UNIT 1

SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry: Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with the
composition,
structure and properties of matter. Chemistry is called the science of atoms and
molecule
Branches of Chemistry
Organic Chemistry -This branch deals with study of carbon compounds
especially hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
Inorganic Chemistry-This branch deals with the study of compounds of all
other elements except carbon. It largely concerns itself with the study of
minerals found in the Earth's crust.
Physical Chemistry-The explanation of fundamental principles governing
various chemical phenomena is the main concern of this branch. It is basically
concerned with laws and theories of the different branches of chemistry.
Industrial Chemistry-The chemistry involved in industrial processes is studied
under this branch.
Analytical Chemistry-This branch deals with the qualitative and quantitative
analysis of various substances.
Biochemistry-This branch deals with the chemical changes going on in the
bodies of living organisms; plants and animals.
Nuclear Chemistry-Nuclear reactions, such as nuclear fission, nuclear fusion,
transmutation processes etc. are studied under this branch.
PROPERTIES OF MATTER AND THEIR MEASUREMENT--Every substance
has unique or characteristic properties. These properties can be classified into two
categories – physical properties and chemical
properties.
Physical properties are those properties which can be measured or observed without
changing the identity or the composition of the substance. E.g. colour, odour,
melting point, boiling point, density etc.
The measurement or observation of chemical properties requires a chemical change
to occur. e.g. Burning of Mg-ribbon in air
Chemical properties are characteristic reactions of different substances; these
include acidity or basicity, combustibility etc.Many properties of matter such as
length, area, volume, etc., are quantitative in nature.
Metric System was based on the decimal
system.
The International System of Units (SI)
The International System of Units (in French Le Systeme International d’Unites–
abbreviated as SI) was established by the 11th General Conference on Weights and
Measures (CGPM from ConferenceGenerale des Poids at Measures). The SI system
has seven base units

1
Prefixes in SI system

Multiple Prefix Symbol

-12
10 pico p
-9
10 nano n
-6
10 micro µ
-3
10 milli m
-2
10 centi c
-1
10 deci d
10 deca da
2
10 hecto h
3
10 kilo k
6
10 mega M
9
10 giga G
12
10 tera T

Mass and Weight-- Mass of a substance is the amount of matter present in it while
weight is the force exerted by gravity on an object. The mass of a substance is
constant whereas its weight may vary from one place to another due to change in
gravity. The mass of a substance can be determined very accurately by using an
analytical balance
3 3 3
Volume-- Volume has the units of (length) . So volume has units of m or cm or
3
dm .A common unit, litre (L) is not an SI unit, is used for measurement of volume of
3 3
liquids. 1 L = 1000 mL, 1000 cm = 1 dm
Density: Density of a substance is its amount of mass per unit volume.SI unit of
3 –3
density = SI unit of mass/SI unit of volume = kg/m or kg m This unit is quite large
–3
and a chemist often expresses density in g cm .
Temperature--There are three common scales to measure temperature — °C
(degree celsius), °F (degree Fahrenheit) and K (kelvin). Here, K is the SI unit.

K = °C + 273.15
Note—Temperature below 0 °C (i.e. negative values) are possible in Celsius scale
but in Kelvin scale, negative temperature is not possible.
Scientific Notation
n
In which any number can be represented in the form N × 10 (Where n is an
exponent having positive or negative values and N can vary between 1 to 10).
2
e.g. We can write 232.508 as 2.32508 x10 in scientific notation. Similarly, 0.00016
–4
can be written as 1.6 x 10 .
Precision refers to the closeness of various measurements for the same
quantity.
Accuracy is the agreement of a particular value to the true value of the
result
Significant Figures
The reliability of a measurement is indicated by the number of digits used to
represent it. To express it more accuratelywe express it with digits that are known
with certainty. These are called as Significant figures. They contain all thecertain
digits plus one doubtful digit in a number.
Rules for Determining the Number of Significant
Figures
All non-zero digits are significant. For example, 6.9 has two significant
figures, while 2.16 has three significantfigures. The decimal place does not
determine the number of significant figures.
A zero becomes significant in case it comes in between non zero numbers. For
example, 2.003 has four significantfigures, 4.02 has three significant figures.
Zeros at the beginning of a number are not significant. For example, 0.002 has
one significant figure while 0.0045has two significant figures.
All zeros placed to the right of a number are significant. For example, 16.0 has
three significant figures, while 16.00has four significant figures. Zeros at the
end of a number without decimal point are ambiguous.
In exponential notations, the numerical portion represents the number of
-4
significant figures. For example, 0.00045 isexpressed as 4.5 x 10 in terms of
scientific notations. The number of significant figures in this number is 2,
23
while inAvogadro's number (6.023 x 10 ) it is four.
The decimal point does not count towards the number of significant figures.
For example, the number 345601 has sixsignificant figures but can be written
in different ways, as 345.601 or 0.345601 or 3.45601 all having same number
ofsignificant figures.

