Radiohead

“Radio head” redirects here. For audio head units, see (66th[9] ) in their list of greatest singers.[10] In 2009,
Head unit. Rolling Stone readers voted the group the second-best
artist of the 2000s.[11]
Radiohead are an English rock band from Abingdon,
Oxfordshire, formed in 1985. The band consists of Thom
Yorke (lead vocals, guitar, piano, keyboards), Jonny 1 History
Greenwood (lead guitar, keyboards, other instruments),
Ed O'Brien (guitar, backing vocals), Colin Greenwood
(bass), and Phil Selway (drums, percussion, backing vo-
1.1 1985–1992: Formation and first years
cals). They have worked with producer Nigel Godrich
and cover artist Stanley Donwood since 1994.
After signing to EMI in 1991, Radiohead released their
debut single "Creep" in 1992. It became a worldwide
hit after the release of their debut album, Pablo Honey
(1993). Their popularity and critical standing rose in the
United Kingdom with the release of their second album,
The Bends (1995). Radiohead’s third album, OK Com-
puter (1997), propelled them to international fame; with Abingdon School, where the band formed
an expansive sound and themes of modern alienation, it
is often acclaimed as a landmark record of the 1990s[1] The members of Radiohead met while attending
and one of the best albums of all time.[2][3][4] The group’s Abingdon School, an independent school for boys in
next albums Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001), recorded Abingdon, Oxfordshire.[12] Guitarist and singer Thom
simultaneously, marked a dramatic change in style, incor- Yorke and bassist Colin Greenwood were in the same
porating influences from experimental electronic music, year, guitarist Ed O'Brien and drummer Phil Selway the
20th-century classical music, krautrock, and jazz. De- year above, and multi-instrumentalist Jonny Greenwood,
spite initially dividing listeners, Kid A was later named brother of Colin, two years below. In 1985, they formed
the best album of the decade by Rolling Stone, Pitchfork On a Friday, the name referring to the band’s usual re-
and the Times. hearsal day in the school’s music room.[13] Jonny was the
last to join, first on harmonica and then keyboards, but
Radiohead’s sixth album, Hail to the Thief (2003), mixed
soon became the lead guitarist;[13] he had previously been
rock and electronic music with lyrics inspired by the
in another band, Illiterate Hands, with musician Nigel
War on Terror, and was the band’s final album for
Powell and Yorke’s brother Andy Yorke.[14][15] Accord-
EMI. Their subsequent releases have pioneered alterna-
ing to Colin, the band members picked their respective
tive release platforms such as pay-what-you-want and
instruments because they wanted to play music together,
BitTorrent. Radiohead self-released their seventh al-
rather than through an interest in the particular instru-
bum, In Rainbows (2007), as a download for which cus-
ment: “It was more of a collective angle, and if you could
tomers could set their own price, to critical and chart suc-
contribute by having someone else play your instrument,
cess. Their eighth album, The King of Limbs (2011),
then that was really cool.”[16] At one point, On a Friday
an exploration of rhythm, was developed using exten-
featured a saxophone section.[17]
sive looping and sampling. Their ninth album, A Moon
Shaped Pool (2016), prominently featured Jonny Green- The band disliked the school’s strict atmosphere—the
wood’s orchestral arrangements. headmaster once charged the band for using a rehearsal
room on a Sunday—and found solace in the school’s mu-
Radiohead have sold more than 30 million albums
sic department. They credited their music teacher for in-
worldwide.[5] Their work places highly in both listener
troducing them to jazz, film scores, postwar avant-garde
polls and critics’ lists of the best music of the 1990s and
[6][7] music, and 20th-century classical music.[18] Oxfordshire
2000s. In 2005, they were ranked 73rd in Rolling
and the Thames Valley had an active independent music
Stone's list of “The Greatest Artists of All Time"; Jonny
[8] scene in the late 1980s, but it centred on shoegazing bands
Greenwood (48th ) and O'Brien were both included
such as Ride and Slowdive.[19]
in Rolling Stone's list of greatest guitarists, and Yorke
Although all but Jonny had left Abingdon by 1987 to at-

1
2 1 HISTORY

as “Creep” and its follow-up singles "Anyone Can Play

Guitar" and "Stop Whispering" failed to become hits.
"Pop Is Dead", a non-album single, also sold poorly.
Some critics compared the band’s early style to the wave
of grunge music popular in the early 1990s, dubbing them
"Nirvana-lite”,[28] and Pablo Honey failed to make a criti-
cal or a commercial splash upon its initial release.[26] De-
spite shared influences with popular guitar acts, and some
notice for Yorke’s falsetto, Radiohead toured only British
universities and clubs.[29]

