IS 1599 : 2012

(Reaffirmed 2017) ISO 7438 : 2005

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Indian Standard
METALLIC MATERIALS — BEND TEST
( Third Revision )

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ICS 77.040.10
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© BIS 2012
BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS
MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

July 2012 Price Group 4

Mechanical Testing of Metals Sectional Committee, MTD 3

NATIONAL FOREWORD

This Indian Standard (Third Revision) which is identical with ISO 7438 : 2005 ‘Metallic materials —
Bend test’ issued by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) was adopted by the
Bureau of Indian Standards on the recommendation of the Mechanical Testing of Metals Sectional
Committee and approval of the Metallurgical Engineering Division Council.

This standard was originally published in 1960 and subsequently revised in 1974 and 1985. This
revision of the standard has been taken up to align it with ISO 7438 by adoption, under dual numbering
system.

The text of ISO Standard has been approved as suitable for publication as an Indian Standard without
deviations. Certain terminology and conventions are, however, not identical to those used in Indian

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Standards. Attention is particularly drawn to the following:

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a) Wherever the words ‘International Standard’ appear, referring to this standard, they should be
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as read as ‘Indian Standard’
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b) Comma (,) has been used as a decimal marker, while in Indian Standards the current practice
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is to use a point (.) as the decimal marker.

The ambient temperature of 10° to 35°C as specified in this ISO Standard is not suitable for tropical
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countries like India where the atmospheric temperature is normally much higher than 35°C (the
atmospheric temperature rises even up to 50°C) specially during summer. It is almost impossible to
maintain this temperature, therefore, the requirement of ambient temperature, that is, 10° to 35°C is
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being modified. The prevailing atmospheric temperature for the tropical countries like India shall be
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referred.
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For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the
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final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in
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accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values (revised)’. The number of
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significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value
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in this standard.
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 IS 1599 : 2012
ISO 7438 : 2005

Indian Standard
METALLIC MATERIALS — BEND TEST
( Third Revision )

1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a method for determining the ability of metallic materials to undergo
plastic deformation in bending.

This International Standard applies to test pieces taken from metallic products, as specified in the relevant
product standard. It is not applicable to certain materials or products, for example tubes in full section or
welded joints, for which other standards exist.

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2 Symbols and designations
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Symbols and designations used in the bend test are shown in Figures 1 and 2 and specified in Table 1.
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Table 1 — Symbols and designations

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Symbol Designation Unit

a Thickness or diameter of test piece (or diameter of the inscribed circle mm

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for pieces of polygonal cross-section)

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b Width of the test piece mm

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L Length of the test piece mm

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l Distance between supports mm

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Diameter of the former mm

α Angle of bend degrees
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r Internal radius of bend portion of test piece after bending mm

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f Displacement of the former mm

c Distance between the plane including the horizontal axis of supports mm
and the central axis of the rounded portion of the former before test
p Distance between the vertical planes including the central axis and the mm
vertical axis of each support and the vertical plane including the
horizontal central axis of the former after test

3 Principle
The bend test consists of submitting a test piece of round, square, rectangular or polygonal cross-section to
plastic deformation by bending, without changing the direction of loading, until a specified angle of bend is
reached.

The axes of two legs of the test piece remain in a plane perpendicular to the axis of bending. In the case of a
180° bend, the two lateral surfaces may, depending on the requirements of the product standard, lie flat
against each other or may be parallel at a specified distance, an insert being used to control this distance.

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IS 1599 : 2012
ISO 7438 : 2005

4 Test equipment

4.1 General

The bend test shall be carried out in testing machines or presses equipped with the following devices:

a) bending device with two supports and a former as shown in Figure 1;

b) bending device with a V-block and a former as shown in Figure 2;

c) bending device with a clamp as shown in Figure 3.

