SECTION “MUNICIPAL HYGIENE”

THEME № 9. HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO THE MICROCLIMATE.

Concept about climate and microclimate.

Climate – it is average long-term complex of physical parameters of ground layer of
atmosphere in significant territory (region, country, etc.): meteorological, synoptic, geliogeophysical.
Microclimate – it is physical parameters of air in small territory (quarter, street) or in rooms.
Major factors of microclimate:
It is temperature, humidity, speed of air movement, atmospheric pressure (it in rooms varies a
little, therefore it is usual is not taken into account at estimation microclimate).
Influence microclimate on an organism of the person.
The microclimate basically influences on the thermoregulation system of organism of the
person.
Thermoregulation System of organism of the person.
It is consist from 2 kinds: chemical (heat-production) and physical (heat-return), at the healthy
person it are in dynamic balance.
THE SYSTEM OF THERMOREGULATION
CHEMICAL Q1 (thermogenesis),
PHYSICAL Q2 (Thermoreturn) Q1 = Q2

CHEMICAL Q1 (thermogenesis)
Depends from Т of air (Zone of apathy - 15-250 С)
Below 15 0С - rising heat-production
Above 25 0С - decreasing heat-production
Above 35 0С – may be failures of thermoregulation (Thermal fatigue, Thermal edema foots, Thermal
attrition, Thermal cramps, Thermal shock, Thermal syncope)

PHYSICAL THERMOREGULATION (Thermoreturn):

1. HEAT - CODUCTION (30-40 %)
А) Convection - to air (depends from Т, Е, V)
B) Conduction - to subjects (depends from Т of a subject, it thermal conductivity and area contact to a
subject)
2. HEAT - EVAPORATION (10-15 %) –evaporation of sweat. Depends from Т, Е, V of air
3. HEAT - IRRADIATION (40-45 %). Depends from radiative Т – Difference between Temperature
environmental objects and temperature of a body (36,60C).
_______________________________________________________________________
Legends: Т - temperature, Е - humidity, V - speed moving air

Chemical thermoregulation - formation heat in organism by biochemical processes. At the

healthy person the level of heat-production basically depends on temperature of air (through
thermoreceptors in skin and the centers of thermoregulation in CNS).
The zone of indifference for heat-production is in a range air temperature 15-25 0С, when it is
lower – strengthening thermoregulation (trembling muscles on a cold), when it is higher – decrease
heat-production (up to 350С), then can be violations of thermoregulation (increase heat-production in
conditions high temperature).

Kinds of infringements thermoregulation in a hot climate:

Thermal exhaustion, thermal hypostases legs, thermal exhaustion in view of loss water and
salts by perspiration, thermal spasms, heatstroke, thermal faint.

Physical thermoregulation – heat-return. There are 3 ways heat-return to environment:

1) Heat-conduction: to air - convection, to subjects - conduction.
The size of convection depends from temperature, humidity, speed air movement. The size of
conduction depends from temperature of a subject, its thermal capacity (heat conductivity) and the
area of contact.
2) Heat-evaporation - evaporation sweat. The size of it depends on temperature, humidity
(inverse relationship) and speed air movement.
3) Heat-radiation – radiating heat by infrared (IR) beams. Depends on radiating temperature
(difference between body temperature and temperature of environmental subjects).
In normal conditions the person loses 30 % of heat by heat-conduction, 15 % - heat-
evaporation and 55 % - heat-radiation.

THE SPECIFICATIONS MICROCLIMATE FOR DIFFERENT PREMISES AND DEVICES FOR IT

INVESTIGATION
Factor microclimate Kind of premise Specifications
Temperature of air Inhabited rooms 18-22 С
Devices: thermometers, Sports halls 16-18 С
thermograph Operational 22-25 С
Air humidity Inhabited rooms 40-60 %
Devices: Psychrometer, Operational up to 55%
hygrometer
Speed of air Inhabited rooms 0,2-0,4 m/s
Devices: anemometer, Child establishments 0,07-0,1 m/s
Catathermometer

1. Temperature of air.
Optimum range for any rooms is 18-22 0С. In sports halls - 16-18 0С, in operational - 23-250С
(prevention postoperative cold complications, because patient is under narcosis and centers of
thermoregulation do not work).
Temperature of air, instruments and methods of its measuring
The instruments measuring temperature of air are called thermometers.
The thermometers may be: home, minimum and maximal.
The home thermometer - shows temperature in the given instant, it does not fix the temperature.
The minimum thermometer fixes least temperature for any period. The minimum thermometers have
inside tank with alcohol.
The maximal thermometer fixes greatest temperature for any period. The maximal thermometers
have inside tank with Hydrargyrum. The medical thermometers are maximal thermometers.
Rules of measurement of temperature of air in a room.
1. Measurement of temperature of air on a horizontal.
Temperature of air measurings at a distance of 1,5 meters from a floor in five points. First, second,
third, fourth point are in four corners of a room. The fifth point is at centre of a room. The odds
between metrics of temperature of air in these points should be no more 2 0С.
2. Measurement of temperature of air on a vertical.
Temperature of air measurings at centre of a room apart 0,1 meters from a floor (there are legs of
the man) and 1,5 meters from a floor (are organs of respiration of the man). The odds between
metrics of temperature of air in these points should be no more 2,5 0С.
3. Measurement of temperature of air within day.
Temperature in a room in the morning, day, evening and night is measured. The odds between these
metrics should be no more 5 0С at local heating (fireplaces, furnace).
The odds between these metrics should be no more 3 0С at the centralized heating (battery of central
heating).

THE THERMOGRAPH
 Purpose - for definition and record of fluctuations of temperature of air in time.
Device and principle of work:
1. A perceiving part - gauge of temperature - bent bimetallic a plate consisting of 2 metals,
having various temperature factors. At fluctuations of temperature radius of curvature of a plate
changes, that with the help of system of levers (lever, draft, regulator, axis - the transfer mechanism)
- is transferred to an pointer.
2. A recording part: the pointer, which on the end has pen, writing on a tape drawn on hours
and days of change of temperature.
- drum with the hour mechanism. The tape is reeled - up on a rotating drum; the drum can
make a complete revolution for one day (daily) or for one week (week).
Thermograph provides continuous registration of temperature of air in a range from -45 up to
0
+55 С with accuracy +10.

2. Humidity of air.
Kinds of humidity:
а) Absolute – amount of water pairs in air now (g / m3 or mm. Hg.)
b) Maximal - the greatest possible saturation air by water pairs at given temperature,
c) Relative = absolute / maximal in %%.
Norm of air humidity is 40-60 % (30-70 %), at smaller humidity - dryness of skin and mucous
membranes, at the greater - infringement heat-return. In operational - up to 55 % (prevention
explosion narcotic-air mix).

Devices for measurement of humidity of air:

AUGUST’S PSYCHROMETER
ASSMAN’S PSYCHROMETER (Aspirational)
 Definition of air humidity. To moisten the thermometer with water, to start by a key the fan, to
hang up the device on a support on distance 2 m from a floor.
The device can use and at negative temperatures, but is not lower –10 0С. Through 4-5 mines
write down the indications of dry and damp thermometers. As from a surface of a mercury ball of the
damp thermometer there is an evaporation of a moisture and absorption of heat, it will show lower
temperature.
Calculation of absolute humidity make under the formula:
А = -0,5 (t - t1) Н
755
A - absolute humidity;
f - maximal pressure (voltage) water pairs at temperature of the damp thermometer;
0,5 - constant psychrometic factor (amendment on speed of movement of air);
t - temperature of the dry thermometer;
t 1 - temperature of the damp thermometer;
Н - baromethric pressure;
755 - average baromethric pressure.
Maximal pressure (voltage) water pairs at t damp (f) and dry (F) thermometers determine
under the tables.
Relative humidity (R) expect under the formula:
R = А х 100
F
R - relative humidity;
A - absolute humidity;
F - maximal humidity at temperature of the dry thermometer.

3. Speed and direction air movement.

Norm air speed is 0,2-0,4 m / sec (on sensations of the person), in a day nursery - up to 0,1
m / sec (colds).
Measurement air speed - anemometr (more than 1 m/sec) or catatermometr (less than 1
m/sec) under the formula Hill.
For investigation direction air movement on open places use windvanes. Construction wind
rose - graphic representation primary direction air movement in the given district - is very important at
accommodation various objects.

Devises for estimation spped movement of air

1) ANEMOMETER

The large pointer goes on a dial having 100 divisions, designating meters; small pointers
moves on a dial having 10 divisions and showing hundreds, thousand, tens thousand and more than
meters. Each small pointer shows at a complete revolution in 10 times the large sizes, than previous
pointer; for example, the transition of the first small pointer to one division (100m) is equaled to a
complete revolution of the large pointer; the movement on one division of the second small pointer is
equaled to a complete revolution of the first small pointer etc.
At supervision become the person to a wind and establish the device, that the dial was
inverted to the observer. Write down the indications of pointers (large establish on zero), give to
rotate 1-2 minutes empty, and then include the counter anemometer, starting up simultaneously in a
course a stop watch. In 10 minutes the counter switch off and write down the new indications of
pointers. A difference in the indications between the second meters, by an air flow for the period of
supervision. The found number of meters divide into amount of seconds of work anemometer.
 2) KATATHERMOMETER

The very weak currents of air determine with the help katathermometer (cylindrical or
spherical), representing special spirit thermometer with a scale 35-38 0 or 33-40 0.
At first determine cooling ability of air. For it katathermometer lower in hot water (about 80 0C) and
heat up so long as the spirit will not rise up to half of top expansion of a capillary. After that the device
wipe and hang up on a support or hold on the extended hand in a place of supervision, protecting
thus from action of sun energy by means of a small screen (cardboard, plywood). Then keep up on a
stop watch, during how much minutes pole of spirit will be lowered from 38 up to 35 0; experience
make twice and calculate average meaning.
CAA expect under the formula:
Н = F/t (mCal per one second/sm2),
where F - the factor katathermometer (is designated on the back party of each device),
t- time of cooling katathermometer.
Calculate speed of movement of air knowing CAA under the formula Hill.
For definition of speed of movement of air use the formula Hill:
2
 H 
  0,2
Q
X
 0,4 
 , where Н — cooling ability of air, Q — a difference between temperature of body of
 
 
the man (36,5оС) and temperature of a premise(room), 0,2 and 0,4 — empirical factors, Х — speed
of movement of air in m/s. (for small speeds up to 1m\s)
4. Athmospheric pressure.
Devises for estimation athmosphere pressure
BAROMETER

The barometer
consists of a vacuum metal
box with elastic wavy walls.
The fluctuations of
atmospheric pressure are
reflected in volume and form
of a box, which walls at
increase of pressure
прогибаются inside, and at
reduction of pressure are
straightened. These changes
by means of a spring and
systems are transferred to an
arrow driven on a dial, on
which the divisions
appropriate to a scale of a
mercury barometer are put.
The figures of a scale designate hundreds and tens millimeters of a mercury pole, units count on
intermediate divisions of a scale. Before readout it is necessary cautiously to knock on glass of the
device to overcome friction of metal transfer parts. On a dial there is also thermometer, which
indications are necessary for writing down
The metal barometers are less exact, than mercury, but портативны and are convenient in
circulation. Some of them have the second arrow for a mark of pressure at the given moment.
BAROGRAPH

For continuous supervision over fluctuations of atmospheric pressure use self-write the device
- barograph, perceiving which part makes a number boxes connected with each other. At change of
pressure these boxes move, that is transferred on systems to an arrow with pen, rotating with speed
of one complete revolution per week. All components of the device are made in a case, which opens
only at change of tapes.

