Multiple choices questions

1. What is the unit of kc for the following reaction?

Cs 2 (g) + 4H 2 (g) CH 4 (g) + 2H 2 S(g)
2
A) M
B) M
C) M-2
D) M-1

2. Choose the correct equilibrium expression for the reaction,

CO 2 (g) + C(s) 2CO(g)
A) k c = [CO]2 / [CO 2 ][C]
B) k c = [CO] / [CO 2 ]
C) k c = [CO] / [CO 2 ][C]
D) k c = [CO]2 / [CO 2 ]

3. Arrange the following reactions in order of increasing tendency towards completion.

i) 2HI H2 + I2 k p = 1.62 x 10-3
ii) 2NO 2 2NO + O 2 k p = 1.72 x 10-1
iii) N 2 O 4 2NO 2 k p = 1.43 x 10-1
A) I, II, III
B) I, III, II
C) II, I, III
D) III, II, I

4. At equilibrium the measured concentrations for each species are as follows:

[H 2 ] = 0.302 M, [I 2 ] = 0.508 M and [HI] = 0.77 M
Calculate the equilibrium constant, k c for the reaction,
H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g)
A) 5.02
B) 3.86
C) 2.59 x 10-1
D) 1.99 x 10-1

5. The equilibrium constant for the reaction below is 0.65 at 1200K.

3H 2 (g) + CO(g) CH 4 (g) + H 2 O(g)
The system at equilibrium have [CO] = 0.455 M, [H 2 ] = 0.475 M and [H 2 O] = 0.247 M.
What is the concentration of CH 4 at equilibrium?
A) 0.128 M
B) 0.569 M
C) 3.29
D) 7.43 M
6. The equilibrium constant, kc for the reaction
½ H 2 (g) + ½ I 2 (g) HI(g) at 450°C is 7.00.
Calculate the equilibrium constant, k c for the reaction below:
H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g)
A) 3.5
B) 7
C) 14
D) 49

7. If C represents concentration, which of the following equation is correct?

A) C = P / (RT)
B) C = RT / P
C) C = PV / (RT)
D) C = RT / (PV)

8. k p for the following reaction at 2000K is 1.93 x 10-2. Calculate k c at this temperature.
H 2 (g) + Cl 2 (g) 2HCl(g)
A) 6.98 x 10-11
B) 1.93 x 10-2
C) 1.93 x 102
D) 51.81

9. The result of adding water to the following system in equilibrium is

H 2 O(g) + C(s) H 2 (g) + CO(g) ΔH = +2300 kJmol-1
A) k c increases
B) No change of equilibrium constant occurs
C) The equilibrium shift to the left
D) The mass of carbon increases

10. For the following reaction at equilibrium, which reaction shifts to the right if the volume of the
reacting mixtures is reduced?
A) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g)
B) H 2 O(s) H 2 O(l)
C) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g) PCl 5 (g)
D) 2NOBr(g) 2NO(g) + Br 2 (g)

11. Which of the following forward reactions favour the increase in temperature and decrease in
pressure?
A) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) ΔH = -92 kJ
B) 2NO(g) N 2 (g) + O 2 (g) ΔH = -180 kJ
C) N 2 (g) + 2O 2 (g) 2NO 2 (g) ΔH = +66 kJ
D) CO 2 (g) + C(s) 2CO(g) ΔH = +1725 kJ
12. The pH of a solution at 298 K is 2.6. What is the H+ concentration (in mol/dm3) of the solution?
A) 2.5 x 10-3
B) 2.6
C) 14.1
D) 2.6 x 10-3

13. A solution is prepared by mixing together aqueous solutions of CH 3 COOH and CH 3 COONa.
Which of the following gives the [H+] concentration of the mixture?
A) [H+] = k a ([CH 3 COOH] / [CH 3 COONa])
B) [H+] = [CH 3 COOH] / k a
C) [H+] = [CH 3 COOH] [CH 3 COONa]
D) [H+] = [CH 3 COONa] / [CH 3 COOH]

14. The degree of dissociation of a weak acid, HA at pH 2 is 0.02. What is the concentration of
HA?
A) 1 x 10-5 mol/dm3
B) 2 x 10-4 mol/dm3
C) 3x 10-5 mol/dm3
D) 5x 10-1 mol/dm3

15. The pH of a 1 x 10-2 mol/dm3 acid HA is 4. What is the pk a value for HA?
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

16. Which of the following changes cause the reaction at equilibrium to proceed to the right.
I) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) (remove NH 3 )
II) BaO(s) + SO 3 (g) BaSO 4 (s) (add BaO)
III) 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) (add SO 3 )
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I

