Édouard Manet

“Manet” redirects here. For other uses, see Manet

(disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Claude Monet, an impressionist
painter of the same era, friend of Manet.
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unknown parameter “imagesize” (this message is shown
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Édouard Manet (US /mæˈneɪ/ or UK /ˈmæneɪ/; French:

[edwaʁ manɛ]; 23 January 1832 – 30 April 1883) was
a French painter. He was one of the first 19th-century
artists to paint modern life, and a pivotal figure in the
transition from Realism to Impressionism.
Born into an upper-class household with strong political
connections, Manet rejected the future originally envi-
sioned for him, and became engrossed in the world of
painting. His early masterworks, The Luncheon on the
Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe) and Olympia, both 1863,
caused great controversy and served as rallying points for
the young painters who would create Impressionism. To-
day, these are considered watershed paintings that mark
the genesis of modern art. The last 20 years of Manet’s
life saw him form bonds with other great artists of the
time, and develop his own style that would be heralded Manet’s portrait painted by Fantin-Latour
as innovative and serve as a major influence for future
painters.
wishes to pursue an art education. From 1850 to 1856,
Manet studied under the academic painter Thomas Cou-
ture. In his spare time, Manet copied the Old Masters in
1 Early life the Louvre.
From 1853 to 1856, Manet visited Germany, Italy, and
Édouard Manet was born in Paris on 23 January 1832, the Netherlands, during which time he was influenced
in the ancestral hôtel particulier (mansion) on the rue des by the Dutch painter Frans Hals, and the Spanish artists
Petits Augustins (now rue Bonaparte) to an affluent and Diego Velázquez and Francisco José de Goya.
well-connected family.[1] His mother, Eugénie-Desirée
Fournier, was the daughter of a diplomat and goddaugh-
ter of the Swedish crown prince Charles Bernadotte, from 2 Career
whom the Swedish monarchs are descended. His fa-
ther, Auguste Manet, was a French judge who expected In 1856, Manet opened a studio. His style in this pe-
Édouard to pursue a career in law. His uncle, Edmond riod was characterized by loose brush strokes, simplifi-
Fournier, encouraged him to pursue painting and took cation of details and the suppression of transitional tones.
young Manet to the Louvre.[2] In 1841 he enrolled at sec- Adopting the current style of realism initiated by Gustave
ondary school, the Collège Rollin. In 1845, at the advice Courbet, he painted The Absinthe Drinker (1858–59) and
of his uncle, Manet enrolled in a special course of draw- other contemporary subjects such as beggars, singers,
ing where he met Antonin Proust, future Minister of Fine Gypsies, people in cafés, and bullfights. After his early
Arts and subsequent lifelong friend. career, he rarely painted religious, mythological, or his-
At his father’s suggestion, in 1848 he sailed on a training torical subjects; examples include his Christ Mocked, now
vessel to Rio de Janeiro. After he twice failed the ex- in the Art Institute of Chicago, and Christ with Angels, in
amination to join the Navy,[3] his father relented to his the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Manet had

1
2 2 CAREER

two canvases accepted at the Salon in 1861. A portrait of

his mother and father, who at the time was paralysed and
robbed of speech by a stroke, was ill received by critics.
The other, The Spanish Singer, was admired by Theophile
Gautier, and placed in a more conspicuous location as a
result of its popularity with Salon-goers. Manet’s work,
which appeared “slightly slapdash” when compared with
the meticulous style of so many other Salon paintings, in-
trigued some young artists. The Spanish Singer, painted
in a “strange new fashion [-] caused many painters’ eyes
to open and their jaws to drop.”[4]

2.1 Music in the Tuileries

The Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur l'herbe), 1863
Main article: Music in the Tuileries
Music in the Tuileries is an early example of Manet’s
by the mid-1870s she became an accomplished painter
in her own right.
The painting’s juxtaposition of fully dressed men and a
nude woman was controversial, as was its abbreviated,
sketch-like handling, an innovation that distinguished
Manet from Courbet. At the same time, Manet’s com-
position reveals his study of the old masters, as the dis-
position of the main figures is derived from Marcantonio
Raimondi's engraving of the Judgement of Paris (c. 1515)
based on a drawing by Raphael.[2]
Two additional works cited by scholars as important
precedents for Le déjeuner sur l'herbe are Pastoral Con-
Music in the Tuileries, 1862 cert (c. 1510, The Louvre) and The Tempest (Gallerie
dell'Accademia, Venice), both of which are attributed
painterly style. Inspired by Hals and Velázquez, it is a variously to Italian Renaissance masters Giorgione or
harbinger of his lifelong interest in the subject of leisure. Titian.[5] The Tempest is an enigmatic painting featuring
a fully dressed man and a nude woman in a rural set-
While the picture was regarded as unfinished by some,[2]
ting. The man is standing to the left and gazing to the
the suggested atmosphere imparts a sense of what the Tu-
side, apparently at the woman, who is seated and breast-
ileries gardens were like at the time; one may imagine the
feeding a baby; the relationship between the two figures
music and conversation.
is unclear.[6] In Pastoral Concert, two clothed men and a
Here, Manet has depicted his friends, artists, authors, nude woman are seated on the grass, engaged in music
and musicians who take part, and he has included a self- making, while a second nude woman stands beside them.
portrait among the subjects.

