ASSIGNMENT NO 2

NAME: VAIBHAV M. NARKHEDE

BTECH EXTC
171090977

Q.1 Differentiate between WCDMA and CDMA 2000.

WCDMA CDMA2000

Bandwidth 5 MHz 1.25 MHz

Chip Rate 3.84 Mcps 1.2288 Mcps

Power Control Frequency 1500 Hz 800 Hz

Base Station Synchronization No Yes

Frame Length 10 ms 20 ms

Standard 3GPP 3GPP2

Q.2 Explain LTE network architecture.

The high-level network architecture of LTE is comprised of following three main components:
1) The User Equipment (UE):
The Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN).
The Evolved Packet Core (EPC):
The evolved packet core communicates with packet data networks in the outside world such as
the internet, private corporate networks or the IP multimedia subsystem.
The User Equipment (UE):
The internal architecture of the user equipment for LTE is identical to the one used by UMTS
and GSM which is actually a Mobile Equipment (ME). The mobile equipment comprised of the
following important modules:
Mobile Termination (MT):
This handles all the communication functions.
Terminal Equipment (TE):
This terminates the data streams.
Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC):
This is also known as the SIM card for LTE equipment. It runs an application known as the
Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM).
A USIM stores user-specific data very similar to a 3G SIM card. This keeps information about
the user's phone number, home network identity and security keys etc.

2) The E-UTRAN (The access network):

The architecture of the evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) has been
illustrated below.

The E-UTRAN handles the radio communications between the mobile and the evolved packet
core and just has one component, the evolved base stations, called eNodeB or eNB. Each eNB
is a base station that controls the mobiles in one or more cells. The base station that is
communicating with a mobile is known as its serving eNB.
LTE Mobile communicates with just one base station and one cell at a time and there are
following two main functions supported by eNB:
The eBN sends and receives radio transmissions to all the mobiles using the analogue and
digital signal processing functions of the LTE air interface.
The eNB controls the low-level operation of all its mobiles, by sending them signalling
messages such as handover commands.
Each eBN connects with the EPC by means of the S1 interface and it can also be connected to
nearby base stations by the X2 interface, which is mainly used for signalling and packet
forwarding during handover.
A home eNB (HeNB) is a base station that has been purchased by a user to provide femtocell
coverage within the home. A home eNB belongs to a closed subscriber group (CSG) and can
only be accessed by mobiles with a USIM that also belongs to the closed subscriber group
3) The Evolved Packet Core (EPC) (The core network):