17. A student placed a solution in ice and observed that the colour of the solution turns blue.
Cu(H 2 O) 4 2+(blue) + 4Cl- CuCl 4 2-(green) + 4H 2 O
This behaviour shows that
I) The reaction is endothermic in the forward reaction
II) By heating the solution will change to green
III) k p equals to k c at equilibrium
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I
18. Which of the following factor(s) increase the equilibrium constant, k c ?
I) Increase the temperature of the reaction that in endothermic in the forward reaction
II) Reduce the concentration of the reactants
III) Add a catalyst to reduce the activation energy of the reaction
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I

19. Which one of the following is a correct statement about the effect of a catalyst?
A) It increases the equilibrium constant for the forward reaction
B) It increases the rate constant for the forward reaction but not that of the back reaction
C) It increases the yield of product in an equilibrium
D) It provides an alternative route for a reaction

20. In the mixture of NO and CO 2 (initially containing 4 mol of NO and 0.9 mol of CO 2 ) reaction
occurs according to the equation below.
NO(g) + CO 2 (g) NO 2 (g) + CO(g)
At equilibrium, 0.1 mol of CO 2 was present. What is the equilibrium constant, k c , at the
temperature of this experiment?
A) 0.2
B) 0.5
C) 1.6
D) 2

21. The pH of a 1.0 mol/dm3 solution of a weak monobasic acid is 4. What is the dissociation
constant of the weak acid?
A) 1 x 10-2 mol/dm3
B) 1 x 10-4 mol/dm3
C) 1 x 10-7 mol/dm3
D) 1x 10-8 mol/dm3

22. The dissociation of dinitrogen tetraoxide into nitrogen dioxide is represented by the equation
below.
N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) �H = +57.2 kJ/mol
If the temperature of an equilibrium mixture of the gases is increased at constant pressure, the
volume of the mixture will
A) Increase, but only because of a shift of equilibrium towards the right
B) Increase, both because of a shift of equilibrium towards the right and also because of
thermal expansion
C) Stay the same, because any thermal expansion could be exactly counteracted by a shift of
equilibrium towards the left
D) Decrease, because a shift of equilibrium towards the left would more than counteract any
thermal expansion
23. Two equilibria are shown below.
Reaction I: 2X 2 (g) + Y 2 (g) 2X 2 Y(g)
Reaction II: X 2 Y(g) X 2 (g) + 1/2Y 2 (g)
The numerical value of k c for reaction I is 2. Under the same conditions, what is the numerical
value of k c for reaction II?
A) 1

2
B) ½
C) ¼
D) -1

24. Which one of the statements about the forward and reverse reactions, P + Q R + S, is correct
when the system is at equilibrium?
A) The ratio of the rates of the forward reaction to that of the reverse reaction equals the
equilibrium constant
B) The rates of both the forward and the reverse reactions are equal to zero
C) The rates of the forward and reverse reactions are equal
D) The rate constant for the forward reaction equals the rate constant for the reverse reaction

25. Which one of the following statements is correct about a reaction for which the equilibrium
constant is independent of temperature?
A) The activation energies for both forward and reverse reactions are zero
B) The enthalpy change is zero
C) Its rate constants do not vary with temperature
D) There are equal numbers of moles of reactants and products

26. Hydrogen and iodine vapour exist in equilibrium with hydrogen iodide at a constant
temperature in a gas syringe.
H2 + I2 2HI
Which of the following will increase when the pressure is increased at constant temperature?
[Assume that the mixture shows ideal behaviour]
A) The energy of activation
B) The enthalpy change
C) k p
D) The partial pressure of hydrogen iodide

27. The following equilibrium exists in a mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated
sulphuric acid.
HNO 3 + 2H 2 SO 4 NO 2 + + 2HSO 4 - + H 3 O+
Which statement about this equilibrium is correct?
A) Addition of H 2 O will reduce the NO 2 + concentration
B) HNO 3 and NO 2 + are a conjugate acid-base pair
C) The nitric acid acts as an oxidising agent
D) The sulphuric acid acts as a dehydrating agent
28. Nitrogen dioxide decomposes on heating according to the following equation.
2NO 2 (g) 2NO(g) + O 2 (g)
When 4 mol of nitrogen dioxide were put into a 1 dm3 container and heated, the equilibrium
mixture contained 0.8 mol of oxygen.
What is the numerical value of the equilibrium constant, k c , at the temperature of the
experiment?
A) 0.8 x 0.8 / 2.4
B) 0.82 x 0.8 / 42
C) 1.6 x 0.6 / 2.42
D) 1.62 x 0.8 / 2.42