Methods of complex estimation microclimate.

 Overall objective - estimation all factors of microclimate in a complex by one parameter.
1. Catatermometry.
Was offered by American scientist Hill in 1916. Speed of cooling of the heated up body
depending on 3 factors of microclimate. Catatermometr is model of person body, heated up to
36,60C. Cooling ability of air (H) under the formula is determined:
H = F / t (millicalories / sm2 sec)
(F - the factor of catatermometr - specific heat-return, t - time of cooling catatermometr from 380C up
to 350C in seconds).
Norm H is 5,5 - 7 mcal / sm2 sec. Less - it is hot, it is stuffy, more - it is cold. This method now
applied to measurement small speeds air movement - under formulas Hill.
2. Method of effective temperatures.
It was developed for Navy USA (submarines etc.). The microclimate was estimated on thermal
state of the person at mass inspection seamen in the special chamber with were such parameters of
microclimate: Е (humidity) = 100 %, V (Speed air movement) = 0 m / sec, varied only temperature of
air.
The comfort zone on thermal state of people under these conditions makes 17,2-21,7 0 EТ. A
line of comfort 18,1-18,90 EТ.
Effective temperatures are determined on nomogrammes or by tables with the help of
indications of dry and damp thermometers of Psychrometr and speed air movement.
The further updating this method - method equivalent - effective temperatures (EEТ). Were
created chambers where were varied Е (humidity) or V (Speed of movement of air) so that the
thermal state of the person corresponded to EТ in a zone of comfort. In result were developed tables
for automatic air conditioning through the computer.
Application methods of complex estimation microclimate:
1) At air conditioning in the closed premises (rooms) of long stay - spacecrafts, planes, submarines.
2) In health resorts science - for dozation air procedures.
3) For improvement hygienic working conditions at hot departments in industry.
Except for these methods, the microclimate can be estimated on thermal state people, which
are taking place in the given premise (room):
а) A way of questioning- interrogation people in a premise about their thermal feeling - 7 mark scale
heat-feeling (but many people are necessary for inspection),
b) A method of skin (dermal) temperatures by the electrothermometer:

Temperature Temperature skin Temperature back t1 - t2 Thermal feeling

of forehead (t1) of the hand (t2
10 31,2 24,2 >6 cold
20 33,5 29,1 3-4 comfort
30 35,3 33,1 2,2 hot
35 35,8 35,6 < 1,5 Very hot

c) A technique of measurement evaporation - on electroresistibility of skin, by means of special dyes.

INSTRUCTION FOR PRACTICAL LESSON ON THE THEME

LESSON N 1. Hygienic requirements to factors of microclimate

The basic educational questions on a theme
1.Concept about a climate and microclimate
2.Hygienic importance of temperature of air and rule of measurement.
3.Hygienic importance of humidity of air and methods of definition.
4.Hygienic importance of speed of movement of air and methods of definition.
5.Characteristic of a microclimate of hospital wards and operational, other premises (rooms)
6.Concept about “rose of winds”, its hygienic estimation.
The educational tasks and concrete definition of the tasks
1.To know devices for definition of temperature, humidity of air. To take possession of a technique of
definition temperature and humidity of air in premises (rooms).
2.To know structure and rules of work of devices for definition temperature in degrees on a scale Celsium: the
thermometer minimal; the thermometer maximal; the thermometer household; the thermometer electronic;
thermograp. (see appendixes)
3.The definition of humidity of air will be carried out with use psichrometer Assman and August with use of the
formulas and psichometric tables.
4.Devices for study speed of movement of air. A technique of definition speed of movement of air in an
audience. Structure and rules of work of devices for definition of speed of movement of air: anemometer.
5.A technique of construction “ roses of winds ” and it hygienic estimation

Concept of " Rose of winds "

Winds blow permanently in atmosphere. The direction of a wind is: north - east, north, north – west, west,
south – west, south, south – east, east. The direction of a wind is determined with point whence wind blows.
Ill. 1.

N N-E
N-W

W       E

S–W S-E
S

Example :

Wind blow with West during 2 days 

Wind blow from East during 8 days        

Graphic picture of the frequency of wind by the different directions during in some space
of time is called " Rose of winds ". The direction of a wind is revolted from the centre of
picture. Points of the direction of a wind is connected with line.
In this picture wind blow from east more often than not.
Scientists utilize " Rose of winds " in order that construct industriel enterprises, hospitals, dwelling – houses.
Idustriel enterprises must construct in zone of town where wind blow
least of all.
Example:
Where must be industrial enterprises, hospitals, dwelling – houses construct?
Solution
Idustriel enterprises must not construct in the east of town. They must construct in other
zones of town (north - east, west, south ). The town make not one-self dirty with
industrial poisons under these conditions. Hospitals must construct in the east of town
( the most clean zone of town ). Living houses must construct in the north, north – west,
south – west, south – east, east of town.

The tests for the control level of knowledge

1. What is “ rose of winds ”?
the graphic image frequency of winds in the given district
2. What there are devices for definition of humidity?
1. Psychrometer
2. Thermograph
3. Hygrometer
4. Anemometer
5. Windvanes
3. The optimum norm of relative humidity for premises(rooms) is:
1. 40-60%
2. 30-70%
3. 10-30%
4.In an educational room on 5 lesson have found out such parameters of a microclimate: temperature 25 0С,
relative humidity 79 %, speed of movement of air 0,1m/c. On what physiological parameters is found out
adverse influence of a microclimate on a functional condition of nervous system of the schoolboys?
1. parameters of work capacity and chronorephlexometria
2. pulse, frequency of breath, vital capacity easy
3. parameters of work capacity
4. temperature of a body, chronorephlexometria
5. In what operational more favorable microclimate for the working surgeons?
1. temperature – 23 0 C; relative humidity - 40 %; speed of movement of air - 0,03 m/s
2. Т - 25 0С; Humidity - 45 %; Movements of air - 0,09 m/s
3. Т – 23 0С; Humidity - 40 %; Movements of air - 0,1 m/s
4. Т – 24 0С; Humidity - 30 %; Movements of air - 0,05 m/s
5. Т – 25 0С; Humidity - 50 %; Movements of air - 0,08 m/s
6. The relative humidity of air in hospital ward answers hygienic norm. Specify optimum size.
1. 30 - 60 %
2. 30 - 70 %
3. 30 - 80 %
4. 20 - 40 %
5. 20 - 50 %

Situational tasks
1.At inspection of conditions of stay of the patients in hospital is established: the area of ward for 1 cot 6m2,
average temperature of air – 18 o C, humidity - 60 %, speed of movement of air - 0,18m\s. Give a hygienic
estimation to a microclimate in ward.
2. In city Н. the construction of a machine-building factory is provided. On long-term supervision the
repeatability of winds (in percentage) makes: C - 14, СВ - 5, B - 2, ЮВ - 6, Ю - 19, ЮЗ - 26, СЗ - 18. Specify
an optimum direction of accommodation of a machine-building factory in relation to seliteb territory of city.

The standards of the answers:

1.A microclimate in ward – satisfactory, all parameters correspond to the hygienic specifications.
2.East since the repeatability of winds from east direction was equaled 2 %, that is the least meaning.

Sources of the information.

The basic literature:
1. I.I.Даценко, Р.Д.Габович. Профiлактична медицина.- Київ, Здоров'я.- 1999.- 694с.
2.Е.И.Гончарук, В.Г.Бардов Г.И.Румянцев. Общая гигиена.- Київ, “ Вища школа ”, 2000.- 652с.
3. Е.И.Гончарук. Руководство к практическим занятиям по коммунальной гигиене.- Москва, 1990.-
236с.
4.Р.Д.Габович. Гигиена.- Киев: ” Вища школа ” 1983. – 320с.
5.Ю.П.Пивоваров. Руководство к лабораторнім занятиям по гигиене. Москва, 1983.- 254с.. 6.S.Shibanov.
Lectures on common hygiene and ecology.Simferopol. 2003. 130p.

The additional literature:

1.Е.І.Гончарук. Загальна гiгiена.- Київ, “ Вища школа ”.-1995.- 652с.
2.В.А.Покровский. Гигиена. Москва “ Mедицина ”.-1979.- 495с.
3.А.А. Минх. Методі гигиенических исследований.- Москва “Медицина”.- 1971.- 584с.
4. Г.Н.Новожилов, О.П.Ломов. Гигиеническая оценка микроклимата.- Ленинград,1987.- 110с.

LESSON N 2. Methods of the complex estimation of microclimate. Kinds of infringement

thermoregulation in conditions of a hot climate
 Educational questions:
1.Bases of physiology of heat exchange of the man and its connection with a microclimatic mode of an
environment.
2. Hygienic importance and technique of definition of physiological reactions organism, which display a
condition of system thermoregulation.
2.Methods of the complex estimation of a microclimate:
-katathermometry
- efective temperatures;
- - equivalent - effective temperatures
3.Application of methods of a complex estimation of a microclimate
4.The infringements in a condition of health and disease, which arise because of influence on the man
discomfort microclimate. Measures on their preventive maintenance.