Retention of Significant Figures - Rounding off

Figures
The rounding off procedure is applied to retain the required number of significant
figures.
1. If the digit coming after the desired number of significant figures happens to
be more than 5, the precedingsignificant figure is increased by one, 4.317 is
rounded off to 4.32.
2. If the digit involved is less than 5, it is neglected and the preceding significant
figure remains unchanged, 4.312 isrounded off to 4.31.
3. If the digit happens to be 5, the last mentioned or preceding significant figure
is increased by one only in case ithappens to be odd. In case of even figure, the
 preceding digit remains unchanged. 8.375 is rounded off to 8.38 while8.365 is
rounded off to 8.36.
Dimensional Analysis During calculations generally there is a need to convert units
from one system to other. This is called factor label method or unit factor method
or dimensional analysis.
For example- 5 feet and 2 inches (height of an Indian female) is to converted in SI
unit
-2
1 inch = 2.54 x 10 m

then, 5 feet and 2 inch = 62 inch

Physical Classification of Matter

Properties Solid Liquid Gas
1. volume Definite Definite Indefinite
2. Shape Definite Indefinite Indefinite
3. Inter molecular Very high Moderate Negligible / Very
force of attraction low
4. arrangement of Orderly arranged Free to move Free to move every
molecules within the volume where
5. Inter molecular Very small Slightly greater Very great
space
7. Compressibility Not compressible Not compressible Highly
compressible
8. Expansion on Very little Very little Highly expand
heating
9. Rigidity Very rigid Not rigid knownas Not rigid and
fluid known as fluid
9. Fluidity Can’t flow Can flow Can flow
10. Diffusion They can diffuse Can diffuse And Can diffuse And
due to kinetic rate of diffusion is rate of diffusion is
energy of very fast very fast
liquid/gases
Chemical Classification of matter---
Elements
An element is the simplest form of matter that cannot be split into simpler
substances
or built from simpler substances by any ordinary chemical or physical method. There
are 114 elements known to us, out of which 92 are naturally occurring while the rest
have been prepared artificially.
Elements are further classified into metals, non-metals and
metalloids.
Compounds
A compound is a pure substance made up of two or more elements combined in a
definite proportion by mass, which could be split by suitable chemical methods.
Characteristics of compound
Compounds always contain a definite proportion of the same elements by
mass.
The properties of compounds are totally different from the elements from
which they are formed.
Compounds are homogeneous.
Compounds are broadly classified into inorganic and organic compounds.
Inorganic compounds are those, which areobtained from non-living sources
such as minerals. For example, common salt, marble and limestone.
Organiccompounds are those, which occur in living sources such as plants and
animals. They all contain carbon. Commonorganic compounds are oils, wax,
fats etc.
Mixtures
A mixture is a combination of two or more elements or compounds in any proportion
so that the components do not lose their identity. Air is an example of a
mixture
Mixtures are of two types, homogeneous and
heterogeneous.
Homogeneous mixtures have the same composition throughout the sample. The
components of such mixtures cannot be seen under a powerful microscope. They are
also called solutions. Examples of homogeneous mixtures are air, seawater, gasoline,
brass etc.
Heterogeneous mixtures consist of two or more parts (phases), which have different
compositions. These mixtures have visible boundaries of separation between the
different constituents and can be seen with the naked eye e.g., sand and salt, chalk
powder in water etc.
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS
Law of Conservation of Mass (Given by Antoine Lavoisier in
1789).
It states that matter (mass) can neither be created nor
destroyed.
Law of Definite Proportions or Law of Constant
Composition:
This law was proposed by Louis Proust in 1799, which states that:
'A chemical compound always consists of the same elements combined together in
the same ratio, irrespective of the method of preparation or the source from where it
is taken'.
Law of Multiple Proportions Proposed by Dalton in 1803, this law states
that:
'When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, then the differe
nt masses of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of the other, bear a
simple ratio to one another'.
Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes (Given by Gay Lussac in
1808.)
According to this law when gases combine or are produced in a chemical reaction
they do so in a simple ratio by volume provided all gases are at same temperature
and pressure.
e.g.H2(g) + Cl2(g) ---→2HCl(g)
1V 1V 2V
All reactants and products have simple ratio 1:1:2.
Avogadro Law (In 1811, Given by Avogadro)
According to this law equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure
should contain equal number of molecules.
Dalton's Atomic Theory
All substances are made up of tiny, indivisible particles called atoms.
Atoms of the same element are identical in shape, size, mass and other
properties.
Atoms of different elements are different in all respects.
Atom is the smallest unit that takes part in chemical combinations.
Atoms combine with each other in simple whole number ratios to form
compound atoms called molecules.
Atoms cannot be created, divided or destroyed during any chemical or
physical change.
Atoms and Molecules
The smallest particle of an element, which may or may not have
independent
existence is called an atom, while the smallest particle of a substance which is
capable of independent existence is called a molecule.
Molecules are classified as homoatomic and heteroatomic. Homoatomic molecules
are made up of the atoms of the same element and heteroatomic molecules are made
up of the atoms of the different element have different atomicity (number of atoms
in a molecule of an element) like monoatomic, diatomic, triatomic and polyatomic.
Atomic Mass Unit
One atomic mass unit is defined as a mass exactly equal to one twelfth the mass of
–24
one carbon -12 atom. And 1 amu = 1.66056×10 g.
Today, ‘amu’ has been replaced by ‘u’ which is known as unified mass.
Atomic Mass
Atomic mass of an element is defined as the average relative mass of an atom of an
element as compared to the mass of an atom of carbon -12 taken as
12.

