Carbohydrate PPT in PDF

CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL
ROLE OF CARBOHYDRATES
IN THE BODY-1
 Chiral centers: Asymmetric carbons, i.e carbon
atom with four different substituents
 Enantiomers : Mirror images Stereoisomers
MONOSACCHARIDE DERIVATIVES OF BIOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE
 Oxidation Products (Sugar Acids)
 Reduction Products (Sugar Alcohols)
 Amino Sugars
 Sugar Phosphates
LECTURE OUTLINE
By the end of the lecture, the student should
know:
 The functions and biological importance of

monosaccharides.
 The functions and biological importance of

disaccharides.
 The functions of oligosaccharides.

IMPORTANCE OF MONOSACCHARIDES:
GLUCOSE
 THE STORAGE FORM OF GLUCOSE IN
HUMANS IS GLYCOGEN
 IN PLANTS IT IS STORED MAINLY IN THE
FORM OF STARCH.
 DIETARY SOURCES: FRUITS,
VEGETABLES(IN THE FORM OF
STARCH), HONEY
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 BRAIN CELLS, RBCS AND THE GROWING EMBRYO
ONLY UTILIZE GLUCOSE AS A SOURCE OF
ENERGY.
 ENERGY SOURCE FOR CELLS IN THE BODY.
 BUILDING BLOCK OF DISACCHARIDES AND

POLYSACHHARIDES
 IT IS THE SUGAR PRESENT IN BLOOD.
NORMAL VALUES
FASTING: 70 TO 99MG/DL
RANDOM:BELOW 140 MG/DL
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH
GLUCOSE
 DIABETES MELLITUS
 GLYCOSURIA
RENAL SUGAR THRESHOLD

IT IS THE MAXIMUM CAPACITY OF KIDNEYS TO
REABSORB GLUCOSE.
FRUCTOSE: IMPORTANCE AND
 DIETARY SOURCES: FRUIT JUICES, HONEY AND
SUGAR CANE.
 SWEETEST SUGAR
 SEMINAL FLUID IS RICH IN FRUCTOSE.
 SPERM UTILIZES FRUCTOSE FOR ENERGY
 IN THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULAR EPITHELIAL

CELLS, FRUCTOSE IS FORMED FROM GLUCOSE.
GALACTOSE: IMPORTANCE AND
 DIETARY SOURCE: DIARY PRODUCTS
 LESS SWEET THAN GLUCOSE
 USED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF MILK SUGAR IN

MAMMARY GLANDS
 IT IS A CONSTITUENT OF GLYCOLIPIDS AND

GLYCOPROTEINS
 IT IS REQUIRED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF

BRAIN AND NERVOUS TISSUE IN INFANTS.
MANNOSE
 IT DOES NOT OCCUR FREE IN NATURE
 IN THE HUMAN BODY, IT IS FOUND AS A

CONSITUENT OF GLYCOPROTEINS
 ITS REDUCTION PRODUCT THAT IS MANNITOL

IS IMPORTANT CLINICALLY IN CEREBRAL
EDEMA.
IMPORTANCE OF PENTOSES
 RIBOSE: IT IS A CONSTITUENT OF NUCLEIC
ACID THAT IS RNA
 2-DEOXYRIBOSE: IT IS A CONSTITUENT OF
DNA
H- C=O
GLYCOSIDES 
H-C-OH
Carbonyl Carbon of a
Monosaccharide is 
attached, by an Acetal OH-C-H
OH

linkage, to an  CH3
Alcoholic group of a H-C-OH
second 
compound.(Acetal is H-C-OH
an organic molecule 
where two separate CH2OH
oxygen atoms are
single bonded to a
central carbon atom) Methyl Glucoside
GLYCOSIDES
Glycosides are compounds in which:
 A Monosaccharide is attached to an
Alcoholic group of a second compound By
Glycosidic Linkage.
Glycosidic Linkage is Defined as an:

 Acetal Linkage Between Carbonyl Carbon
of a Monosaccharide and Hydoxyl Group of
an Another Compound.
IN GLYCOSIDES OTHER COMPOUND MAY OR MAY
NOT BE A MONOSACCHARIDE
 When the alcoholic compound in a

Glycoside is a Non-Carbohydrate it is
called Aglycon.
 In
methyl Glucoside Methyl group is an
Aglycon.
IN METHYL GLUCOSIDE
H- C------O METHYL GROUP IS AN