The educational tasks and concrete definition of the tasks

1.Definition of cooling ability of air (CAA) by method katathermometry.
KATATHERMOMETER (describing – see previous lesson)
Determining cooling ability of air. For it katathermometer lower in hot water (about 80 0C) and heat up
so long as the spirit will not rise up to half of top expansion of a capillary. After that the device wipe and hang
up on a support or hold on the extended hand in a place of supervision, protecting thus from action of sun
energy by means of a small screen (cardboard, plywood). Then keep up on a stop watch, during how much
minutes pole of spirit will be lowered from 38 up to 35 0; experience make twice and calculate average
meaning.
CAA expect under the formula:
Н = F/t (mCal per one second/sm2),
where F - the factor katathermometer (is designated on the back party of each device),
t- time of cooling katathermometer.
The norm of CAA = 5,5-7,0 mCal per one second/sm2, if this parameter is less than norm, will be overheating,
if it is more - overcooling.
2.The technique of definition of effective temperatures on nomogramm.
Total action of temperature, of humidity and the movements of air now express in degrees of effective
temperature. The indications of dry and damp thermometers of psuchrometer, and also data about speed
movements of air are necessary for definition of effective temperature on nomogramm. Having them, act as
follows: connect line of a point on the right and left scales of nomogramm appropriate to the indications of the
dry and damp thermometer. The place of crossing of this line from curve appropriate speed of movement of air
gives figure of effective temperature.

Example: temperature of the dry thermometer of Psychrometer is 24С, temperature of the wet thermometer of
a Psychrometer - 16С. Speed of air - 30 m / mines. Find effective temperature at it cinditions.
Solution: On a left-hand side of nomogramm we discover temperature on the dry thermometer. On the right
side of nomogramm we discover temperature on the wet thermometer. We superimpose bar on both
retrieved points. We see, that the bar intersects a curve of travelling speeds of air appropriate 30 m /
mines in a point designated digit 20. This digit also will be required effective temperature.
On the basis of numerous observations the following norms of effective temperatures were placed:
А). The zone of comfort is 17,2 - 21,7 effective temperature. At these temperatures 50 % of the people feel
well, is comfortable.
В). The line of comfort is 18,1-18,9 effective temperature. At these temperatures 100 % of the people feel
well, is comfortable

3.Definition equivalent-effective temperature. There is special tables, according to it, we can find optimun
microclimate for the person at different data of temperature, humidity and speed movement of air so, that heat
sence of organism will be such, as in zone of comfort.

Algorithm of practical work of the students.

The first stage. Work above the tests of the control of an initial level of knowledge and skills
The second stage. Active participation in discussion of educational questions on a theme of lesson.
The third stage. Realization of independent work by definition CAA, speed of movement of air in a premise
(room), definition of effective temperature.
The fourth stage. The decision situational tasks and tests of the final control on the given theme

THEME № 3. HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO THE MICROCLIMATE

The tests for the control of knowledge.
1.Where there are centres of thermoregulation in the organism of the person?
1. in head brain
2. in hypotalamus
3. in oblong brain
4. in muscules
5. in reticular formation
2. What there are devices for definition of cooling ability of air?
1. psychrometer
2. thermograph
3. hygrometer
4. anemometer
5. katatermometer
3. Specify a zone of comfort on effective temperatures (in 0 ET):
17,2-21,7
18,0-22,0
20,1-23,5
18,0-20,0
16,0-18,0
4.What factors influence at intensity of cooling of the heated up body?
1. temperature air, humidity of air, movement of air
2. temperature of air, humidity of air, movement of air;
3. temperature of air, humidity of air;
4. temperature of air, speed of movement of air
5. humidity of air; radiating temperature
5 At realization of harvest grain in July temperature of outside air has made 31 0С; in a cabin of the combine
temperature – 35 0С, speed movement of air - 0,2 m/s, relative humidity of air - 55 %, temperature of walls and
ceiling – 45 oС. Normalization of the microclimate in a cabin it is obviously possible by
1. Thermoisolation of walls and ceiling
2. decrease of humidity of air
3. increases of humidity of air
4. coolings of air
5. increases of speed of movement of air
6. At the patient with an inflammation lungs temperature of a body has raised up to 39 0С, the skin covers have
turned pale also of steel dry, the goose skin has appeared. What shifts in thermoregulation explain these
displays of a fever?
1. expansion of vessels, increase perspiration, prevalence heat-production.
2. narrowing of vessels, reduction perspiration, prevalence heat-production
3. reduction heat-production, relaxation tonic muscles and vessels
 4. disintegration of brown fat,
5. balance between heat-production and heat-return

Situational tasks
1.The dry thermometer shows 20 0C, and damp - 16 0C. The speed of movement of air is absent. Determine
effective temperature under the given conditions (on nomogramm)
2.Determine CAA and speed of movement of air, in a corridor of a hostel, if the F-factor katatermometer-630,
time of its cooling t – 90sec. Temperature in a premise (room) 21,0 0С
3.What should be thermal state of health of the man in an inhabited room, if temperature of air changes within
the limits of 18-20 0C, difference in horizontal and vertical directions accordingly 2,0-2,5 0С?
The standards of the answers:
1.On nomogramm we find a place of crossing of a line showing temperature of dry and damp thermometers
with a line of speed of movement of air =0. The answer: ET = 18,5 0.
2.The relation F\t = CAA = 630\90 = 7,0 mCal/sm 2 sec., that corresponds to norm. Under the formula Hill we
find speed movements of air, it is equal Н=7,0; Q = 36,6-21=15,60. Then Х=0,36m\s, that is norm.
3.It is satisfactory, since all parameters within the limits of norm.

Sources of the information.

The basic literature:
1. I.I.Даценко, Р.Д.Габович. Профiлактична медицина.- Київ, Здоров'я.- 1999.- 694с.
2.Е.И.Гончарук, В.Г.Бардов Г.И.Румянцев. Общая гигиена.- Київ, “ Вища школа ”, 2000.- 652с.
3. Е.И.Гончарук. Руководство к практическим занятиям по коммунальной гигиене.- Москва, 1990.-
236с.
4.Р.Д.Габович. Гигиена.- Киев: ” Вища школа ” 1983. – 320с.
5.Ю.П.Пивоваров. Руководство к лабораторнім занятиям по гигиене. Москва, 1983.- 254с.. 6.S.Shibanov.
Lectures on common hygiene and ecology.Simferopol. 2003. 130p.
3. Park’s textbook of Preventive and Social medicine. India, 2000.- 16-th edition. – 660p.
9. Руководство к практическим занятиям по общей гигиене и медицинской экологии. / Под ред. Проф.
С.Э.Шибанова. – Симферополь, 2003. – 260с.
The additional literature:
1.Е.І.Гончарук. Загальна гiгiена.- Київ, “ Вища школа ”.-1995.- 652с.
2.В.А.Покровский. Гигиена. Москва “ Mедицина ”.-1979.- 495с.
3.А.А. Минх. Методі гигиенических исследований.- Москва “Медицина”.- 1971.- 584с.
4. Г.Н.Новожилов, О.П.Ломов. Гигиеническая оценка микроклимата.- Ленинград,1987.- 110с.

THEME № 10. WEATHER AND HEALTH.

PREVENTION GELIOMETHEOTROPIC REACTIONS.
THE CLIMATE AND PROBLEMS OF ACCLIMATIZATION.
In spite of the fact that influence weather on the person is known for a long time, this problem
is investigated insufficiently and even now a little used by doctors in practical activities. It is connect
with the next circumstances
1) Concept “weather”- very compex thing, it has very many forming factors, which is not good
investigated in metheorology
2) Till now the mechanisms of the development of metheotropic reactions in the organism are
not well investigated.
Concept about weather and climate.
Weather - dynamic set physical properties of ground layer of air (troposphere) for a short time
interval (hours, day, weeks).
Climate - the long-term mode of weather naturally repeating in the given district, its
parameters - monthly average temperature of air, average amount of days with deposits and etc.
Thus, weather - the changeable phenomenon, climate - statistically constant concept.
The basic weather forming factors:
1) Geliophysical - intensity of a sunlight and solar activity
2) Geophysical - intensity of a geomagnetic field of the Earth, geomagnetic storms
3) Electric condition of atmosphere - intensity and gradient of electric field, air ionization etc.
4) Meteorological - temperature, humidity, speed and direction of movement of air,
atmospheric pressure
5) Synoptic - overcast, deposits
6) Chemical compound of atmosphere - the content of oxygen, СО 2, pollutants in
atmospheric air.
All these factors are interconnected and operate on the person in a complex - difficulty of it all-
round account.
Meteorological factors – sharp fluctuations of temperature and atmospheric pressure - than
more it is differences – than more biothropic weather. It factors are most investigated as reasons of
development metheotropic reactions (MR).
The certain role play changes of chemical compound of atmosphere – in some weather
conditions may be falling absolute contents of oxygen in air - on 60 and more g/m3. The annual
tendency contents О 2 - rise in the winter and falling in the summer, the maximal fluctuations - in
autumn, spring (factor of interdaily variability - more than 50 %).
Electric condition of atmosphere:
а) The contents + or - aeroions in air
b) The gradient of electric field of the Earth
Synoptic factors.
Are caused by atmospheric circulation of warm and cold air weights. There are 3 types of air
masses - warm, cold, neutral (local). At it movement are formed atmospheric fronts - warm, cold,
occlusion (mix of warm and cold masses).
Frequency of change of air masses on the average is 1 time in 5-6 days, but happens more or
less often - is connected to type of atmospheric circulation:
1) Cyclone - atmospheric whirlwind with low pressure in the center and movement of air
masses counter-clockwise. It is more often in the winter, on the average above Europe for one year -
40 cyclones. It is characterized by unstable weather - it is cloudy, deposits, hurricanes, typhoons. The
big differences of pressure, temperatures, content О2. Biothopic weather.
2) Anticyclone - the atmospheric phenomenon with a high pressure in the center and
movement of air clockwise. Clear weather - strong heat in the summer or frost in the winter. Sharp
differences of weather factors are not present - more favorable weather.
Geliophysical factors.
Till now at estimation of weather are little taken into account, though the ingenious founder
heliobiology A.L.Chizhevsky in 1920th years has established influence of solar activity on alive
organisms, including people. There are data on concurrence the periods of increase of solar activity
with revolutions, wars, epidemics, even frequency of automobile failures. Complexity studying this
question - cyclic changes of solar activity has different periodicity - 11-years, 22-years, 60-years and
more, which can be imposed against each other and poorly studied. There are most investigated 11-
12-years cycles, the beginning of last 24-th cycle, known to mankind -1997 year, thus the maximal
activity - in middle of cycle (2001-2002 years).
Parameters of solar activity:
Index Wolf (W) - amount of spots on the Sun,
Index S - the total area of spots, Intensity of radio emission of the Sun on a wave 10,7 sm,
Solar wind - corpuscular streams (protons, electrons, etc.) from the Sun - carry away with
themselves magnetic fields and form spiral - sector structure of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) +
and - marks.
Each 6-7 days the Earth at movement on orbit gets in IMF other mark that results in changes of
Geophysical parameters - electromagnetic field of Earth (EMF), its deviation from a usual level
named "magnetic storms" - planetary, local, on intensity - weak, moderate and big.