Advertisement placed in Oxford music magazine Curfew (now

In early 1993, Radiohead began to attract listeners else-
Nightshift) announcing On a Friday’s change of name[20] where. “Creep” had been played frequently on Israeli ra-
dio by influential DJ Yoav Kutner, and in March, after the
song became a hit in that country, Radiohead were invited
tend university, On a Friday continued to rehearse on to Tel Aviv for their first live gig overseas.[31] Around
weekends and holidays.[21] At the University of Exeter, the same time, the San Francisco alternative radio sta-
Yorke played with the band Headless Chickens, perform- tion KITS added “Creep” to its playlist. Soon other ra-
ing songs including future Radiohead material,[22] and dio stations along the west coast of the United States fol-
met artist Stanley Donwood, who would later create art- lowed suit. By the time Radiohead began their first North
work for the band.[23] In 1991, On a Friday regrouped, American tour in June 1993, the music video for “Creep”
sharing a house on the corner of Magdalen Road and was in heavy rotation on MTV.[21] The song rose to num-
Ridgefield Road, Oxford.[24] ber two on the US modern rock chart, entered the lower
reaches of the top 40 pop chart, and hit number seven in
As On a Friday continued to perform in Oxford, includ-
the UK Singles Chart when EMI rereleased it in the UK
ing more performances at the Jericho Tavern,[5] record
in September.[32]
labels and producers became interested. Chris Hufford,
Slowdive’s producer and co-owner of Oxford’s Court- Unexpected attention for the single in America prompted
yard Studios, attended an early On a Friday concert EMI to improvise new promotional plans, and the band
at the Jericho Tavern. Impressed, he and his partner shuttled back and forth between continents, playing more
Bryce Edge produced a demo tape and became On a than 150 concerts in 1993.[29] Radiohead nearly broke
Friday’s managers;[21] they remain Radiohead’s managers up due to the pressure of sudden success as the Pablo
today.[25] In late 1991, after a chance meeting between Honey supporting tour extended into its second year.[33]
Colin and EMI A&R representative Keith Wozencroft The band members described the tour as difficult to ad-
at Our Price, the record shop where Colin worked,[20] just to, saying that towards its end they were “still playing
On a Friday band signed a six-album recording contract the same songs that [they had] recorded two years previ-
with EMI.[21] At the label’s request, the band changed ously ... like being held in a time warp,” when they were
their name; “Radiohead” was taken from the song “Ra- eager to work on new songs.[34]
dio Head” on the Talking Heads album True Stories
(1986).[21]
1.3 1994–1995: The Bends, critical recog-
nition and growing fanbase
1.2 1992–1994: “Creep”, Pablo Honey and
early success Radiohead began work on their second album in 1994,
hiring veteran Abbey Road Studios producer John
Radiohead recorded their debut release, the Drill EP, with Leckie. Tensions were high, with mounting expectations
Chris Hufford and Bryce Edge at Courtyard Studios. Re- to deliver a follow-up to match the success of “Creep”.[35]
leased in May 1992, its chart performance was poor. The Recording felt unnatural in the studio, with the band hav-
band enlisted Paul Kolderie and Sean Slade, who had ing over-rehearsed the material.[36] Seeking a change of
worked with US indie bands Pixies and Dinosaur Jr., to scenery, they toured the Far East, Australasia and Mexico
produce their debut album, recorded quickly in an Ox- and found greater confidence performing their new music
ford studio in 1992.[13] With the release of the "Creep" live.[36] However, troubled by the fame he had achieved,
single later that year, Radiohead began to receive atten- Yorke became disillusioned with being “at the sharp end
tion in the British music press, not all of it favourable; of the sexy, sassy, MTV eye-candy lifestyle” he felt he
NME described them as “a lily-livered excuse for a rock was helping to sell to the world.[37]
band”,[26] and “Creep” was blacklisted by BBC Radio 1 My Iron Lung, an EP and single released late in 1994, was
because it was deemed “too depressing”.[27] Radiohead’s reaction, marking a transition towards the
Radiohead released their debut album, Pablo Honey, in greater depth they aimed for on their second album.[38]
February 1993. It stalled at number 22 in the UK charts, It was their first time working with their future producer
1.4 1995–1998: OK Computer and critical acclaim 3

Nigel Godrich, then working under Leckie as an audio en-

gineer.[39] It was also Radiohead’s first collaboration with
artist Stanley Donwood, who has produced all of their
artwork since.[23] Promoted through alternative radio sta-
tions, My Iron Lung's sales were better than expected, and
suggested for the first time that the band had found a loyal
fanbase and were not one-hit wonders.[40]
Having introduced more new songs on tour, Radiohead
finished recording their second album by year’s end, and
released The Bends in March 1995. The album was
driven by dense riffs and ethereal atmospheres from the
band’s three guitarists, with greater use of keyboards
than their debut.[13] It received stronger reviews for its
songwriting and performances.[26] While Radiohead were St. Catherine’s Court, Bath, where Radiohead recorded OK
seen as outsiders to the Britpop scene that dominated me- Computer.
dia attention at the time, they were finally successful in
their home country with The Bends,[19] as singles "Fake
Plastic Trees", "High and Dry", "Just", and "Street Spirit In August 1996, Radiohead toured as the opening act for
(Fade Out)" made their way to UK chart success; the lat- Alanis Morissette.[49] They resumed recording, not at a
ter song placed Radiohead in the top five for the first time. traditional music studio, but instead at St. Catherine’s
In 1995, Radiohead again toured North America and Eu- Court, a 15th-century mansion near Bath.[50] The sessions
rope, this time in support of R.E.M., one of their for- were relaxed, with the band playing at all hours of the day,
mative influences and at the time one of the biggest rock recording songs in different rooms, and listening to the
bands in the world.[34] The buzz generated by such famous Beatles, DJ Shadow, Ennio Morricone and Miles Davis
fans as R.E.M singer Michael Stipe, along with distinctive for inspiration.[13][42] Radiohead contributed “Talk Show
music videos for “Just” and “Street Spirit”, helped to sus- Host” and the newly recorded "Exit Music (For a Film)"
tain Radiohead’s popularity outside the UK. to Baz Luhrmann's adaptation of Romeo + Juliet (1996)
“High and Dry” became a modest hit, but Radiohead’s late in the year. Most of the rest of the album was com-
growing fanbase was insufficient to repeat the worldwide plete by the end of 1996, and by March 1997, the record
success of “Creep”. The Bends peaked at 88 on the US was mixed and mastered.
album charts, which remains Radiohead’s lowest show- Radiohead released their third album, OK Computer, in
ing there.[41] Nonetheless, Radiohead were satisfied with June 1997. The album found the band experimenting
the album’s reception. Jonny Greenwood later said: “I with song structures and incorporating ambient, avant
think the turning point for us came about nine or twelve garde and electronic influences, prompting Rolling Stone
months after The Bends was released and it started ap- to call the album a “stunning art-rock tour de force”.[51]
pearing in people’s [best of] polls for the end of the year. Radiohead denied being part of the progressive rock
That’s when it started to feel like we made the right choice genre, but critics in the mid-90s began to compare
about being a band.”[42] In later years, The Bends ap- their work to Pink Floyd, a band whose early 1970s
peared in many publications’ lists of the best albums of work influenced Greenwood’s guitar parts at the time.
all time,[43][44][45] including Rolling Stone’s 2012 edition Some compared OK Computer thematically to Floyd’s
of the “500 Greatest Albums of All Time” at #111.[46] best-seller The Dark Side of the Moon (1973),[52][53][54]
although Yorke said the album’s lyrics had been in-
spired by observing the “speed” of the world in the
1.4 1995–1998: OK Computer and critical 1990s. Yorke’s lyrics, embodying different characters,
acclaim had expressed what one magazine called “end-of-the-
millennium blues”[55] in contrast to the more personal
By late 1995, Radiohead had already recorded one song songs of The Bends. According to journalist Alex Ross,
that would appear on their next record. "Lucky", released the band had become “the poster boys for a certain kind
as a single to promote the War Child charity’s The Help of knowing alienation—as the Talking Heads and R.E.M.
Album,[47] was recorded in a brief session with Nigel Go- had been before.”[56] OK Computer met with critical ac-
drich, the young audio engineer who had assisted on The claim. Yorke said he was “amazed it got the reaction
Bends and produced a 1996 B-side, "Talk Show Host". it did. None of us fucking knew any more whether it
The band decided to self-produce their next album with was good or bad. What really blew my head off was the
Godrich’s assistance, and began work in early 1996. By fact that people got all the things, all the textures and the
July they had recorded four songs at their rehearsal studio, sounds and the atmospheres we were trying to create.”[57]
Canned Applause, a converted apple shed in the country- OK Computer was the band’s first number one UK chart
side near Didcot, Oxfordshire.[48] debut, propelling them to commercial success around the
4 1 HISTORY