2.3 Olympia
2.2 Luncheon on the Grass (Le déjeuner sur
l'herbe) Main article: Olympia (Manet)

Main article: Le déjeuner sur l'herbe

A major early work is The Luncheon on the Grass (Le As he had in Luncheon on the Grass, Manet again para-
déjeuner sur l'herbe). The Paris Salon rejected it for exhi- phrased a respected work by a Renaissance artist in the
bition in 1863 but Manet exhibited it at the Salon des Re- painting Olympia (1863), a nude portrayed in a style rem-
fusés (Salon of the Rejected) later in the year. Emperor iniscent of early studio photographs, but whose pose was
Napoleon III had initiated The Salon des Refusés after based on Titian's Venus of Urbino (1538). The painting is
the Paris Salon rejected 2,783 paintings in 1863. Manet also reminiscent of Francisco Goya's painting The Nude
employed model Victorine Meurent, his wife Suzanne, Maja (1800).
future brother-in-law Ferdinand Leenhoff, and one of his Manet embarked on the canvas after being challenged to
brothers to pose. Meurent also posed for several more give the Salon a nude painting to display. His uniquely
of Manet’s important paintings including Olympia; and frank depiction of a self-assured prostitute was accepted
2.4 Life and times 3

2.4 Life and times

Olympia, 1863

by the Paris Salon in 1865, where it created a scan-

dal. According to Antonin Proust, “only the precautions
taken by the administration prevented the painting being
punctured and torn” by offended viewers.[7] The paint-
ing was controversial partly because the nude is wear-
ing some small items of clothing such as an orchid in
her hair, a bracelet, a ribbon around her neck, and mule
slippers, all of which accentuated her nakedness, sexu-
ality, and comfortable courtesan lifestyle. The orchid,
upswept hair, black cat, and bouquet of flowers were Berthe Morisot with a Bouquet of Violets, 1872
all recognized symbols of sexuality at the time. This
modern Venus’ body is thin, counter to prevailing stan- After the death of his father in 1862, Manet married
dards; the painting’s lack of idealism rankled viewers. Suzanne Leenhoff in 1863. Leenhoff was a Dutch-born
The painting’s flatness, inspired by Japanese wood block piano teacher of Manet’s age with whom he had been ro-
art, serves to make the nude more human and less volup- mantically involved for approximately ten years. Leen-
tuous. A fully dressed black servant is featured, exploit- hoff initially had been employed by Manet’s father, Au-
ing the then-current theory that black people were hyper- guste, to teach Manet and his younger brother piano. She
sexed.[2] That she is wearing the clothing of a servant to also may have been Auguste’s mistress. In 1852, Leen-
a courtesan here furthers the sexual tension of the piece. hoff gave birth, out of wedlock, to a son, Leon Koella
Olympia’s body as well as her gaze is unabashedly con- Leenhoff. Manet painted his wife in The Reading, among
frontational. She defiantly looks out as her servant of- other paintings.
fers flowers from one of her male suitors. Although her Eleven-year-old Leon Leenhoff, whose father may have
hand rests on her leg, hiding her pubic area, the refer- been either of the Manets, posed often for Manet. Most
ence to traditional female virtue is ironic; a notion of famously, he is the subject of the Boy Carrying a Sword
modesty is notoriously absent in this work. A contempo- of 1861 (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York). He
rary critic denounced Olympia’s “shamelessly flexed” left also appears as the boy carrying a tray in the background
hand, which seemed to him a mockery of the relaxed, of The Balcony.[9]
shielding hand of Titian’s Venus.[8] Likewise, the alert He became friends with the Impressionists Edgar De-
black cat at the foot of the bed strikes a sexually rebel- gas, Claude Monet, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Alfred Sis-
lious note in contrast to that of the sleeping dog in Titian’s ley, Paul Cézanne and Camille Pissarro through another
portrayal of the goddess in his Venus of Urbino. painter, Berthe Morisot, who was a member of the group
“Olympia” was the subject of caricatures in the popu- and drew him into their activities. The grand niece of
lar press, but was championed by the French avant-garde the painter Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Morisot had her first
community, and the painting’s significance was appreci- painting accepted in the Salon de Paris in 1864, and she
ated by artists such as Gustave Courbet, Paul Cézanne, continued to show in the salon for the next ten years.
Claude Monet, and later Paul Gauguin. Manet became the friend and colleague of Berthe Morisot
As with Luncheon on the Grass, the painting raised the in 1868. She is credited with convincing Manet to at-
issue of prostitution within contemporary France and the tempt plein air painting, which she had been practicing
roles of women within society.[2] since she was introduced to it by another friend of hers,
4 2 CAREER

Camille Corot. They had a reciprocating relationship his Impromptu to Manet’s wife.[10]
and Manet incorporated some of her techniques into his Throughout his life, although resisted by art critics, Manet
paintings. In 1874, she became his sister-in-law when she could number as his champions Émile Zola, who sup-
married his brother, Eugène. ported him publicly in the press, Stéphane Mallarmé, and
Charles Baudelaire, who challenged him to depict life as
it was. Manet, in turn, drew or painted each of them.

2.5 Cafe scenes

Self-Portrait with Palette, 1879

Unlike the core Impressionist group, Manet maintained

that modern artists should seek to exhibit at the Paris Sa-
lon rather than abandon it in favor of independent exhi-
bitions. Nevertheless, when Manet was excluded from
the International Exhibition of 1867, he set up his own The Cafe Concert, 1878. Scene set in the Cabaret de Reichshof-
exhibition. His mother worried that he would waste all fen on the Boulevard Rochechouart, where women on the fringes
his inheritance on this project, which was enormously ex- of society freely intermingled with well-heeled gentlemen.[11] The
pensive. While the exhibition earned poor reviews from Walters Art Museum.
the major critics, it also provided his first contacts with
several future Impressionist painters, including Degas. Manet’s paintings of café scenes are observations of so-
cial life in 19th-century Paris. People are depicted drink-
Although his own work influenced and anticipated the ing beer, listening to music, flirting, reading, or waiting.
Impressionist style, he resisted involvement in Impres-
Many of these paintings were based on sketches executed
sionist exhibitions, partly because he did not wish to be on the spot. He often visited the Brasserie Reichshof-
seen as the representative of a group identity, and partly
fen on boulevard de Rochechourt, upon which he based
because he preferred to exhibit at the Salon. Eva Gonza- At the Cafe in 1878. Several people are at the bar, and
lès, a daughter of the novelist Emmanuel Gonzalès, was one woman confronts the viewer while others wait to be
his only formal student. served. Such depictions represent the painted journal of
He was influenced by the Impressionists, especially a flâneur. These are painted in a style which is loose, ref-
Monet and Morisot. Their influence is seen in Manet’s erencing Hals and Velázquez, yet they capture the mood
use of lighter colors: after the early 1870s he made less and feeling of Parisian night life. They are painted snap-
use of dark backgrounds but retained his distinctive use shots of bohemianism, urban working people, as well as
of black, uncharacteristic of Impressionist painting. He some of the bourgeoisie.
painted many outdoor (plein air) pieces, but always re- In Corner of a Cafe Concert, a man smokes while be-
turned to what he considered the serious work of the stu- hind him a waitress serves drinks. In The Beer Drinkers
dio. a woman enjoys her beer in the company of a friend. In
Manet enjoyed a close friendship with composer The Cafe Concert, shown at right, a sophisticated gentle-
Emmanuel Chabrier, painting two portraits of him; the man sits at a bar while a waitress stands resolutely in the
musician owned 14 of Manet’s paintings and dedicated background, sipping her drink. In The Waitress, a serv-
2.7 War 5