Definition degree variability of weather.

Will be carried out under the formula:
N
К = -------- х 100 %,
n Where:
K - coefficient variability of weather, %
N - number days with contrast change of weather
n - total number days in the apparent season
 Degree variability of weather (V.Rusanova, 1973)
Weather Coefficient variability, %
Very stable 25
Stable 25 – 30
Changeable 30 – 50
Very changeable more than 50

The reasons, mechanisms and displays MR.

People as a whole adapted to rhythmical changes of climate and the weather, connected with
changes of day and night, season of year. At aperiodic sharp changes of weather factors at people
arise MR, expressed the more abruptly, than sharper changes of weather are observed.
MR is not illness and the diagnosis, but the original pathological condition having various
displays on expressiveness at different people.
All people on metheosensibility share on 2 categories:
а) meteostable - tolerant - young healthy people
b) meteosensitive - on the different data it is 30-70 % of the population, in old age, among patients
with bronchial asthma, hypertension - up to 90 %.
The reasons of occurrence MR - sharp fluctuations above-stated weather factors.
V.F.Ovcharova (1986) allocates the following biological effects of influence of weather: Tonic,
Spastic, Hypoxic, Hypotensive.
Displays MR.
1) An easy degree - asteno-vegetative syndrome - mass character and synchronism with changes of
weather allow us to think about presence MR.
2) An average degree - the head and intimate pains, the expressed changes of pulse, blood
pressure.
3) A heavy degree - aggravation and weighting chronic diseases - insults, heart attacks, aggravation
bronchial asthma - growth mortality patients.
Diseases during which are marked MR.
It is revealed 2 groups diseases during which are marked ГМР:
1) Diseases for which presence МR is authentically proved:
- Cardiovascular diseases - statistically authentic growth number of insults, hypertonic crisises,
heart attacks and mortality at biothropic weather - including according to first aid,
- A bronchial asthma - increase and weighting attacks of asthma, mortality,
- Rheumatism - activation process, strengthening polyarthritis, artralgya - in 90 % of patients,
- CNPD (chronic nonspecific pulmonary diseases) - in 60-72 % of patients (according to the Yalta
scientific research institute).
2) Diseases for which there are some data on presence МR:
Diseases gastroenterities way (stomach ulcer, gastritises, colites, etc.) - 40-60 % of patients,
Illnesses of kidneys and urine ways - 40-50 %, diabetes - weighting of current - 20 %, Psychiatric
frustration - 50 % of patients, Ophthalmologic, surgical pathology etc. Among ill children 25-45 % -
meteosensitive.
Medical estimation of weather.
In a basis of all medical classifications - the concept offered N.E.Vvedenski about force of
external irritation: low, average and high.
Thus on G.P.Fedorov's classification - 3 types of weather: optimum, irritating and sharp, on
other classifications from 4 up to 7 types. The main thing in medical estimation weather - the account
sharpness fluctuations weathers factors - it intraday differences.
Scientists of the Yalta scientific climatic research institute named by Sechenov have offered
the common clinical index pathogenicity weather - the sum of individual indexes changes for day
on the most important weather factors. If index 0-19 - optimum weather, 20-49 - irritating (demands
strengthened medical control), more than 50 - sharp (demands strict medical control). There is also
indexes variability of weather (for estimation of a climate).
The chair of hygiene Kiev medical university offers the scheme medical estimation weather on
15 parameters.
System prevention MR - 3 basic directions
1) Common hygienic methods – rational nutrition, rational mode of day
2) Organizational measures - medical weather forecasts, medical estimation of weather.
3) Treatment-and-prophylactic measures:
а) Increase nonspecific resistancy.
b) Sparing mode.
с) Medicaments prevention. Thus allocate seasonal prevention - regular reception small dozes of
preparations in adverse months in the given area (see tabl.). Urgent prevention will be carried out
for metheosensitive cardiological and other patients in hospital in the periods and days biothropic
weathers on the basis of urgent medical weather forecasts.
Table
Seasons for seasonal prophylaxis cardiovascular diseases in Crimea (V.Bardov,
1985).
Most unfavorable months on reliable rising frequency of exacerbations:
hypertonic crisises - 2,3,4,5 and 12 month
attacks of stenocardia -1,2,3,4,5 and 11 month
myocardial infarction -1,2,3,4,5,7,8 month
violation of cerebral circulation (insults etc.)- 1,3,4,5,6,12 month

Hygienic value climate.

Climate it is a long-term mode of weather in the given district. The basic climate-formed
factors:
- The geographical breadth, influencing size of a sunlight,
- Height above sea level, relief and type of a terrestrial surface (ice, snow etc.),
- Features of circulation of air masses,
- Affinity to the seas and oceans.
Parameters of climate - average (monthly average, mid-annual) parameters of
meteorological factors, wind rose, number of clear days etc.
The important parameter - index of instability weather:
T = a / b,
where a - number of days with changes weather, b - number of days of the period of
supervision (season, year). If index T more 0,5 – it is adverse climate (not good for ill person).
At long residing at the certain climate the person has the certain dynamic stereotype providing
normal ability to live.
At sharp change of climate (moving to the different climate) is observed acclimatization -
complex functional - morphological changes in organism, directed on the adaptation to new climatic
conditions.
Conditionally in this process allocate 2 stages:
а) Partial acclimatization or adaptation - from the first hours - to 14 days (at ill people - about 30
and more days).
b) Full acclimatization - after 14 day - some months, to conditions of Far North - up to 1,5 years.
During acclimatization it is reduced resistancy of organism to adverse factors of environment -
growth diseases, asteno-vegetative syndrome etc.
Acclimatization should be taken into account in resort treatment - to not direct patients on
resorts with sharply distinguished climate (24 days - the basic period of acclimatization). The big
problem for army, the Navy, workers on Far North.

INSTRUCTION FOR PRACTICAL LESSON ON THE THEME

Educational questions:
1. Basic weather-forming factors and their characteristics:
а) Meteorological,
b) Synoptical,
c) Heliophysical
d) Geophysical
e) Electical state and contence of athmosphere
2. Reason and mechanisms of development Heliometheothropic reactions.
3. Display Heliometheothropic reactions, diseases accompanied by it.
4. Medical classifications of weather and its medical estimation.
5. System of prevention Heliometheothropic reactions
6. Acclimatization, its kinds and reasons. Features of acclimatization for a hot and cold climate. Meaning of
acclimatization for health resort science.

Algorithm of practical work of the students.

The aim of independent work of the students at the lesson is the realization of a medical estimation of
weather in the occupied item and development of preventive measures under the prevention
Heliometheothropic reactions on the basis of offered situational tasks. The protocol is made out as the
developed hygienic conclusion, in which student give medical estimation of weather and opportunity of
occurrence Heliometheothropic reactions.
Sample situational task by a hygienic estimation of weather conditions:
On the data urban metheostation in the town N. the weather situation was characterized by such data:
Weather low cloud, without deposits from October 20 till October 24 was observed, antycyclonic.
Atmospheric pressure - 760 mm, temperature of air +12 degrees, daily difference - 3 degrees, daily difference
of atmospheric pressure 3 mm of a hg, relative humidity of air 60 %, contents O 2 in air 325 mg/l, speed of a
wind 1,5 m/s.
On synoptic forecast, such weather will be kept 3-4 days, then there will be its sharp change, connected
to moving of a cyclone and passage of warm front. There will be significant clouding, intensive deposits. Under
the forecast the meteorological parameters will be such:
atmospheric pressure 475 mm of a hg, temperature of air + 6 degrees, daily difference of temperature 7 degrees,
atmospheric pressure - 7 mm of a hg, relative humidity of air 100 %, contents O 2 in air 250 mg/l, speed of a
wind 10 m/s.
THE TASKS:
1. To determine a type of weather on medical classifications.
2. To determine a degree of variability of weather.
3. To characterize metheotropy of the revealed types of weather.

The appendix № 1

Medical classification of weather on I.Grigoriev (1974)

_____________________________________________________________________________ Type of
weather Characteristic of weather
_____________________________________________________________________________
1. Very favorable Proof, caused by an anticyclone, absence of deposits. Аtmosphere
pressure is higher than 760 mm hg, its differences no more
5 mm hg, wind 0-3 m/s, contents O 2 - more than 315 mg/l.
2. Favorable Insignificant changes of weather of local character, is brief temporary
deposits, variable cloudness. Atmosphere pressure 760 - 755 mm hg, its differences 6-8 mm hg, differences
of temperature no more than 5 0C, wind 4-7 m/s, contents O 2 - more than 315 mg/l 3. Unfavorable
Cloudy, unstable, deposits caused by a cyclone, local storm
(demands forsed Atm. pressure 754-745 mm hg, its differences 9-14 mm hg.
Medical control) differences of temperature 6-9 degrees, wind 8-10 m/s, containO 2 - 289-260
mg/4.
4. Especially unfavo- Weather is caused by a deep cyclone. A thunder-storm, intensive (demands strict)
deposits. Аtm. pressure is lower than 745 mm hg, daily difference by that medical control) 10 degrees
and more, contents O 2 less than 260 mg/l
_____________________________________________________________________________

The tests for the control of knowledge

1. The inhabitant of Kharkov, 62 years, has the diagnosis “ Arterial hypertension III- stages with hypertonic
crisises”. He receives necessary permanent therapy. Give the recommendation concerning a place of resort
treatment in cardiac sanatorium.
- Black Sea coast of Caucasus (Batumi).
 -Baltic Sea coast (Urmala).
-Local sanatorium (near Kharkov).
-Sanatorium near Kiev .
-Southern coast of Crimea (Yalta).
2. The inhabitant of Kiev, 70 years, has the diagnosis “ Chronic ishemical illness of heart with vessel
insufficiency III stage ”. Receives necessary permanent therapy. Has heard on TV weather forecast: “ arrival of
a deep cyclone with low atmospheric pressure tomorrow is expected”. Give the recommendations to the
patient.
-Treatment under the usual circuit or as a sparing mode.
-To add to the usual circuit of treatment spasmolytic and antycoagulant preparations.
-Hospitalisation in chamber “Biothrone”.
-To include vitaminotherapy.
-To adhere to a usual household and labour mode.
3.The doctor - cardilogist has received the urgent prevention of a bureau of weather. The next day it is possible
to expect large magnetic storm owing to flare on the Sun. Give the recommendations concerning changes in the
circuit of treatment of the patients with chronic isemical illness of heart in hospital.
-To forse spasmolytic and antycoagulant therapy
-To nominate hypotensive preparations
-To nominate a bed mode
-To continue nominated before theatment
-To cancel the nominated theatment-diagnostic procedures
4.To what group of the weather-forming factors temperature and humidity of air concerns:
-Synoptical
- Meteorological
- Heliophysical
- Geophysical
- Microclimatic

Sources of the information.