world. Despite peaking at number 21 in the US charts, high. Band members all had different visions for Radio-
the album eventually met with mainstream recognition head’s future, and Yorke experienced writer’s block, in-
there, receiving the first Grammy Awards recognition of fluencing him toward a more abstract, fragmented form
the band’s career, a win for Best Alternative Album and of songwriting.[63] Radiohead secluded themselves with
a nomination for Album of the Year.[58] "Paranoid An- producer Nigel Godrich in studios in Paris, Copenhagen,
droid", "Karma Police" and "No Surprises" were released and Gloucester, and in their newly completed studio in
as singles from the album, of which “Karma Police” was Oxford. Eventually, all the members agreed on a new
most successful internationally.[32] In the same year, Ra- musical direction, redefining their instrumental roles.[28]
diohead became one of the first bands in the world to After nearly 18 months, Radiohead’s recording sessions
have a website, and developed a devoted online follow- were completed in April 2000.[63]
ing; within a few years, there were dozens of fan sites
In October 2000 Radiohead released their fourth album,
devoted to the band.[59] Kid A, the first of two albums from these recording ses-
The release of OK Computer was followed by the year- sions. A departure from OK Computer, Kid A featured a
long “Against Demons” world tour, including Radio- minimalist and textured style with more diverse instru-
head’s first headline Glastonbury Festival performance in mentation, including the ondes Martenot, programmed
1997.[60] Grant Gee, the director of the “No Surprises” electronic beats, strings, and jazz horns.[63] It debuted at
video, filmed the band on tour for the 1999 documentary number one in many countries, including the US, where
Meeting People Is Easy.[61] The film portrays the band’s its debut atop the Billboard chart marked a first for the
disaffection with the music industry and press, show- band, and the first US number one album by any UK act
ing their burnout over the course of the tour.[13] It also since the Spice Girls in 1996.[64] This success was at-
documents early versions of songs released on future al- tributed variously to marketing, to the album’s leak on
bums, such as “How to Disappear Completely”, “Life in the file-sharing network Napster a few months before its
a Glasshouse”, “I Will” and "Nude". Meeting People Is release, and to advance anticipation based, in part, on the
Easy was screened at festivals such as the 1999 Maryland success of OK Computer.[65][66][67] Although Radiohead
Film Festival and had a limited theatrical release in se- did not release any singles from Kid A, promos of “Op-
lect cities. During this time the band also released a mu- timistic” and "Idioteque" received radio play, and a se-
sic video compilation, 7 Television Commercials, as well ries of "blips", or short videos set to portions of tracks,
as two EPs, Airbag/How Am I Driving? and No Sur- were played on music channels and released freely on
prises/Running from Demons, that compiled their B-sides the internet.[68] The band had read Naomi Klein's anti-
from OK Computer singles. globalisation book No Logo during the recording, and de-
cided to continue a summer 2000 tour of Europe later
in the year in a custom-built tent free of advertising; they
1.5 1998–2002: Kid A, Amnesiac and also promoted Kid A with three sold-out North American
change in sound theatre concerts.[68]
Kid A received a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Al-
bum and a nomination for Album of the Year in early
2001. It won both praise and criticism in independent
music circles for appropriating underground styles of mu-
sic; some mainstream British critics saw Kid A as a “com-
mercial suicide note”, labelling it “intentionally difficult”
and longing for a return to the band’s earlier style.[19][26]
Radiohead’s fans were similarly divided; along with those
who were appalled or mystified, there were many who saw
the album as the band’s best work.[37][69] Yorke, however,
denied that Radiohead had set out to eschew commercial
expectations, saying: “I was really, really amazed at how
Jonny Greenwood has used a variety of instruments, such as this badly [Kid A] was being viewed ... because the music’s
glockenspiel, in live concerts and recordings. not that hard to grasp. We're not trying to be difficult
... We're actually trying to communicate but somewhere
Radiohead were largely inactive following their 1997– along the line, we just seemed to piss off a lot of people
1998 tour; after its end, their only public performance in ... What we're doing isn't that radical.”[19] The album has
1998 was at an Amnesty International concert in Paris.[62] since been ranked one of the best of all time by publica-
Yorke later said that during that period the band came tions including Time and Rolling Stone;[70] Pitchfork, the
close to splitting up, and that he had developed severe Times and Rolling Stone named it the best album of the
depression.[63] In early 1999, Radiohead began work on decade.[71][72]
a follow-up to OK Computer. Although the album’s suc-
cess meant there was no longer any pressure or a deadline Radiohead’s fifth album, Amnesiac, was released in June
from their record label,[56] tension during this period was 2001. It comprised additional tracks from the Kid A
1.7 2004–2009: Solo work, In Rainbows and “pay what you want” 5