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Figure 1
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Figure 2

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 IS 1599 : 2012
ISO 7438 : 2005

Key

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1 clamp

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2 former
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Figure 3
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4.2 Bending device with supports and a former

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4.2.1 The length of the supports and the width of the former shall be greater than the width or diameter of
the test piece. The diameter of the former is determined by the product standard. The test piece supports and
the former shall be of sufficient hardness (see Figure 1).
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4.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, the distance between the supports, l, shall be:
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l = ( D + 3a ) ± (1)
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and shall not change during the bend test.

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4.3 Bending device with a V-block

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The tapered surfaces of the V-block shall form an angle of 180°− α (see Figure 2). The angle α is specified in
the relevant standard.

The edges of the V-block shall have a radius between 1 to 10 times the thickness of the test piece and shall
be of sufficient hardness.

4.4 Bending device with a clamp

The device consists of a clamp and a former of sufficient hardness; it may be equipped with a lever for
applying force to the test piece (see Figure 3).

Because the position of the left face of the clamp could influence the test results, the left face of the clamp (as
shown in Figure 3) should not reach up to or beyond the vertical line through the centre of the circular former
shape.

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IS 1599 : 2012
ISO 7438 : 2005

5 Test piece

5.1 General

Round, square, rectangular, or polygonal cross-section test pieces shall be used in the test. Any areas of the
material affected by shearing or flame cutting and similar operations during sampling of test pieces shall be
removed. However, testing a test piece, the affected parts of which have not been removed, is acceptable,
provided the result is satisfactory.

5.2 Edges of rectangular test pieces

The edges of rectangular test pieces shall be rounded to a radius not exceeding the following values:

 3 mm, when the thickness of the test pieces is 50 mm or greater;

 1,5 mm, when the thickness of the test pieces is less than 50 mm and more than or equal to 10 mm
(inclusive);

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 1 mm when the thickness is less than 10 mm.

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The rounding shall be made so that no transverse burrs, scratches or marks are formed which might
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adversely affect the test results. However, testing a test piece, the edges of which have not been rounded, is
acceptable, provided that the result is satisfactory.
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5.3 Width of the test piece

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Unless otherwise specified in the relevant standard, the width of the test piece shall be as follows:
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a) the same as the product width, if the latter is equal to or less than 20 mm;
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b) when the width of a product is more than 20 mm:

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 (20 ± 5) mm for products of thickness less than 3 mm,

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 between 20 mm and 50 mm for products of thickness equal to or greater than 3 mm.

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5.4 Thickness of the test piece

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5.4.1 The thickness of test pieces from sheets, strips and sections shall be equal to the thickness of the
product to be tested. If the thickness of the product is greater than 25 mm, it may be reduced by machining
one surface to attain a thickness not less than 25 mm. During bending, the unmachined side shall be on the
tension-side surface of the test piece.

5.4.2 Test pieces of round or polygonal cross-section shall have a cross-section equal to that of the product,
if the diameter (for a round cross-section) or inscribed circle diameter (for a polygonal cross-section) does not
exceed 30 mm. When the diameter, or the inscribed circle diameter, of the test piece exceeds 30 mm up to
and including 50 mm, it may be reduced to not less than 25 mm. When the diameter, or inscribed circle
diameter, exceeds 50 mm it shall be reduced to not less than 25 mm (see Figure 4). During bending, the
unmachined side shall be on the tension-side surface of the test piece.

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 IS 1599 : 2012
ISO 7438 : 2005

Dimensions in millimetres

Figure 4

5.5 Test pieces from forgings, castings and semi-finished products

In the case of forgings, castings and semi-finished products, the dimensions of the test piece and sampling
shall be as defined in the general delivery requirements, or by agreement.

