Hydro Carbon

TOPIC : HYDRO CARBON
STD. : 11TH SCIENCE

NAMES : 1) GABANI VIDHI
2) PATEL DHRUVI
3) PATEL NIDHI
4) SUDANI ARCHITA
GUIDED BY : VIBHA JAIN

Hydrocarbon
A three-dimensional rendered ball-and-stick model of the methane molecule, CH4.

Methane is part of a homologous series known as the alkanes, which are a family
of hydrocarbons that contain single bonds only.
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely

of hydrogen and carbon.[1] With relation to chemical terminology, aromatic
hydrocarbons or arenes, alkanes, alkenes and alkyne-based compounds composed
entirely of carbon and hydrogen are referred to as "pure" hydrocarbons, whereas
other hydrocarbons with bonded compounds or impurities of sulfur or nitrogen,
are referred to as "impure", and remain somewhat erroneously referred to as
hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons are referred to as consisting of a "backbone" or "skeleton"

composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen and other bonded compounds, and
have a functional group that generally facilitates combustion.[2]
The majority of hydrocarbons found naturally occur in crude oil, where

decomposed organic matter provides an abundance of carbon and hydrogen which,
when bonded, can catenate to form seemingly limitless chains.[3][4]
Types of hydrocarbons
The classifications for hydrocarbons defined by IUPAC nomenclature of organic
chemistry are as follows:
1. Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the most simple of the hydrocarbon

species and are composed entirely of single bonds and are saturated with
hydrogen. The general formula for saturated hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2
(assuming non-cyclic structures).[5] Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis of
petroleum fuels and are either found as linear or branched species.
Hydrocarbons with the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae are called structural isomers.[6] As given in the example of 3-
methylhexane and its higher homologues, branched hydrocarbons can be
chiral.[7] Chiral saturated hydrocarbons constitute the side chains of
biomolecules such as chlorophyll and tocopherol.[8]
2. Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between
carbon atoms. Those with one double bond are called alkenes, with the
formula CnH2n (assuming non-cyclic structures).[9] Those containing triple
bonds are called alkynes, with general formula CnH2n-2.[10]
3. Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons containing one or more carbon rings to
which hydrogen atoms are attached. The general formula for a saturated
hydrocarbon containing one ring is CnH2n.[11]
4. Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as arenes, are hydrocarbons that have
at least one aromatic ring.
Hydrocarbons can be gases (e.g. methane and propane), liquids (e.g. hexane and
benzene), waxes or low melting solids (e.g. paraffin wax and naphthalene) or
polymers (e.g. polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene).
General properties
Because of differences in molecular structure, the empirical formula remains

different between hydrocarbons; in linear, or "straight-run" alkanes, alkenes and
alkynes, the amount of bonded hydrogen lessens in alkenes and alkynes due to the
"self-bonding" or catenation of carbon preventing entire saturation of the
hydrocarbon by the formation of double or triple bonds.
This inherent ability of hydrocarbons to bond to themselves is referred to as

catenation, and allows hydrocarbon to form more complex molecules, such as
cyclohexane, and in rarer cases, arenes such as benzene. This ability comes from
the fact that bond character between carbon atoms is entirely non-polar, in that the
distribution of electrons between the two elements is somewhat even due to the
same electronegativity values of the elements (~0.30), and does not result in the
formation of an electrophile.
Generally, with catenation comes the loss of the total amount of bonded
hydrocarbons and an increase in the amount of energy required for bond cleavage
due to strain exerted upon the molecule; in molecules such as cyclohexane, this is
referred to as ring strain, and occurs due to the "destabilized" spatial electron
configuration of the atom.
In simple chemistry, as per valence bond theory, the carbon atom must follow the
"4-hydrogen rule", which states that the maximum number of atoms available to
bond with carbon is equal to the number of electrons that are attracted into the
outer shell of carbon. In terms of shells, carbon consists of an incomplete outer
shell, which comprises 4 electrons, and thus has 4 electrons available for covalent
or dative bonding.
Some hydrocarbons also are abundant in the solar system. Lakes of liquid methane
and ethane have been found on Titan, Saturn's largest moon, confirmed by the
Cassini-Huygens Mission[12].
Simple hydrocarbons and their variations
Number of
Alkane Alkene Alkyne Cycloalkane Alkadiene
carbon atoms
1 Methane — — — —
2 Ethane Ethene Ethyne — —
3 Propane Propene Propyne Cyclopropane Allene
Butane Cyclobutane
4 Butene Butyne Butadiene
Isobutane Methylcyclopropane
Pentane Cyclopentane
Pentadiene
5 Isopentane Pentene Pentyne Methylcyclobutane
Isoprene
Neopentane Ethylcyclopropane
Cyclohexane
Methylcyclopentane
6 Hexane Hexene Hexyne Hexadiene
Ethylcyclobutane
Propylcyclopropane
Cycloheptane
7 Heptane Heptene Heptyne Heptadiene
Methylcyclohexane
8 Octane Octene Octyne Cyclooctane Octadiene
9 Nonane Nonene Nonyne Cyclononane Nonadiene
10 Decane Decene Decyne Cyclodecane Decadiene
Usage
Hydrocarbons are one of the Earth's most important energy resources. The
predominant use of hydrocarbons is as a combustible fuel source. In their solid
form, hydrocarbons take the form of asphalt [13]
Mixtures of volatile hydrocarbons are now used in preference to the