Gram Atomic Mass

The quantity of an element whose mass in grams is numerically equal to its
atomic
mass. In simple terms, atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is the gram
atomic mass or gram atom.
For example, the atomic mass of oxygen = 16 amu
Therefore gram atomic mass of oxygen = 16 g
Molecular Mass
Molecular mass of a substance is defined as the average relative mass of its
molecule
as compared to the mass of an atom of C-12 taken as 12. It expresses as to how many
times the molecule of a substance is heavier than 1/12th of the mass of an atom of
carbon.
For example, a molecule of carbon dioxide is 44 times heavier than 1/12th of the
mass of an atom of carbon. Therefore the molecular mass of CO2 is 44 amu.
It is obtained by adding the atomic masses of all the atoms present in one
molecule.
Gram Molecular Mass
A quantity of substance whose mass in grams is numerically equal to its
molecular
mass is called gram molecular mass. In simple terms, molecular mass of a substance
expressed in grams is called gram molecular mass.
e.g., the molecular mass of oxygen = 32 amu
Therefore, gram molecular mass of oxygen = 32 g
Formula Mass-
Sum of atomic masses of the elements present in one formula unit of a compound. It
is used for the ionic compounds.
Mole Concept.
Mole is defined as the amount of a substance, which contains the same number of
chemical units (atoms, molecules, ions or electrons) as there are atoms in exactly 12
grams of pure carbon-12.
23
A mole represents a collection of 6.022 x10 ( Avogadro's number) chemical
units..
The mass of one mole of a substance in grams is called its molar mass.
Molar Volume
The volume occupied by one mole of any substance is called its molar volume. It
is
denoted by Vm. One mole of all gaseous substances at 273 K and 1 atm pressure
occupies a volume equal to 22.4 litre or 22,400 mL. The unit of molar volume is litre
per mol or millilitre per mol
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION—
The mass percentage of each constituent element present in any compound is called
its percentage composition
Mass % of the element=Mass of ele ment in 1 molecule of the compound x
100
Molecular mass of the compound
Empirical Formula and Molecular Formula—
An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ratio of various atoms
present in a compound. E.g. CH is the empirical formula of benzene.
The molecular formula shows the exact number of different types of atoms present
in a molecule of a compound. E.g. C6H6 is the molecular formula of benzene.
Relationship between empirical and molecular
formulae
The two formulas are related as Molecular formula = n x empirical
formula
Chemical Equation-
Shorthand representation of a chemical change in terms ofsymbols and formulae of
the substances involved in the reaction is called chemical equation..
The substances that react among themselves to bring about the chemical changes are
known as reactants, whereas the substances that are produced as a result of the
chemical change, are known as products.
Limiting Reagent- The reactant which gets consumed first or limits the amount of
product formed is known as limiting reagent
Reactions in Solutions-- The concentration of a solution can be expressed in any of
the following ways.
1. Mass Percent is the mass of the solute in grams per 100 grams of the solution.