recording sessions, plus one track recorded after Kid A's 1.7 2004–2009: Solo work, In Rainbows
release, “Life in a Glasshouse”, featuring the Humphrey and “pay what you want”
Lyttelton Band.[73] Radiohead stressed that they saw Am-
nesiac not as a collection of B-sides or “leftovers” from
Kid A but an album in its own right.[74] It topped the UK
Albums Chart and reached number two in the US, being
nominated for a Grammy Award and the Mercury Mu-
sic Prize.[26][64] Radiohead embarked on a world tour,
visiting North America, Europe and Japan. "Pyramid
Song" and "Knives Out", Radiohead’s first singles since
1998, were modestly successful. A live album, I Might
Be Wrong: Live Recordings, released in November 2001,
features performances of seven songs from Kid A and
Amnesiac, and the previously unreleased acoustic track Radiohead at the 2004 Coachella Music Festival
"True Love Waits".[75]
Following the Hail to the Thief tour, Radiohead went
on hiatus to spend time with their families and work
on side projects. Jonny Greenwood composed sound-
tracks for the films Bodysong (2004) and There Will Be
1.6 2002–2004: Hail to the Thief and de- Blood (2007); the latter was the first of several collab-
parture from EMI orations between Greenwood and director Paul Thomas
Anderson.[82][83] In July 2006, Yorke released his debut
In July and August 2002, Radiohead toured Portugal and solo album, The Eraser, comprosing mainly electronic
Spain, playing a number of new songs. They recorded the music.[84] He told Pitchfork: “I've been in the band since
new material in two weeks in a Los Angeles studio with we left school and never dared do anything on my own ...
Godrich, adding several tracks later in Oxford, where It was like, 'Man, I've got to find out what it feels like,'
they continued their work into the next year. The band you know?"[85]
described the recording process as relaxed, in contrast to Radiohead began work on their seventh album in Febru-
the tense sessions for Kid A and Amnesiac.[12] ary 2005 with no record label.[83] In an effort to “get
Radiohead’s sixth album, Hail to the Thief, was released out of the comfort zone”, they decided against involv-
in June 2003, combining guitar rock with electronic ing producer Godrich, with whom they had recorded
music.[76] Its lyrics were influenced by what Yorke called five albums,[86] and hired producer Spike Stent. The
“the general sense of ignorance and intolerance and panic collaboration with Stent was unsuccessful and ended in
and stupidity” following the 2000 election of US Presi- April 2006.[86] In September 2005, Radiohead recorded
dent George W. Bush.[77] The album debuted at number “I Want None of This” for the War Child charity album
one in the UK and number three on the Billboard chart, Help: A Day in the Life. The album was sold online,
and was eventually certified platinum in the UK and gold with “I Want None of This” the most downloaded track,
in the US. The singles "There There", "Go to Sleep" and though it was not released as a single.[87] In late 2006,
"2 + 2 = 5" achieved heavy circulation on modern rock after touring Europe and North America with new ma-
radio. At the 2003 Grammy Awards, Radiohead were terial, the band resumed work with Godrich in London,
again nominated for Best Alternative Album, and pro- Oxford and rural Somerset, England.[88] Work was fin-
ducer Godrich and engineer Darrell Thorp received the ished in June 2007 and the recordings were mastered the
Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album.[78] In May following month.[89]
2003, Radiohead embarked in on a world tour and head- Radiohead’s seventh album, In Rainbows, was released
lined Glastonbury Festival for the second time. The tour through the band’s website in October 2007 as a download
finished in May 2004 with a performance at the Coachella for any amount users wanted, including £0—a landmark
Festival in California.[79] A compilation of Hail to the use of the pay-what-you-want model for music sales.[90]
Thief B-sides, remixes and live performances, COM LAG The pay-what-you-want release, the first for a major
(2plus2isfive), was released in April 2004.[80] act, made headlines worldwide and sparked debate about
Radiohead’s six-album record contract with EMI ended the implications for the music industry.[91] According to
with the release of Hail to the Thief. In 2005, Yorke Mojo, the release was “hailed as a revolution in the way
told Time: “I like the people at our record company, but major bands sell their music”, and the media’s reaction
the time is at hand when you have to ask why anyone was “almost overwhelmingly positive";[92] Time called it
needs one. And, yes, it probably would give us some “easily the most important release in the recent history of
perverse pleasure to say 'Fuck you' to this decaying busi- the music business”.[81] 1.2 million downloads were re-
ness model.”[81] In 2006, the New York Times described portedly sold by the day of release,[93] but the band’s man-
Radiohead as “by far the world’s most popular unsigned agement did not release official sales figures, claiming
band”.[79] that the internet-only distribution was intended to boost
6 1 HISTORY

chart since 1995’s “High and Dry” and their first top 40
hit in the US since “Creep”.[32] In July they released a
digitally-shot video for “House of Cards”.[105] “House of
Cards”, along with "Bodysnatchers", also received a sin-
gle release on radio. In September the band announced a
fourth single, "Reckoner", and a remix competition sim-
ilar to one organised for “Nude”.[106] In April 2008, Ra-
diohead launched W.A.S.T.E. Central, a social network-
ing service for Radiohead fans.[107]
EMI released a greatest hits album, Radiohead: The Best
Of, in June 2008.[108] It was made without Radiohead’s
input and only contains songs released under their record-
ing contract with EMI. Yorke was critical of the release,
saying: “There’s nothing we can do about it. The work is
really public property now anyway, in my head at least.
It’s a wasted opportunity in that if we'd been behind it,
and we wanted to do it, then it might have been good.”[109]
In August 2008, EMI reissued “special editions” of Ra-
diohead’s back catalogue as part of its “From the Capitol
Yorke with Radiohead in Barcelona in 2008 Vaults” series.[110] From mid-2008 to early 2009, Radio-
head toured North America, Europe, Japan and South
America to promote In Rainbows, and headlined the
[93][111][112]
later retail sales. Colin Greenwood explained the inter- Reading and Leeds Festivals in August 2009.
[94]

