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    Stratigraphy: - Principles of Stratigraphy - Types of Stratigraphy - Contacts - Unconformities

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    Rahul
    Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers and their spatial relationships over time. Key principles of stratigraphy include superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and faunal succession. Stratigraphy can be classified by lithology, fossils, time, chemistry, and unconformity-bounded packages. Contacts between rock layers can be intrusive, faulted, or depositional. Depositional contacts include conformable and unconformable boundaries marked by erosion. Unconformities represent missing time and can be disconformities, paraconformities, angular unconformities, or nonconformities.

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    Stratigraphy: - Principles of Stratigraphy - Types of Stratigraphy - Contacts - Unconformities

    Uploaded by

    Rahul
    602 views40 pages
    Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers and their spatial relationships over time. Key principles of stratigraphy include superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and faunal succession. Stratigraphy can be classified by lithology, fossils, time, chemistry, and unconformity-bounded packages. Contacts between rock layers can be intrusive, faulted, or depositional. Depositional contacts include conformable and unconformable boundaries marked by erosion. Unconformities represent missing time and can be disconformities, paraconformities, angular unconformities, or nonconformities.

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    Stratigraphy

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    Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers and their spatial relationships over time. Key principles of stratigraphy include superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and faunal succession. Stratigraphy can be classified by lithology, fossils, time, chemistry, and unconformity-bounded packages. Contacts between rock layers can be intrusive, faulted, or depositional. Depositional contacts include conformable and unconformable boundaries marked by erosion. Unconformities represent missing time and can be disconformities, paraconformities, angular unconformities, or nonconformities.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    602 views40 pages

    Stratigraphy: - Principles of Stratigraphy - Types of Stratigraphy - Contacts - Unconformities

    Uploaded by

    Rahul
    Stratigraphy is the study of rock layers and their spatial relationships over time. Key principles of stratigraphy include superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, inclusions, and faunal succession. Stratigraphy can be classified by lithology, fossils, time, chemistry, and unconformity-bounded packages. Contacts between rock layers can be intrusive, faulted, or depositional. Depositional contacts include conformable and unconformable boundaries marked by erosion. Unconformities represent missing time and can be disconformities, paraconformities, angular unconformities, or nonconformities.

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    The key takeaways are the principles of stratigraphy, types of stratigraphy, contacts, and unconformities.

    The principles of stratigraphy are superposition, original horizontality, lateral continuity, cross-cutting relationships, rule of inclusions, and faunal succession.

    The different types of stratigraphy are lithostratigraphy, pedostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, geochronostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, chemostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy.

    Stratigraphy

    • Principles of Stratigraphy

    • Types of Stratigraphy

    • Contacts

    • Unconformities
    Stratigraphy

    “Stratigraphy can be defined as the complete triumph


    of terminology over facts and common sense.”

    Attributed to P.D. Krynine by J. Ferm in Burton et al., 1987.


    Stratigraphy

    Stratigraphy: the study of the 3-D spatial and temporal


    relationships among rocks
    Stratigraphy

    • Principles of Stratigraphy

    • Types of Stratigraphy

    • Contacts

    • Unconformities
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    1. Superposition

    The oldest rocks are found on the bottom and


    the youngest rocks on the top.

    youngest

    oldest
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    youngest? oldest?
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    younger

    older
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    2. Original Horizontality

    sediments are deposited at the earth’s surface


    in flat layers
    Principles of Stratigraphy
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    cross-bedding
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    3. Lateral Continuity

    a bed will extend laterally until:

    1. Pinches out.

    1. Abuts against older rock.

    1. Truncated by erosion.

    1. Cut by fault.
    Principles of Stratigraphy
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    4. Cross-Cutting Relationships

    Rock that are cut by another geologic feature are older


    than the feature that cuts them.

    Igneous Fault
    Intrusion Erosion
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    5. Rule of Inclusions

    If pieces of rock A are included in rock B,


    rock A formed before rock B.

    B
    A
    Principles of Stratigraphy

    6. Faunal Succession

    Systematic sequence of fossils with time.


