Concrete - Materials - Quality of Concrete - Testing in Laboratory - Non Destructive Testing - Repair / Rehabilitation / Restoration

Introduction
• Concrete - Materials
• Quality of concrete
• Testing in Laboratory
• Non Destructive Testing
• Repair / Rehabilitation / Restoration
Introduction to NDT
• Definition
The use of noninvasive
techniques to determine the
integrity of a material,
component or structure or
quantitatively measure some
characteristic of an object.
i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.

Introduction
• NDT methods – more than 7 decades.
• Considerable developments have taken place.
• Considered as powerful method for evaluating
concrete structures with respect to strength,
durability and quality of hardened concrete.
• Can detect crack depth, progressive
deterioration, voids, location of reinforcement,
cover concrete, etc.
Introduction
• NDT methods – relatively simple to perform.
• But the analysis and interpretation of results are
not so easy.
• In NDT some properties of concrete are
measured. These are used to estimate the
strength, elastic behaviour and durability of the
material.
Introduction
• Comprehensive laboratory correlations have to
be established between ‘strength parameters’ to
be predicted and the ‘results of in-situ NDT’.
This is to be done for the field materials.
• In addition to NDT, Semi Destructive Testing

(SDT) are also performed.
Commonly adopted NDT methods
• Rebound Hammer Test
• Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test
• Rebar Locater Test (Cover meter test)
• Corrosion Analysis Test
• Resistivity Meter Test
• Impact Echo/Pulse Echo Test
• Ground Penetrating Radar Test
Commonly adopted SDT methods
• Concrete Core Test
• Capo Test
• Windsor Probe Test
• Load Test for Flexure Member
• Load Test for Piles
Commonly adopted OTHER methods
• Carbonation Test
• Chloride Determination Test
• Sulphate Determination Test
• Determination of pH
Commonly adopted NDT methods
Rebound Hammer
Types of Rebound Hammer
• Type N
Impact energy = 2.207 N-m (0.225 kg-m)
Ordinary building and bridge constructions.
• Type NR
Has a special recording device.
Type N Rebound Hammer –DIGI Schmidt

• Type L
Used for testing thin walled (< 100 mm) or small
components and also cast stone components
sensitive to impact.
• Type LR
Has a special recording device.
• Type L and Type LR
• Type LB
For the continuous control of the quality of burnt
clay material and tile products.
• Type M
Impact energy = 29.43 N-m (3 kg-m)
For determining the strength of mass concrete
and for testing the quality of concrete road
pavements and airfield runways.
• Type P pendulum-type hammer
• Type P pendulum-type hammer
Well suited for testing mortar joints of brick
walls, plasterwork and surfacings.
For concrete of low strength (cube compressive
strength 5 to 25 N/mm2) type P gives better
results than the types N and L.
Rebound Hammer – Type N
• Schmidt Hammer
is designed
specifically for the
Non Destructive
Testing of in-situ
concrete structures.
Rebound Hammer – Type N
Specifications
• Measuring Range : 10 to 70 N/mm2
• Impact energy : 2.207 N-m
• Case dimensions : 140 x 114 x 324 mm
• Net Weight : 1.6 kg
• Shipping Weight : 1.8 kg
• IS Code : IS 13311 (Part 2) – 1992
Rebound Hammer
Testing Principle
• Load device by pressing the tip of the impact
plunger against a solid surface.
• Slide the plunger out the housing until it is fully
extended.
Testing Principle
• The plunger is
pressed against the
surface to be tested
which fires a
percussion weight
against the rear of the
plunger & rebounds.
Testing in Progress
Testing in Progress
Section of Rebound Hammer
Schematic diagram of operation of rebound hammer
Testing Principle
• The maximum height of rebound is recorded on
a scale.
• This value is converted to a compression
strength via conversion tables.
Rebound Hammers
Rebound Hammer
Factors influencing test results
A. Mix characteristics
1. Cement type
2. Cement content
3. Coarse aggregate type
B. Member characteristics
1. Mass
2. Compaction
3. Surface type
4. Age, rate of hardening and curing type
5. Surface carbonation
6. Moisture condition
7. Stress state and temperature
Factors influencing test results … Contd.
• Each of these factors will affect the

readings obtained.
• Estimation of concrete strength will be valid
only if they are all standardized for the
concrete under test and for the calibration
specimens.
Calibration Curve
• The influences of the variables described above