H-C-OH AGLYCON

OH-C-H CH3

H-C-OH

H-C-OH
 Aglycon
CH2OH
Glycon
Methyl Glucoside
DISACCHARIDES ARE GLYCOSIDES IN WHICH BOTH
THE COMPONENTS ARE MONOSACCHARIDES,
SUCH AS LACTOSE (GLUCOSE + GALACTOSE)
GLYCOSIDES ARE NAMED ACCORDING
TO THE MONOSACCHARIDE WHICH CONTRIBUTES
THE CARBONYL CARBON E.G.,
 Glucoside
 Galactoside
LACTOSE
 Also
called milk sugar because it naturally
occurs only in milk.
 On hydrolysis it yields one molecule of

glucose and one molecule of galactose which
are linked together through 1-4 glycosidic
linkage
 Two Monomer Units of Lactose are:-

 Glucose.
 Galactose.
BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF LACTOSE
 Sole source of Carbohydrates in
Neonates.
 Absorption of Calcium.
 Source of Galactose (for developing

Brain)
 Clinical Aspects.
 Lactosuria (During pregnancy and

lactation).
 Lactose intolerance.
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE:
 DUE TO THE ABSENCE OF THE ENZYME

LACTASE
 UNDIGESTED LACTOSELEADS TO BACTERIAL

FERMENTATION IN COLON AND GENERATION
OF GASES.
 THESE PRODUCTS CAUSE DIARRHEA,

BLOATING AND PAIN IN THE GIT.
 TREATMENT: FORMULA FEED

SUCROSE
 It is common table sugar.
 Mainly found in Sugar Cane.
 It has 1,2 glycosidic linkage.
 Two Monomer Units of Sucrose are:-
 Glucose.
 Fructose.
o CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Small amounts of
oral sucrose placed in the infant's mouth
reduces procedural pain.
MALTOSE
 YIELDS UPON THE HYDROLYSIS OF
STARCH(AMYLASE)
 MADE UP OF TWO MOLECULES OF GLUCOSE
 GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE(1,4)
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
 MALTASE IS DIGESTED BY THE ENZYME MALTASE.
BABY FOODS CONTAIN MALTOSE BECAUSE IT IS
EASILY DIGESTED.
OLIGOSAACCHARIDES
 COMPRISED OF THREE TO TEN
MONOSACCHARIDES
 EXAMPLE: FRUCTOOLIGOSACCHARIDES
 CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS CONTAIN

OLIGOSACCHARIDES.
 THE OLIGOSACCHARIDE UNITS OF

GLYCOPROTEINS ARE RICH IN INFORMATION
AND ARE FUNCTIONALLY IMPORTANT.

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CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGICAL

 Reduction Products (Sugar Alcohols)

 The functions and biological importance of

 The functions and biological importance of

 The functions of oligosaccharides.

 ENERGY SOURCE FOR CELLS IN THE BODY.

 BUILDING BLOCK OF DISACCHARIDES AND

 IT IS THE SUGAR PRESENT IN BLOOD.

RENAL SUGAR THRESHOLD

 SEMINAL FLUID IS RICH IN FRUCTOSE.

 SPERM UTILIZES FRUCTOSE FOR ENERGY

 IN THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULAR EPITHELIAL

 LESS SWEET THAN GLUCOSE

 USED IN THE SYNTHESIS OF MILK SUGAR IN

 IT IS A CONSTITUENT OF GLYCOLIPIDS AND

 IT IS REQUIRED FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF

 IN THE HUMAN BODY, IT IS FOUND AS A

 ITS REDUCTION PRODUCT THAT IS MANNITOL

Glycosidic Linkage is Defined as an:

 When the alcoholic compound in a

 On hydrolysis it yields one molecule of

 Two Monomer Units of Lactose are:-

 Source of Galactose (for developing

 Lactosuria (During pregnancy and

 DUE TO THE ABSENCE OF THE ENZYME

 UNDIGESTED LACTOSELEADS TO BACTERIAL

 THESE PRODUCTS CAUSE DIARRHEA,

 TREATMENT: FORMULA FEED

 MADE UP OF TWO MOLECULES OF GLUCOSE

 CELL MEMBRANE PROTEINS CONTAIN

 THE OLIGOSACCHARIDE UNITS OF

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