Below is a brief description of each of the components shown in the above architecture:
1. The Home Subscriber Server (HSS) component has been carried forward from UMTS
and GSM and is a central database that contains information about all the network
operator's subscribers.
2. The Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (P-GW) communicates with the outside world
ie. packet data networks PDN, using SGi interface. Each packet data network is
identified by an access point name (APN). The PDN gateway has the same role as the
GPRS support node (GGSN) and the serving GPRS support node (SGSN) with UMTS
and GSM.
3. The serving gateway (S-GW) acts as a router, and forwards data between the base
station and the PDN gateway.
4. The mobility management entity (MME) controls the high-level operation of the mobile by
means of signalling messages and Home Subscriber Server (HSS).
5. The Policy Control and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is a component which is not
shown in the above diagram but it is responsible for policy control decision-making, as
well as for controlling the flow-based charging functionalities in the Policy Control
Enforcement Function (PCEF), which resides in the P-GW.
6. The interface between the serving and PDN gateways is known as S5/S8. This has two
slightly different implementations, namely S5 if the two devices are in the same network,
and S8 if they are in different networks.
Q.3 Explain the concept of MIMO.
Ans:-
MIMO:
Multiple Input Multiple Output technology uses multiple antennas to make use of reflected
signals to provide gains in channel robustness and throughput. Wi-Fi, LTE; Long Term
Evolution, and many other radio, wireless and RF technologies are using the new MIMO
wireless technology to provide increased link capacity and spectral efficiency combined with
improved link reliability using what were previously seen as interference paths.
MIMO Basics:
A channel may be affected by fading and this will impact the signal to noise ratio. In turn this will
impact the error rate, assuming digital data is being transmitted. The principle of diversity is to
provide the receiver with multiple versions of the same signal. If these can be made to be
affected in different ways by the signal path, the probability that they will all be affected at the
same time is considerably reduced. Accordingly, diversity helps to stabilize a link and improves
performance, reducing error rate.
Several different diversity modes are available and provide a number of advantages:
Time diversity:
Using time diversity, a message may be transmitted at different times, e.g. using different time
slots and channel coding.
Frequency diversity:
This form of diversity uses different frequencies. It may be in the form of using different
channels, or technologies such as spread spectrum / OFDM.
Space diversity:
Space diversity used in the broadest sense of the definition is used as the basis for MIMO. It
uses antennas located in different positions to take advantage of the different radio paths that
exist in a typical terrestrial environment.
MIMO is effectively a radio antenna technology as it uses multiple antennas at the transmitter
and receiver to enable a variety of signal paths to carry the data, choosing separate paths for
each antenna to enable multiple signal paths to be used.
One of the core ideas behind MIMO wireless systems is space-time signal processing in which
time (the natural dimension of digital communication data) is complemented with the spatial
dimension inherent in the use of multiple spatially distributed antennas, i.e. the use of multiple
antennas located at different points. Accordingly MIMO wireless systems can be viewed as a
logical extension to the smart antennas that have been used for many years to improve
wireless.
It is found between a transmitter and a receiver; the signal can take many paths. Additionally by
moving the antennas even a small distance the paths used will change. The variety of paths
available occurs as a result of the number of objects that appear to the side or even in the direct
path between the transmitter and receiver. Previously these multiple paths only served to
introduce interference. By using MIMO, these additional paths can be used to advantage. They
can be used to provide additional robustness to the radio link by improving the signal to noise
ratio, or by increasing the link data capacity.
The two main formats for MIMO are given below:
Spatial diversity:
Spatial diversity used in this narrower sense often refers to transmit and receive diversity. These
two methodologies are used to provide improvements in the signal to noise ratio and they are
characterized by improving the reliability of the system with respect to the various forms of
fading.
Spatial multiplexing:
This form of MIMO is used to provide additional data capacity by utilizing the different paths to
carry additional traffic, i.e. increasing the data throughput capability.
As a result of the use of multiple antennas, MIMO wireless technology is able to considerably
increase the capacity of a given channel while still obeying Shannon's law. By increasing the
number of receive and transmit antennas it is possible to linearly increase the throughput of the
channel with every pair of antennas added to the system. This makes MIMO wireless
technology one of the most important wireless techniques to be employed in recent years. As
spectral bandwidth is becoming an ever more valuable commodity for radio communications
systems, techniques are needed to use the available bandwidth more effectively. MIMO
wireless technology is one of these techniques.
Q.4 Explain the concept of IMT 2000 family.
IMT-2000 stands for International Mobile Telecommunications-2000, is an initiative of the
International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to create a global standard for wireless data
networks.

When it was created, the goal of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)