are so great that it is very unlikely that a general
calibration curve relating rebound number to
strength, as provided by the equipment
manufacturers, will be of any practical value.
Calibration … Contd.
Strength calibration is based on
• the particular mix under investigation, and
• the mould surface, curing and age of laboratory
specimens
Unless these conditions correspond as closely as
possible to the in-place concrete, the calibration
curves cannot give the correct interpretation.
Calibration of Rebound Hammer
• It is essential that correct
functioning of the rebound
hammer is checked
regularly using a standard
steel anvil of known mass.
• If the rebound hammers used for in-situ testing
are not regularly checked against a standard
anvil, the reliability of results may suffer.
Influence of moisture on strength
• It is well established that the strength of a cube
tested wet is likely to be about 10% lower than the
strength of a corresponding cube tested dry.
• Since rebound measurements should be taken on
a dry surface, it is recommended that wet cured
cubes be dried in the laboratory for 24 hours
before test.
Minimum readings and position
• When the total number of readings (n) taken at a
location is > 10, the accuracy of the mean
rebound number is likely to have a confidence of
> 95%.
• The rebound numbers should not be taken too
close to the edge of the members, i.e., they
should be atleast 20 mm away from the
boundary.
Location of testing
• The test location within the member is important
when interpreting results.
• The test yields information about a thin surface
layer only.
• Voids or defects present at large depths do not
influence the test results.
Rebound values depend on the hardness of concrete surface
Gives only surface hardness
• Results are unrelated to the properties of the
interior since the readings are taken on the
surface.
• Results are not regarded as reliable on concrete
more than three months old unless special steps
are taken for allowance of age effects and
surface carbonation.
Factors influencing surface hardness
• Age of concrete
New concrete with moist surface generally has a
relatively softer surface, resulting in lower than
normal rebound.
In very old and dry concrete the surface will be
harder than the interior, giving rebound values
some what higher than normal (carbonation).
• Carbonation of concrete surface
Carbon dioxide, which is present in the air at
around 0.3 per cent by volume, dissolves in water
to form a mildly acidic solution.
This forms within the pores of the concrete, and
reacts with the alkaline calcium hydroxide
forming insoluble calcium carbonate.
The pH value then drops from more than 12 to
about 8.5.
It consumes alkalinity and reduces pore water pH
to the 8–9 range.
Hence, steel remains no longer passive.

Surface carbonation of concrete significantly
affect the rebound hammer test results.
In old concrete where the carbonation layer can
be upto 20 mm thick, the strength may be
overestimated by 50%.
Average rebound number & quality of concrete
Average Rebound Quality of concrete

Number
> 40 Very good hard layer
30 to 40 Good layer
20 to 30 Fair
< 20 Poor concrete
0 Delaminated
Applications and Limitations
• Checking the uniformity of concrete quality

• Comparing a given concrete with a specified
requirement
• Approximate estimation of strength
• Abrasion resistance classification.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
• The first reports of the measurement of the
velocity of mechanically generated pulses
through concrete appeared in the USA in the mid
1940s.
• Velocity depends primarily upon the elastic
properties of the material and is almost
independent of geometry.
• The potential value of this approach was apparent,
but measurement problems were considerable.
• In France, a few years later this led to the
development of repetitive mechanical pulse
equipment.
• At about the same time work was undertaken in
Canada and the United Kingdom using electro-
acoustic transducers, which were found to offer
greater control on the type and frequency of pulses
generated.
• This form of testing developed into the modern
ultrasonic method, employing pulses in the
frequency range of 20–150 kHz which are
generated and recorded by electronic circuits.

• Concrete testing is thus at present based largely
on pulse velocity measurements using through-
transmission techniques.
• The method has become widely accepted around
the world.
• Commercially produced robust lightweight
equipment are suitable for site as well as
laboratory use.
Earlier Equipment
Recent Equipment
Specifications of UPV
Equipment
• Consisting of a pulse generator and a pulse
receiver.
• Pulses are generated by shock-exciting piezo-
electric crystals, with similar crystals used in
the receiver.
• The equipment is robust and is provided with a
carrying case for site use.
Equipment
• The time taken for the pulse to pass through the
concrete is measured by electronic measuring
circuits.
• The display is a four-digit liquid crystal and
gives a direct transit time reading in
microseconds.
• The measuring equipments are accurate to ± 0.1
microseconds.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV)
• If the method is properly used, a considerable
information about the interior of a concrete
member can be obtained.
• Since the range of pulse velocities relating to
practical concrete qualities is relatively small (3.0–
4.8 km/s), great care is necessary, especially for
site usage.
Transducer arrangement
Three basic ways in which the transducers may be
arranged:
• Opposite faces (direct transmission)
• Adjacent faces (semi-direct transmission)
• Same face (indirect transmission)
The type of pulse waves received by the
transducer changes in each of these cases
Opposite faces (direct transmission)
• Longitudinal waves with
particle displacement in
the direction of travel
(also known as
compression waves)
• Most important since
these are the fastest and
generally provide more
useful information.
• The maximum pulse energy