ing woman pauses for a moment behind a seated customer

smoking a pipe, while a ballet dancer, with arms extended
as she is about to turn, is on stage in the background.
Manet also sat at the restaurant on the Avenue de Clichy
called Pere Lathuille’s, which had a garden in addition to
the dining area. One of the paintings he produced here
was Chez le père Lathuille (At Pere Lathuille’s), in which
a man displays an unrequited interest in a woman dining
near him.
In Le Bon Bock (1873), a large, cheerful, bearded man sits
with a pipe in one hand and a glass of beer in the other,
looking straight at the viewer.

2.6 Paintings of social activities The Execution of Emperor Maximilian, 1867. Museum of Fine
Arts, Boston. The least finished of three large canvases devoted
to the execution of Maximilian I of Mexico.

The Races at Longchamp, 1864

Manet painted the upper class enjoying more formal so-

cial activities. In Masked Ball at the Opera, Manet shows
a lively crowd of people enjoying a party. Men stand with
top hats and long black suits while talking to women with
masks and costumes. He included portraits of his friends
in this picture.
His 1868 painting The Luncheon was posed in the dining
room of the Manet house.
Manet depicted other popular activities in his work. In
The Races at Longchamp, an unusual perspective is em-
ployed to underscore the furious energy of racehorses as
they rush toward the viewer. In Skating, Manet shows a
well dressed woman in the foreground, while others skate
behind her. Always there is the sense of active urban
life continuing behind the subject, extending outside the
frame of the canvas. The Barricade (Civil War), 1871, ink, watercolor, and gouache
on paper, Museum of Fine Arts (Budapest)
In View of the International Exhibition, soldiers relax,
seated and standing, prosperous couples are talking.
There is a gardener, a boy with a dog, a woman on
such work was the Battle of the Kearsarge and Alabama
horseback—in short, a sample of the classes and ages of
(1864), a sea skirmish known as the Battle of Cher-
the people of Paris.
bourg from the American Civil War which took place off
the French coast, and may have been witnessed by the
2.7 War artist.[13]
Of interest next was the French intervention in Mex-
Manet’s response to modern life included works devoted ico; from 1867 to 1869 Manet painted three versions of
to war, in subjects that may be seen as updated inter- the Execution of Emperor Maximilian, an event which
pretations of the genre of “history painting”.[12] The first raised concerns regarding French foreign and domes-
6 2 CAREER

tic policy.[14] The several versions of the Execution are

among Manet’s largest paintings, which suggests that the
theme was one which the painter regarded as most im-
portant. Its subject is the execution by Mexican firing
squad of a Habsburg emperor who had been installed by
Napoleon III. Neither the paintings nor a lithograph of
the subject were permitted to be shown in France.[15] As
an indictment of formalized slaughter the paintings look
back to Goya,[16] and anticipate Picasso's Guernica.
In January 1871, Manet traveled to Oloron-Sainte-Marie
in the Pyrenees. In his absence his friends added his name
to the “Fédération des artistes” (see: Courbet) of the Paris
Commune. Manet stayed away from Paris, perhaps, until
after the semaine sanglante: in a letter to Berthe Morisot
at Cherbourg (10 June 1871) he writes, “We came back
to Paris a few days ago...” (the semaine sanglante ended The Railway, 1873
on 28 May).
The prints and drawings collection of the Museum Meurent, also the model for Olympia and the Luncheon
of Fine Arts (Budapest) has a watercolour/gouache by on the Grass, sits before an iron fence holding a sleeping
Manet, The Barricade, depicting a summary execution of puppy and an open book in her lap. Next to her is a lit-
Communards by Versailles troops based on a lithograph tle girl with her back to the painter, watching a train pass
of the execution of Maximilian. A similar piece, The beneath them.
Barricade (oil on plywood), is held by a private collec-
tor. Instead of choosing the traditional natural view as back-
ground for an outdoor scene, Manet opts for the iron
On 18 March 1871, he wrote to his (confederate) friend grating which “boldly stretches across the canvas”[18] The
Félix Bracquemond in Paris about his visit to Bordeaux, only evidence of the train is its white cloud of steam. In
the provisory seat of the French National Assembly of the distance, modern apartment buildings are seen. This
the Third French Republic where Émile Zola introduced arrangement compresses the foreground into a narrow fo-
him to the sites: “I never imagined that France could be cus. The traditional convention of deep space is ignored.
represented by such doddering old fools, not excepting that
little twit Thiers...” [17] If this could be interpreted as sup- Historian Isabelle Dervaux has described the reception
port of the Commune, a following letter to Bracquemond this painting received when it was first exhibited at the
(21 March 1871) expressed his idea more clearly: “Only official Paris Salon of 1874: “Visitors and critics found
party hacks and the ambitious, the Henrys of this world its subject baffling, its composition incoherent, and its ex-
following on the heels of the Milliéres, the grotesque imita- ecution sketchy. Caricaturists ridiculed Manet’s picture,
tors of the Commune of 1793...” He knew the communard in which only a few recognized the symbol of modernity
Lucien Henry to have been a former painter’s model and that it has become today”.[19] The painting is currently in
Millière, an insurance agent. “What an encouragement all the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C.[20]
these bloodthirsty caperings are for the arts! But there is Manet painted several boating subjects in 1874. Boating,
at least one consolation in our misfortunes: that we're not now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, exemplifies in
politicians and have no desire to be elected as deputies”. its conciseness the lessons Manet learned from Japanese
prints, and the abrupt cropping by the frame of the boat
and sail adds to the immediacy of the image.[21]
2.8 Paris
In 1875, a book-length French edition of Edgar Allan
Manet depicted many scenes of the streets of Paris in his Poe's "The Raven" included [22]
lithographs by Manet and
works. The Rue Mosnier Decked with Flags depicts red, translation by Mallarmé.
white, and blue pennants covering buildings on either side In 1881, with pressure from his friend Antonin Proust,
of the street; another painting of the same title features a the French government awarded Manet the Légion
one-legged man walking with crutches. Again depicting d'honneur.
the same street, but this time in a different context, is Rue
Mosnier with Pavers, in which men repair the roadway
while people and horses move past. 2.9 Late works
The Railway, widely known as The Gare Saint-Lazare,
was painted in 1873. The setting is the urban landscape In his mid-forties Manet’s health deteriorated, and he
of Paris in the late 19th century. Using his favorite model developed severe pain and partial paralysis in his legs.
in his last painting of her, a fellow painter, Victorine In 1879 he began receiving hydrotherapy treatments in-
 7