A 5 % solution of sodium chloride means that 5 g of NaCl is present in 100g

of the solution.
2. Volume percent is the number of units of volume of the solute per 100 units
of the volume of solution.

3 3
A 5 % (v/v) solution of ethyl alcohol contains 5 cm of alcohol in 100 cm of
the solution
3. Molarity of the solution is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved
3
per litre (dm ) of the solution. It isdenoted by the symbol M. Measurements in
Molarity can change with the change in temperature because solutionsexpand
or contract accordingly.
Molarity of the solution = No. of moles of the solute =n
Volume of the solution in litre V
The Molarity of the solution can also be expressed in terms of mass and molar mass

Molarity of the solution = Mass of the solute

Molar mass of the solute X volume of the solution in liter

In terms of weight, molarity of the substance can be expressed as:

Molarity equation
To calculate the volume of a definite solution required to prepare solution of other
molarity, the following equation is used:
M1V1 = M2V2, where M1= initial molarity, M2= molarity of the new solution, V1=
initial volume and V2= volume of the new solution.
4. Molality- Molality is defined as the number of moles of solute dissolved per
1000 g (1 kg) of solvent. Molality is expressed as 'm'.
5. Mole Fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the total
number of moles (solute and solvents) present in the solution. It is expressed
as
'x'.
Mole fraction of the solute = Moles of the solute
Moles of solute + Moles of solvent

Mole fraction of the solvent = Moles of the solvent

Moles of solute + Moles of solvent

Mole fraction of the solute + Mole fraction of solvent = 1

One Mark questions with answers
4
1. What is the significant figures in 1.050 x 10 ?
Ans. Four
2. What is the S.I. unit of Density?
-3
Ans. Kg m
3. What do mean by Mole fraction?
Ans. Mole Fraction is the ratio of number of moles of one component to the
total number of moles (solute and solvents) present in the solution. It is
expressed as 'x'.
4. Round off up to 3 significant figure (a) 1.235 (b) 1.225
Ans. (a) 1.24 (b) 1.22
5. What is AZT?
Ans. Azidothymidine.
6. What is limiting reagent?
Ans.The reactant which gets consumed first or limits the amount of
product formed is known as limiting reagent
7. What is the relation between temperature in degree Celsius and degree
fahrenheit?
Ans.

8. Define one mole?

Ans. One mole is the amount of a substance that contains as many particles
as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the carbon-12.
9. Calculate the formula mass calcium chloride.
Ans. Formula mass of CaCl2= 40+2 x35.5=40+71 = 111 u
10.What is the law called which deals with the ratios of the volumes of the
gaseous reactants and products?
Ans. Gay Lussac’s law of gaseous volumes.