net release as a way of avoiding the “regulated playlists”

and “straitened formats” of radio and TV, ensuring fans
around the world could all experience the music at the 1.8 2009–2012: The King of Limbs, two
same time, and preventing leaks in advance of a physi- drummers and Toronto stage collapse
cal release.[95] O'Brien said the self-release strategy sold
fewer records, but made more money for the band as there As social media began to expand around the turn of the
was no middleman.[96] A special “discbox” edition of In decade, Radiohead gradually withdrew their public pres-
Rainbows, containing the record on vinyl, a hardcover ence, with no promotional interviews or tours to promote
book of artwork, and a second CD of extra songs, was new releases. Pitchfork wrote that around this time “their
also sold from Radiohead’s website and shipped in late popularity became increasingly untethered from the typ-
2007.[97] ical formalities of record promotion, placing them on the
[59]
In Rainbows was released physically in the UK in late De- same level as Beyoncé and Kanye West.”
cember 2007 on XL Recordings and in North America In May 2009, Radiohead began new recording sessions
in January 2008 on TBD Records,[97] charting at num- with Godrich.[113] In August, they released "Harry Patch
ber one both in the UK and in the US.[98][99] The record’s (In Memory Of)", a tribute song to Harry Patch, the last
retail success in the US – after having been legally avail- surviving British soldier to have fought in World War
able for months as a free download – was Radiohead’s I, with proceeds donated to the British Legion.[114][115]
highest chart success in that country since Kid A. It be- The song has no conventional rock instrumentation, and
came their fifth UK number-one album and sold more instead comprises Yorke’s vocals and a string arrange-
than three million copies in one year.[100] The album re- ment composed by Jonny Greenwood.[116] Later that
ceived critical acclaim for its more accessible sound and month, another new song, "These Are My Twisted
personal lyrics.[101] It was nominated for the short list Words", was leaked via torrent, possibly by Radio-
of the Mercury Music Prize[102] and went on to win the head themselves.[117][118] The song features krautrock-
2009 Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album. like drumming and guitars,[119] and was released as a
Their production team won the Grammy for Best Boxed free download on the Radiohead website the following
or Special Limited Edition Package, while Radiohead week.[120] Commentators saw the releases as part of Ra-
received their third nomination for Album of the Year. diohead’s new unpredictable release strategy, without the
Along with three other nominations for the band, Go- need for traditional marketing campaigns.[121]
drich’s production and the "House of Cards" music video That year, Yorke formed a new band to perform The
also received nominations.[103] Eraser live, Atoms for Peace, with musicians including
Radiohead released a number of singles from In Rain- Godrich and Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist Flea; the band
bows: "Jigsaw Falling into Place" in January 2008,[104] played eight North American shows in 2010.[122] In Jan-
followed by "Nude", which debuted at number 37 in the uary 2010, Radiohead played their only full concert of
Billboard Hot 100, Radiohead’s first song to make that the year in the Los Angeles Henry Fonda Theater as a
1.8 2009–2012: The King of Limbs, two drummers and Toronto stage collapse 7

benefit for Oxfam. Tickets were auctioned, raising over May.[136]

half a million US dollars for the NGO’s 2010 Haiti earth- The King of Limbs sold an estimated 300,000 to 400,000
quake relief.[123] In June, Yorke and Jonny Greenwood copies through Radiohead’s website;[137] the retail edi-
performed a surprise set at Glastonbury Festival, per- tion debuted at number six on the United States Billboard
forming Eraser and Radiohead songs.[124] On 30 August, 200[138] and number seven on the UK Albums Chart.[139]
Selway released his debut solo album, Familial.[125] In It was nominated for five categories in the 54th Grammy
December, a fan-made video of Radiohead’s Oxfam ben- Awards: Best Alternative Music Album, Best Boxed
efit performance was released via YouTube and torrent or Special Limited Edition Package, Best Short Form
with Radiohead’s support and a “pay-what-you-want” link
Music Video (for "Lotus Flower"), Best Rock Perfor-
to donate to Oxfam.[126] In September 2010, Radio- mance (“Lotus Flower”) and Best Rock Song (“Lo-
head released the soundboard recording of their 2009
tus Flower”).[140] Two tracks not included on The King
Prague performance for use in another fan-made concert of Limbs but worked on during the same sessions,
video.[127][128] The Radiohead for Haiti and Live in Praha
"Supercollider” and “The Butcher", were released as a
videos were described as examples of the band’s open- single for Record Store Day on 16 April 2011.[141] A
ness to fans and positivity toward non-commercial inter- series of King of Limbs remixes by various artists were
net distribution.[129][130] compiled on TKOL RMX 1234567, released in Septem-
ber 2011.[142]
To perform the rhythmically complex King of Limbs ma-
terial live, Radiohead enlisted a second drummer, Clive
Deamer, who had worked with Portishead and Get the
Blessing; Selway said of the collaboration: “One played
in the traditional way, the other almost mimicked a drum
machine. It was push-and-pull, like kids at play, re-
ally interesting.”[143] With Deamer, Radiohead recorded
a second From the Basement session, released as The King
of Limbs: Live from the Basement in December 2011.[144]
The performance included two new songs, "The Daily
Mail” and “Staircase", released as a double A-side down-
load single on 19 December 2011.[145] Deamer has joined
Radiohead on subsequent tours.[143][146]
On 24 June, Radiohead played a surprise performance on
the Park stage at the 2011 Glastonbury Festival, perform-
ing songs from The King of Limbs before an audience for
the first time.[147] In September, they played two dates
at New York City’s Roseland Ballroom[148] and made
American TV appearances including a one-hour special
episode of The Colbert Report[149] and the season pre-
mière of Saturday Night Live.[150] In February 2012, they
began their first extended North American tour in four
years, including dates in the United States, Canada and
Drummer Clive Deamer joined Radiohead for their 2012 and Mexico.[151] While on tour, Radiohead spent a day work-
2016 tours. He also performed on the “Staircase / The Daily ing on new material at Jack White’s Third Man Records
Mail” single and A Moon Shaped Pool. studio.[152][153]
On 16 June 2012, an hour before gates were due to
Radiohead finished recording their eighth album, The open at Toronto’s Downsview Park for the final concert
King of Limbs, in January 2011.[95] Following the pro- of Radiohead’s North American tour, the roof of the
tracted recording and more conventional rock instru- venue’s temporary stage collapsed, killing drum techni-
mentation of In Rainbows (2007), Radiohead devel- cian Scott Johnson and injuring three other members
oped The King of Limbs by sampling and looping their of Radiohead’s touring technical crew. The collapse
recordings with turntables while incorporating ambient also destroyed the band’s light show and much of their
sounds.[131][132][133] According to O'Brien: “Rhythm is musical equipment. No band members were on stage.
the king of limbs! The rhythm dictates the record. The concert was cancelled and Radiohead’s tour dates
It’s very important.”[134] The album was announced on in Europe were postponed.[154][155][156][157][158][159] Af-
Valentine’s Day and self-released as a download on 18 ter rescheduling the tour, Radiohead paid tribute to John-
February 2011 through the Radiohead website.[135] It was son and their stage crew at their next concert, in Nîmes,
followed by a retail release on CD and vinyl formats France, in July.[160] Yorke later wrote that finishing the
in March, and a special “newspaper album” edition in
8 1 HISTORY