Basic:
1. Габович Р.Д. Гигиена.-.Киев, 1983. - page 31-56.
2. Бардов В.Г. Гигиена климата.-Киев, 1990.
3. Никберг И.И. Гелиометеотропные реакции человека.-Киев, 1986.
4. Загальна гiгiена (посiбник для практичних занять). Пiд ред. I.I.Даценко.-
Львiв, 1992. – с. 4-48.
5. Lectures on common hygiene. – Simferopol, 2003 – 130 p.
6.Park’s textbook of Preventive and Social medicine. India, 2000.- 16-th edition. – 660p.
7. Руководство к практическим занятиям по общей гигиене и медицинской экологии. / Под ред. Проф.
С.Э.Шибанова. – Симферополь, 2003. – 260с.
Additional:
1. Бокша В.Г. Руководство по климатотерапии.-Киев, 1989.
2. Минх А.А. Общая гигиена.-Москва, 1984

THEME № 11. THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR.

ACTION OF ITS COMPONENTS ON THE PERSON.
PROTECTION ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION.
Value of atmospheric air.
Atmospheric air is a source of breath of the person, animals and vegetation; material for
processes of burning and synthesis chemical substances; a material for cooling industrial and
transport installations; environment where natural and anthropogen products are thrown out,
emissions.
Chemical composition of atmospheric air.
Atmosphere is a part of biosphere - the gaseous environment of the Earth rotating together
with it. This environment has some parts. Allocate the top and bottom part of an atmosphere. Special
interest is represented with the bottom part, especially troposphere.
Air of troposphere (bottom part of an atmosphere up to 10-25 km) represents a mechanical
mix of various gases:

Gas Volume content, %

NITROGEN 78,09
OXYGEN 20,95
СО2 0,03 – 0,04
Other gases: argon, neon, helium,etc. 1,0

Besides at air practically constantly there are natural substances due to chemical and
biological processes: ammonia, methane, oxides of nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbons etc.
Natural dust pollution of an atmosphere: a space dust, a terrestrial dust (soil, vegetative, fires,
volcanoes).

Action components of atmospheric air at the person.

Oxygen. Value of oxygen in biosphere.
In a nature constantly there are processes of consumption and allocation О 2. Consumption of
oxygen occurs at breath of the person and animals, at burning, different oxidizing processes, etc.
However its contents in an atmosphere remains practically constant due to allocation by
phytoplancton oceans and green plants.
For person О2 it is necessary for oxidizing biochemical processes in organism. At lack O 2 in
organism it is hypoxia various degree of weight. For the person is important not percentage, but
absolute amount О2 in air, dependent on it partial pressure (part of the atmospheric pressure for
given gas). Partial pressure О2 is reduced at cyclones and also at rise on height.
Pathogenesis, clinic, prevention mountain (high-altitude) illness.
It may be in mountaineers, inhabitants of mountains and pilots of planes.
Pathogenesis – it is drop of fractional (partial) pressure of Oxygen in air at uprise on height
and drop of fractional pressure of Oxygen in an alveolar air. Amount of Oxygen, going in organism,
depend from gradient (difference) between of fractional pressure of Oxygen in an alveolar air (P air)
and in blood (P blood):
G = Р air / Р blood
At rise on height it is reduced Рa. If gradient pressure falls there is hypoxia a different degree
of weight. Height 8 km is threshold of death.

ZONES OF PRESSURE OF OXYGEN ON INFLUENCE ON ORGANISM OF THE MAN:

1. Inert - up to 2 kms - it is safe for health
2. Complete compensation - up to 4 kms - increasing of lung ventilation, minute volume of a
blood
3. Incomplete compensation - up to 5,5 kms - headache, euphoria, sleepiness, violation of
memory
4. Critical - up to 8 kms - loss of consciousness
5. Threshold of mortality - is higher than 8 kms - death

CLINIC of a mountain DISEASE

Allocate sharp, half-sharp (at climbers) and chronic (at inhabitants of high-mountainous
settlements) forms of mountain illness easy, average and heavy degree (high-mountainous lung
hypostasis).
In clinic there is dyspnea, palpitation, delicacy, fatigability, sleepiness, nausea, vomiting, nasal
bleedings, cyanosis of skin.
PROPHYLAXIS of a mountain DISEASE
1. Step (gradual) rise in mountains with making camps for development compensatory reactions
to hypoxia (development physiological erythrocitosis).
2. Usage of oxygen apparatures by pilots of planes
3. Hermetization cabin of the plane

Ozone - special form of oxygen – О3.

The layer of ozone is located in atmosphere at height 20-30 km. O 3 absorbs space short-wave
radiation, including UV radiation ("ozone gaps" - decrease layer ozone on 20 %). The reasons of it -
the anthropogenic and natural factors - growth UVR - growth skin melanoma in people. It has high
oxidizing properties - reduces chemical and microbe pollution of atmosphere.

Nitrogen. Value of nitrogen in biosphere.

Nitrogen is the part some fibers and nitrogenous connections - basis of all alive on our planet.
However alive organisms can not receive nitrogen directly from atmosphere, except for some
bacteria and blue-green seaweed. Then nitrogenous connections by food circuits pass in other
organisms.
Action nitrogen on organism.
Nitrogen under normal conditions (normal atmosphere pressure) is inert gas (no any action on
organism). At the increased pressure nitrogen has narcotic action on CNS (it is proved on laboratory
animals). At divers on depth 100 m in 5 minutes - dizziness, euphoria, failures of memory,
hallucination.

PATHOGENESIS, CLINIC, PROPHYLAXIS OF THE KESSON (DECOMPRESSION)

ILLNESS
It is often meets in drivers.
PATHOGENESIS:
1. At pulling down the driver on depth grows the pressure of gases - grows solubility of gases in a
blood.
2. At uprise on a surface or decompressions of a cabin of the plane at height athmospheric pressure
and pressure of gases sharply falls and falls the solubility of gases in a blood.
3. NITROGEN slowly diffuses through a pulmonary - alveolar membrane and its excess in blood and
tissues transfers in the gaseous form - the bubbles will be derivated. It diameter depends on depth -
on difference of pressure on depth and on a surface.
So there is a gas (nitrogen) vascular embolism.
Other gases – oxygen, CO2, helium quickly diffuses through membrane and not formed
bubbles.
CLINIC:
1. Easy degree – diameter of bubbles is very small - embolism only of capillars - numbness and
pains in dactyls, headaches.
2. Medium degree - sharp pains in extremities, headaches, pains and inflation intestines.
3. Serious degree - embolism of large vessels in a CNS (lesion of the vital centers), coronary
vessels, pulmonary arteria - reflective cardiac stop.
PROPHYLAXIS:
1. Gradual (ladder-shaped) uprise on a surface
2. Changing nitrogen by other inert gas - helium
3. Usage of the barometric chamber after uprise on a surface

Carbonic gas СО2.

The contents in atmosphere CO2 are 0,03-0,04 %. It is allocated in a nature at breath biote,
processes of burning etc. Constancy CO 2 in atmosphere - due to assimilation by plants, absorbtion
by sea and fresh-water hydrobionts.
Action on the person and animals - physiological irritation the respiratory center. At the
increased concentration CO2 in organism there is аcidosis, violations of CNS.

ACTION VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS СО2 ON ORGANISM

Concentration СО2, % Biological effect
0,05 – 0,1 Inappreciable dilating peripheric pots
0,5 Change on a EEG, increase depth of respiration
1,0 The acidosis starts
1,0 – 2,0 Drop work capacity, toxic activity on CNS
2,0 – 3,0 Expressed irritation respiratory center and CNS
10,0 – 12,0 Loss consciousness and mors

Maximal permissible concentration СО2 in air closed premises (rooms).

In air of any rooms maximal permissible concentration СО 2 is 0,1 % (It was established by
Pettencofer in 19 century). Substantiation MPC: CO 2 is the parameter of cleanliness of air and
efficiency of ventilation - at growth СО2 more than 0,1 % increase concentration of toxic and microbe
air pollutants, which can have harmful effect to organism of the person.

AIR VENTILATION, PARAMETERS ITS EFFICIENCY.

Ventilation is directed on change air in a room. Ventilation shares on the following kinds:
а) Natural (through windows, doors, window leaves) - due to difference of temperatures or speed air
movement.
b) Artificial - with the help of fans (influx, exhaust, mixed).
в) Mixed - natural and artificial ventilation together
Parameters efficiency ventilation:
1) Contents СО2 in air - up to 0,1 %,
2) Frequency rates - air exchange for 1 hour (for inhabited rooms must be 0,5-1, in kitchens 2-3, in
cinema halls 5-6),
3) Volume of air exchange on 1 person for 1 hour - 20-30 m 3.