Two Marks questions with answers

1. Give the two points of differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous
mixtures.
Ans.
 Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
1. Homogeneous mixtures 1. Heterogeneous mixtures consist of
have the same composition two or more parts (phases), which
throughout the sample. have different compositions.
2. These mixtures have visible
2. The components of such boundaries of separation between the
mixtures cannot be seen different constituents and can be seen
under a powerful with the naked eye
microscope.
2. Copper oxide obtained by heating copper carbonate or copper nitrate contains
copper and oxygen in the same ration by mass. Which law is illustrated by this
observation? State the law.
Ans.Law of Definite Proportions This law states that: A chemical compound
always consists of the same elements combined together in the same ratio,
irrespective of the method of preparation or the source from where it is taken.
3. Write the empirical formula of the following:
(a) N2O4 (b) C6H12O6 (c) H2O (d) H2O2
Ans. (a)NO2 (b) CH2O (c) H2O (d) HO
4. Briefly explain the difference between precision and accuracy.
Ans. Precision refers to the closeness of various measurements for the same
quantity. However, accuracy is the agreement of a particular value to the
true value of the result.
5. Define the law of multiple proportions. Explain it with one example.
Ans.When two elements combine to form two or more compounds, then
the
different masses of one element, which combine with a fixed mass of
the other, bear a simple ratio to one another. For example- carbon
combines with oxygen to form two compounds CO and CO2.
Compound CO CO2
Mass of C 12 12
Mass of O 16 32
Masses of oxygen which combine with a fixed mass of carbon (12g) bear a
simple ratio of 16:32 or 1:2.
6. Chlorine has two isotopes of atomic mass units 34.97 and 36.97. The relative
abundance of the isotopes is 0.755 and 0.245 respectively. Find the average atomic
mass of chlorine.
Ans. Average atomic mass = 34.97 x 0.755 +36.97 x 0.245 = 35.46 u
7. Calculate the percentage composition of water.
Ans. Mass % of an element = mass of that element in the compound × 100
molar mass of the compound
Molar mass of water = 18.02 g
Mass % of hydrogen = 2× 1.008 × 100
18.02
= 11.18
Mass % of oxygen = 16.00 × 100 = 88.79
18.02
8. State the number of significant figures in each of the following:
(i) 208.91 (ii) 0.00456 (iii) 453 (iv) 0.346
Ans.
(i) 208.91 has five significant figures.
(ii) 0.00456 has three significant figures.
(iii) 453 has three significant figures.
(iv) 0.346 has three significant figures.
8. Express the results of the following calculations to the appropriate number of
significant figures.

Ans.

= 0.05608 = 0.0561

`
-4
= 0.2615 x 10-4 = 0.3 x 10
9. How are 0.50 mol Na2CO3 and 0.50 M Na2CO3 different?
Ans. Molar mass of Na2CO3= 2 x 23 +12 + 3 x 16 = 106 g / mol
0.50 molNa2CO3means 0.50 x 106 = 53 g
0.50 M Na2CO3 means 0.50 mol i.e. 53 g of Na2CO3 are present in I L of the
solution.
Three Marks questions with answers -
1. What is unit factor method? Express the following in SI units - 93 million
miles (distance between earth and sun)
Ans. Method to convert units from one system to other is called unit factor
method.
6
93 million miles = 93 x 10 miles
3
1 mile = 1.60934 km = 1.60934 x 10 m

11
= 1.5 x 10 m
2. Write the three points of difference between compound and mixture.
Ans.
Compound Mixture
Constituents are always present in a Constituents may be present in any
fixed ratio by mass ratio
May or may not be homogeneous in Always homogeneous in nature
nature
Constituents can be easily separated Constituents cannot be easily
 by simple mechanical means separated by simple mechanical means
Properties are midway between those Properties are entirely different from
of its constituents. those of its constituents.

3. What do mean bygram atomic mass.One million silver atoms weigh 1.79 x
16
10 g. Calculate the gram atomic mass of silver.
Ans.atomic mass of an element expressed in grams is the gram atomic mass
6
Number of silver atoms = 1 million = 1 x 10
16
Mass of one million Ag atoms = 1.79 x 10 g
23 16 23
Mass of 6.023 x 10 atoms of silver = 1.79 x 10 g x 6.023 x 10
6
1 x 10
= 107.8 g

4. What is the percentage of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in ethanol?

Ans. Molecular formula of ethanol is : C2H5OH

Molar mass of ethanol is : (212.01 + 61.008 + 16.00) g = 46.068 g
Mass per cent of carbon = (24.02g / 46.068g) ×100 = 52.14%
Mass per cent of hydrogen = (6.048g / 46.068g)×100 = 13.13% Mass per cent of
oxygen = (16.00 g / 46.068g)×100 = 34.73%

5. What do mean by molarity .Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution

prepared by dissolving its 4 g in enough water to form 250 mL of the solution.
3
Ans.The number of moles of solute dissolved per litre (dm ) of the solution is
called molarity
Since molarity (M) = No. of moles of solute /Volume of solution in litres
=(Mass of NaOH/Molar mass of NaOH)/0.250 L
=(4 g / 40 g 0.1 mol)/0.250L =0.1 mol/0.250 L
-1
= 0.4 mol L
= 0.4 M
6. Classify the following as pure substances or mixture-
(a) ethyl alcohol (b) oxygen (c) blood (d) carbon (e) steel (f)
distilled water
Ans. Pure substance- ethyl alcohol ,oxygen , carbon, distilled water
Mixture- blood, steel
7. What are the rules for rounding off?