5.6 Agreement for test pieces of greater thickness and width

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By agreement, test pieces of a greater width and thickness than those specified in 5.3 and 5.4 may be

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subjected to the bend test.
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5.7 Length of the test piece ail

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The length of the test piece depends on the thickness of the test piece and the test equipment used.
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6 Procedure
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WARNING — During the test, adequate safety measures and guarding equipment shall be provided.
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6.1 In general, tests are carried out at ambient temperature between 10 °C and 35 °C. Tests carried out
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under controlled conditions, where required, shall be made at a temperature of (23 ± 5) °C.
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6.2 The bend test shall be carried out using one of the following methods as specified in the relevant
standard:
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a) a specified angle of bend is achieved under an appropriate force and for the given conditions (see
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Figures 1, 2 and 3);

b) the legs of the test piece are parallel to each other at a specified distance apart while under an
appropriate force (see Figure 6);

c) the legs of the test piece are in direct contact while under an appropriate force (see Figure 7).

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IS 1599 : 2012
ISO 7438 : 2005

Figure 5

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Figure 6
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Figure 7
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6.3 In the bend test to a specified angle of bend, the test piece shall be placed on the supports (see
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Figure 1) or on the V-block (see Figure 2) and bent in the middle between supports by the action of a force.
The angle of bend, α, can be calculated from the measurement of the displacement of the former as given in
Annex A.

For the three methods (Figures 1, 2 and 3), the bending force shall be applied slowly so as to permit free
plastic flow of the material.

In case of dispute, a testing rate of (1 ± 0,2) mm/s shall be used.

If it is not possible to bend the test piece directly to the specified angle in the manner described above, the
bend shall be completed by pressing directly on the ends of the legs of the test piece (see Figure 5).

In a bend test requiring parallel legs, the test piece may be bent first, as indicated in Figure 5, and then placed
between the parallel plates of the press (see Figure 6), where it is further formed by application of a force to
obtain parallelism of the legs. The test may be carried out with or without an insert. The thickness of the insert
shall be as defined in the relevant standard or by agreement.

An alternate method of test is that of bending over a former (see 4.4).

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 IS 1599 : 2012
ISO 7438 : 2005

6.4 If specified, the test piece, after its preliminary bending, shall be further bent between the parallel plates
of the press, by application of a force, to obtain direct contact between the legs of the test piece (see Figure 7).

7 Interpretation of results
7.1 The interpretation of the bend test shall be carried out according to the requirements of the product
standard. When these requirements are not specified, absence of cracks visible without the use of magnifying
aids is considered as evidence that the test piece withstood the bend test.

7.2 The angle of bend, specified in product standards, is always considered as a minimum. If the internal
radius of a bend is specified, it is considered as a maximum.

8 Test report
The test report shall include the following information:

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a) a reference to this International Standard;

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b) identification of the test piece (type of material, cast number, direction of the test piece axis relative to a
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product, etc.);
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c) shape and dimensions of the test piece;

d) test method;
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e) any deviation from this International Standard;

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f) test result.
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IS 1599 : 2012
ISO 7438 : 2005

Annex A
(informative)

Determination of the bend angle from the measurement

of the displacement of the former

This International Standard specifies the determination of the bend angle, α, of a test piece under force. The
direct measurement of this angle is complicated. For this reason, the method of calculation of this angle from
the measurement of the displacement, f, of the former is proposed. The bend angle, α, of the test piece under
force can be determined from the displacement of the former and the values given in Figure A.1, as follows:

α p × c + W × ( f − c)
sin = (A.1)
2 p 2 + ( f − c) 2

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α W × p − c × ( f − c)

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cos = (A.2)

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2 p 2 + ( f − c) 2
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where ail
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W = p 2 + ( f − c) 2 − c 2 (A.3)
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c = 25 + a + (A.4)
2
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Dimensions in millimetres
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Figure A.1 — Values for the calculation of the bend angle, α

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Bureau of Indian Standards

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harmonious development of the activities of standardization, marking and quality certification of goods
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of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by

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referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Catalogue’ and ‘Standards: Monthly Additions’.

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This Indian Standard has been developed from Doc No.: MTD 3 (4684).
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Amendments Issued Since Publication

______________________________________________________________________________________
Amendment No. Date of Issue Text Affected
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______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
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