tour after the collapse was his “biggest achievement so British digital arts studio Universal Everything, using mu-
far”.[161] In June 2013, the Ontario Ministry of Labour sical elements and imagery from The King of Limbs.[173]
charged Live Nation Canada Inc, Live Nation Ontario
Yorke and Selway released their respective second solo
Concerts GP Inc, Optex Staging & Services Inc and an
albums, Tomorrow’s Modern Boxes and Weatherhouse,
engineer with 13 charges under the Occupational Health
on 26 September[174] and 7 October 2014.[175] Jonny
and Safety Act.[162] The hearing began in November
Greenwood scored his third film for Paul Thomas An-
2015.[163] derson, Inherent Vice, released in October 2014; it fea-
tures a new version of an unreleased Radiohead song,
1.9 2012–present: Hiatus, further solo “Spooks”, performed by Greenwood and two members of
Supergrass.[176] In May 2015, Yorke contributed a sound-
work, and A Moon Shaped Pool track, Subterranea, to The Panic Office, an installation of
Radiohead artwork in Sydney, Australia.[177] In Novem-
ber 2015, Junun, a collaboration between Greenwood, Is-
raeli composer Shye Ben Tzur and Indian musicians, en-
gineered and mixed Godrich, was released.[178] It was ac-
companied by a documentary of the same name directed
by Anderson.[179]
Radiohead began work on their ninth studio album in
September 2014, joined again by Godrich.[180] In 2015
they resumed work in the La Fabrique studio near
Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France.[181] On Christmas Day
2015, they released a new song, "Spectre", on the audio
streaming site SoundCloud.[182] A “brooding” orchestral
Radiohead performing in 2012
song, it was written for the James Bond film of the same
In 2012, EMI was bought by Universal Music. The name, but was rejected, in Greenwood’s words, for be-
European Commission approved the deal on the condi- ing “too dark”.[183] On 30 April 2016, fans who had pre-
tion that Universal Music divest EMI’s Parlophone la- viously made orders from Radiohead received embossed
bel, which controlled the Radiohead albums recorded cards with lyrics from a new song, "Burn the Witch".[184]
while the band were signed to EMI.[164] In February On 1 May, Radiohead deleted all content from their web-
2013, Parlophone, along with Radiohead’s back cata- site and social media profiles and replaced them with
logue, was bought by Warner Music Group (WMG).[165] blank images,[185] a move Pitchfork interpreted as sym-
As part of the purchase, WMG made an agreement with bolic of the band’s re-emergence.[59] Radiohead released
the trade group Impala to reach distribution agreements “Burn the Witch”, the lead single from their forthcoming
with independent labels for many of the Parlophone acts, album, as a download on 3 May, accompanied by a stop-
which required artist approval.[166] In October 2015, motion animated music video.[186] On 6 May, Radiohead
Radiohead sued Parlophone for deductions made from released another new download single, "Daydreaming",
downloads of their back catalogue.[167] In April 2016, as accompanied by a music video directed by Paul Thomas
a result of the Impala agreement, WMG transferred Ra- Anderson;[187] the video was screened in 35 mm film in
diohead’s back catalogue to XL Recordings, who had re- select cinemas.[188]
leased the physical editions of In Rainbows and The King Radiohead’s ninth studio album, A Moon Shaped Pool,
of Limbs and most of Yorke’s solo work. The “special edi- was released digitally on 8 May 2016 on Radiohead’s
tions” of Radiohead albums, issued by EMI in 2008 with- website and online music stores. It was followed by phys-
out Radiohead’s approval, were removed from streaming ical versions on 17 June via XL Recordings.[187] It in-
services.[166] In May 2016, XL reissued Radiohead’s back cludes several songs written some years earlier, includ-
catalogue on vinyl.[168] ing "True Love Waits" (which dates to at least 1995),[189]
After the King of Limbs tour, during which the band per- along with strings and choral vocals performed by the
formed several new songs,[169] Radiohead entered hia- London Contemporary Orchestra[190] and additional per-
tus again. In February 2013, Yorke and Godrich’s band cussion from Deamer.[191] The album was simultaneously
Atoms for Peace released a studio album, Amok.[170] The released on paid streaming services including Tidal and
pair made headlines that year for their criticism of the Apple Music, but was not released on Spotify, a free ser-
free music streaming service Spotify, which they believe vice, until 17 June, six weeks later. Spotify had been
cannot support new artists; Yorke accused Spotify of only in “advanced discussions” with Radiohead’s management
benefiting major labels with large back catalogues, and and label to make A Moon Shaped Pool the first album
encouraged artists to build their own “direct connections” available exclusively to Spotify’s paid subscribers, but the
with audiences instead.[171][172] On 11 February 2014, deal fell through, according to Spotify, due to technical
Radiohead released the Polyfauna app for Android and hurdles.[192] In Rainbows, the only other Radiohead al-
iOS phones, an “experimental collaboration” with the bum not previously available on Spotify, was added on
 9