is transmitted at right
angles to the face of the
transmitter.
• This is the most reliable
from the point of view of
transit time measurement
• The path is clearly

defined and can be
measured accurately.
• This approach should be
used wherever possible
for assessing concrete
quality.
Adjacent faces (semi-direct transmission)
• Shear or transverse
waves with particle
displacement at right
angles to the direction of
travel are less faster.
• Can be used sometimes

satisfactorily if the angle
between the transducers
is not too great, and if the
path length is not too
large.
• The sensitivity will be

smaller.
• The path length is
generally regarded as
distance from centre to
centre of transducer
faces.
Same face (indirect transmission)
• Surface waves having an elliptical particle

displacement are the slowest.
• The indirect method is definitely the least

satisfactory, since the received signal amplitude
may be less than 3% of that for a comparable
direct transmission.
• The pulse velocity will be predominantly

influenced by the surface zone concrete, which
may not be representative of the body
• The exact path length is uncertain.
Pulse velocity tests can be carried out on both
laboratory-sized specimens and completed
concrete structures.
Factors affecting measurement:
• There must be smooth contact with the surface
under test; a coupling medium such as thin film
of oil, petroleum jelly, liquid soap or grease is
mandatory.
• It is desirable for path lengths to be at least
300 mm in order to avoid any errors introduced
by heterogeneity.
• There is an increase in pulse velocity at below-
freezing temperature owing to freezing of water;
from 5 to 30o C pulse velocities are not
temperature dependent.
• The presence of reinforcing steel in concrete
has an appreciable effect on pulse velocity. It is
therefore desirable and often mandatory to
choose pulse paths that avoid the influence of
reinforcing steel or to make corrections if steel
is in the pulse path.
Velocity criterion for concrete quality grading (IS 1311 - Part 1)
Sl. Pulse velocity in cross Concrete

No. probing (km/sec) quality grading
1 Above 4.5 Excellent
2 3.5 to 4.5 Good
3 3.0 to 3.5 Medium
4 Below 3.0 Doubtful
• UPV method is an ideal tool for establishing
uniformity of concrete.
• Large differences in pulse velocity is indicative
of defects or deterioration in concrete.
• High pulse velocity readings are generally
indicative of good quality concrete.

Why UPV ?
• Evaluating the uniformity within a member
• Locating internal voids and cracks
• Estimating severity of deterioration
• Estimating depth of fire damage
• Evaluating effectiveness of crack repairs
• Identifying anamalous regions in drilled cores
• Estimate early-age strength (with correlation)
REBAR LOCATER
REBAR LOCATER
• This meter, with its

integral sensor can be
held in one hand, and
provides the unique
ability to indicate the
position of reinforcing
bars.
REBAR LOCATER
• The Rebar Locator features probes that allows
one to measure shallow and deep ranges.
• This instrument can locate the size and
orientation of bar, as well as indicate concrete
cover.
• Generally used along with UPV and Core cutting
equipment.
REBAR LOCATER- Equipment
• Range : Shallow - up to 100mm
Deep - up to 185mm
• Accuracy : Better than ± 2mm or
±5% for cover
• Bar Sizing: 8-40mm better than
± 1 bar size
• Display : LCD with backlight
REBAR LOCATER- Equipment
• Memory : 1,60,000 objects

• Data Output : RS232 or USB adapter
• Power Supply : 1.5V (6 nos.), 45 hr operation;
30 hr with backlight
• Dimensions : 415 x 500 x 125mm
• Weight : 4.2kg
CORROSION ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT
CANIN+ with Rod Electrode

