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By Dr. Mohammed Ramidh: Engineering Materials Design

The document discusses the design of pipes for transporting fluids. It covers: 1) Common materials used for pipes including cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and brass. 2) Stresses in pipes are determined using Lame's equation, with tangential stress highest at the inner surface and lowest at the outer surface. 3) Design of pipes involves determining the inside diameter based on fluid flow rate and wall thickness using thin or thick cylindrical formulas depending on the pipe dimensions and stress levels.

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shahzad ahmad
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
161 views

By Dr. Mohammed Ramidh: Engineering Materials Design

The document discusses the design of pipes for transporting fluids. It covers: 1) Common materials used for pipes including cast iron, wrought iron, steel, and brass. 2) Stresses in pipes are determined using Lame's equation, with tangential stress highest at the inner surface and lowest at the outer surface. 3) Design of pipes involves determining the inside diameter based on fluid flow rate and wall thickness using thin or thick cylindrical formulas depending on the pipe dimensions and stress levels.

Uploaded by

shahzad ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Engineering Materials Design

Lecture . 4

By
Dr. Mohammed Ramidh
4.1 Introduction
The pipes are used for transporting various fluids like water, steam,
different types of gases, oil and other chemicals with or without pressure
from one place to another. Cast iron, wrought iron, steel and brass are the
materials generally used for pipes in engineering practice

The use of cast iron pipes is limited to pressures of about 0.7 N/mm2
because of its low resistance to shocks which may be created due to the
action of water hammer. These pipes are best suited for water and sewage
systems.
The wrought iron and steel pipes are used chiefly for conveying steam,
air and oil. Brass pipes, in small sizes, finds use in pressure lubrication
systems on prime movers.
The pipes used in petroleum industry are generally seamless pipes made
of heat-resistant chromemolybdenum alloy steel. Such type of pipes can
resist pressures more than 4 N/mm2 and temperatures greater than 440°C.
4.2 Stresses in Pipes
The stresses in pipes due to the internal fluid pressure are determined by
Lame's equation as discussed in the previous chapter (Art. 3.9). According
to Lame's equation, tangential stress at any radius x,

 The tangential stress is maximum at the inner


Surface (when x = ri) of the pipe and minimum at
the outer surface (when x = ro) of the pipe.
Substituting the values of x = ri and x = ro in
equation (i), we find that the maximum tangential
stress at the inner surface of the pipe,

and minimum tangential stress at the outer surface of the pipe,

The radial stress is maximum at the inner surface of the pipe and zero at
the outer surface of the pipe. Substituting the values of x = ri and x = ro
in equation (ii), we find that maximum radial stress at the inner surface,

and minimum radial stress at the outer surface of the pipe,


The thick cylindrical formula may be applied when
(a) the variation of stress across the thickness of the pipe is taken into
account,
(b) the internal diameter of the pipe (D) is less than twenty times its wall
thickness ( t ) , i.e. D/t < 20, and
(c) the allowable stress ( ) is less than six times the pressure inside the
pipe ( p ) i.e. / p < 6.

According to thick cylindrical formula (Lame's equation), wall thickness


of pipe,

where R = Internal radius of the pipe.

The following table shows the values of allowable tensile stress ( ) to


be used in the above relations:

Table 4.1. Values of allowable tensile stress for pipes of different materials

Example 8.1. A cast iron pipe of internal diameter 200 mm and thickness
50 mm carries water under a pressure of 5 N/ Calculate the tangential
and radial stresses at radius (r) = 100 mm ; 110 mm ; 120 mm ; 130 mm ;
140 mm and 150 mm. Sketch the stress distribution curves.