Ans.1. If the digit coming after the desired number of significant figures happens
to be more than 5, the precedingsignificant figure is increased by one,
2. If the digit involved is less than 5, it is neglected and the
preceding significant figure remains unchanged,
 3.If the digit happens to be 5, the last mentioned or preceding significant
figure is increased by one only in case it happens to be odd. In case of even
figure,
the preceding digit remains unchanged.
8. Define –(a) Average atomic mass (b) Molecular mass (c) Formula mass
Ans. (a) Average atomic mass- Atomic mass of an element is defined as the
average relative mass of an atom of an element as compared to the mass of an
atom of carbon -12 taken as 12.
(b) Molecular mass- it is sum of atomic masses of the elements present in
a molecule.
(c) Formula mass- it is sum of atomic masses of the elements present in a
formula unit of a compound.
9. Express the following in the scientific notation with 2 significant
figures- (a) 0.0048 (b) 234,000 (c) 200.0
-3 5 2
Ans. (a) 4.8 x 10 (b) 2.3 x 10 (c) 2.0 x 10
10. Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following (i) 52 moles of Ar
(ii) 52 u of He (iii) 52 g of He
23
Ans. (i) 1 mole of Ar = 6.022 × 10 atoms of Ar
23
52 mol of Ar = 52 × 6.022 × 10 atoms of Ar
25
= 3.131 × 10 atoms of Ar
(ii)1 atom of He = 4 u of He
Or,
4 u of He = 1 atom of He

1 u of He = 1/4 atom of He
52u of He = 52/4 atom of He
= 13 atoms of He
(iii) Molar mass of He = 4 g/mol
23
4 g of He contains = 6.022 × 10 atoms of He
23 23
52 g of He contains = 6.022 × 10 x 52 = 78.286 x 10 atoms of He
4

Five Marks questions with answers -

1. What is the difference between empirical and molecular formula? A

compound contains 4.07 % hydrogen, 24.27 % carbon and 71.65 % chlorine.
Its molar mass is
98.96 g. What are its empirical and molecular formulas?
Ans. An empirical formula represents the simplest whole number ration of various
atoms present in a compound whereas the molecular formula shows the exact
number of different types of atoms present in a molecule of a compound.
 The empirical formula of the above compound is
CH2Cl. empirical formula mass is 12 + (1x2) + 35.5 = 49.5
n= molecular mass/ empirical formula mass =98.96/49.5 = 2
Hence molecular formula is C2H4Cl2

2. Dinitrogen and dihydrogen react with each other to produce ammonia

according to the following chemical equation:

N2(g) + H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

3
(i) Calculate the mass of ammonia produced if 2.00 × 10 g dinitrogen reacts
3
with 1.00 × 10 g of dihydrogen.
(ii) Will any of the two reactants remain unreacted?
(iii) If yes, which one and what would be its mass?

Ans. (i) Balancing the given chemical equation,

From the equation, 1 mole (28 g) of dinitrogen reacts with 3 mole (6 g) of

dihydrogen to give 2 mole (34 g) of ammonia.

⇒ 2.00 × 10 g of dinitrogen will react with dihydrogen i.e.,

3
3
2.00 × 10 g of dinitrogen will react with 428.6 g of dihydrogen.

Given,
3
Amount of dihydrogen = 1.00 × 10 g

Hence, N2 is the limiting reagent.

28 g of N2 produces 34 g of NH3.

Hence, mass of ammonia produced by 2000 g of N2

= 2428.57 g
 (ii) N2 is the limiting reagent and H2 is the excess reagent. Hence, H2 will
remain unreacted.
3
(iii) Mass of dihydrogen left unreacted = 1.00 × 10 g – 428.6 g

= 571.4 g

3. A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small
sample of it in oxygen gives 3.38 g carbon dioxide, 0.690 g of water and no
other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP) of this welding gas is
found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (i) empirical formula, (ii) molar mass of the
gas, and (iii) molecular formula.

Ans. (i) 1 mole (44 g) of CO2 contains 12 g of carbon.

