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    Lab 5

    Uploaded by

    ShahZaib Anwar
    The document discusses transistors, including: 1) Transistors have three terminals - collector, base, and emitter. They are used for amplification and switching. 2) BJTs have two PN junctions made of an emitter, base, and collector region. The base is thin and lightly doped. 3) Transistor biasing sets the operating point to work in different regions like active, saturation, cutoff, and inverse active. Common biasing methods include fixed bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter bias. 4) Tasks involve analyzing the DC operating point of a voltage divider biased transistor and using a transistor as a switch to turn an LED on and off

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Lab 5

    Uploaded by

    ShahZaib Anwar
    35 views5 pages
    The document discusses transistors, including: 1) Transistors have three terminals - collector, base, and emitter. They are used for amplification and switching. 2) BJTs have two PN junctions made of an emitter, base, and collector region. The base is thin and lightly doped. 3) Transistor biasing sets the operating point to work in different regions like active, saturation, cutoff, and inverse active. Common biasing methods include fixed bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter bias. 4) Tasks involve analyzing the DC operating point of a voltage divider biased transistor and using a transistor as a switch to turn an LED on and off

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    The document discusses transistors, including: 1) Transistors have three terminals - collector, base, and emitter. They are used for amplification and switching. 2) BJTs have two PN junctions made of an emitter, base, and collector region. The base is thin and lightly doped. 3) Transistor biasing sets the operating point to work in different regions like active, saturation, cutoff, and inverse active. Common biasing methods include fixed bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter bias. 4) Tasks involve analyzing the DC operating point of a voltage divider biased transistor and using a transistor as a switch to turn an LED on and off

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    35 views5 pages

    Lab 5

    Uploaded by

    ShahZaib Anwar
    The document discusses transistors, including: 1) Transistors have three terminals - collector, base, and emitter. They are used for amplification and switching. 2) BJTs have two PN junctions made of an emitter, base, and collector region. The base is thin and lightly doped. 3) Transistor biasing sets the operating point to work in different regions like active, saturation, cutoff, and inverse active. Common biasing methods include fixed bias, voltage divider bias, and emitter bias. 4) Tasks involve analyzing the DC operating point of a voltage divider biased transistor and using a transistor as a switch to turn an LED on and off

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    _________________________________________________________________________

    Introduction to Transistor its biasing


    TITLE :
    and Implementation as a Switch.

    DATE OF
    : 14th Sept, 2019
    EXPERIMENT

    Lab Number : 05

    NAME : ___________________

    ROLL NO : ___________________

    Mechanical Electronics Lab Page 1


    _________________________________________________________________________

    Objective:
    To know about the Transistor basics.
    To differentiate collector, emitter and base pins.
    To use transistor as a switch to turn on and off LED.

    Equipment:
    2N2222 Transistor (NPN)
    Resistor.
    Capacitor.
    Led.
    Connecting wire.
    Function generator.
    Oscilloscope.

    Theory:
    Transistor:
    Transistor is a three terminal device contain two PN junctions. It is used in different
    electronics circuit for different purposes like amplification, switching etc. these
    transistors are further divided into two main types one is bipolar junction transistors
    (BJTs) and other is metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET). Both
    have different properties and working principle on which BJT are known as current
    control devices and MOSFET are known as Voltage controlled devices. Our main focus
    is on BJTs.
    The BJT is constructed with three doped semiconductor regions separated by two PN
    junctions, the three regions are called emitter, base, and collector. Physical
    representations of the two types of BJTs are shown in figures below. One type consists of
    two N regions separated by a P region (NPN), and the other type consists of two P
    regions separated by an N region (PNP). As PN junction is a diode so it can be said that a
    transistor is made up of diodes in different configurations for NPN and PNP.

    The first diagram shows the construction of a transistor where we can see three different
    type of regions named as collector, base and emitter. The base region is lightly doped and
    very thin compared to the heavily doped emitter and the moderately doped collector
    regions.
    Mechanical Electronics Lab Page 2
    _________________________________________________________________________

    PIN identification:
    The transistor pins are identified using different methods, the most common and popular
    is using the datasheet, but if working in lab and don’t have access to datasheet. Then,
    electrical tool named multimeter is used. As seen in fig (a), the area accumulated by
    collector terminal is greater than the emitter terminal, which means that the resistance of
    collector terminal is also less than the emitter terminal. So, one way is to measure the
    resistance of these terminals and then differentiate them. Likewise, we know voltage and
    resistance behavior, when resistance is low voltage drop across it also low and vice versa.
    So, setting multimeter in diode mode to measure the voltages and observed voltages
    across the base emitter is higher than the base collector region.

    Transistor Biasing:
    Biasing is a technique which is used to turn on the transistor to operate in different region
    depending on the DC Q-operating point. These biasing methods make the transistor
    circuit to work in four kinds of regions such as Active region, Saturation region, Cutoff
    region and Inverse active region.

    Mechanical Electronics Lab Page 3


    _________________________________________________________________________

    Different methods of biasing are used some of them are listed below.

    1. Fixed bias
    2. Collector-to-base bias
    3. Fixed bias with emitter resistor
    4. Voltage divider bias or potential divider
    5. Emitter bias

    The most common one is voltage divider bias which is used to turn on the transistor. The
    configuration and DC analysis formulas are as.

    Using this configuration we can change the position of q point by changing the resistance
    Rb2.
    Task 1:
    DC analysis of a transistor and find q point.
    • Implement the circuit shown in figure above.
    • Perform the DC analysis. Applying Vcc=12 Vdc and Vin=0V.
    • Use Rb1=Rb2= 1K , Rc=820ohm and Re=4.7K.
    • Measure the values of Ib, Ic, Ie, Vb, Ve, and Vc.
    Task 2:
    To use transistor as a switch
    To operate transistor as a switch we need to operate transistor in cutoff and saturation
    region to turn on and off the led.

    Mechanical Electronics Lab Page 4


    _________________________________________________________________________

    Vin

    • Implement the following circuit on breadboard.


    • Apply input voltage = 5V at Rb and observe the output.
    • Now reduce the input voltage to 0V and observe the output.

    Mechanical Electronics Lab Page 5

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