SPECIFICATIONS VENTILATION FOR DIFFERENT PREMISES

Kind of the premises Multiplicity ventilation VOLUME ON 1 MAN
Inhabited rooms 0,5 - 1 20 – 30 m3
Kitchens, laboratories 2-3 -“-
Operational 5 – 6 (with conditioning 8 –10) -“-
Cinema 5-6 -“-

ECOLOGIC AND HYGIENIC ESTIMATION ANTHROPOGEN

ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION
The modern mankind lives in conditions of constant and growing anthropogenic pollution of
biosphere.
Thus special danger is represented with pollution of atmosphere:
1) It is polluted more than other objects of environment,
2) Pollutants in air are more dangerous, than in water, products and ground:
а) The big area lungs (120 m2 at the adult), penetrated with vessels - at once formed the big
concentration pollutant in blood,
b) Blood from lungs pass liver and is carried on whole organism - neutralizing function of liver is
reduced.
Under forecasts UNEP (the Program of the United Nations on the protection environment),
Washington Science Academy, pollution biosphere (including atmosphere) by proof and toxic
substances (heavy metals, pesticides, dioxines, etc.), having the tendency to increase in the nearest
years, represents real threat of global ecological accident for mankind.
Major factors and sources of anthropogenous pollution atmosphere.
1) Chemical substances - the industry, especially petrochemical, transport, processes burning fuel
(thermal power station, boiler-houses), rubbish factories, agriculture (pesticides, etc.).
2) Dust - wind erosion of fields, cement works etc.
3) Biological pollution - microbes - high density people in cities, animal industries, factories,
biological pesticides
4) Radioisotops - the atomic power station, the industry, medicine, nuclear tests.
5) Thermal pollution atmosphere - emissions of superheated gases by the industry and boiler-
houses, allocation and reflection heat by the urbanized territories.
The factors influencing on intensity of atmosphere pollution.
1) Amount and intensity of emissions on unit of the area, degree of urbanization territory
2) Height of emissions – diffuses on the big territory
3) Reliev territory (the center of Simferopol) – bad ventilation in low places
4) Meteorological factors - temperature inversion (vertical air exchange is complicated), humidity,
amount of deposits, speed and direction of winds (wind rose) etc.
5) Features of the architectural lay-out - sanitary - protective breaks etc.
6) Amount of green plantings.
Ways of autopurification atmosphere.
1) Dilution pollutants in air masses - decrease concentration pollutants to maximum permissible
concentration and lower
2) Sedimentation (precipitation):
а) Dry (loss of large particles),
b) Damp - removal pollutants with deposits - with snow or long rains.
Lack of sedimentation from air – may be pollution of water and ground.
3) Chemical reactions under influence О 3 and UVR, but sometimes may be formed photooxidizers –
could Los-Angeles type - irritation lungs, mucous of eyes, skin, cancerogenes. Destruction metal
designs etc.
4) Bactericidal effect О3 and UVR
5) Neutralization acid and alkaline pollutants, but can be more dangerous metabolites.
6) Degradation pollutants by ground microflora.

INFLUENCE ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION AT HEALTH OF THE POPULATION

It is possible to allocate 2 kinds influence pollution of atmosphere on health of the population
and conditions of its life:
Direct negative influence - direct influence pollution on organism of the person therefore
there are various biological effects,
Indirect negative influence - when pollution influences at health of the person indirectly, by
change of ecological conditions.

DIRECT NEGATIVE ACTION

1. ACUTE ACTION
NONSPECIFIC SPECIFIC
ACUTE PROVOKING ACTIVITY: TOXIC FOGS -
“MURDERER, SPECIFIC ACUTE POISONINGS
SMOG LOS-ANGELES TYPE,
FLASHOUT BRONCHIAL ASTHMA etc.

2. CHRONIC ACTION
NONSPECIFIC SPECIFIC
DETERIORATION PARAMETERS HEALTH of CHRONIC SPECIFIC ILLNESSES:
the POPULATION: demographic, case rate, ILLNESS ITAI-ITAI, Minamata, Usho,
physical Development, physical inability FLUOROSIS, etc.

3. REMOTE EFFECTS:
ONCOGEN, MUTAGEN, EMBRYOTROPIC, IMMUNO-DEPRESSIVE

INDIRECT NEGATIVE ACTION:

INCREASE RACHITIS OR MELANOMAS (UVR),
DETERIORATION CONDITIONS LIFE of the POPULATION,
ACID RAINS, POLLUTION FOOD STUFF, AESTHETIC DAMAGE

BASIC DIRECTIONS PROTECTION ATMOSPHERE FROM

ANTHROPOGENOUS POLLUTION
1. Administrative - legislative measures: the Law of Ukraine on protection of air, the
Constitution, the Law on sanitary and epidemic well being of the population of Ukraine etc. laws.
Administrative measures - are accepted by local authorities in the given territory.
2. Hygienic measures:
а) Preventive sanitary control (see first theme)
b) Current sanitary control
3. Medical-preventive measures - studying influence pollution on health of the population, treatment
and improvement injured people.
4. Ecological monitoring - studying condition ecosystem and separate kinds of biot in interrelation
with atmospheric pollution.
5. Architectural measures – functional zones in cities, sanitary - protective breaks between sources
of pollution and residential buildings etc.
6.Technological measures:
1. Application SELFCONTAINED technologies - air passes clearing and again enters in effecting -
there are no outliers in free air. It is very dearly method.
2. CHANGE technology - translation motor transport into electricity, gas, change chemical
technologies with decrease concentration harmful substances in emissions.
3. Usage CLEARING structures on sources of pollutions:
1) CYCLONE, the MULTICYCLONE - ejectable gases is attached major rotary rate and the particles
drop out in the bunker
2) SCRUBBER - air passes through water and gases are purified
3) ELECTRIC FILTER - the charged particles are deleted

THE CHECK of working of clearing structures will be carried out on keeping the specifications
of MPE (maximal permissible emissions pollutants in free air calculated with the count MPC in air)

INSTRUCTION FOR PRACTICAL LESSON ON THE THEME

Educational questions:
1. Chemical structure of air and physiological importance of its basic parts.
2. The reasons, display and prevention high-altitude (mountain) and kesson (decompression) illness.
3. Importance of definition СО2 in air of premises (rooms). MPC СО2 and its substantiation.
4. Basic sources and factors of pollution of an atmosphere, criterion and factors (physical, chemical,
bacteriological) pollution of atmospheric air. Ways self-purification of an atmosphere
5. Displays of influence pollution of an atmosphere on health of the man and condition of his life.
6. Basic directions of protection of an atmosphere from pollution.
7. Hygienic importance of ventilation in various premises (rooms). Kinds of ventilation classification of
ventilating devices.
8. Hygienic characteristic efficiency of ventilation and its parameters.

The educational tasks and concrete definition of the tasks

1. To determine efficiency of natural ventilation under the contents of CO2 in air of premises
(rooms).
Method of definition С02 based on comparison throwing by a rubber pear (same volume of taking place
air) with atmospheric air and air of a premise (room). In an absorber Petry is poured 10 ml coloured by
phenolphtalein solution Na2CO3 and passage through it air with С02. Solution becomes colourless, its reaction
with alkaline Na2CO3 on sour Na2НCO3 varies. By pressing a pear, slowly we squeeze out from it air in an
absorber, thus we fix amount throwings before complete decolouration of a solution. Too most is spent on open
air, having replaced a solution on new. The account is made under the formula:
Х = A x 0,04 / B,
where: Х - the required contents СО2 in %
A – amount throwing in an atmosphere
B – amount throwing in a premise (room)
0,04 %- average concentration of carbonic gas of air.
We estimate concentration of carbonic gas in a premise(room): optimum concentration CO2 0,07-0,08 %,
MPC-0,1 %.
2. Definition of efficiency of natural ventilation and frequency of exchange air.
Frequency ventilation, as the parameter of efficiency of natural ventilation is defined by an indirect
method proceeding from the received results of the contents СО2 in a premise (room) under the formula:
22,6 x N
FV = ------------
(p-0,4) x V
Where: N-number of the people taking place in a premise(room)
V- volume of a premise(room)
Р- found concentration СО2
22,6- volumes СО2 exhaled by 1 man at one o'clock
0,4 (l\m3) - average concentration СО2 of air
3. Definition parameters of artificial ventilation on situational tasks.
Example: length of a premise (room) makes 22,4 m, width – 6m, height - 3,5m. In a premise (room)
there is one ventilating aperture with a diameter 40 sm, the speed of movement of air makes 5m/s. Define
frequency ventilation (FV) and estimate it. FV is relation of quantity of acting air on a cubic capacity of a
premise (room). The quantity of acting air in one hour is defined by multiplication of the area of a ventilating
aperture to speed of movement of air and time of airing.
FV = Vx SxNxT
Vп
V- speed of movement of air;
S- the area of a ventilating aperture in m2,
N- quantity of ventilating apertures
T - time of airing (1hour =3600sec)
Vп- volume of a premise (room) in m3
Decision: the area of a ventilating aperture (since it roung form is determined under the formula O=p x R2 n,
i.e. =3,14х (0,2) 2 = 0,13 м2. FV = 5, is equal 5 in 1час, that exceeds the established specifications.
 THEME № 11. THE CHEMICAL COMPOUND OF ATMOSPHERIC AIR.
ACTION OF ITS COMPONENTS ON THE PERSON.
PROTECTION ATMOSPHERE POLLUTION.

Tests for the control level of knowledge

1. In structure of atmospheric air maximal concentration in a percentage is:
oxygen
nitrogen
CO 2
Argon
neon
2. MPC СО2 for various premises (rooms) makes
1. 0,07%
2. 1,1%
3. 0,1%
4. 0,01%
5. 0,04%

3. What kinds of artificial ventilation you know:

1. natural, artificial
2. inflow
3. outflow
4 mixed

4. At the expense of what factors the natural ventilation is carried out?

1. a difference of pressure of air in a premise (room) and behind its limits.
2. a difference of temperatures in a premise (room) and behind its limits and strengthened pressure of
external air at a wind;
3. presence sources of radiating temperature in a premise (room);
4. a difference of temperatures and humidity in a premise (room) and behind its limits;
5. a difference of speed of movement of air in a premise (room) and behind its limits;

Situational tasks

1. In an audience with volume 400m3 it is one fan, which is included on a break between lectures and the time
of its work makes 10min. It is a ventilating aperture round with radius 0,2m. Define FV, if the speed of
movement of air in a ventilating aperture makes 6m\s.

2. In a room with a cubic capacity 60m3, there are 5 men. Airing occurs at the expense of a window leaf, which
opens on 10min in each hour, speed of air movement 1m\s, area of a window leaf 0,15 m2. To give an
estimation of ventilation of a premise (room).
3. The microclimate of the appropriate premise (room) is characterized in its following parameters: temperature
of air – 40 oС; relative humidity - 70 %; speed of movement of air - 0,1 m/s; radiating temperature - 80-90 oС.
Define the most possible pathological condition the person, which can arise under the given microclimatic
conditions.