chlorofluorocarbons as a propellant for aerosol sprays, due to chlorofluorocarbon's
impact on the ozone layer.
Methane [1C] and ethane [2C] are gaseous at ambient temperatures and cannot be
readily liquified by pressure alone. Propane [3C] is however easily liquified, and
exists in 'propane bottles' mostly as a liquid. Butane [4C] is so easily liquified that
it provides a safe, volatile fuel for small pocket lighters. Pentane [5C] is a clear
liquid at room temperature, commonly used in chemistry and industry as a
powerful nearly odorless solvent of waxes and high molecular weight organic
compounds, including greases. Hexane [6C] is also a widely used non-polar, non-
aromatic solvent, as well as a significant fraction of common gasoline.
The [6C] through [10C] alkanes, alkenes and isomeric cycloalkanes are the top
components of gasoline, naptha, jet fuel and specialized industrial solvent
mixtures. With the progressive addition of carbon units, the simple non-ring
structured hydrocarbons have higher viscosities, lubricating indices, boiling
points, solidification temperatures, and deeper color. At the opposite extreme from
[1C] methane lie the heavy tars that remain as the lowest fraction in a crude oil
refining retort. They are collected and widely utilized as roofing compounds,
pavement composition, wood preservatives (the creosote series) and as extremely
high viscosity sheer-resisting liquids.
Burning hydrocarbons
Main article: Combustion
Hydrocarbons are currently the main source of the world’s electric energy and heat
sources (such as home heating) because of the energy produced when burnt. Often
this energy is used directly as heat such as in home heaters, which use either oil or
natural gas. The hydrocarbon is burnt and the heat is used to heat water, which is
then circulated. A similar principle is used to create electric energy in power
plants.
Common properties of hydrocarbons are the facts that they produce steam, carbon
dioxide and heat during combustion and that oxygen is required for combustion to
take place. The simplest hydrocarbon, methane, burns as follows:
CH4 + 2 O2 → 2 H2O + CO2 + Energy
Another example of this property is propane:
C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + Energy
Petroleum
Main article: Petroleum

Oil refineries are key to obtaining hydrocarbons. Crude oil is processed in several
stages to form desired hydrocarbons, used as fuel and in other products.
Extracted hydrocarbons in a liquid form are referred to as petroleum (literally

"rock oil") or mineral oil, whereas hydrocarbons in a gaseous form are referred to
as natural gas. Petroleum and natural gas are found in the Earth's subsurface with
the tools of petroleum geology and are a significant source of fuel and raw
materials for the production of organic chemicals.
The extraction of liquid hydrocarbon fuel from sedimentary basins is integral to

modern energy development. Hydrocarbons are mined from tar sands and oil
shale, and potentially extracted from sedimentary methane hydrates. These
reserves require distillation and upgrading to produce synthetic crude and
petroleum.
Oil reserves in sedimentary rocks are the source of hydrocarbons for the energy,
transport and petrochemical industry.
Hydrocarbons are economically important because major fossil fuels such as coal,
petroleum and natural gas, and its derivatives such as plastics, paraffin, waxes,
solvents and oils are hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons — along with NOx and sunlight
- contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone and greenhouse gases.

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TOPIC : HYDRO CARBON

STD. : 11TH SCIENCE

GUIDED BY : VIBHA JAIN

A three-dimensional rendered ball-and-stick model of the methane molecule, CH4.

In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely

Hydrocarbons are referred to as consisting of a "backbone" or "skeleton"

The majority of hydrocarbons found naturally occur in crude oil, where

1. Saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes) are the most simple of the hydrocarbon

Because of differences in molecular structure, the empirical formula remains

This inherent ability of hydrocarbons to bond to themselves is referred to as

Simple hydrocarbons and their variations

Mixtures of volatile hydrocarbons are now used in preference to the

Main article: Combustion

CH4 + 2 O2 → 2 H2O + CO2 + Energy

Another example of this property is propane:

C3H8 + 5 O2 → 3 CO2 + 4 H2O + Energy

Main article: Petroleum

Extracted hydrocarbons in a liquid form are referred to as petroleum (literally

The extraction of liquid hydrocarbon fuel from sedimentary basins is integral to

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