CORROSION ANALYSIS INSTRUMENT
• The CANIN+ Corrosion Analyzing
Instrument highlights corrosion activity
before rust becomes visible.
• Early detection is a key factor in
preventing an unanticipated structural
failure.
Equipment
• Battery operation six LR 6 (AA) batteries, 1.5 V
for up to 60 h (or 30 h with activated backlight)
• Display 128 x 128 pixel graphic LCD with
backlight
• Case dimensions : 580 x 480 x 210 mm
• Net weight : 10.6 kg
• Shipping weight : 14 kg
The Canin+ corrosion analyzing instrument
• Half-cell corrosion potential method -
Accurate field potential measurements aid
in detecting active corrosion in rebars.
• The test surface is divided into grids of
uniform size.
• The voltage is recorded at points in the
centre of these grids.
• If the voltage recorded is more than -200 mv
it indicates that the reinforcements are
already corroded.
• In order to satisfy individual testing needs,
the Canin+ is available individually with a
rod electrode, wheel electrode and/or
Wenner probe configurations or as a
complete system with all components.
Rod Electrode
The copper sulphate

electrode for
corrosion analysis is
ideal for localized
measurements.
Best for measuring
surface areas below
20m2 (200 sq. ft)
One-Wheel Electrode allows for fast scanning of larger
surfaces. Best for corrosion analysis of horizontal areas up
to 100m2(1,000 sq. ft.) plus vertical and soffit areas
The 4-wheel Electrode - Provides the fastest
measurement. Best for measuring large
horizontal areas over 100m2(1,000 sq. ft.)
Features
• Immediate presentation of test area and reading
directly on the instruments display
• Upto 240 measurement values are displayed at a
time in easy-to read grey-scale
• Menu-driven approach facilitates simple
operation using just nine functions keys
Features
• Total memory for 2,35,000 readings which can
be stored
• Allows downloading, presenting and editing
data measured by the Canin+ half-cell
instrument
• New features such as a backlight display and
faster processing of data
Applications
• Canin+ is ideally suited for assessment of
corrosion potentials on areas of all sizes
• This is made possible by the selectable grid size
• The wheel electrode, in particular, makes it easy
to rapidly cover larger areas

RESISTIVITY METER
RESISTIVITY METER
• Concrete resistivity method - the instrument
measures the specific electrical resistivity of
concrete.
• Surface resistivity measurement provides
extremely useful information about the state of a
concrete structure.
RESISTIVITY METER
• It suggests the likelihood of corrosion and the
corrosion rate.
• Studies have shown that there is a direct
correlation between resistivity and chloride
diffusion rate.
RESISTIVITY METER
RESISTIVITY METER
• This is based on the classical four electrode
system in which four equally spaced electrodes
are electrically connected to the concrete
surface.
• The two outer electrodes are connected to a
source of alternating current.
• The two inner electrodes are connected to
voltmeter.
METHODOLOGY - RESISTIVITY METER
• The set of four probes are fitted with super
conductive foam tips (kept moist) to ensure full
contact on irregular surfaces.
• Once the probes are kept in contact with the
concrete surface, the LCD display will indicate
the resistivity directly on the screen.
RESISTIVITY METER
• The limits of possible corrosion are related with
resistivity as under:
• With  >12 KW-cm Corrosion is improbable
• With  = 8 to 12 KW-cm Corrosion is probable
• With  < 8 KW-cm Corrosion is fairly sure
where  (rho) is the resistivity
RESISTIVITY METER
The versatility of the method can be seen in these example
applications:
• Estimation of the likelihood of corrosion
• Indication of corrosion rate
• Correlation to chloride permeability
• Identification of areas within a structure most
susceptible to chloride penetration
• Determination of zonal requirements for cathodic
protection systems
RESISTIVITY METER
Limitations
• The method is slow because it covers small area
at a time
• The system if used in combination with half - cell
potentiometer gives better indication of corrosion
in reinforced concrete
Impact Echo Test
Impact Echo Test
• Here, an impacting device such as a hammer

is struck on the concrete surface.
Impact Echo Test
• The sound waves that reflect off from voids or

discontinuities are picked up by a recovery receiving
probe and conveyed to a signal processor.
Impact Echo Test
• This wave form is analysed in the signal
processor, and amplitude and travel time of
waves are evaluated for the determination of
homogeneity and integrity of concrete.

