Unit 4 – Solutions

Time Frame 5 weeks

Competencies
C1. Gain understanding of solutions and the dissolving process.
C2. Appreciate solutions at work in the natural environment.
C3. Understand the concepts of mole, solution, solvent, solute, solubility, and
concentration.

THE MOLE CONCEPT

Time Frame 2 sessions

I. Learning Objectives
At the end of the session, the students must be able to:
1. Define mole and use the concept;
2. Correctly identify the value of Avogadro’s Number ; and
3. Explain how molar mass relates the number of particles of a substance to the
mass of a substance.

II. Subject Matter

Topic: The mole concept

A. References
1. Department of Education, Culture and Sports. (1991). Science and
Technology III. Quezon City: Book Media Press, pp. 112-119.
2. Brown, Theodore l., LeMay, H. Eugene Jr., and Bursten, Bruse E.,
Chemistry the Central Science, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000, pp. 77-80.
3. Hill John W., and Kolb, Doris K., Chemistry for Changing Times, 7th
Edition, London: Prentice Hall International, pp.176-185.
4. Le May, Chemical Connections t o Our Changing World, pp. 311-320.

B. Materials
Paper clips (coated) Magnesium ribbon Periodic table
12pcs. Black Aluminum pellets
16pcs. Red Zinc Pellets
7pcs. White Copper wire
14pcs Green iron wire
28pcs Orange nickel wire

III. Learning Tasks

A. Recall and Motivation
We live in a quantitative world where how much and how many are quantities
we want to be answered. (Match the term associated with the numbers).
A B
1. A ream of white bond paper l. 144 pcs
2. A dozen of eggs e. 24 pcs
3. A pair of hair pins d. 500 pcs
 4. A gross of soap bath m. 12 pcs
5. A case of softdrinks o. 2 pcs

(Answer: 1. D 2. M 3. O 4. L 5. E)

Materials are usually counted. Different terms are used to represent certain
number of things. However, the same unit will not give us the same
amount. Analyze the given data. What can you say the given data?

Data:
A pair of socks 3.5 g
A pair of scissors 4.6 g
A pair of hair pins 1.2 g
A pair of needles 0.5 g

Summary statement on the data analyzed: the given data have the same
number or unit number of materials but different masses.

B. Lesson Proper
1. Activity: “Mole Analogy” (SAS 4-07a)
Procedure:
a. Separate the given paper clips according to color. Each color
represents an element. Each paper clips has a corresponding mass.
Color Mass per Mass per 5 of Element
paper clip each color represented
Black 2.00
Red 2.66
White 1.15
Green 2.33
Orange 4.67

b. Record the total mass of 6 paper clips per color.

c. Using the periodic table, identify the elements represented by the

paper.

2. Discussion / Concept Formation

a. Can you count the number of atoms in 16 g of oxygen? In 12 g of
carbon? In 14 g of nitrogen? (no)

b. What does oxygen=16 grams (O= 16g) mean? ( 16 g is the mass of

a certain certain number of oxygen atoms). Emphasize that 16 g is
not the mass of 1 atom of oxygen.
Explain:
Recall that the matter is made up of very small particles, counting
the number of particles is not practical or even possible. However,
 the world of science uses a term to refer to a specified number of
particles. The term is called mole.

c. If each paper clip represents 1x 1023 particles, how many particles

are there in 12g of carbon? In 16 g of oxygen? In 7 g of lithium? In
14 g of Nitrogen? In 28 g of silicon?

d. Define mole.

3. Activity: “Exercise in Molar Mass” (SAS 4-07b)

Given the table below, complete the missing data:

(1) (2) (3) (4)

Compound Elements No. of atoms of each Total Mass
Present element in formula x
atomic mass
H2O H
O
CO2 1 x 12
2 x 16
SiO2 Si

NH2 17
H 3x1

4. Discussion/ Concept Formation

a. Express the equation showing the relationship between columns 1 and
4. (the molecular mass of NH3 is 17 atomic mass unit or amu; the
molecular mass of H2O is 18 amu; the molecular mass of CO2 is 44
amu, etc.)
b. Explain the equations in terms of moles. (1 Mole of NH3 has 17 g of
NH3 molecules, 1 mole of H2O has 18 g of H2O molecules, 1 mole of
CO2 has 44 g of CO2 molecules etc.)

YOU MAY END SESSION 1 AT THIS POINT.

5. Activity: “ One Mole of Substance” (SAS 4-07c)

a. Each group of students will be assigned one element. (Fe, Ni, Zn, Cu,
Al, Mg)

b. Each group needs a periodic table, erlenmeyer flask, spatula, weighing

paper, balance.)

c. In your notebook, write down your observations of the elements.

(color, consistency, weight)
 d. Each group needs to weigh out ONE MOLE of their element and put it
into the flask.

e. Bring the flask to the front of the classroom. Compare with the other
groups.

6. Discussion/ Concept Formation

a. Introduce Avogadro’s number leading to conceptualization.

b. Ask them the following questions:

How many is a “couple”?
How many is “one dozen”?
How many soft drinks are there in one “case”?
How many are in one “gross”?

c. Tell them that these are all types of measurements. The mole is also a
type of measurement. It contains 6.023 x 1023 of something. It can be
one mole of people, a mole of horses, a mole of cars, plants, marbles,
dust particles.

d. In the activity, why is it that the amounts of particles are different even
if they are all one mole? (the sizes of the molecules are not the same?
1 MOLE = ^.023 x 1023 particles. Just like one mole of marbles
will not be the same size as one mole horses, one mole of carbon is not
the same size as one mole of iron. They are both one mole.
If the stude nts still do not understand, compare a dozen coins
to a dozen of students. Emphasize that I mole of anything has this
number---6.023 x 1023. For example, 1 mole of carbon atoms has 6. 02
x 1023 atoms, I mole of water has 6. 02 x 1023 molecules of water, 1
mole of NH3 has 6. 02 x 1023 molecules of NH3 etc. so, if there is 6. 02
x 1023 atoms of Nitrogen, its mass would be 14 g; if there is 6. 02 x
1023 molecules of water, it mass would be 18g; if there is 6. 02 x 1023
molecules of NH3, its mass would be 17g, etc.

