2008).

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