A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Un Bar aux Folies-Bergère), 1882,

Courtauld Gallery, London

tended to improve what he believed was a circulatory

problem, but in reality he was suffering from locomotor
ataxia, a known side-effect of syphilis.[23][24]
In his last years Manet painted many small-scale still lifes
of fruits and vegetables, such as Bunch of Asparagus and
The Lemon (both 1880).[25] He completed his last ma-
jor work, A Bar at the Folies-Bergère (Un Bar aux Folies- The grave of Manet at Passy
Bergère), in 1882 and it hung in the Salon that year. Af-
terwards he limited himself to small formats. His last
paintings were of flowers in glass vases.[26]

3 Death
In April 1883, his left foot was amputated because of source material. He rejected the technique he had learned
gangrene, and he died eleven days later in Paris. He is in the studio of Thomas Couture – in which a painting was
buried in the Passy Cemetery in the city. constructed using successive layers of paint on a dark-
toned ground – in favor of a direct, alla prima method
using opaque paint on a light ground. Novel at the time,
4 Legacy this method made possible the completion of a painting
in a single sitting. It was adopted by the Impressionists,
and became the prevalent method of painting in oils for
Manet’s public career lasted from 1861, the year of his
generations that followed.[29] Manet’s work is considered
first participation in the Salon, until his death in 1883. “early modern”, partially because of the opaque flatness
His extant works, as catalogued in 1975 by Denis Rouart
of his surfaces, the frequent sketchlike passages, and the
and Daniel Wildenstein, comprise 430 oil paintings, 89 black outlining of figures, all of which draw attention to
pastels, and more than 400 works on paper.[27] the surface of the picture plane and the material quality
Although harshly condemned by critics who decried its of paint.
lack of conventional finish, Manet’s work had admirers The art historian Beatrice Farwell says Manet “has been
from the beginning. One was Émile Zola, who wrote universally regarded as the Father of Modernism. With
in 1867: “We are not accustomed to seeing such sim- Courbet he was among the first to take serious risks with
ple and direct translations of reality. Then, as I said, the public whose favour he sought, the first to make alla
there is such a surprisingly elegant awkwardness ... it is a prima painting the standard technique for oil painting and
truly charming experience to contemplate this luminous one of the first to take liberties with Renaissance perspec-
and serious painting which interprets nature with a gentle tive and to offer ‘pure painting’ as a source of aesthetic
brutality.”[28] pleasure. He was a pioneer, again with Courbet, in the
The roughly painted style and photographic lighting in rejection of humanistic and historical subject-matter, and
Manet’s paintings was seen as specifically modern, and as shared with Degas the establishment of modern urban life
a challenge to the Renaissance works he copied or used as as acceptable material for high art.”[29]
8 5 GALLERY

• Boy Carrying a Sword,

1861

The Christ as a Gardener, c. 1858/59, Private Collection

5 Gallery • The surprised nymph,

1861, National Museum of Fine Arts, Buenos Aires

• The Absinthe Drinker c. 1859, • The Old Musi-

Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen cian, 1862, National Gallery of Art

• Mlle. Victorine in the

• The Spanish Singer, Costume of a Matador, 1862, Metropolitan Mu-
1860 Metropolitan Museum of Art seum of Art
 9

• The Dead Christ with • The Ragpicker, 1865–70,

Angels, 1864 Norton Simon Museum

• The Reading,
1865–1873
• The Battle of the
Kearsarge and the Alabama, 1864, Philadelphia
Museum of Art. Inspired by the Battle of Cher-
bourg (1864)

• Dead Matador,
1864–65, National Gallery of Art

• Young Flautist, or The Fifer,

1866, Musée d'Orsay

• The Philosopher, (Beggar with • Still Life with

Oysters), 1864–67, Art Institute of Chicago Melon and Peaches, 1866, National Gallery of Art
10 5 GALLERY

• The Execution of
Emperor Maximilian, 1868
• The Tragic Actor (Rouvière as
Hamlet), 1866, National Gallery of Art

• Portrait of Émile Zola,

• Woman with Parrot, 1866, 1868, Musée d'Orsay
Metropolitan Museum of Art

• Breakfast in the
• The Guitar Studio (the Black Jacket), 1868, New Pinakothek,
Player, c.1866, Hill-Stead Museum Munich, Germany

• Portrait of Madame Brunet, • The Balcony, 1868–69,

1867, J. Paul Getty Museum Musée d'Orsay
 11

• Gypsy with a Cigarette, • Madame Manet,

ca.1860s–1870s, Princeton University Art Museum 1874–76, Norton Simon Museum

• Boating, 1874, • Portrait of

Metropolitan Museum of Art Stéphane Mallarmé, 1876, Musée d'Orsay

• Portrait of Abbé Hurel, 1874, • Nana, 1877, Hamburger

National Museum of Decorative Arts, Buenos Aires Kunsthalle

• The grand canal • The Rue Mosnier

of Venice (Blue Venice), 1875, Shelburne Museum with Flags, 1878, J. Paul Getty Museum
12 5 GALLERY

