CHM 421 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT 4 :

SOLUBILITY OF IONIC SALTS IN SEAWATER

NAME : OMMY MADINA BINTI ABDUL HALIM

STUDENT NUMBER : 2019295426

GROUP NUMBER : RAS2451A

LECTURER’S NAME : MOHD HAFIZ BIN YAAKOB

DATE EXPERIMENT : 14 OCTOBER 2019

DATELINE EXPERIMENT : 28 OCTOBER 2019

Abstract :

This experiment about the solubility of ionic salts in seawater which will standardised silver
nitrate solution using known chloride solution that will know the accurate molarity or
concentration of silver nitrate from each of the weighing dry sodium chloride by titration
process.In this part also,the pH value will checked using pH paper.The titration involve 1.0 mL
of potassium chromate as an indicator which is a catalyst to speed up the reaction.From the
titration data,mean value have been calculated.After that,in this experiment also will determine
of the chloride in seawater from analysis of seawater which to calculate the molarity of chloride
from each of the sample and the answer will convert to ppm and then will find the 95 %
confidence interval in ppm from the means of the trial.

Objectives :

1.To Standardise Silver Nitrate Solution Using a Known Chloride Solution

2.To Determine the Chloride Concentration in Seawater.

Introduction:

Precipitation Titration :

A titration process is mostly important process which is the stoichiometric reaction

between two substance and will produce a soluble salt which precipitate out.This is call
precipitation titration.

As example ,The chloride react with the silver nitrate will produce white precipitate of
AgCl before the titration stopped at the endpointin the bottom of the flask.The precipitate
means that amount of silver nitrate is completely react with the chloride.So ,the chloride can be
know the concentration and volume that used to reach endpoint.

Cl-(s) + Ag +(aq) AgCl(S)

Endpoints:

Endpoint means the completion of reaction and the point which just enough titrant to be added
in the burette.The endpoint signals can be detected through colour changes from the presence
of indicator acts as catalyst.In this experiment,chromate ion act as indicator,CrO 42- which turn
Ag2CrO4 to the brick red colour solution.Addition of standard silver ion that react which chloride
ion will give white precipitate from the silver .

At equivalence point, [Ag+] =[Cl-] .There will no precipitate in the Ag 2CrO4 will form because all
the chloride ion are used up,addition of even a drop of silver nitrate will increase the
concentration of silver nitrate.The solubility product constant of silver chromate will exceed and
the red precipitate will show the signal means the titration is now reached.This is known as
Mohr Method .

In this experiment,determination the concentration of chloride ion in seawater using Mohr

Method which standardise the silver nitrate solution that will used for the next to determine
chloride ion in each of the sample.
Method:

A.Standardisation of the Silver Nitrate Solution.

Accurately about 0.020g was weighed of dry sodium chloride . Quantitatively was
transferred into 250 mL conical flask . Approximately 100 mL distilled water was added to
dissolve the salt.The pH of this solution was checked using a pH paper.The pH was adjusted to
between 7 and 10 by adding sulphuric acid or sodium hydroxide if necessary.1.0 mL of 5%
potassium chromate indicator was added . Thoroughly a 50 mL was cleaned with tap water and
a few time was rinsed with distilled water .Then the burette was rinsed and filled with the silver
nitrate (approximately 0.01M) that will standardise .The salt solution earlier was titrated with
the titrant until permanent orange pink colour is obtained . This standardization process was
repeated until have three values that agree with each other.

B. Analysis of Seawater.

Accurately 10.0 mL portion of seawater was measured . The sample was transferred to
100 mL volumetric flask and was diluted to the mark with distilled water . A dropper was used
towards the end to avoid exceeding the line .10.0 mL aliquot of the diluted seawater sample
was pipette into a conical flask .The pH of the solution was ensured which between 7 and 10
using pH paper as above . 1.0 mL of potassium chromate and the standardised silver nitrate
against was titrated.The titration was repeated for another three sample .
Results :

A.Standardisation of the Silver Nitrate Solution.

Rough 1 2
Weight of sodium chloride used (g) 0.0225 0.0257 0.0202
Final reading of silver nitrate 52.20 23.10 28.30
Initial reading of silver nitrate 0.00 0.00 0.00
Volume of silver nitrate (mL) used 52.20 23.10 28.30
Table 1 : Standardisation of the Silver Nitrate Solution.