How Impact-Echo Works ?
Ground Penetrating RADAR (GPR)
RADAR – RAdio Detection And Ranging

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR)
• Equipment normally
consists of :-
– A transmitter
– A receiver antenna
– A RADAR control unit
– Suitable data storage
and control devices
• GPR is a geo-physical method that uses radar
pulses to image subsurface.
• It uses high frequency polarised radio waves for
transmitting them into ground.
• When the wave hits a buried object or a
boundary with different dielectric constants, the
receiving antenna records variations in the
reflected return signal.
• Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Systems can
accurately and nondestructively "see" through
solid pavement materials, such as asphalt,
concrete and soil to detect subsurface objects
and determine the condition and thickness of the
material examined.
• GPR can be used to collect information on sub-
surface elements in roads, bridges, sports
grounds, golf courses, cemeteries and in RC
structures.
• It can accurately locate metallic and non-
metallic reinforcements and pipes below
concrete slabs.
• It can also detect flaws in concrete structures.
Mapping deterioration
zones in reinforced
concrete, consistent with
corrosive environment &
related damage such as
delaminations and spalls
Rebar and tension cable

location and depth
Slab thickness on grade

and suspended
Location of non-metallic
and metallic conduits and
other embedded non-
structural features such
as fiber networks, in-floor
heating elements, and
plumbing
Detection of voids and

variations in the concrete
matrix
Some applications of GPR are :-
• Determining concrete thickness and cover
concrete.
• Evaluation of bridge decks and pavements.
• Locating rebars, post tensioned cables, conduits,
metal pipes and PVC pipes.
• Locating pipes, water lines, storm water and sewer
systems buried in soil.
• Detecting irrigation and septic field systems, under
ground storage tanks and under ground utilities.
• GPR is an ideal
technology for detection
of bridge deck
delaminations, voids,
subsurface moisture
accumulation and the
thickness of asphalt
pavement layers ....
All at highway speeds!
Commonly adopted SDT Methods
CONCRETE CORE
CUTTER
CONCRETE CORE CUTTER
• Vibration-free, precise and robust instruments
• Drilling Tools have diamond bits
• Wet drilling or dry drilling
• Effective, low-vibration and

economical working
GDB 1600 WE- DIAMOND CONCRETE CUTTER
• Dia. : In concrete: 30-82 mm

In masonry: 52-132 mm (with suction head)
• Power input : 1600 W
• No-load Speed: 1st & 2nd gear : 980 & 2400 rpm
• Weight : 5.9 kg
GDB 2500 WE - DIAMOND CONCRETE CUTTER
• Drilling Dia. Concrete : 32-212 mm

• Drilling stroke : 500 mm
• Power input : 2500 W
• No-load speed : 1st & 2nd gear 410 & 900 rpm
• Weight : 5.9 Kg
S 500 A - DRILL STAND
• Drill Stroke : 500 mm
• Column length : 1000 mm
• Weight : 12.5 kg
CAPO TEST
CAPO TEST
• In this method,
appropriate dia and
depth of holes are made
using a specific tool.
• The specially designed
tool with enlarged mouth
will be driven into the
hole and thoroughly
fastened.
CAPO TEST
• Then the insert will be
pulled off with a hydraulic
system.
• The required force to pull
the insert along with
concrete is measured &
Generally conducted
correlated with calibration when the core test
chart to assess the cannot be conducted.
strength of concrete.
Windsor Probe Test
Windsor Probe Test
A standard steel
pin is driven in
to the concrete
surface with a
special gun
operated by
spring charge.
Windsor Probe Test
• The depth of penetration is
measured.
• Since the depth of
penetration is inversely
proportional to compressive
strength, the device
provides a fast and safe way
to find the strength of
concrete.
Windsor Probe Test
• One should be very careful while using this
device as there will be chances of causing injury
to the neighbouring person if it is not held
properly during testing.

Load Testing of Structures
• If NDT and SDT results fail to give satisfactory
information regarding the strength and quality,
then load test will be conducted and it is the
most acceptable test. For flexural members
• Subjected load = Full DL + 1.25 x Imposed Load
• Deflection due to imposed load is recorded
• After 24 hours, Imposed Load is removed
• Recovery of deflection is also calculated
Load Testing of Flexure Structures
Instruments used in Load testing :-
• Deflectometers
• LVDTs (Linearly Varying Displacement Transducers)
• Sand bags
• Water ponding
• Trucks carrying measured loads (for bridge decks)
Commonly adopted Other Methods
Tests for Carbonation of Concrete
• Carbonation of concrete in cover results in loss of
protection to the steel against corrosion.
• The depth of carbonation

