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    Ancient To Modern Astronomy

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    Mahesh Tanpure
    Ancient astronomy began with observations recorded in Babylon in the 8th century BC. In ancient India, Aryabhatta calculated astronomical constants in the 5th century BC and proposed a model where the Earth spins on its axis. Aristotle, in the 4th century BC, realized the Earth was round and its shadow caused lunar eclipses. Ptolemy proposed the geocentric model in the 2nd century, which was adopted by the Christian church and depicted heavenly spheres carrying celestial objects. Copernicus proposed in the 16th century that the Sun was stationary at the center, with planets in circular orbits. Kepler then modified this in the early 17th century to elliptical orbits. Newton developed the law of universal gravitation and

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    Ancient To Modern Astronomy

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    Mahesh Tanpure
    138 views2 pages
    Ancient astronomy began with observations recorded in Babylon in the 8th century BC. In ancient India, Aryabhatta calculated astronomical constants in the 5th century BC and proposed a model where the Earth spins on its axis. Aristotle, in the 4th century BC, realized the Earth was round and its shadow caused lunar eclipses. Ptolemy proposed the geocentric model in the 2nd century, which was adopted by the Christian church and depicted heavenly spheres carrying celestial objects. Copernicus proposed in the 16th century that the Sun was stationary at the center, with planets in circular orbits. Kepler then modified this in the early 17th century to elliptical orbits. Newton developed the law of universal gravitation and

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    Ancient to Modern Astronomy in 5 minutes by Mahesh Tanpure

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    Ancient to Modern Astronomy

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    Ancient astronomy began with observations recorded in Babylon in the 8th century BC. In ancient India, Aryabhatta calculated astronomical constants in the 5th century BC and proposed a model where the Earth spins on its axis. Aristotle, in the 4th century BC, realized the Earth was round and its shadow caused lunar eclipses. Ptolemy proposed the geocentric model in the 2nd century, which was adopted by the Christian church and depicted heavenly spheres carrying celestial objects. Copernicus proposed in the 16th century that the Sun was stationary at the center, with planets in circular orbits. Kepler then modified this in the early 17th century to elliptical orbits. Newton developed the law of universal gravitation and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    138 views2 pages

    Ancient To Modern Astronomy

    Uploaded by

    Mahesh Tanpure
    Ancient astronomy began with observations recorded in Babylon in the 8th century BC. In ancient India, Aryabhatta calculated astronomical constants in the 5th century BC and proposed a model where the Earth spins on its axis. Aristotle, in the 4th century BC, realized the Earth was round and its shadow caused lunar eclipses. Ptolemy proposed the geocentric model in the 2nd century, which was adopted by the Christian church and depicted heavenly spheres carrying celestial objects. Copernicus proposed in the 16th century that the Sun was stationary at the center, with planets in circular orbits. Kepler then modified this in the early 17th century to elliptical orbits. Newton developed the law of universal gravitation and

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Ancient to Modern Astronomy

    Astronomy is the oldest natural science which studies objects in the space. Oldest
    usable astronomical observations were recorded in 747 to 733 BC in Nabonassar kingdom of
    Babylon. The observations recorded were 18 years cycle of moon eclipses.

    In ancient India Aryabhatta 550 to 476 BC calculated many astronomical constants


    such as periods of planets, time of moon and sun eclipses etc. He propounded a planetary
    model in which Earth was taken as spinning on own axis and periods of planets given with
    respect to sun.

    Aristotle was next influencing astronomer from Greece. In 340 BC He was the first to
    realise that earth is round not flat, he realized that eclipses of the moon were caused by the
    earth coming between the sun and the moon. The earth’s shadow on the moon was always
    round, which would be true only if the earth was spherical. He also realized that North Star
    appeared lower in the sky when viewed from the south than it did in more northerly regions.
    Since the North Star lies over the North Pole, it appears to be directly above an observer at
    the North Pole, but to someone looking from the equator, it appears to lie just at the horizon.
    Aristotle thought the earth was stationary and that the sun, the moon, the planets, and the
    stars moved in circular orbits about the earth. He believed this because he felt, for mystical
    reasons, that the earth was the centre of the universe.

    Ptolemy in the second century put a complete cosmological model. The earth stood at
    the centre, surrounded by eight spheres that carried the moon, the sun, the stars, and the five
    planets known at that time, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. This model was not
    universally accepted. It was adopted by the Christian church as the picture of the universe
    that was in accordance with Scripture, for it had the great advantage that it left lots of room
    outside the sphere of fixed stars for heaven and hell.

    In early sixteenth century a Polish priest, Nicholas Copernicus given idea that the sun
    was stationary at the centre and the earth and planets move in circular orbits around the sun.
    In 1609 Galileo made telescope and started observing the sky. When he looked at the
    planet Jupiter, he found that it was accompanied by several small satellites or moons that
    orbited around it. This implied that everything did not have to orbit directly around the Sun.
    Johannes Kepler in 1609 modified Copernicus’s theory, suggesting that the planets
    move in elliptical orbits and not in circular orbits.
    In 1687 Newton not only put forward a theory of how bodies move in space, but also
    he developed the complicated mathematics needed to analyse those motions. Newton
    postulated a law of universal gravitation according to which each body in the universe was
    attracted toward every other body by a force. The force of attraction is directly proportional
    to product of masses of two bodies and inversely proportional to square of distance between
    two bodies. Force is stronger for more massive and the closer bodies. Newton went on to
    show that, according to his law, gravity causes the moon to move in an elliptical orbit around
    the earth and causes the earth and the planets to follow elliptical paths around the sun.

    Einstein was the next astronomer. In 1915 Einstein published general theory of
    relativity. According to general theory of relativity, gravitation is not the force of attraction
    but the attraction between two bodies is because of warping or bending the space-time fabric.
    The general theory of relativity became foundation of modern astronomy. It provided
    essential things for current understanding of black holes. Black hole is the object in space
    having huge mass density and because of which the gravitational attraction is such strong
    that not even light can escape from it. Also, he predicted that gravitation is ripples in the
    space-time fabric which propagates as waves. Which prediction was later proved in 2015.
    In 1970 Stephen Hawking proved that universe obeys Einstein’s general theory of
    relativity. Also, he proposed four laws of black hole mechanics. He discovered fundamentals
    of black holes. In 1974 he showed that black holes emit radiation which is now known as
    Hawking Radiation.

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