• The Plum, 1878, National • The Bugler, 1882,

Gallery of Art Dallas Museum of Art

• In the Conserva-
• House in Rueil, 1882,
tory, 1879, National Gallery, Berlin
National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne

• Chez le père • Garden Path in Rueil,

Lathuille, 1879, Musée des Beaux-Arts Tournai 1882, Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon

• Bunch of As- • Flowers in a Crystal Vase,

paragus, 1880, Wallraf-Richartz Museum, Cologne 1882, National Gallery of Art
 13

[6] John Rewald, The History of Impressionism, The Museum

of Modern Art, 4th revised edition 1973, (1st 1946, 2nd
1955, 3rd 1961), p.85. ISBN 0-87070-369-2.
[7] Neret, Gilles. Manet. Taschen, 2003. p. 22. ISBN 3-
8228-1949-2
[8] Hunter, Dianne. Seduction and theory: readings of gender,
representation, and rhetoric. University of Illinois Press,
1989. p. 19. ISBN 0-252-06063-6.
[9] Mauner, G. L., & Loyrette, H. Manet: the still-life paint-
ings. New York: H.N. Abrams in association with the
• Still Life, Lilac Bouquet, American Federation of Arts, 2000. p. 66. ISBN 0-8109-
1883 4391-3.
[10] Delage, R. Emmanuel Chabrier. Paris: Fayard, 1999.
Chapter XI examines in detail their relationship and the
effects of each other on their work.
[11] “At the Café". The Walters Art Museum.
[12] Krell, Alan, Manet and the Painters of Contemporary Life,
page 83. Thames and Hudson, 1996.
[13] Krell, pages 84–6.
[14] Krell, pages 87–91.
[15] Krell, page 91.
• Carnations and Clematis in a [16] Krell, page 89.
Crystal Vase, 1883, Musée d'Orsay
[17] Julliet Wilson-Bareau, ed., Manet by himself, UK: Little
Brown, 2004
[18] Gay, p. 106.
6 See also [19] Adams, Katherine H.; Michael L. Keene. After the Vote
Was Won: The Later Achievements of Fifteen Suffragists.
• List of paintings by Édouard Manet McFarland, 2010. p. 37. ISBN 0-7864-4938-1.
[20] “Art Object Page”. Nga.gov. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
• Realism
[21] Herbert, Robert L. Impressionism: Art, Leisure, and
• Portraiture Parisian Society. Yale University Press, 1991. p. 236.
ISBN 0-300-05083-6.
• History of painting
[22] “NYPL Digital Gallery | Browse Title”. Digital-
• Western painting gallery.nypl.org. Retrieved 22 July 2013.
[23] Meyers, Jeffrey. Impressionist Quartet: the Intimate Ge-
nius of Manet and Morisot, Degas and Cassatt. Orlando:
7 References Harcourt, 2005. p. 80. ISBN 0151010765
[24] “Manet, Édouard” in Benezit Dictionary of Artists. Oxford
[1] Neret, Gilles. Manet. Taschen, 2003. p. 93. ISBN 3- Art Online (Oxford University Press), accessed 23
8228-1949-2 November 2013 (subscription required).
[2] Ross King. The Judgment of Paris: The Revolutionary [25] Mauner & Loyrette, pp. 96–100.
Decade that Gave the World Impressionism. New York:
Waller & Company, 2006. ISBN 0-8027-1466-8. [26] Mauner & Loyrette, p. 144.
[27] Manet, Édouard, Mary Anne Stevens, and Lawrence W.
[3] "Édouard Manet”. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Re- Nichols. Manet: Portraying Life. Toledo: Toledo Mu-
trieved 22 July 2013. seum of Art. 2012. p. 17. ISBN 9781907533532
[4] Ross King, The Judgement of Paris, p.20-21, from [28] Manet, Édouard, Mary Anne Stevens, and Lawrence W.
Fernand Desnoyers, Le Salon des Refusés, 1863 Nichols. Manet: Portraying Life. Toledo: Toledo Mu-
seum of Art. 2012. p. 168. ISBN 9781907533532
[5] Paul Hayes Tucker, Manet’s Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe, Cam-
bridge University Press, 1998, pp.12–14. ISBN 0-521- [29] Farwell, Beatrice. “Manet, Edouard.” Grove Art Online.
47466-3. Oxford Art Online. Oxford University Press. Web.
14 8 EXTERNAL LINKS

7.1 Further reading • Union List of Artist Names, Getty Vocabularies.

ULAN Full Record Display for Édouard Manet.
Short introductory works: Getty Vocabulary Program, Getty Research Insti-
tute. Los Angeles.
• Manet by Gilles Neret (2003; Taschen), ISBN 3- • Composition The standing man! at Édouard Manet
8228-1949-2
• Impressionism: a centenary exhibition, an exhibi-
• Manet by John Richardson (1992; Phaidon Colour tion catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Library), ISBN 0-7148-2755-X (fully available online as PDF), which contains ma-
terial on Manet (p. 110–130)
• Ross King. The Judgment of Paris: The Revolution-
ary Decade that Gave the World Impressionism. New • Manet, a video documentary about his work.
York: Waller & Company, 2006 ISBN 0-8027-
1466-8. • Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhi-
bitions at the Turn of the 20th Century A New York
Art Resources Consortium project. Loan exhibition
Longer works: catalog.

• Édouard Manet: Rebel in a Frock Coat by Beth • Manet and the American Civil War : the battle of the
Archer Brombert (1996), ISBN 0-316-10947-9 and U.S.S. Kearsarge and the C.S.S. Alabama, an exhibi-
ISBN 0-226-07544-3 (1997 paperback) tion catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
(fully available online as PDF), which contains ma-
• Manet by Françoise Cachin (1990 in French; En- terial on Manet
glish translation 1991), ISBN 0-8050-1793-3
• The Private Collection of Edgar Degas, an exhibi-
• The Drawings of Édouard Manet by Alain de Leiris tion catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art
(1969), ISBN 0-520-01547-9 (fully available online as PDF), which contains ma-
terial on Manet’s relationship with Degas (Manet
• The Painting of Modern Life: Paris in the Art of and Degas: A Never-Ending Dialogue p. 177-196)
Manet and His Followers by T.J. Clark (1985), ISBN
0-500-28179-3 (2000 paperback edition)

• Manet: Painter of Modern Life by Françoise Cachin

(1995), ISBN 0-500-30050-X

8 External links
• Hecht Museum

• 241 works by Edouard Manet at www.