29. Each of the following equilibria is subjected to two changes carried out separately:
(I) the pressure is reduced at constant temperature
(II) the temperature is increased at constant pressure
For which equilibrium will both of these changes result in an increase in the proportion of
products?
A) H 2 (g) + I 2 (g) 2HI(g) ∆H = +53 kJ/mol
B) 4NH 3 (g) 5O 2 (g) 4NO(g) + 6H 2 O(g) ∆H = -950 kJ/mol
C) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) ∆H = -92 kJ/mol
D) N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g) ∆H = +57 kJ/mol

30. Methanol is manufactured industrially by the catalytic reaction shown.

CO(g) + 2H 2 (g) CH 3 OH(g); ΔH = -92 kJ/mol
The operating conditions are:
250°C, a pressure between 50 atm and 100 atm, a copper-based catalyst
Which factor influences the choice of these conditions?
A) The catalyst increase the equilibrium yield of methanol
B) At lower pressures, the rate of formation of methanol increases
C) At lower temperatures. The equilibrium yield of methanol increases
D) At lower temperatures, the rate of formation of methanol increases

31. For which equilibrium does k c have no units?

A) C(s) + H 2 O(g) CO(g) + H 2 (g)
B) CH 3 OH(l) + CH 3 CO 2 H(l) CH 3 CO 2 CH 3 (l) + H 2 O(l)
C) Cu2+(aq) + 4NH 3 (aq) Cu(NH 3 ) 4 2+(aq)
D) N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g)

32. For the gas phase reaction

2X + Y 2Z; ∆H = -x kJ/mol
the yield of Z at equilibrium could be increased by
I) increasing the pressure
II) increasing the temperature
III) using a catalyst
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I
33. Which of the following statements are true about the Haber process for the manufacture of
ammonia?
I) At higher temperatures, the yield goes down but the rate of production of ammonia is faster
II) At higher pressure, the yield goes down but the rate of production of ammonia is faster
III) In the presence of a catalyst, the yield goes down but the rate of production of ammonia is
faster
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I

34. A reversible reaction is catalysed.

Which of the following statements about this system are correct?
I) The catalyst alters the mechanism of the reaction
II) The catalyst reduces the energy of activation (the energy barrier) for both the forward and
the backward reaction
III) The catalyst alters the composition of the equilibrium mixture
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I

35. Poly(tetrafluoroethene) is a polymer used as a coating in non-stick kitchen utensils and for
replacement bone joints. One of the stages in the manufacture of the polymer is
2CHClF 2 (g) C 2 F 4 (g) + 2HCl(g); ∆H = +128 kJ/mol
Which of the following conditions will shift this equilibrium to the right?
I) high temperature
II) high pressure
III) using a catalyst
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I

36. One explanation of the explosion at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986 is that the
graphite reactor overheated and reacted with the cooling water according to the following
equation.
C(s) + H 2 O(g) H 2 (g) + CO(g); ∆H = +131kJ/mol
Which are possible reason why the forward reaction is more likely to occur at high
temperature?
I) hydrogen and carbon monoxide do not react at high temperature
II) at lower temperature, the position of equilibrium lies too far to the left
III) the energy of activation is high
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I
37. What can affect the magnitude of the equilibrium constant, k p , of a reversible gaseous reaction?
I) temperature
II) pressure
III) catalysts
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I

38. The reaction shown is reversible.

N 2 O 4 (g) 2NO 2 (g); H = +61.7 kJ/mol
When, at the same temperature, the pressure is increased, which of the following decrease?
I) the proportion of NO 2 (g) present at equilibrium
II) the value of the equilibrium constant k p
III) the activation energies of both forward and reverse reactions
A) I, II, III
B) I, II
C) II, III
D) I

39. A gas X dissociates on heating to set up the equilibrium below.

X(g) ⇌ Y(g) + Z(g)
A quantity of X was heated at constant pressure P at a certain temperature. The equilibrium partial
pressure of X was found to be 1/7 P. What is the equilibrium constant k p at this temperature?
A) 6/7 P
B) 9/7 P
C) 36/7 P
D) 6 P

40. A nitrogen-hydrogen mixture, initially in the mole ratio of 1:3, reached equilibrium with ammonia
when 50% of the nitrogen had reacted. The total final pressure was p.
N 2 + 3H 2 ⇌ 2NH 3
What was the partial pressure of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture?
A) p / 8
B) p / 6
C) p / 4
D) p / 3
41.
Structural Questions

1. A closed container consist of two gases, colourless dinitrogen tetraoxide (N 2 O 4 ) and brown
nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) is in dynamic equilibrium.
i) Write the equilibrium equation for the reaction.

ii) Explain the term equilibrium.

iii) Write the mass action law (chemical law) for k c and k p .

iv) Plot a graph of concentration against time for the reaction.