10 June.[193] A Moon Shaped Pool debuted at number one the ondes Martenot, an early electronic instrument popu-
in the UK album chart, becoming Radiohead’s sixth UK larised by Messiaen.[21]
number-one album.[194] It was the fifth Radiohead album Recording In Rainbows, Radiohead members mentioned
to be nominated for the Mercury Prize, making Radio- a variety of rock, electronic, hiphop and experimental
head the most shortlisted act in the award’s history.[195] musicians as influences, including Björk, M.I.A, Liars,
Radiohead began a tour in support of A Moon Shaped Modeselektor and Spank Rock.[207][208] In 2011, Yorke
Pool in May 2016, joined again by Deamer, with perfor- denied that Radiohead had ever set out deliberately to
mances in Europe, North America, and Japan.[146][196] change musical styles or to make "experimental music",
The album’s physical release was promoted with “Live saying the band was “constantly absorbing music” and
From a Moon Shaped Pool”, which took place in partic- that a variety of musicians are always influencing their
ipating record shops around the world. The event fea- work.[209] Drummer Clive Deamer, who has recorded and
tured a “day-long” audio stream, including playlists cu- performed with Radiohead since 2011, said that Radio-
rated by Radiohead and a recording of their recent perfor- head did not see themselves as a rock band and felt their
mance at the London Roundhouse,[197] along with com- methodology had closer parallels with jazz: “They delib-
petitions, artwork, and other activities.[198] Attendees in a erately try to avoid cliché and standard forms for the sake
record shop in Istanbul, Turkey, were attacked by a group of the song ... Rock bands don’t do that. It’s far more like
of men who were angry that customers were drinking a jazz mentality.”[210]
beer and playing music during Ramadan, the Muslim holy Since their formation, Yorke has been Radiohead’s prin-
month of fast. Radiohead released a statement condemn- cipal songwriter and lyricist. Arrangement is a collab-
ing the attacks and offering “love and support” to Istanbul orative effort, with all the band members having roles
fans.[199] On 20 October, Radiohead announced that they in the process;[63] all the band’s songs are credited to
will perform at the 2017 Glastonbury Festival, marking “Radiohead”. Radiohead songs usually begin with a
the band’s third headline Glastonbury performance. The sketch by Yorke, which is harmonically developed by
announcement was promoted by the appearance of the Jonny Greenwood before the other members develop
band’s “bear head” logo on the field before the festival’s their own parts.[56] The Kid A and Amnesiac sessions
Pyramid stage.[60] brought a change in Radiohead’s musical style and work-
ing method.[63][211] Since their shift from conventional
rock music instrumentation toward an emphasis on elec-
2 Style and songwriting tronic sound, the members have gained flexibility and
now regularly switch instruments depending on the par-
Among Radiohead members’ earliest influences were ticular song requirements.[63] On Kid A and Amnesiac,
Queen, Pink Floyd and Elvis Costello, post-punk acts Yorke played keyboard and bass, while Jonny Greenwood
such as Joy Division, Siouxsie and the Banshees and often played ondes Martenot rather than guitar, bassist
Magazine, and significantly 1980s alternative rock bands Colin Greenwood worked on sampling, and O'Brien and
such as U2, R.E.M., Pixies, the Smiths and Sonic Selway branched out to drum machines and digital ma-
Youth.[13][21][37][200] By the mid-1990s, Radiohead began nipulations, also finding ways to incorporate their primary
to adopt some recording methods from hip hop, inspired instruments, guitar and percussion, respectively, into the
by the sampling work of DJ Shadow,[13] and became in- new sound.[63] The relaxed 2003 recording sessions for
terested in using computers to generate sounds.[201] Other Hail to the Thief led to a different dynamic in Radiohead,
influences on the group include the jazz music of Miles with Yorke admitting in interviews that his power in the
Davis,[202] Charlie Mingus[202] and Alice Coltrane,[203] band had been “absolutely unbalanced” and that he would
the soundtracks of Ennio Morricone, 1960s rock groups “subvert everybody else’s power at all costs. But ... it’s
such as the Beatles and the Beach Boys, and Phil Spec- actually a lot more healthy now, democracy-wise, than it
tor's "wall of sound" production technique.[13][42] used to be.”[212]

The electronic music of Kid A and Amnesiac was in-

spired by Yorke’s admiration for glitch, ambient techno
and IDM as exemplified by Warp Records artists such 3 Collaborators
as Autechre and Aphex Twin; in 2013, Yorke named
Aphex Twin as biggest influence.[204] The album also Radiohead have maintained a close relationship with a
samples early computer music.[28] The jazz of Charles number of frequent collaborators. Producer Nigel Go-
Mingus,[205] Alice Coltrane[203] and Miles Davis, and drich made his name with Radiohead, working with the
1970s krautrock bands such as Can and Neu!, were other band as an audio engineer on The Bends and as their pro-
major influences during this period.[206] Jonny Green- ducer on every studio album afterwards.[213] He has been
wood’s interest in 20th century classical music also had dubbed the “sixth member” of the band, in an allusion
a role, as the influence of composers Krzysztof Pen- to George Martin being called the "Fifth Beatle".[213] In
derecki[42] and Olivier Messiaen was apparent; for several 2016, Godrich said of the collaboration: “I can only ever
songs on Kid A and later albums, Greenwood has played have one band like Radiohead who I've worked with for
10 7 REFERENCES

