DSP: Seminar 2, Binary distillation, McCabe-Thiele method, column with one

Seminar 2
Binary distillation, McCabe-Thiele method, column with one and multiple feeds

Example 1:
Hundred kmol/h of a bubble-point liquid mixture of 75 mol% water and 25 mol% acetic acid
is distillated continuously in a distillation tower at a pressure of 1 atmosphere. Distillate
contains 95 mol% of light component and Bottoms 95 mol% of heavy component. The reflux
ratio is 2 times of minimum reflux ratio.
a- determine the number of theoretical stages and optimum feed stage lacation
b- calculate steam requirement in reboiler and requirement of cooling water in total
condenser if the steam pressure is 0.4 Mpa and cooling water is preheated by 20 oC,
Only condensation heat of the steam is used and reflux ie returned to the column at
boiling point.
Data:
Equilibrium data Water Acetic acid at 1 atm (mol frictions)
x0 0.0055 0.053 0.125 0.206 0.297 0.510 0.649 0.803 0.9594 1
y0 0.0112 0.133 0.240 0.338 0.437 0.630 0.751 0.866 0.9725 1
heat of evaporation at Tw
Δvhwater= 2214 kJkg-1 Δvhaa=390 kJkg-1

MH2O 18 kg/kmol Maa 60.5 kg/kmol Δ vhsteam at 0.4 Mpa 2133.9

Solution:

Solution of Example 1:
a.
1- Scheme and material balance:

DESTILAT

F EED

BOTTOMS

n F  n D  nW
n F x F  n D x D  nW xW

n F x F  n D x D  (nF  nD) xW  n D x D  n F xW  n D xW
x F  xW
nD  nF
x D  xW
nW  n F  n D
2- Prepare x-y diagram using equilibrium data:

x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid

n F x F  n D x D  (nF  nD) xW  n D x D  n F xW  n D xW
x F  xW
nD  nF
x D  xW
nW  n F  n D
2- Prepare x-y diagram using equilibrium data:

x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
y

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.2 0.4 x 0.6 0.8 1

3- Select on diagram point F, D and W

x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
y

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

4- Draw q-line
q-line is graphical interpretation of material balance of the feed stage, q represents the amount
of liquid that accumulates at the feed stage by feeding of 1 kmol of the feed.
q-line equation:
q x
y x F
q 1 q 1
q
For bubble point liquid, q=1, The slop of q-line equation is tg        90 o
q 1
q-line equation:
q x
y x F
q 1 q 1
q
For bubble point liquid, q=1, The slop of q-line equation is tg        90 o
q 1
x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid
1
0.9
q-line
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
y

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

5- calculation of minimum reflux ration

For calculation minimum reflux ration Rmin the operating line in the rectifying section of the
column for at Rmin should be drawn.

Rmin xD
y x
Rmin  1 Rmin  1

We have two points of this line one is the intersection of q-line and equilibrium curve and
another in the intersection of 45o line and xD line.

x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid

1
0.9 q-line
y‘
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
y

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
x‘
0
x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
The minimum reflux ratio can be calculated from the slope of this line
x  y'
Rmin  D
y ' x'
 0.3
0.2
0.1
x‘
0
x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
The minimum reflux ratio can be calculated from the slope of this line
x  y'
Rmin  D
y ' x'
xD
or from the section on the y axis for x=0
Rmin  1

6- calculate reflux ratio (R) as R=1.2 Rmin

xD
7- calculate the section on the y axis for x=0
R 1
8- draw the operating lineof the rectifying section of the column by connecting points (0,
xD
) and (xD, yD)
R 1
9- draw the operating line of the striping section of the column, by connecting intersection
point of q-line and operating line of rectifying section with point (xw, yw)

x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid

1
0.9

0.8
0.7
0.6

0.5
y

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

10- draw steps between equilibrium curve and operating lines

x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
 x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
y

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Number of theoretical stages= number of steps – 1 (reboiler)