B. Determination of the Chloride in Seawater

Rough 1 2
Volume of aliquot taken (mL) 10 10 10
Final reading of silver nitrate 31.90 31.50 30.50
Initial reading of silver nitrate 0.00 0.00 0.00
Volume of silver nitrate (mL) used 31.90 31.50 30.50

Table 2 : Analysis of Seawater

Calculation :

A.Standardisation of the Silver Nitrate Solution.

 NaCl(s) + AgNO3 (aq) NaNO3(aq) + AgCl

ROUGH :

Number of moles of NaCl = Mass

Molar Mass

= 0.0225 / 58.45

= 3.849 x 10-4 mol

1 mol of NaCl ≈1 mol of AgNO3

Therefore , 3.849 x 10-4 mol of NaCl ≈ 3.849 x 10-4 mol of AgNO3

Concentration of AgNO3 = Number of moles

Volume

= 3.849 x 10-4 / 52.20 x 10-3

= 0.007 M

1:

Number of moles of NaCl = 0.0257 / 58.45

= 4.397 x 10-4 mol

Concentration of AgNO3 = 4.397 x 10-4 / 23.10 x 10-3

= 0.0019 M

2:

Number of moles of NaCl = 0.0202 / 58.45

= 3.456 x 10-4 mol

Concentration of AgNO3 = 3.456 x 10-4 / 23.10 x 10-3

= 0.122 M

Mean of [ AgNO3 ] = 0.007 M + 0.0019 M + 0.122 M

3
= 0.049 M

B. Determination of the Chloride in Seawater

AgNO3 (aq) + Cl - AgCl + NO3- (aq)

1 mmol of AgNO3 ≈1m mol of Cl- , mmol of AgNO3 ≡mmol of Cl-

ROUGH :

Number of moles of Ag+ = Molarity x Volume

= ( 0.007 mmol / mL ) / 31.90 mL

= 0.2233 mmol

Molarity of Cl- = 0.2233 mmol / 10 mL

= 0.0233 M

1:

Number of moles of Ag+ = Molarity x Volume

= ( 0.019 mmol / mL ) / 31.50 mL

= 0.5985 mmol

Molarity of Cl- = 0.5985 mmol / 10 mL

= 0.0599 M

2:
Number of moles of Ag+ = Molarity x Volume

= ( 0.122 mmol / mL ) / 30.50 mL

= 3.721 mmol

Molarity of Cl- = 3.721 mmol / 10 mL

= 0.3721 M

The molarity of chloride ion, Cl- = 0.0223 M,0.0599 M,0.3721 M

ROUGH :

Mass of Cl- (in mg) = ( 0.2233 mmol ) x ( 35.46 g/mol)

= 7.92 mg

ppm = 7.92 mg / 0.01 L

= 792

1:

Mass of Cl- (in mg) = (0.5985 mmol ) x ( 35.46 g/mol)

= 21.22 mg

ppm = 21.22 mg / 0.01 L

= 2122

2:

Mass of Cl- (in mg) = (3.721 mmol ) x ( 35.46 g/mol)

= 131.95 mg

ppm = 131.95 mg / 0.01 L

 = 13195

The ppm value for each trial is 792 ,2122 and 13195.

95 % confidence interval in ppm :

True Value in Part A (table 1) = 52.20 , 23.10 ,28.30

Mean , x = 52.50 + 23.10 + 28.30

3
= 34.53 mL

xi x (x-xi) (x-xi)2
52.20 34.53 -17.67 312.23
23.10 34.53 11.43 130.64
28.30 34.53 6.23 38.81
Table 3 : Data of 95 % Confidence Interval Σ= 481.68

s = √Σ(xᵢ - x)2/ n – 1

= √ (481.68 )/ 3-1

= 15.52

Confidence limit, μ 95 % = x ± ts / √N

X = 34.53 mL N= 3

Based on Table 1 in the Appendix :

Degree of Freedom = 2 so t = 4.30

Confidence limit, μ 95 % = 34.53 ± 4.30 ( 15.52 / √3 )

= 34.53 ± 38.53

So,The confidence limit range of 95 % between - 4.00 to 38.53

Discussion:

In this experiment,Mohr method show that direct way to determine the chloride ion
concentration in the seawater in the each of the sample.Firstly,standardisation of silver nitrate
show collected as expected data.The expected data show the salt solution will change the
colour from yellow to brick red.1 mL 5% of potassium chromate act as indicator that give the
positive result of the experiment that complete the reaction to change the colour from yellow
to brick red.Make sure that the pH of the solution to between 7 and 10 because it will be
affected of the colour change.Then,analyse the seawater by determination of chloride ion which
the concentration.In this part also, the pH of the salt solution must be same as expected
data.So the titration process that been up should be positive results which change the yellow
solution to brick red.

The standardization of silver nitrate result show that the means of accurate
concentaration in each of the sample which is 0.049 M. The molarity of chloride ion, Cl - is 0.0223
M,0.0599 M,0.3721 M.The molarity will change to ppm to calculate the 95 % confidence
interval. So,The confidence limit range of 95 % between - 4.00 to 38.53.

There are some errors in this experiment that shoul be avoid which is parallex error that
are most commonly errors during reading the burette .Make sure that eye’s level is
perpendicular to the burette reading.Next,the observation during endpoint during colour
change.Every person will have different observation of colour change which eill effect the reach
point that should stop the titration.So this problem can be solve by comparing the colour
changes which friend and ask with the instructor/lecturer.Lastly,the air bubble in the tip of the
burette should be removed because this will effect the endpoint of the solution.This errors can
be avoid by make sure remove the air bubble before adjusting the initial volume and doing the
titration process.Turn the stopcock 360° a few times quickly until the air bubble are
removed.Then adjust the initial volume.

Conclusion :

Standardisation Silver Nitrate Solution Using a Known Chloride Solution will give the
accurate concentration which is 0.0049 M. Determination the Chloride Concentration in
Seawater is to calculate the the molarity of chloride ion in the each of the sample which is
0.0223 M,0.0599 M,0.3721 M. The ppm value for each trial is 792 ,2122 and 13195. So,the
confidence limit range of 95 % between - 4.00 to 38.53
References :

Naz Helmi ,(July 22,2016 ), EXP 4 SOLUBILITY OF IONIC SALTS IN SEA WATER CHM421

Retrieved October 27,2019 from

https://www.scribd.com/document/318994172/EXP-4-SOLUBILITY-OF-IONIC-SALTS-IN-SEA-WATER-
CHM421

Resse Javellana ,(n.d), Chem 23: Precipitation Titration: Determination of the Chloride in the
Sample.Retrieved October 27,2019 from
https://www.academia.edu/28334254/Chem_23_Precipitation_Titration_Determination_of_the_Chlorid
e_in_the_Sample

Question:

1.For this titration,the concentration of the indicator [CrO 42-] is important.In order to give
a colour change at the equivalence point,silver chromate should just start to precipitate
at the point when solution is just saturated with silver chloride (K sp = 1.6 x10-10).Calculate
the concentration of silver ions at the point.
At equivalence point,

[Ag+]=[Cl-]

[Ag2+]=Ksp = 1.6 x10-10 , [Ag+]= 1.26 x10-5 M

2. The solubility product constant,Ksp for silver chromate is 1.1 x10 -12.Determine the
concentration of chromate necessary in the solution to ensure that silver chromate will
start precipitate at the equivalence point.

At equivalence point,

[Ag+]2=[CrO42-]

[Ag2+]=Ksp = 1.1 x10-12 , [Ag+]= 1.049 x10-6 M

So, [CrO42-] = 1.1 x10-12 M.

3.For the purpose of carrying out the experiment ,the concentration of chromate used
less than the value in Question 2.What do you think is the reason for this ?

The concentration of chromate used is less than the value found in Question 2 is
because the greater concentration of Ag+ towards the minimum concentration
required.

4.In previous titration the volume of the solution in the conical flask is not
important.Why is the important in this experiment ?

The titration volume of the solution in the conical flask is not important because in this
experiment will determine the concentration substance by using the volume of
solution.

5.What do you think might be common source of contamination in this titration?

The common source of contamination in this titration is adding too much sodium
chloride to neutral the pH between 7 and 10.