can be measured by
spraying the freshly
fractured concrete surface
with a 0.2% solution of
phenolphthalein in
ethanol.
• Since Phenolphthalein is a
pH indicator, the magenta
(pink colour) area presents
uncarbonated concrete and
the remaining (colourless)
portion, the carbonated
area.
• The change in colour occurs at around pH 10 of
concrete.
• The test must be applied only to freshly
exposed surfaces, because reaction with
atmospheric carbon dioxide starts immediately.
• Relating carbonation depth to concrete cover is
one of the main indicators of corrosion.
Test for Chloride Content in Concrete
• The presence of chloride in the concrete is the
contributory factor towards corrosion of
reinforcement.
• Portable equipments are available in the market,
which can be used for rapid on site
measurement of chloride content of concrete.
• The chloride content of concrete can also be
determined by chemical analysis of concrete in
the laboratory.
Test for Chloride Content in Concrete
• A rotary percussion drill is used to collect a
pulverized sample of concrete and a special
acid extracts the chlorides.
• Different samples are obtained from different
concrete depths, to establish the chloride
contamination in the concrete.
Test for Sulphate Content in Concrete
• The quantity of suphates in concrete is determined
generally by well defined chemical analysis in the
laboratory.
• This test will be carried out on the concrete
samples collected from the members at different
depths.
• The results are expressed in terms of percentage
of sulphates by weight of concrete.
Test for Sulphate Content in Concrete
• Presence of high amount of sulphates will result in
reaction of calcium present in cement with
sulphates.
• This results in expansion and disruption of
concrete - leads to corrosion of rebars.
Determination of pH
• The level of pH in concrete is determined
generally by well defined chemical analysis in the
laboratory.
• This test will be carried out on concrete samples
collected from the members (at different depths).
• The level of pH in concrete will indicate the status
of corrosion of rebars in concrete.
Concluding Remarks
• The availability of wide range of NDT devices
has made it easier to monitor quality or distress
or durability of concrete structures.
• The NDT devices have proved to be reliable and
invaluable.
Concluding Remarks
• Depending on the requirement, any two or more
tests are to be conducted to get the required
information regarding the quality / strength of
concrete.
• Interpretation of test results requires competent
persons to arrive at acceptable evaluation of
concrete regarding its quality and strength.

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Introduction

i.e. Inspect or measure without doing harm.

• In addition to NDT, Semi Destructive Testing

Type N Rebound Hammer –DIGI Schmidt

• Each of these factors will affect the

• The influences of the variables described above

The pH value then drops from more than 12 to

It consumes alkalinity and reduces pore water pH

to the 8–9 range.

Hence, steel remains no longer passive.

Average Rebound Quality of concrete

• Checking the uniformity of concrete quality

Canada and the United Kingdom using electro-

acoustic transducers, which were found to offer

greater control on the type and frequency of pulses

ultrasonic method, employing pulses in the

frequency range of 20–150 kHz which are

generated and recorded by electronic circuits.

• The maximum pulse energy

• The path is clearly

• Can be used sometimes

• The sensitivity will be

• Surface waves having an elliptical particle

• The indirect method is definitely the least

• The pulse velocity will be predominantly

Sl. Pulse velocity in cross Concrete

• Large differences in pulse velocity is indicative

of defects or deterioration in concrete.

• High pulse velocity readings are generally

indicative of good quality concrete.

• This meter, with its

• Memory : 1,60,000 objects

CANIN+ with Rod Electrode

The copper sulphate

corrosion potentials on areas of all sizes

• This is made possible by the selectable grid size

• The wheel electrode, in particular, makes it easy

to rapidly cover larger areas

• Here, an impacting device such as a hammer

• The sound waves that reflect off from voids or

• This wave form is analysed in the signal

processor, and amplitude and travel time of

waves are evaluated for the determination of

homogeneity and integrity of concrete.

RADAR – RAdio Detection And Ranging

Rebar and tension cable

Slab thickness on grade

Detection of voids and

• Drilling Tools have diamond bits

• Wet drilling or dry drilling

• Effective, low-vibration and

• Dia. : In concrete: 30-82 mm

• Drilling Dia. Concrete : 32-212 mm

• Drill Stroke : 500 mm

• Column length : 1000 mm

device as there will be chances of causing injury

to the neighbouring person if it is not held

properly during testing.

• The depth of carbonation