3.38 g of CO2 will contain carbon

= 0.9217 g
18 g of water contains 2 g of hydrogen.

0.690 g of water will contain hydrogen

= 0.0767 g
Since carbon and hydrogen are the only constituents of the compound,
the total mass of the compound is:= 0.9217 g + 0.0767 g= 0.9984 g

Percent of C in the compound

= 92.32%

Percent of H in the compound

= 7.68%

Moles of carbon in the compound

= 7.69

Moles of hydrogen in the compound =

= 7.68
Ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the compound = 7.69: 7.68= 1: 1
Hence, the empirical formula of the gas is CH.
(ii) Given,
Weight of 10.0L of the gas (at S.T.P) = 11.6 g

Weight of 22.4 L of gas at STP

= 25.984 g≈ 26 g
Hence, the molar mass of the gas is 26 g.
 (iii) Empirical formula mass of CH = 12 + 1 = 13 g

n=2
Molecular formula of gas = (CH)n= C2H2

HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

1. What is the difference between 160 cm and 160.0 cm

Ans. 160 has three significant figures while 160.0 has four significant figures. Hence,
160.0 represents greater accuracy.
2. In the combustion of methane, what is the limiting reactant and why?
Ans. Methane is the limiting reactant because the other reactant is oxygen of the air
which is always present in excess. Thus, the amounts of CO 2 and H2O formed depend
upon the amount of methane burnt.
3. A compound made up of two elements A and B has A= 70 %, B = 30 %. Their
relative number of moles in the compound are 1.25 and 1.88. calculate a.
Atomic masses of the elements A and B
b. Molecular formula of the compound , if its molecular mass is found to be
160
Ans. Relative no. of moles of an element = % of the ele ment
Atomic mass
Or atomic mass = % of the ele ment = 70 = 56
Relative no. of moles 1.25
Atomic mass of B = 30/1.88 = 16
Calculation of Empirical formula

Element Relative no. of Simplest molar Simplest whole no.

moles ratio molar ratio
A 1.25 1.25/1.25 = 1 2
B 1.88 1.88/1.25 = 1.5 3
Empirical formula = A2B3
Calculation of molecular formula-
Empirical formula mass = 2 x 56 + 3x 16 = 160
n= molecular mass / Empirical formula mass = 160/160 = 1
Molecular formula = A2B3
 .3 (a) What do you mean by significant figures? What are rules for determining the number of
significant figures?
(b)Explain
SOME BASIC CONCEPTS OF CHEMISTRY
1. Question based on significant numbers,Precision,Accuracy, ScientificNotation,

laws of chemical combinations, SI units

LEVEL-1

1.1 What are the SI unit of mass, length & time?

1.2 Match the following prefixes with their multiples:
Prefixes Multiples
(i) micro 106
(ii) deca 109
–6
(iii)mega 10
–15
(iv) giga 10
(v)femto 10
–12
(vi) pico 10

.3 (a) What do you mean by significant figures? What are rules for determining the number of
significant figures?
(b)Explain the terms: Precision and Accuracy
1.4 Express the following in the scientific notation: (i) 0.0048 (ii) 234,000 (iii) 8008 (iv) 500.0 (v)
6.0012

LEVEL-2
1.5 How many significant figures are present in the following? (i) 0.0025 (ii) 208 (iii) 5005 (iv) 126,000
(v) 500.0 (vi) 2.0034
1.6 Round up the following upto three significant figures: (i) 34.216 (ii) 10.4107 (iii) 0.04597
(iv) 2808
LEVEL-3
1.7 The following data are obtained when dinitrogen and dioxygen react together to form different
compounds :
S.No Mass of Mass of
dinitrogen dioxygen
 1 14 g 16 g

2 14 g 32 g
3 28 g 32 g
4 28 g 80 g

(a) Which law of chemical combination is obeyed by the above experimental data? Give its statement.
1.8 Convert the following into basic units: (i) 28.7 pm (ii) 15.15 pm (iii) 25365 mg
1.8 1Convert the following into basic units: (i) 28.7 pm (ii) 15.15 pm (iii) 25365 mg
2. Question based on atomic and molecular masses Atomic Mass Average Atomic Mass,

Molecular Mass, Formula Mass, mole concept and molar Masses, percentage composition,

Empirical Formula for Molecular Formula, Limiting Reagent.