• Philip Selway – drums, percussion, backing vocals

• Thom Yorke – lead vocals, guitar, keyboards, piano

Additional live members

• Clive Deamer – drums, percussion, backing vocals

(2011–present)

5 Discography
Main article: Radiohead discography

• Pablo Honey (1993)

• The Bends (1995)

“Modified bear” logo for Kid A by artists Stanley Donwood and
Tchock (Thom Yorke) • OK Computer (1997)

• Kid A (2000)
this many years. That’s a very deep and profound re-
lationship. The Beatles could only have ever had one • Amnesiac (2001)
George Martin; they couldn't have switched producers
• Hail to the Thief (2003)
halfway through their career. All that work, trust, and
knowledge of each other would have been thrown out of • In Rainbows (2007)
the window and they'd have to start again.”[214]
• The King of Limbs (2011)
Graphic artist Stanley Donwood met Yorke when both
were art students, and with Yorke has produced all of Ra- • A Moon Shaped Pool (2016)
diohead’s album covers and visual artwork since 1994.[23]
Donwood works in the studio with the band as they
record, allowing the music to influence the artwork.[215]
He and Yorke won a Grammy in 2002 for the special edi-
6 See also
tion of Amnesiac packaged as a library book.[23]
• List of awards and nominations received by Radio-
Dilly Gent has been responsible for commissioning all head
Radiohead music videos since OK Computer, work-
ing with the band to find a director suitable for each
project.[216] Since Radiohead’s inception, Andi Watson
has been their lighting and stage director, designing the 7 References
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Radiohead and Philosophy: Fitter Happier More De-
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1999. ISBN 1-55022-373-9
 17

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graffiti, Danigarciamart, Shearlined, Therewillbehotcake, LikeLakers2, Ra7g09, Paranoidandroid707, Btapia, Jdunn526, Spicemix, Cron-
ickid6, A Generic Reality, E. Fokker, Mhiji, JPNorman94, ClueBot NG, Pmcaninch29, Bencooperwiki, Wombroom, Shaddim, TomPynch,
Baseball Watcher, Madsy19, Wikiepdiax818, TravisBernard, Babybrainz, Kevin Gorman, Guardianoftruth0, U.Steele, Rezabot, Asouko,
Sirkh1, WellDoer85, Widr, Ervenegille, Jk2q3jrklse, Carlos anderson, Hussein95698, Helpful Pixie Bot, Timsbutterfly, Thomosexual, Pop-
cornduff, Pyroclasticflow, Calidum, Nuthin32, Nusacc, Lowercase sigmabot, BG19bot, JeBonSer, TGilmour, Xxpawnage223, Sidneymor-
timer, Queen Zeppelin Metallica Floyd, CityOfSilver, JesseTheBeatles1998, MrPopinjay, Mlillybaltimore, MusikAnimal, Beanriffs, Fogg-
ynotion, Andrewmryan, Cobmeister123, Loeba, Turdface42, Matthotwax, Andeh93, CitationCleanerBot, Dpthomas37, In.tripletime, Sens-
esfail123, TatooRooi, What a pro., Antiantimatter, Achowat, Davidfreesefan23, Fh9836, Thegreatone716, Lilysir, BobTwoHats, Polythene-
Sam, Melodychick, BattyBot, Mr Neese, Sister ratched, Inthesprawl, Cfc38, Bngnyc, Chie one, Myxomatosis57, Comatmebro, Laberkiste,
10.2 Images 19

Computerwhizgeek319, Garamond Lethe, Khazar2, Just another guy in a suit, Ducknish, RoverZero, TheBronzeMex, Enterprisey, Dexbot,
Mackeycold, Ryanalexandersinatra, Pama73, BrunoMacDonald, I call the big one bitey, Gentlecollapse6, Mogism, Holleds0, Kephir,
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man, Прискорбные, Soccerfray, Burgermeister77, Milanspasenovic, Evannotkelleh, Dayvenkirq, JBjork, RhoOphA, Trumanders, Ki-
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Docteur, HughMorris15, Ta58, Slovebz, CLCStudent, Wikischolarship, HKraemer73, John G Masters, TakyonDrive, L'Homme à tête
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Anonymous: 2781

10.2 Images
• File:Abingdonschool.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Abingdonschool.jpg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Created by uploader Original artist: James Nairne at en.wikipedia
• File:CLIVE_DEAMER_pic_Pete_Judge.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/CLIVE_DEAMER_
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• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
• File:Everything_In_Its_Right_Place.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/78/Everything_In_Its_Right_Place.ogg
License: Fair use Contributors:
Kid A Original artist:
Radiohead
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sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
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Art Library image’s page Original artist: maxim2
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Greenwood_Synth_%28Amsterdam%29.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: radiohead in amsterdam Original artist: michell zappa
from São Paulo, Brazil
• File:Paranoid_Android.ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/90/Paranoid_Android.ogg License: Fair use Contrib-
utors:
OK Computer Original artist:
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• File:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public domain Contributors: ?
Original artist: ?
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• File:Radiohead.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/Radiohead.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.5 Contributors:
Photomontage, created by Kollision from: Original artist: Kollision
• File:Radiohead_-_2_+_2_=_5_(sample).ogg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f6/Radiohead_-_2_%2B_2_%3D_
5_%28sample%29.ogg License: Fair use Contributors:
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20 10 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

• File:Radiohead_in_Barcelona,_Daydream_Festival.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Radiohead_

in_Barcelona%2C_Daydream_Festival.jpg License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: originally posted to Flickr as Radiohead en Barcelona, Day-
dream Festival Original artist: Alterna2 http://www.alterna2.com
• File:Radiohead_live_2012.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Radiohead_live_2012.jpg License: CC
BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: https://www.flickr.com/photos/ddalledo/8030797168/in/photostream/ Original artist: Daniele Dalledonne
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BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: From geograph.org.uk Original artist: Roger Cornfoot
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BY-SA 2.5 Contributors: Mad by Lokal_Profil by combining: Original artist: Lokal_Profil

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