Optimal feed stage = intersection of q-line and operating lines
b.
Enthalpy balance of reboiler:

m steam vhsteam  nvm  v hv

 v hv   v hwater y w   v haa (1  y w )

nvm  n D ( R  1)  n F (q  1)

Where msteam is the mass flow of steam, vhsteam is heat of condensation of water at pressure
of the steam, nvm is mol flow of boil-up and  v hv is heat of evaporation of boil-up at reboiler
temperature.

nvm  v hv
m steam 
vhwater

Enthalpy balance of total condenser:

m H 2O Cp H 2O t H 2O  nvn  v hD  n D ( R  1) v hD

 v hD   v hwater x D   v haa (1  x D )

Where mH2O is the mass flow of cooling water, nvn is mol flow of overhead vapor and  v hD is
heat of evaporation of distillate at condenser temperature.
m H 2O Cp H 2O t H 2O  nvn  v hD  n D ( R  1) v hD

 v hD   v hwater x D   v haa (1  x D )

Where mH2O is the mass flow of cooling water, nvn is mol flow of overhead vapor and  v hD is
heat of evaporation of distillate at condenser temperature.
, column with one and multiple feeds

Example 2:
Determine the number of theoretical stages and optimum feed stages locations in column in
example 1, if we have two feed streams, one the same as in example 1 and another 50 kmol
50 mol% vaporized, which is consist of 50 mol% water and 50 mol% acetic acid. All other
data are same as in example 1.
Solution of Example 2:

Scheme and mass balance:

D
nL1
nv1 1
F1
kJkg-1
nL2 2
F2 nv2

nL3 3
nv3

nF1  nF 2  nD  nW
n F 1 x F 1  n F 2 x F 2  n D x D  nW xW
n F 1 x F 1  n F 2 x F 2  (n F 1  n F 2 ) xW
nD 
x D  xW
nW =nF1+nF2-nD
q1=1
q2=0.5

Section 1:
Same as rectifying section in previous example
nL1=nD.R
nV1=nD(R+1)
Equation of operating line:
R x
y x D
R 1 R 1
q-line equation:
q1 x
y x F
 Section 1:
Same as rectifying section in previous example
nL1=nD.R
nV1=nD(R+1)
Equation of operating line:
R x
y x D
R 1 R 1
q-line equation:
q1 x
y x F
q1  1 q1  1

Section 2:
nL2=nL1+nF1q1
nV2=nV1+nF1(q1-1)

Equation of operating line:

n n x  nF1 x F 1
y  L2 x  D D
nV 2 nV 2
q-line equation:
q2 x
y x F
q2  1 q2  1

Section 3:
nL3=nL2+nF2q2
nV3=nL3-nW
Equation of operating line:
n L3 n w xW
y x
n L 3  nW n L 3  nW

Calculation steps:
1- Follow steps 1-8 as in example 1, considering new equation for mass balance
2- Calculate nL1, nV1, nL2, nV2, nL3, nV3
3- Plot q2-line using q2-line equation, one point of the line is (xF2, yF2), for obtaining
another point choose an x and calculate a y.
4- Plot the operating line in section 3, using operating line equation. One point is (xW
yW), for obtaining another point choose an x and calculate a y.
Plot operating line in section 2 by connecting two intersections, intersection of operating
in section 1 and q1-line and intersection of operating line in section 3 and q2-line.

ents the amount

  90 o
   90 o

section of the

m curve and
points (0,

intersection
ter at pressure
-up at reboiler

por and  v hD is
por and  v hD is
 locations in column in
1 and another 50 kmol/h
% acetic acid. All other
n for mass balance

xF2, yF2), for obtaining

ation. One point is (xW,

y.
ersection of operating line
n 3 and q2-line.
 DSP: Seminar 2, Binary distillation, McCabe-Thiele method, column with one fee
Data to Picture
Equlibrium 0 0
0.0055 0.0112 nF= 100 kmol/h nD= 77.77778
0.053 0.133 xF= 0.75 nW= 22.22222
0.125 0.24 q= 1
0.206 0.338 xD/Rmin+1 0.355
0.297 0.437 Rmin= 1.676056
0.51 0.63 R= 3.352113
0.649 0.751
0.803 0.866 xD= 0.95 xD/R+1= 0.218285
0.9594 0.9725 xw= 0.05 Steps 13.5
1 1 P= 101.325 kPa NTS 12.50