ManetEdouard.org

• The Impressionsts: Manet at biography.com

• Works by Édouard Manet at Project Gutenberg

• Works by or about Édouard Manet at Internet

Archive

• Manet Gallery at MuseumSyndicate

• Édouard Manet at allpaintings.org

• The French Impressionists (1860-1900) by Camille

Mauclair at Project Gutenberg

• Édouard Manet paintings, media & interactive time-

line
 15

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1 Text
• Édouard Manet Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89douard_Manet?oldid=753192606 Contributors: Magnus Manske,
MichaelTinkler, NathanBeach, Brion VIBBER, Mav, Tarquin, Koyaanis Qatsi, Eclecticology, Danny, Deb, William Avery, Zadcat, Hep-
haestos, D, Paul Barlow, Jahsonic, Ixfd64, Sannse, Karl Stas, Arpingstone, Stan Shebs, Docu, Jabo~enwiki, Dcoetzee, Tpbradbury, Raul654,
Carbuncle, Hajor, Donarreiskoffer, Robbot, Chris 73, RedWolf, Moondyne, Mirv, Diderot, Sunray, Wikibot, Nerval, Mandel, Lupo,
Ktanzer, Peruvianllama, Nkocharh, Solipsist, JillandJack, Gadfium, Zootalures, Kaldari, Tothebarricades.tk, Pethan, Kelson, P G Hen-
ning, Mschlindwein, Fanghong~enwiki, D6, N328KF, Discospinster, Guanabot, Patrizia, Ivan Bajlo, Xezbeth, ESkog, Kwamikagami,
Remember, Cacophony, Renice, Bobo192, DanielNuyu, 23skidoo, Infocidal, Viriditas, Dungodung, Rajah, David Gale, Helix84, Hashar-
Bot~enwiki, Alansohn, Philip Cross, Jonathanriley, Hohum, Maqs, RainbowOfLight, W7KyzmJt, Marcello, Gene Nygaard, Danahuff,
Megan1967, Jeffrey O. Gustafson, FeanorStar7, Etacar11, PoccilScript, Zealander, WadeSimMiser, MONGO, Plrk, Dschafer, Prashan-
thns, Mandarax, Graham87, Sparkit, BD2412, Nightscream, Jake Wartenberg, Lockley, Yamamoto Ichiro, John Deas, Artlover, FlaBot,
SchuminWeb, CalJW, RexNL, Wars, Str1977, Chobot, Deyyaz, YurikBot, RobotE, Phantomsteve, RussBot, Conscious, Gaius Cornelius,
NawlinWiki, Aeusoes1, Anetode, Moe Epsilon, M3taphysical, DeadEyeArrow, CLW, 1717, Black Falcon, Bantosh, Zzuuzz, Closed-
mouth, Fang Aili, Tyrenius, SuperJumbo, David Biddulph, NeilN, Bluewave, Attilios, SmackBot, Argyll Lassie, C.Fred, PRA, Fnfd,
Alsandro, Gilliam, Durova, Chris the speller, TheDarkArchon, SchfiftyThree, Colonies Chris, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Orphan-
Bot, Elendil’s Heir, Saucybetty, “alyosha”, Wizardman, DavidJ710, Ceoil, Ohconfucius, Eliyak, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Gloriamarie,
Srikeit, John, SilkTork, CClio333, IronGargoyle, Savvysearch, Yvesnimmo, Geologyguy, AdultSwim, Xionbox, Eastfrisian, Iridescent,
Shoeofdeath, Hawkestone, Ewulp, ChrisCork, Elbeonore, FunPika, JohnCD, Eyeswide, Dgw, Mak Thorpe, Outriggr (2006-2009), Un-
mitigated Success, Yaris678, Cydebot, Studerby, Lunarian, Thijs!bot, Fisherjs, RobotG, Nine9s, Modernist, Arx Fortis, Sluzzelin, JAnD-
bot, Deflective, Husond, MER-C, Midnightdreary, Awien, TallulahBelle, Francescasantamaria, VoABot II, Djkeddie, Math2000, JNW,
Sodabottle, MetsBot, JaGa, Reguiieee, Anaxial, Bus stop, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Nono64, J.delanoy, Trusilver, Drewwiki, Math-
glot, Johnbod, Mahewa, Balthazarduju, 83d40m, Pjmpjm, Cometstyles, Moofinluvr, HenryLarsen, Drszucker, Gemini1980, Shmandle,
Scewing, GrahamHardy, Qwertyuiopoiuytrewq, Idioma-bot, VolkovBot, Soliloquial, Iintgrty, Philip Trueman, TXiKiBoT, Anonymous
Dissident, Trace13est, SteveStrummer, Uronix, James Seneca, Enigmaman, Lindaj36, Softlavender, Supersd2064, Logan, EmxBot, SieBot,
Kfc1864, Tomasboij, Calliopejen1, YonaBot, Dawn Bard, Triwbe, Mangostar, Asmodeus27, Flyer22 Reborn, Laurantiarothstein, Mone-
gasque, Meateater, Steven Crossin, Lightmouse, Hraharu, Coldcreation, Mygerardromance, Atif.t2, Martarius, ClueBot, Timeineurope, The
Thing That Should Not Be, Parkjunwung, Hafspajen, Blanchardb, DragonBot, Stepshep, Oriolhernan, Leonard^Bloom, Sun Creator, Atra-
palhado, PittsbArtist, Tnxman307, Gundersen53, Theramin, Abnormaalgirl1, Magnajr, Europe22, Aitias, Mattissa, Vanished User 1004,
XLinkBot, AgnosticPreachersKid, Spitfire, Nepenthes, SilvonenBot, K2hd, Cg2p0B0u8m, Ejosse1, Martin Ottmann, Jhendin, Addbot,
Blanche of King’s Lynn, Guoguo12, Lithoderm, Thallium81, CanadianLinuxUser, Mwloving, Download, PranksterTurtle, LAAFan, Paris
16, Favonian, Tide rolls, Kiril Simeonovski, Zorrobot, Narayan, Jim, Legobot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Ptbotgourou, Vapeur, ArchonMagnus,
KirkCliff2, Maj614, AnomieBOT, DemocraticLuntz, Kingpin13, Materialscientist, PietyaMyshkin, Klifford65, MauritsBot, Xqbot, Mybi-
honteem, JimVC3, Capricorn42, Jmundo, Anna Frodesiak, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), Armbrust, RibotBOT, Sayerslle, Krscal, Ophe-
lia2, Joaquin008, Cgersten, Green Cardamom, Scottd117, D'ohBot, MGA73bot, Oneforfortytwo, Yanajin33, I dream of horses, Alonso de
Mendoza, Jonesey95, Calmer Waters, Meaghan, Tim1357, Kgrad, Lotje, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, Tatesic, Satish.pup, In ictu oculi, Emaus-
Bot, Yetthelp, Immunize, Peaceray, Winner 42, Outriggr, Dcirovic, ZéroBot, Midas02, KuduIO, Lynndangeorge, SdeClercq1, Philafrenzy,
Puffin, Adrienlenoir, EllenHodges, Binshu, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Nicky12870, Helpful Pixie Bot, Ferguscraigable, SchroCat, Besseyman,
Northamerica1000, Hallows AG, Sleeping is fun, ElphiBot, MusikAnimal, Metricopolus, LouisAlain, LukaKhizanishvili, Jeauger, Pratyya
Ghosh, SergeantHippyZombie, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, Dexbot, Dissident93, Jeccabreen, Flitterby, Lugia2453, WilliamDigiCol, Ashe-
shat, Nealstimler, Babitaarora, BrillLyle, Differentisnormal, Esquin, Vpilato, Coat of Many Colours, Siarhei19, Emilio Luque, Jim Carter,
TheQ Editor, Minimechabot, Jker101, Smogkin, Samanta Snowdy, TheMagikCow, Crystallizedcarbon, Gladamas, Kethrus, Zachb.736383,
KasparBot, Oanab906, Sro23, Csldigicol, SmartyBootz, DACC23, Bellecour1, CX42, Timelineofarthistory and Anonymous: 433