The standards of the answers:

1. Under the formula FV = VxSxNxT/Vp we find: 6х (3,14х (0,2) 2) х1х600 =1,113 / Vp 400.
FV = 1, that it is not enough for the given audience (N=3)
2. For 1sec. in a room acts 1х0.15=0,15 m3 of air; for 10 mines - 90 m3 . FV is equal 90m3: 60m3 =1,5.
Necessary volume of ventilation 22,6х5\1-0,4=188m3 .Necessary FV 188m3: 60m3 =3. Necessary FV 3 time\
hour.
3. General hyperthermia (thermal impact)

THE APPENDIX
DEVICE for aspiration air for detecting pollutants in air
ASPIRATOR

At the aspirator the bodies of management are on a forward wall of the device: 1 - for connection of a
cord to the electric system by a voltage 220 V (at 127 in apply the transformer); 2 - toggle - switch for inclusion
and deenergizing of the device; 3 - handle of gates rotameters for adjustment of speed of selection of tests of
air; 4- rotameters; 5 - unions for connection rubber tubes with filters; 6 - safety valve serving for prevention of
an overload of the electric motor at selection of tests with small speeds; 7 - jack of safety-lock; 8 - plug for
grounding the device.
Beginning to work, grounded the device, attaching the plug 8 with the help of a flexible wire to water
or heating system, also connect it to the electric system. Then put the safety valve 6 in a situation 1 and the
gates rotametres 3 open before failure. After that by the toggle - switch 2 include the device and rotation of
handles of gates rotametres establish necessary speed of selection of tests. Then the device switch off, attach to
unions 5 necessary absorbers for selection of tests and again include the device, marking time on a stop watch;
establish on rotameter necessary speed of passage of air and select test. Readout of speed of air make on the top
edge of floats rotametres. Aspirator is designed for continuous work within 3 hours.
THEME № 4. VALUE OF SOLAR RADIATION.
HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO ILLUMINATION (LIGHTING).
Hygienic value of solar radiation.
All organic life on the Earth is obliged by the existence of energy of the Sun - unique external
source of heat and light.
On border of atmosphere voltage of solar radiation is on the average 2 cal / sm 2 minute, it is
named "solar constant" (depends on activity of the Sun, astronomical factors).
Due to absorption, dispersion and reflection solar beams in atmosphere there are quantitative
and qualitative changes of solar radiation:
а) Quantitative - surface of the Earth achieves only 43 % solar constant (depends on
geographical position, height of the Sun above horizon, cleanliness of atmosphere).
b) Qualitative changes in spectrum of solar radiation:
On border of atmosphere ultraviolet beams (UV) - 5 %, seen light - 52 %, infrared beams (IR) -
43 %,
At a surface of the Earth: UV - 1 %, seen light - 40 %, IR - 59 %
The reason of these changes - 2 screens:
а) electro-magnetic field of the Earth,
b) ozone layer - rejection short-wave beams and delay long-wave part of solar radiation.
The reasons, displays and prevention solar starvation.
At lack solar irradiation at people develops the original pathological condition - solar starvation
- asteno-vegetative syndrome, oppression CNS, decrease adaptable opportunities of organism. At
children may be rickets. The main reason of development this condition it is lack of UVR.
The reasons development solar starvation:
- Insufficient stay on open air – lack solar irradiation in rooms, because window glass detain 35-90 %
of solar stream.
- Climatic and geographical conditions of district - Far North - polar night (6 months there is no
Sun), very cold weather – children can not stay on open air.
- In Europe lack of solar irradiation at the agricultural population tests 2 months in one year, urban
population - 4 months (high level of air pollution),
- Pollution atmosphere - light exposure is reduced on 40-50 %, is especial UVR - in the center of
London level UVR in 36 times below, than in suburbs.
- Professional features - miners, submariners etc.
Prevention solar starvation:
1) The greater stay on open air - correct mode of day in children.
2) Correct layout inhabited quarters and buildings (distance from each other), observance norms
natural illumination in premises (rooms).
3) Struggle against pollution of atmosphere.
The most effective way prevention solar starvation is using preventive UVR in special fotaries
with luminescent UV lamps in mines, on Far North, for children during possible solar starvation.
Before giving course of UV radiation it is need to define biodoze UVR for concrete person,
because it is different for everybody.
 Biodoze UVR and it definition.
It is the minimal time UVR causing on a not sunburn skin small erytema (reddening skin) in 8-
20 hours after UV irradiation. Minimal daily preventive doze of UVR - 1/8 part of biodoze, optimum
(treatment rickets) doze - 1/2-1/4 biodoze.
Action of separate components of solar radiation on organism.
Ultra-violet (UV) beams.
Most biologically important part of solar spectrum - UV - beams. Length of wave is 10-400
nanometer. The mechanism of action - photochemical effect - at hit in a skin - formation biologically
active substances (histamine, holin, acetylholin, etc.) - photochemical erytema at skin (attributes -
precise borders, then – formation melanin).
Kinds of biological action UVR:
- sunburnt (formation melanin), fluorescent - area A 400-315 nm
- erytemic, bactericidal - area B 315-280 nm
- luminescent + strengthening of the previous effects - area C 280-20 nm
- anty-rickets - area D 285-265 nm.
In optimum dozes UV renders strengthening effect, stimulates growth and regeneration
fabrics, improves metabolism, functions endocryn, immune system.
At big dozes UVR (sharp action) – fotoerytema, dermatitis, burns, rise temperature of body,
fotoophtalmya.
At chronic action big dozes UVR - deterioration state of health, decrease serviceability,
aggravation chronic diseases, risk factor of cancer of skin - in southern areas melanomas skin in
population in 4-5 times is more often, than in the North territories.
Seen light.
Length of wave 400-760 nm, has small photochemical effect - fotosensibilisation action on
visual elements in a retina of eye. There is small thermal action - braking quantums of light in fabrics.
Stimulates CNS through excitation the visual center, renders positive influence on emotional
condition of the person, function cardiac system and other systems.
At excessive intensity may be blinding action down to destruction photosensitive elements and
development retynitis - inflammations of retina.
Infrared (IR) beams.
Length of wave more 760 nm. A main effect - thermal - strengthening oscillatory and rotational
movements of molecules in fabrics. Strengthen biological effects UVR. Allocate 2 parts in IR-beams:
а) Long-wave IR-beams - more than 1500 nm. b) Short-wave IR-beams - 760 - 1500 nm.
Biological effects of IR-beams:
Hyperemia skin and internal bodies, increase gas exchange in fabrics, strengthening secretory
function of kidneys, soothing action, resolve the inflammatory centers - are applied in physiotherapy.
At excessive intensity IR - irradiation:
а) Heating brain environments - heatstroke and thermal faint,
b) Damage by short-wave IR-beams crystalline lens - cataract
c) Burns on skin different degree of weight.

Hygienic requirements to natural lighting (illumination).

At estimation natural illumination in premise take into account:
- Orientation windows on the sides of light (points),
- The distance up to the next buildings, plants - in norm distance between buildings - 1,5 of it heights,
trees - is not closer 10m up to building schools,
- The sizes, amount, the form of windows in premise, % of bindings - up to 25 % area of window,
- Presence extraneous subjects at windows - green plants etc. - is not recommended in schools.
Then quantity indicators are studied:
1) Light factor (LF) - the relation of the total area of windows in a room to the area of a floor. In
inhabited rooms LF 1/8-1/10, in hospital wards and cabinets of doctors LF 1/5-1/6, in classes schools
1/4-1/5, in operational 1/2-1/4.
2) FNI - factor of natural illumination - the relation of light exposure at workplace in Lux (by
luxmeter) to light exposure in open-air in Lux, expressed in %. Inhabited rooms 0,5-0,75 %, wards - 1
%, classes - 1,5 %, operational - 1,6-2%.
3) A corner of falling - not less than 27 degree.
 4)A corner of aperture - not less than 5
degree.

The devise for estimation of light exposure

LUXMETER
A perceiving part of the device is the
photo cell, transforming light energy in an
electrical Recording part is sensitive
galvanometer in lux. The received results
compare to the established norms.
If the definition is made in the
afternoon, in the beginning it is necessary to
define the light exposure created by mixed
illumination (natural and artificial), and then at
the switched off artificial illumination. The
difference between the received data will
make size of light exposure created by
artificial illumination.

Hygienic requirements to artificial illumination.

The common requirements to artificial illumination:
- It should be sufficient on level of light exposure,
- To come nearer on spectrum to natural light,
- To be uniform in space - to not create sharp contrasts in light exposure - there faster comes
exhaustion because of light adaptation,
- To be uniform in time,
- To not blind bodies of sight.
The main parameter sufficiency of artificial illumination - light exposure of surfaces in lux. It is
measured by luxmetr with the help of photocell.
Systems of artificial illumination:
- Common - in inhabited room 40-50 Lx, in class 150 Lx, in operational 300 Lx (norms for
incandescent electric lamps, - for luminescent lamps in 2 times more),
- Local - in inhabited room 100 Lx, in class - is not present, in operational 3000 -10000 Lx,
- Mixed - local and common illumination together.
The hygienic characteristic sources of artificial illumination:
- Candles, etc. - non-uniformity illumination in time, air pollution in premises,
- Incandescent electric lamps - the spectrum differs from natural light (many red beams)
- Luminescent lamps - non-uniformity in time, differences in spectrum (many blue beams).
Types of the lighting fixtures:
- Fixtures of direct light - high contrasts in illumination, blinding of eyes
- Fixtures of reflected light - more powerful light source is necessary
- Fixtures of diffused light (dairy spheres) - it is the best way.

INSTRUCTION FOR PRACTICAL LESSON ON THE THEME

Educational questions
1. Iimportance of solar radiation, spectral structure of solar light.
2. Concept about solar starvation, reasons, displays and prevention
3. Physiological influence of various components of a solar spectrum: UV, Seen beams, IR – beams
4. The basic sanitary - hygienic requirements to illumination
5. Characteristic light units
6. Principles of an estimation of natural and artificial illumination
7. Hygienic estimation of natural illumination of premises(rooms)
 8. Hygienic characteristic of systems and kinds of artificial illumination
9. Hygienic requirements to illumination of inhabited and educational premises(rooms)
10. Hygienic requirements to illumination of hospital wards
11. Hygienic requirements to illumination operational

DEFINITION OF PARAMETERS OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL LIGHT EXPOSURE

During this work the students determine parameters of natural illumination in an educational room: FNI
(factor of natural illumination), light factor (LF), corner of fall and corner of aperture.
For estimation of sufficiency of natural illumination apply some parameters. At hygienic estimation of
illumination as geometrical parameters use:
Corner of fall;
Corner of aperture;
Light factor;
Depth of a premise (room).
To light-technical parameters concern:
Factor of natural illumination (FNI);
Light exposure in the specified point on a workplace.
The artificial illumination can be estimated such way.
At inspection of premises (rooms) on sufficiency of illumination it is necessary to adhere to the circuit
of inspection. All students of group participate in performance of the given task. The course of independent
work is made out by the protocols. In the protocol should be reflected:
1. Name of the task, course of its performance (circuit of inspection of object);
2. Received results
3. Conclusion with a hygienic estimation of the received results and recommendation.

А. Estimation of the natural illumination.