    Extinct fossils do not reappear in younger rocks.

    http://www.geo.utexas.edu/courses/401/
    Stratigraphy

    • Principles of Stratigraphy

    • Types of Stratigraphy

    • Contacts

    • Unconformities
    Types of Stratigraphy

    Type Subdivisions Property


    Lithostratigraphy Lithostratigraphic Unit Lithology

    Pedostratigraphy Pedostratigraphic Unit Buried Soils

    Biostratigraphy Bio Zones Fossil Content

    Chronostratigraphy Chronostratigraphic Units Time Relationships


    (Period, Epoch, Age)
    Geochronostratigraphy Geochronostratigraphic Unit Time Relationships
    (System, Series, Stage)
    Magnetostratigraphy Magnetic Reversals, Chrons Magnetic Polarity

    Chemostratigraphy Isotope Zones Chemical


    Characteristics
    Sequence Stratigraphy Allostratigraphic Units unconformity-bounded
    packages
    Types of Stratigraphy - Allostratigraphy
    Types of Stratigraphy

    Type Subdivisions Property


    Lithostratigraphy Lithostratigraphic Unit Lithology

    Pedostratigraphy Pedostratigraphic Unit Buried Soils

    Biostratigraphy Bio Zones Fossil Content

    Chronostratigraphy Chronostratigraphic Units Time Relationships


    (Period, Epoch, Age)
    Geochronostratigraphy Geochronostratigraphic Unit Time Relationships
    (System, Series, Stage)
    Magnetostratigraphy Magnetic Reversals, Chrons Magnetic Polarity

    Chemostratigraphy Isotope Zones Chemical


    Characteristics
    Sequence Stratigraphy Allostratigraphic Units unconformity-bounded
    packages
    Types of Stratigraphy - Lithostratigraphy

    Super Group

    Group

    *Formation

    Member / Tongue / Lentil

    Bed / Flow

    *Formation: distinct, mappable rock body


    with definable boundaries
    Types of Stratigraphy

    Lithostratigraphic Units

    lens / lentil

    (E. McBride)
    Stratigraphy

    • Principles of Stratigraphy

    • Types of Stratigraphy

    • Contacts

    • Unconformities
    Types of Contacts

    • Intrusive

    • Fault

    • Depositional

    - Conformable Contact

    - Unconformity
    Types of Contacts (Depositional)

    Lateral Contacts

    intercalated
    Vertical Contacts

    gradual

    gradation
    abrupt

    intertonguing

    pinchout

    (Boggs, p. 453)
    Types of Contacts (Depositional)

    Lateral Contacts

    (E. McBride)
    Stratigraphy

    • Principles of Stratigraphy

    • Types of Stratigraphy

    • Contacts

    • Unconformities
    Unconformities

    Unconformity: buried surface of erosion; missing rock / time

    vs

    Hiatus: amount of missing time

    vs

    Diastem: small amount of missing rock / time


    Unconformities

    Erosion – Mechanical, Chemical, Biological

    Drop in Sea Level

    Uplift of Land
    Unconformities

    Calvert Bluff / Alluvium Contact (Field Trip 1)


    Unconformities

    Types:

    • Disconformity

    • Paraconformity

    • Nonconformity

    • Angular Unconformity
    Unconformities

    • Disconformity – sediments on sediments (same orientation) with


    obvious erosion
    Unconformities

    Disconformity

    Supai Group
    20 million years
    Redwall Limestone
    150 million years
    Muav Limestone
    Unconformities

    2. Paraconformity – sediments on sediments (same orientation)


    no obvious erosion surface

    (Boggs, p. 456)
    Unconformities

    3. Angular unconformity – sediments on sediments


    (different orientations)
    Unconformities

    Angular Unconformity

    250 million years


    Unconformities

    Angular Unconformity

    Wyoming
    Unconformities

    Angular Unconformity

    (E. McBride)
    Unconformities

    4. Nonconformity – sediments on crystalline igneous or


    metamorphic rocks

    Uplift, Erosion, Deposition

    Erosional Surface
    Unconformities

    Nonconformity

    550 million years

    1800 million years


    Unconformities Canadian Shield

    Enchanted Rock

    Nonconformity in
    Progress

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