7. Activity: “ Problem Solving” (SAS 4-07d)

Sample Problems:
1. Ozone (O3) is formed in the stratosphere from oxygen. How many
moles of ozone are there if:
a. 48 g of ozone are available?
b. 9.03 x 1023 atoms of ozone are present?

2. How many atoms are there in:

a. 0.5 mole of H2?
b. 2.0 moles of Ca?
 3. How many molecules are there in:
a. 0.25 mole of H2O?
b. 5 moles Ca(OH)2?

4. Calculate the number of toms in 6 moles of He.

5. How many moles and the corresponding number of molecules are there
in 100g of the following substances?
Substance No. of moles No. of Molecules
1. Methane (CH4)
2. Glucose (C6H12O6)
3. Ethyl Alcohol (C2H5OH)

YOU MAY END SESION 2 AT THIS POINT.

8. Discussion/ Concept Formation

1. Ozone (O3) is formed in the stratosphere from oxygen. How many
moles of ozone are there if:
a. 48 g of ozone are available?
Solution:

Molar Mass Of Ozone = 3 x 15.9994

= 47.9982 g/mol

Mass of ozone
Moles of ozone =
Molar Mass of Ozone

48 g ozone
Moles of Ozone =
47.9982 g /mol
= 1 mol
23
b. 9.03 x 10 atoms of ozone are present?
Solution:

Molar Mass of Ozone = 3 x 15.9994

= 47.9982 g/mol
Moles of ozone 1mol
=
9.03 x 1023 atoms 6.02 x 1023 atoms

1mol x 9.03 x 1023 atoms

Moles of ozone =
6.02 x 1023
= 1.5 mol

c. Calculate the number of toms in 6 moles of He.

Solution:

1 mol = 6.02 x 1023 atoms

 = 47.9982 g/mol

no . of atoms 6.02 x 1023 atoms

=
6 mol of He 1mol

6.02 x 1023 atoms x 6 mol

No. of atoms =
1 mol
= 36.1 x 1023 mol
C. Generalization
1. A mole contains the same number of particles (atoms, molecules, ions). It
is a specific number of chemical units.

2. A mole is a quantity of substance that contains Avogadro’s number of

units or particles, which is equal to 6.02 x 1023.

3. Molar Mss (MM) is the mass in gram of one mole of a substance.

4. For elements, it is numerically equal to the atomic mass, and for

compounds, it is numerically equal to the molecular or formula mass.

5. The amount of substance can be expressed in three ways:

 Mass
 Moles
 Number of particles

6. The interconversion among number of mole, number of particles and mass

is expressed in the diagram.
D. Application/ Valuing
1. 6.02 x 1023 is so important in chemistry that it has a name. it is called
Avogadro’s number and has the symbol N. it is named in honor of
Amadeo Avogadro, an Italian Chemist, who, in 1811, made a critical
contribution (recognized only in 1860 after his death) which helped greatly
with the measurement of atomic mass.

2. Situation:
Freons are carbon compounds containing fluorine and chlorine as coolants,
refrigerants and propellants. They are unreactive and are not destroyed in
air. What would happen to the environment if more mole of freons would
be released into the atmosphere? What could we do to minimize the
release of freons to the environment?

E. Evaluation
1. Aluminium is solid, carbon dioxide is gas and water is liquid at room
temperature. Label each the following statements as true or false. (given
the following atomic masses: Al=27, C=12, H=1, O=16).
a. One mole of Al, Carbon dioxide and Water have equal number of
particles. (true)
b. One gram of each Al, CO2 and H2O have equal number of moles.
(False)
c. One mole of carbon dioxide has less mass than one mole of water.
(false)
d. One mole of Al has more mass than one mole of CO2. (false)
e. One mole of water has less mass than one mole of Al. (true)

2. Complete the statement below:

One (1) (mass) of a substance is equal to its atomic or formula mass
expressed in (2) (grams) and contains 6.02 x 1023 chemical
particles which is also known as (3) (Avogadro’s number) .

3. Multiple choice: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1) Who discovered the MOLE?
a) Amadeus c. Arriba
b) Aristotle d. Avogadro

2) A MOLE is
a.a chemical c. a number
b. an animal d. a spot on your skin

3) A MOLE is used to
a) Count c) measure
b) Dig d ) multiply

4) The correct number for a MOLE is

a. 12.011 c. 6.02 x 1023.
b. 1,000,000,000 d. 65,000,000
 5) A MOLE of Carbon is bigger than a mole of jellybeans.
A. Always true c. never true
B. Sometimes true D. it depends on the size of C
atoms

F. Agreement
Explain what is wrong with each of the following statement.
1. One mole of any substance contains the same number of atoms. (It is not
necessarily atoms. It could be particles or molecules.)
2. The gram atomic mass of a compound is an atomic mass expressed in
grams. ( instead of a compound, it should be an element.)
3. One-gram molecular mass of CO2 contains Avogadro’s number of atoms.
(it should not be atoms but molecules)