2. What does kc represent? Write the equilibrium constant expression k c for the reaction below.
PCl 5 (g) PCl 3 (g) + Cl 2 (g)

3. What does k p represent? Write equilibrium constant expressions, k p for the reaction below.
H 2 O(g) + CO(g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g)

4. Write the equilibrium constant expression for k c and k p for the following reactions.
i) N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g)

ii) HCl(aq) +H 2 O(l) H 3 O+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

iii) C 2 H 4 (g) + H 2 O(g) CH 3 CH 2 OH(g)

iv) 2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl 2 (g)

5. Write the equilibrium constant expression for k c and k p for the following processes.
i) 2H 2 O(l) 2H 2 (g) + O 2 (g)

ii) CaCO 3 (s) CaO(s) + CO 2 (g)

iii) 2PbS(s) + 3O 2 (g) 2PbO(s) + 2SO 2 (g)

iv) 2NH 3 (g) + CO 2 (g) NH 4 CO 2 NH 2 (s)

6. When 0.2 mol of I 2 and 0.2 mol of H 2 are heated to equilibrium at 650°C in a 1 liter vessel, the
equilibrium mixture contains 0.044 M of I 2.
I 2 (g) + H 2 (g) 2HI(g)
i) What are the equilibrium concentration of H 2 and HI?

ii) Calculate the equilibrium concentration k c .

7. The equilibrium constant k c for the reaction

CO(g) + H 2 O(g) CO 2 (g) + H 2 (g)
is 1.56 at 1000K. Calculate the concentration of each species at equilibrium if initially 0.80 mol
of CO and 0.80 mol of H 2 O are mixed in a 5 L flask.

8. State Le Chatelier's principle.

9. A system at equilibrium is presented by the equation
N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) ΔH = +22kJ
Indicate how the system will respond to the stress when,
i) The temperate is increased

ii) More N 2 is added

iii) Some NH 3 is removed

iv) The pressure is increased

v) Catalyst is added

10.
10. i) Use Le Chatelie's principles to predict and explain how the following changes affect a
system at equilibrium.
Heat + MgCO 3 (s) MgO(s) + CO 2 (g)
a) Increase the pressure of the system

b) Increase the temperature of the system

c) Increase the amount of MgCO 3

ii) Which of the above effect changes the equilibrium constant, k c .

11. The equilibrium reaction

2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g) ΔH = -196kJ/mol
is used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid and uses vanadium (V) oxide as the catalyst.
i) Write the expression for k c for this equilibrium.

ii) What effect does the catalyst have on the position of equilibrium in this reaction?
12. Ethane can be cracked at high temperature to yield ethene and hydrogen according to the
equation
C 2 H 6 (g) C 2 H 4 (g) + H 2 (g)
The standard enthalpy of formation of ethene is positive, whereas that of ethane is negative.
i) Discuss the effect on the equilibrium constant, k p of change to
a) The temperature

b) The pressure

ii) Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, k p , for this cracking reaction, given that 1.0
mol of ethane under an equilibrium pressure of 180 kPa at 1000K can be cracked to
produce an equilibrium yield of 0.36 mol of ethene.

13. Define Arrhenius acids and bases.

14. Define Brønsted-Lowry acids and bases.

15. Write the ionisation equations of HCOOH(aq) in water and label the conjugate pairs.

16. Calculate the pH of 0.002 M HClO 4 (aq), k a = 1.5 x10-4

17. Calculate the pH of 0.002 M Ba(OH) 2 (aq), k b = 1.5 x10-4

18. Calculate the pH of 0.1 M C 3 H 7 COOH (k a = 1.5 x 10-5).

19. Calculate the pH of 0.5 M C 2 H 5 NH 2 (aq) with k b = 5.6 x 10-4

20. i) Define an acid and a base according to the Lowry-Brønsted theory.

ii) Name the acids and their bases for the following forward reactions.
a) CH 3 NH 2 + H 2 SO 4 CH 3 NH 3 + + HSO 4 -

b) HClO 4 + CH 3 COOH ClO 4 - + CH 3 COOH 2

c) HNO 3 + H 2 SO 4 H 2 NO 3 + + HSO 4 -

d) [Al(H 2 O) 6 ]3+ + H 2 O [Al(H 2 O) 5 OH]2+ + H 3 O+

21. i) What is k a ? Explain.

ii) What is k b ? Explain.

22. The H+ concentration of a 0.15 mol/dm3 of an acid, HA is 1.3 x 10-4 mol/dm3. Calculate
i) The degree of dissociation

ii) The k a value of the acid

23. A nitrogen-hydrogen mixture, initially in the mole ratio of 1:3, reached equilibrium with
ammonia when 30% of the nitrogen had reacted. The total final pressure was 10atm.
N 2 + 3H 2 ⇌ 2NH 3 .What was the partial pressure of ammonia in the equilibrium mixture?