9.2 Images
• File:Claude_Monet,_Impression,_soleil_levant.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Claude_Monet%
2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: wartburg.edu Original artist: Claude Monet
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
• File:Edouard_Manet,_A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Bergère.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Edouard_
Manet%2C_A_Bar_at_the_Folies-Berg%C3%A8re.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Museum page Original artist: Édouard
Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_At_the_Café_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/
Edouard_Manet_-_At_the_Caf%C3%A9_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: GgEZL0iu5Gl9FA at Google
Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.
wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Edouard_Manet_-_Berthe_Morisot_With_a_Bouquet_of_Violets_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: BgE_z2CPRYBI1A at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: Édouard
Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Chemin_de_fer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
7/74/Edouard_Manet_-_Le_Chemin_de_fer_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: kAHNAxL76AyLUA at
Google Cultural Institute, zoom level maximum Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_Luncheon_on_the_Grass_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/90/Edouard_Manet_-_Luncheon_on_the_Grass_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
twELHYoc3ID_VA at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: Édouard Manet
16 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Edouard_Manet_-_Mlle_Victorine_Meurent_in_the_Costume_of_an_Espada.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/

wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Edouard_Manet_-_Mlle_Victorine_Meurent_in_the_Costume_of_an_Espada.JPG License: Public domain
Contributors: Metropolitan Museum of Art, online collection (accession number 29.100.53) Original artist: Unknown
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_Olympia_-_Google_Art_Project_3.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/
Edouard_Manet_-_Olympia_-_Google_Art_Project_3.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Google Art Project: Home - pic
Maximum resolution. Colours edited by uploader Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_The_Absinthe_Drinker_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/b/bf/Edouard_Manet_-_The_Absinthe_Drinker_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
zwG8nxV1nz8icQ at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_The_Balcony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/
Edouard_Manet_-_The_Balcony_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: ggFK0UgXAd7OCA at Google Cul-
tural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_The_Old_Musician_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
1/19/Edouard_Manet_-_The_Old_Musician_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: KAHHsfzRM8S2jA at
Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_-_The_Plum_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/
5b/Edouard_Manet_-_The_Plum_-_National_Gallery_of_Art.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Gallery of Art: online
database: entry 1971.85.1 Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_005.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Edouard_Manet_005.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors:
The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN
3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_011.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/Edouard_Manet_011.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_022.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Edouard_Manet_022.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors:
The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN
3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_025.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Edouard_Manet_025.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors:
The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN
3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Unknown<a href='//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4233718'
title='wikidata:Q4233718'><img alt='wikidata:Q4233718' src='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png' width='20' height='11' srcset='https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/
Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x' data-file-width='1050' data-file-height='590' /></a>
• File:Edouard_Manet_027.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Edouard_Manet_027.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_031.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Edouard_Manet_031.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_037.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Edouard_Manet_037.jpg License: Public
domain Contributors:
1. The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publish-
ing GmbH.
Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_049.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Edouard_Manet_049.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Unknown
• File:Edouard_Manet_053.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Edouard_Manet_053.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_060.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Edouard_Manet_060.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_061.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/40/Edouard_Manet_061.jpg License: Pub-
lic domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by
DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_073.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Edouard_Manet_073_%28Toter_
Torero%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Gallery of Art: online database: entry 1942.9.40 Original artist: Édouard
Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_Boating.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Edouard_Manet_Boating.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Édouard Manet
9.2 Images 17

• File:Edouard_Manet_Bunch_of_Asparagus.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Edouard_Manet_