LEVEL-1
2.1 Calculate the molecular mass of the following: (i) H2O (ii) CO2 (iii) CH4(iv) C6H12O6
2.2 Calculate the mass per cent of different elements present in sodium sulphate (Na2SO4).
2.3 Determine the empirical formula of an oxide of iron which has 69.9% iron and 30.1% Dioxygen by
mass.
2.4 How much copper can be obtained from 100 g of copper sulphate (CuSO4)?
2.5 In a reaction A + B2  2 Identify the limiting reagent, if any, in the following reaction mixtures.
(i) 300 atoms of A + 200 molecules of B (ii) 2 mol A + 3 mol B
(iii) 100 atoms of A + 100 molecules of B (iv) 5 mol A + 2.5 mol B (v) 2.5 mol A + 5 mol B
2.5 Determine the molecular formula of an oxide of iron in which the mass per cent of iron and oxygen
are 69.9 and 30.1 respectively.
LEVEL-2
2.6 Calculate the atomic mass (average) of chlorine using the following data:

Isotope % Natural Molar Mass

Abundance
35
Cl 75.77 34.9689
37
Cl 24.23 36.9659

LVELEL-3
2.7 In three moles of ethane (C2H6), calculate the following: (i) Number of moles of carbon atoms. (ii)
Number of moles of hydrogen atoms. (iii) Number of molecules of ethane.
2.8 If ten volumes of dihydrogen gas reacts with five volumes of dioxygen gas, how many volumes of
water vapour would be produced?
2.9A welding fuel gas contains carbon and hydrogen only. Burning a small sample of it in oxygen gives
3.38 g carbon dioxide , 0.690 g of water and no other products. A volume of 10.0 L (measured at STP)
of this welding gas is found to weigh 11.6 g. Calculate (i) empirical formula, (ii) molar mass of the gas,
and (iii) molecular formula.
2.10 Calculate the amount of water (g) produced by the combustion of 16 g of methane. reaction.
2.11 How many moles of methane are required to produce 22 g CO2 (g) after combustion?
2.12 A compound contains 4.07 % hydrogen,24.27 % carbon and 71.65 % chlorine.
Its molar mass is 98.96 g. What are its empirical and molecular formulas ?
3. Question based on Mass per cent, Molarity, Mole fraction, Molality
LEVEL-1
3.1(i) Define the following terms. (Write the mathematical formulas related to terms)(a) Mass percent
(b) Molarity (c) Molality (d) Mole-fraction (e) Mass percent
LEVEL-2
(ii)Calculate the mass of sodium acetate (CH3COONa) required to make 500 mL of 0.375 molar
–
aqueous solution. (Molar mass of sodium acetate is 82.0245 g mol 1).
3.2 Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample which has a density, 1.41 g
–
mL 1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it being 69%.
–1
3.3 What is the concentration of sugar (C12H22O11) in mol L if its 20 g are dissolved in enough water to
make a final volume up to 2L?
–
3.4 If the density of methanol is 0.793 kg L 1, what is its volume needed for making 2.5 L of its 0.25 M
solution?
3.5 A sample of drinking water was found to be severely contaminated with chloroform, CHCl3,
supposed to be carcinogenic in nature. The level of contamination was 15 ppm (by mass).
(i) Express this in percent by mass. (ii) Determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
–
3.6 The density of 3 M solution of NaCl is 1.25 g mL 1. Calculate molality of the solution.
3.7 How are 0.50 mol Na2CO3 and 0.50 M Na2CO3 different?
3.8 Which one of the following will have largest number of atoms?
(i) 1 g Au (s) (ii) 1 g Na (s) (iii) 1 g Li (s)(iv) 1 g of Cl2(g)
3.9 Calculate the molarity of a solution of ethanol in water in which the mole fraction of ethanol is
0.040 (assume the density of water to be one).
3.10 Calculate the number of atoms in each of the following (i) 52 moles of Ar (ii) 52 u of He (iii) 52 g
of He.
3.11Calculate the molarity of NaOH in the solution prepared by dissolving its 4 g in enough water to
form 250 mL of the solution.
3.12 A solution is prepared by adding 2 g of a substance A to 18 g of water. Calculate the mass per
cent of the solute.
3.13 How does molality & Molarity depend on temperature? Out of molality & Molarity which one is
better way to express concentration?