Solution. Given : di = 200 mm or ri = 100 mm ; t = 50 mm ; p = 5 N/


We know that outer radius of the pipe, ro =ri + t = 100 + 50 = 150 mm
Tangential stresses at radius 100 mm, 110 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm, 140
mm and 150 mm
We know that tangential stress at any radius x,

Tangential stress at radius 100 mm (i.e. when x = 100 mm),

Tangential stress at radius 110 mm (i.e. when x = 110 mm),

Tangential stress at radius 120 mm (i.e. when x = 120 mm),

Tangential stress at radius 130 mm (i.e. when x = 130 mm),

Tangential stress at radius 140 mm (i.e. when x = 140 mm),

and tangential stress at radius 150 mm (i.e. when x = 150 mm),

Fig. 4.1
Radial stresses at radius 100 mm, 110 mm, 120 mm, 130 mm, 140 mm
and 150 mm
We know that radial stress at any radius x,

Radial stress at radius 100 mm (i.e. when x = 100 mm),

Radial stress at radius 110 mm (i.e., when x = 110 mm),

Radial stress at radius 120 mm (i.e. when x = 120 mm),

Radial stress at radius 130 mm (i.e. when x = 130 mm),

Radial stress at radius 140 mm (i.e. when x = 140 mm),

Radial stress at radius 150 mm (i.e. when x = 150 mm),

The stress distribution curves for tangential and radial stresses are shown
in Fig. 4.1.
4.3 Design of Pipes
The design of a pipe involves the determination of inside diameter of the
pipe and its wall thickness as discussed below:

1. Inside diameter of the pipe. The inside diameter of the pipe depends
upon the quantity of fluid to be delivered.

Let D = Inside diameter of the pipe,


v = Velocity of fluid flowing per minute, and
Q = Quantity of fluid carried per minute.
We know that the quantity of fluid flowing per minute,

2. Wall thickness of the pipe. the thickness of the wall (t) in order to
withstand the internal fluid pressure ( p) may be obtained by using thin
cylindrical or thick cylindrical formula.
The thin cylindrical formula may be applied when
(a) the stress across the section of the pipe is uniform,
(b) the internal diameter of the pipe (D) is more than twenty times its wall
thickness (t), i.e. D/t > 20, and
(c) the allowable stress ( ) is more than six times the pressure inside the
pipe (p), i.e. /p > 6.

According to thin cylindrical formula, wall thickness of pipe,


A little consideration will show that the thickness of wall as obtained by
the above relation is too small. Therefore for the design of pipes, a certain
constant is added to the above relation. Now the relation may be written as

The value of constant ‘C’, according to Weisback, are given in the


following table.
Table 4.2. Values of constant ‘C’.

Example 8.2. A seamless pipe carries 2400 of steam per hour at a


pressure of 1.4 N/ . The velocity of flow is 30 m/s. Assuming the
tensile stress as 40 MPa, find the inside diameter of the pipe and its wall
thickness.

Inside diameter of the pipe


We know that inside diameter of the pipe,

Wall thickness of the pipe


From Table 4.2, we find that for a steel pipe, C = 3 mm. Therefore wall
thickness of the pipe,
Homework:
1. A cast iron pipe of internal diameter 200 mm and thickness 50 mm
carries water under a pressure of 5 N/mm2. Calculate the tangential and
radial stresses at the inner, middle (radius =125 mm) and outer surfaces.
[Ans. 13 MPa, 9.76 MPa, 8 MPa ; – 5 MPa, – 1.76 MPa, 0]

2. A cast iron pipe is to carry 60 of compressed air per minute at a


pressure of 1 N/mm2. The velocity of air in the pipe is limited to 10 m/s
and the permissible tensile stress for the material of the pipe is 14 MPa.
Find the diameter of the pipe and its wall thickness.
[Ans. 360 mm ; 22 mm]

3. seamless steel pipe carries 2000 of steam per hour at a pressure of


1.2 N/mm2. The velocity of flow is 28 m/s. Assuming the tensile stress as
40 MPa, find the inside diameter of the pipe and its wall thickness.
[Ans. 160 mm ; 5.4 mm]

4. Discuss how the pipes are designed.

5. Cast iron pipes are mainly used.


(a) for conveying steam
(b) in water and sewage systems
(c) in pressure lubrication systems on prime movers
(d) all of the above

6. The diameter of a pipe carrying steam Q /min at a velocity v m/min


is

7. When the internal diameter of the pipe exceeds twenty times its wall
thickness, then .............. cylindrical shell formula may be applied.
(a) thin (b) thick

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