45 o line
1
0 0
1 1 0.9
q-line
0.8
0.75 0.75
0.75 0.83 0.7

0.6

0.5
y

Operating line in rectifying section

0.95 0.95 0.4
0 0.218285 0.3
F
0.75 0 0.2
0.75 0.75 0.1
D
0.95 0 0
0.95 0.95 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
W x
0.05 0
0.05 0.05

x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid

1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
y

0.4
0.3
 0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5

y
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 x
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
umn with one feed

Δvhwater= 2214 kJkg-1K-1 MH2O 18 Kg/kmol

Δvhaa= 390 kJkg-1K-1 Maa 60.05 Kg/kmol
Psteam 0.4 Mpa
Δ vhsteam 2133.9 kJkg-1 nvm 338.4977

yw 0.13
Δv h v 25555.73 kJ/kmol/K
msteam 4053.87 kg/h

cpwater 4.18 kJ/kg/K

Δv h D 39030.38 kJ/kmol/K
dtH2O 20 K
mH2O 158034.6 kg/h

0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

ater-Acetic Acid
5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
 DSP: Seminar 2, Binary distillation, McCabe-Thiele method, column with multiple
Data to Picture
Equlibrium 0 0
0.0055 0.0112 nF1= 100 kmol/h nD=nF1*xF1+nF2*xF2-(nF1+nF2)*
0.053 0.133 xF1= 0.75 nW= nF1+nF2-nD=
0.125 0.24 q1= 1 nL1= 344.5227
0.206 0.338 nF2= 50 kmol/h nV1= 447.3005
0.297 0.437 xF2= 0.5 nL2= 444.5227
0.51 0.63 q2= 0.5 nV2= 447.3005
0.649 0.751 nL3= 469.5227
0.803 0.866 xD= 0.95 nV3= 422.3005
0.9594 0.9725 xw= 0.05
1 1 P= 101.325 kPa
steps 14.3
45 o
line xD/Rmin+1 0.355 N 13.3
0 0 Rmin= 1.676056
1 1 R= 3.352113
q1-line
0.75 0.75 xD/R+1= 0.218285 1.2
0.75 0.83
q2-line
0.5 0.5 1
0.2 0.8
Operating line in section1
0.95 0.95 0.8
0 0.218285
F1 F2
0.75 0 0.5 0
0.6
y

0.75 0.75 0.5 0.5

D
0.95 0
0.4
0.95 0.95
Operating line in section 3 Operaiting line in section 2
0.05 0.05
0.5 0.55032
0.2
W
0.05 0
0.05 0.05
0
0 0.2 0.4
umn with multiple feeds

xF1+nF2*xF2-(nF1+nF2)*xW/(xD-xW)= 102.7778
nF1+nF2-nD= 47.22222
kmol/h

Optimal Feed stage 1 6

Optimal Feed stage 2 10

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

x
0 0.0055 0.053 0.125 0.206 0.297 0.51 0.649 0.803 0.9594
0 0.0112 0.133 0.24 0.338 0.437 0.63 0.751 0.866 0.9725

x-y diagram, Water-Acetic Acid

1

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
y

xd/Rmin+1 0.35
Rmin 0.4
1.714286 x'
R= 3.428571

xd/R+1 0.30.214516

0.2

0.1
x
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9

1.2

0.8

0.6
y
 1

0.8

0.6
y

0.4

0.2

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
x
 1
1

0 0
1 1

Acid
0.75 0
0.75 0.75

0.95 0
0.95 0.95

0.05 0
0.05 0.05

x'

0.8 0.9 1
1 1.2