was to support data transmission rates of up to 2 Mbps for fixed stations and 384 Kbps for
mobile stations. Note that the “2000” in the term “International Mobile Telecommunications-
2000” refers to the transmission speed (approximately 2000 Kbps), not the deployment date
(which might be several years beyond the year 2000).
IMT-2000 consists of several sets of standards, including the following:
● CDMA2000: A proposed hardware upgrade to the existing Code Division Multiple
Access (CDMA) cellular phone systems used in the United States and in some parts of
Asia
● W-CDMA: A proposed upgrade to Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM)
networks that provide an alternative air interface to CDMA2000 for upgraded CDMA
systems in Europe and Japan
● Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS): A standard for 3G (third-
generation) wireless networks proposed by the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI)
● Universal Wireless Communications (UWC-136): A standard for 3G wireless
networks proposed by the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA)
Because of the fundamental interoperability between the two major types of cellular
communication technologies – Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and CDMA – the ITU
hopes that this initiative will unify wireless mobile communication worldwide by upgrading both
TDMA and CDMA systems to a single global standard. However, the IMT-2000 initiative will not
immediately result in a single worldwide air interface for wireless communication.
The upgrade for CDMA bearers will be simpler and will move them directly from the current IS-
95a standard called CDMAone (the brand name used by the vendor consortium called the
CDMA Development Group for existing data transmission at 16 Kbps) to the proposed
CDMA2000. The upgrade for TDMA bearers can take several different paths – for example,
from TDMA to General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) to Enhanced Data Rates for Global
Evolution (EDGE) to UMTS. Some industry watchers predict that GPRS and IMT-2000 will be
widely adopted worldwide in the next five years, which will give Europe and Asia an edge in
high-speed wireless data communication over the United States, where as many as five
competing systems might be deployed widely.
Frequency bands:
The frequency bands 1885-2025 MHz and 2110-2200 MHz were identified for IMT-2000 by the
ITU in 1992. Terrestrial IMT-2000 networks will operate in the following bands:
● 1920-1980 MHz paired with 2110-2170 MHz,
FDD with mobile stations transmitting in the lower sub-band.
● 1885-1920 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz,
unpaired for TDD operation.
In Europe the TDD band from 1885-1900 MHz is not available for licensed use of IMT-2000, this
is used by cordless telephony (DECT).
In addition to this core-band the frequency band 2500 to 2690 MHz was identified in 2000, of
which the edges, ranging from 2500-2520 and 2670-2690 MHz, are at first identified for satellite
communications. Existing second generation bands (including GSM bands) 806 to 960 MHz,
1429 to 1501 MHz and 1710 to 1885 MHz are also identified for the IMT-2000 in the long term.
3G wireless communication systems are those that provide transmission quality similar to
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) phone systems. First-generation systems are the
analog cellular phone systems such as the Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS) in North
America, and second-generation systems are widely used digital cellular phone systems such
as the Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS), CDMA systems, TDMA systems, and
GSM.
Q.5 What is the concept of software defined radio? Explain in detail.
1. A software defined radio is one that can be configured to any radio or frequency
standard through the use of software.
2. The phone should automatically switch from operating on CDMA frequency to a TDMA
frequency whenever it is required.
3. The user can download Digital Signal Processing Software (DSPS) describing the
desired elemental components with Digital Signal Processing Hardware (DSPH) of only
1 terminal.
4. An SDR is a radio communication system where components that have typically been
implemented in hardware such as mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators, detectors, are
instead implemented in software.
Benefits of SDR:
1. SDR gives freedom to the user to select the most appropriate air interface to be used
based on channel conditions, traffic, cost.
2. SDR reduces the amount of software.
3. It reduces the amount of industrial waste.
4. An SDR can provide software control of a variety of modulation techniques, wideband or
narrowband operations, and security mechanisms.
5. Software-defined radios have significant utility for cell phone services, which must serve
a wide variety of changing radio protocols in real time.

In the ideal SDR, the antenna connects directly to the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) and analog-to-
digital converter (ADC) for the reception path, or the Power Amplifier (PA) and digital-to-analog
converter (DAC) for the transmission path.
The processor handles all radio functions, such as filtering, up/down conversion, modulation
and demodulation, and the digital baseband.
With SDR, the standards are implemented in software, to be loaded and executed in a common
hardware platform consisting of FPGA and DSP chips.
Important SDR capabilities are:
1. The SDR module is capable of reconfiguring RF and can be programmed to tune to a
wide spectrum range and operate on any frequency bands within the range.
 2. SDRs can be quickly and easily upgraded with enhanced features.
3. SDRs can talk and listen to multiple channels simultaneously.
4. Diverse needs for different systems can now be satisfied with a single generic hardware,
thus achieving great interoperability among various wireless networks.
5. The potential of SDR is maximized when combined with spectrum sensing and cognitive
engine.
6. SDR has a broad spectrum of applications for both military and civilian wireless
networks, many of which may require supporting a wide variety of evolving wireless
protocols in real time.
Advantages for Customers:
1. Unlimited global roaming.
2. One terminal for many services.
3. New services provided without needing to upgrade hardware.
4. Bugs fixed without need to recall the product.