Bunch_of_Asparagus.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Edouard_Manet_Full-face_Portrait_of_Manets_Wife.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/
Edouard_Manet_Full-face_Portrait_of_Manets_Wife.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Flowers_in_a_Crystal_Vase,_Edouard_Manet,_c1882.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/
Flowers_in_a_Crystal_Vase%2C_Edouard_Manet%2C_c1882.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Gallery of Art: online
database: entry 1970.17.37 Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:In_the_Conservatory_-_edited.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/In_the_Conservatory_-_
edited.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Curves adjusted from File:In the Conservatory.jpg.
Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:MANET_-_Música_en_las_Tullerías_(National_Gallery,_Londres,_1862).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/
wikipedia/commons/9/94/MANET_-_M%C3%BAsica_en_las_Tuller%C3%ADas_%28National_Gallery%2C_Londres%2C_1862%
29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Gallery, London Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:MANET_Le_Christ_Jardinier.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/MANET_Le_Christ_
Jardinier.jpg License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work, Bellecour1, 2015-08-04 05:26:11 Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Manet,_Edouard_-_Olympia,_1863.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Manet%2C_Edouard_
-_Olympia%2C_1863.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Manet,_Edouard_-_The_Execution_of_Emperor_Maximilian,_1867.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/9b/Manet%2C_Edouard_-_The_Execution_of_Emperor_Maximilian%2C_1867.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
Unknown Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Manet,_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist,_or_The_Fifer,_1866_(2).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
a/a2/Manet%2C_Edouard_-_Young_Flautist%2C_or_The_Fifer%2C_1866_%282%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing
GmbH. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Manet-grave.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Manet-grave.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Con-
tributors: Own work Original artist: Martin Ottmann
• File:Manet_-_Gartenweg_in_Rueil.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Manet_-_Gartenweg_in_
Rueil.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Manet_par_Fantin-Latour.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d2/Manet_par_Fantin-Latour.jpg Li-
cense: Public domain Contributors: AIC website Original artist: Henri Fantin-Latour
• File:Portrait_of_Madame_Brunet_(also_known_as_Young_Woman_in_1860),_painted_in_1860-1863,_and_reworked_by_
1867_by_Manet,_Getty.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Portrait_of_Madame_Brunet_%28also_
known_as_Young_Woman_in_1860%29%2C_painted_in_1860-1863%2C_and_reworked_by_1867_by_Manet%2C_Getty.jpg
License: Public domain Contributors: Getty Museum Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Portrait_of_Stéphane_Mallarmé_(Manet).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Portrait_of_St%
C3%A9phane_Mallarm%C3%A9_%28Manet%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Unknown Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Still_Life_with_Melon_and_Peaches.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Still_Life_with_
Melon_and_Peaches.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
AgnosticPreachersKid, May 31, 2010 Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:TheBaricade.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/TheBaricade.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: Szepmuveseti Muzeum, Budapest, Hungary Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:The_Bugler_-_Edouard_Manet_(1882).jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/The_Bugler_-_
Edouard_Manet_%281882%29.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Dallas Museum of Art Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:The_Philosopher.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/The_Philosopher.jpg License: Public domain
Contributors: user:Rlbberlin Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:The_Ragpicker_1869_Edouard_Manet.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/The_Ragpicker_
1869_Edouard_Manet.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: 1. The Athenaeum: Home - info - pic
Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:The_Tragic_Actor_(Rouvière_as_Hamlet).JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/The_Tragic_
Actor_%28Rouvi%C3%A8re_as_Hamlet%29.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Own work
AgnosticPreachersKid, May 31, 2010 Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:The_grand_canal_of_Venice_(Blue_Venice)_-_Edouard_Manet.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/9b/The_grand_canal_of_Venice_%28Blue_Venice%29_-_Edouard_Manet.png License: Public domain Contributors:
http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/edouard-manet/the-grand-canal-of-venice-blue-venice-1874#supersized-artistPaintings-192160
Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: Own work Original artist: Rei-artur
• File:Wikisource-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0
Contributors: Rei-artur Original artist: Nicholas Moreau
• File:Édouard_MANET_-_La_Nymphe_surprise_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/9/92/%C3%89douard_MANET_-_La_Nymphe_surprise_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
cAFvLyAiX7dcrg at Google Cultural Institute maximum zoom level Original artist: Édouard Manet
18 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Édouard_Manet,_'The_Guitar_Player'.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/%C3%89douard_

Manet%2C_%27The_Guitar_Player%27.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Hill-Stead Museum Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Édouard_Manet,_The_Rue_Mosnier_with_Flags,_1878.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/
%C3%89douard_Manet%2C_The_Rue_Mosnier_with_Flags%2C_1878.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Getty Center, Ob-
ject 946, Digital image courtesy of the Getty’s Open Content Program. Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Édouard_Manet-Kearsarge-Alabama2.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/%C3%89douard_
Manet-Kearsarge-Alabama2.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: 1. From en.wiki
Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Édouard_Manet_-_Der_Fliederstrauß.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/%C3%89douard_
Manet_-_Der_Fliederstrau%C3%9F.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Ophelia2 Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Édouard_Manet_-_Gitane_avec_une_cigarette.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/%C3%
89douard_Manet_-_Gitane_avec_une_cigarette.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: This file has been extracted from another file:
Édouard Manet - Gypsy with a Cigarette - Google Art Project.jpg
Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Édouard_Manet_-_L'Enfant_à_l'épée.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/%C3%89douard_
Manet_-_L%27Enfant_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9p%C3%A9e.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Metropolitan Museum of
Art Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Édouard_Manet_-_Le_Christ_mort_et_les_anges.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/%C3%
89douard_Manet_-_Le_Christ_mort_et_les_anges.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://www.metmuseum.org/Collections/
search-the-collections/110001395 Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Édouard_Manet_-_Portrait_de_l'abbé_Hurel.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/09/%C3%
89douard_Manet_-_Portrait_de_l%27abb%C3%A9_Hurel.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Exhibition Catalogue Manet 1996
Martigny Original artist: Édouard Manet
• File:Édouard_Manet_-_Young_Lady_in_1866_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/8/87/%C3%89douard_Manet_-_Young_Lady_in_1866_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
NgH72yNnF0VksA at Google Cultural Institute, zoom level maximum Original artist: Édouard Manet

9.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0