1. Definition of light factor.
Light factor (LF) represents the relation surface of windows (without frames and bindings), to the area of a
floor. It is expressed in fraction, which numerator — unit, and denominator — private from division of the area
of a premise (room) into the area of a surface of glasses.
1. To measure the area of all windows of a premise (room).
2. To calculate glass surface of windows, subtracting from the found area 25 % on window bindings.
3.To measure the area of a floor.
4. The area of a surface of windows divide into the area of a floor.
For example, the glass surface available in a room 3 windows is equal 3,6 m2, the area of a floor is
equal 30 m2. Light factor = 3,6: 30 = 1: 8.
2. Definition of corners of illumination
As light factor does not take into account shadow action of resisting buildings, trees and various
architectural elements, determine corners of illumination.
2.1. Definition of a corner of fall.
The corner of fall is formed by two beams, from which one (horizontal) will be carried out from a place
of definition (for example, surface of a table) to a window frame, and another — from the same point to the top
edge of a window.

А
D

С В

б
1. To measure distance on a horizontal from middle of a surface of a table up to a window frame (а) and
distance on a vertical from a window sill up to the top edge of a window (b).
2. To find tangens of a corner of fall, having divided size “a” on size “b”.
3. 3. Under the table tangens (see table) to determine size of a corner of fall (aо).

Table.
The table of natural trigonometrical meanings tangens

aо tga aо Tga aо Tga aо tga aо tga aо Tga

1 0,017 16 0,287 31 0,601 46 61 76 4,01
2 0,035 17 0,306 32 0,625 47 62 77
3 0,052 18 0,325 33 0,629 48 63 78
4 0,070 19 0,344 34 0,675 49 1,15 64 2,05 79
5 0,087 20 0,364 35 0,700 50 65 80 5,67
6 0,105 21 0,384 36 0,727 51 66 81
7 0,123 22 0,404 37 0,754 52 67 82
8 0,149 23 0,424 38 0,781 53 1,39 68 2,47 83
9 0,158 24 0,455 39 0,810 54 69 84
10 0,175 25 0,466 40 0,839 55 70 85
11 0,194 26 0,488 41 0,869 56 71 86
12 0,213 27 0,510 42 0,900 57 72 3,07 87
13 0,231 28 0,532 43 0,933 58 1,60 73 88
14 0,249 29 0,554 44 0,966 59 74 89
15 0,268 30 0,577 45 1,000 60 75 90

For example, height of a window is equal 2 m (а), distance from a window up to a workplace (b) is equal 3,5 m.
To find size of a corner aо. From here we find tga = 2: 3,5 = that under the table tangens corresponds to a
corner in 300.
2.2. Definition of a corner of an aperture
This corner is formed by two lines, from which top (as well as in a corner of fall) goes from a place of
definition of light exposure to the top edge of a window, and bottom — is directed to a maximum point shadow
object (for example, opposite house). The definition of a corner of an aperture will be carried out by two
students. A corner, adjacent with a corner of an aperture (b) in the beginning is defined. The first student,
having inclined a head up to a level of a table, mentally will carry out a direct line from middle of a surface of a
table to a maximum point of an opposite building. The second student worth at a window, under the instruction
of the first student fixes by a hand a point of crossing of this line with window glass and measures it from a
window sill (а1). Having divided the received size (а1) on distance from a window up to middle of a surface of
a table (б), receive tangens of a corner b.
For definition of size of a corner of an aperture (g) find a difference between a corner of fall (a) and corner of
an aperture (b).
For example: a distance from a window sill up to a point of crossing conceivable line with a frame of a window
- 1,5 m., — distance from a window up to a workplace - 3,5 m: 1,5: 3,5 = 0,428. Under the table tangens we
find a corner б = 23o. A corner scale = 300- 230 = 7o.
2.3 Definition of light exposure of a workplace
The definition of light exposure of a workplace will be carried out by luxmeter (see higher).
2.4 Definition of depth room from windows
For definition this factor it is necessary to know height from the top edge of a window up to a floor and
distance from outside up to an internal wall (depth of a room). The definition of these sizes also is required
factor, which size on a workplace should be 1: 2.
2.5 Definition of factor of natural illumination (FNI)
FNI — relation of light exposure in the given point of a premise (room) to simultaneous outside light
exposure in conditions of absent-minded light expressed in percentage. FNI can be determined experimentally
with the help of luxmeter.
FNI = E in. x 100% / E ex. , where:
E in. - light exposure in the given point of a premise (room)
E ex. - light exposure outside of a premise (room)

B. Estimation artificial illumination.

It is necessary to determine a kind of sources (character of lamps: incadescent, luminescent, type of
lighting devices - fixtures of direct light, absent-minded, reflected), amount of lamps and their capacity. To
divide it into the area of a premise (room), having received thus specific capacity of lamps in Vatt on 1 m2.

PROTOCOL OF INDEPENDENT WORK OF STUDENT

On the theme: “Hygienic estimation of natural and artificial illumination ”
I. Hygienic estimation of natural illumination
In an educational room № ______ windows, colour of colouring of walls ______________, colour of colouring
of a ceiling _____________, cleanliness of window glasses ______________, size of piers between windows
_______.
2. Definition FNI:
Outside horizontal light exposure _________ lux;
Light exposure on a workplace _________ lux.
FNI ____________ %.
3. Definition LF:
The area glass of windows __________ m2, area of a floor _____ m2. LF = _______
4. Definition of a corner of fall (drawing and accounts) ___________________.
5. Definition of a corner of an aperture (drawing and accounts) ___________________.

II. A hygienic estimation of artificial illumination.

1. In an educational room № ____ ________________________ system of illumination, the fixtures such
as ___________________________ are established.
2. Definition of uniformity of artificial illumination:
Light exposure in lux in points on a diagonal _______________________.
Parity of the maximal and minimal light exposure on distance 0,75 m _________, 5 m
_____________________.
3. Definition of light exposure by a settlement method:
Number of fixtures __________, area of a floor _____________ m2.
Specific capacity of fixtures _________ Vt/m2.

4. THE CONCLUSION (to give a hygienic estimation and natural and artificial illumination):
Variant 1. The natural light exposure of a workplace sufficient (for a class room LF 1:4-1:6, corner of fall not
less than 270, corner of an aperture not less than 50, light exposure of a workplace is not lower 150 lux, FNI
there are less than 1,5 %).
Artificial light exposure sufficient (not less than 150 lux at incadescent lamps or 300 lux at luminescent
illumination).
Variant 2. Natural and artificial light exposure of a workplace unsufficient (at lower sizes such parameters).
 THEME № 4. VALUE OF SOLAR RADIATION.
HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO ILLUMINATION (LIGHTING).

The tests for the control of knowledge

1. Specify, what light factor must be in operational:
1. 1:10
2. 1:4
3. 1:8
4. 1:6
5. 1: 9
2. What parameter reflects size of natural illumination in a workplace
1. a corner of fall
2. factor of depth
3. light factor
4. a corner of an aperture
5. FNI
3. In how many times the intensity of artificial illumination at use of lamps of day time light (luminescent) is
higher, than at use of lamps incadescent?
in 2 times
in 1 time
in 10 times
in 3 times
in 5 times
4. Light factor - it is:
1. the relation of light exposure at open-air to light exposure indoors
2. the relation of a corner of fall to a corner of an aperture
3. the relation of the area of a floor to the area of windows
4. the relation of the area of windows to tangens of a corner of an aperture

5. The general artificial illumination of a school class is planned to supply with fixtures with the lighting
fixtures of an in regular intervals disseminating type and incadescent lamps. Specify least meaning of light
exposure in lux, which answers the hygienic requirements of artificial illumination for the given type of
premises (rooms).
1. 200
2. 250
3. 300
4. 150
5. 350
6. Specify, what range of ultra-violet radiation has bactericid action (in nanometer):
1. 315-265
2. 280-10
3. 380-300
4. 400-315
5. 320-280
Situational tasks
1. Glass surface available in a room 3 windows is equal 3,6 m2, the area of a floor is equal 30 m2. Define light
factor.
2. The light exposure at open air 40.000 lux, FNI is equal 2 %. To that the light exposure on a workplace is
equal?
3. The depth of hospital ward is equal 5 m, length — 6 m. In chamber 2 windows, the area остекления which
makes 2,7 m. Height of the top edge of a window above a floor of 2,8 m. Orientation of windows — SE, the
walls are painted in light warm tone. The corner of fall is equal 350, corner of an aperture — 100. Give a
complex hygienic estimation to natural illumination in hospital ward.
The standards of the answers:
1. Light factor = 3,6: 30 = 1: 8. That for the given audience corresponds to norm
2. The light exposure on a workplace is equal 40000:2х100=800lux.
3. LF=30:2,7=1:10. Other all parameters corresponds to norm.

THEME № 13.
HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER.
Value water for the person.
Water has huge physiological, hygienic and economic value for the person.
Kinds of water use:
- Drinking - the most important kind of water use for the health of the population, for it kind is the most
rigid requirements to water quality. On the data the WHO, 80 % of all diseases on the Earth are
connected to poor-quality water or connected with the bad sanitary conditions of life caused by
deficiency of clean water.
- household - for maintenance normal sanitary conditions of life of the population and prevention
infections. Requirements as to drinking water.
- Recreational - reservoirs and the water areas used for rest, aquatic sport, etc.- rigid requirements
to water quality
- Balneologic water use - baths, souls, inhalations etc.- high requirements to water quality,
- Industrial - use water in technological processes on manufacture - special requirements to water
quality,
- Meliorative - irrigation the grounds in agriculture etc. - special requirements to water quality,
- Fish-breeding - for cultivation fishes. Requirements sometimes even are higher, than for the person
- sensitive kinds of fishes. At pollution reservoirs toxicants can collect in fish and cause diseases in
people.
- Transport - sailing charter, ports etc.
Problems fresh water on the Earth.
Only 3 % stocks of water on a planet is the fresh waters (other – seawater) intensively used for
the above-stated kinds of water use. Thus stocks of fresh waters are allocated very non-uniformly
and are available in enough only on 20 % densety populated territories, in other places - deficiency of
water.
In addition to deficiency of fresh water, fresh-water reservoirs have the biggest
anthropogenous pollution, what frequently makes their unsuitable for water consumption.
UNESCO gives forecasts about real threat of water famine for mankind. A cardinal way of the
decision water problem – distillation of sea waters, but it is very expensive, besides the seas and
oceans are considerably polluted and at boiling toxic and cancerogenic substances can be formed.
Physiological value water.
Daily need of the adult person in normal conditions 2,5-3 l water, in a hot climate or at heavy
physical work - till 10-12 l / day.
Water carries out structural role - the organism of the adult consists on 51-66 % of water, in
organism of the child 80-90 %.
 Besides water - weak electrolit, dissociate on ions Н + and OH - catalysts of biochemical
reactions and water - the environment of these reactions.

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO DRINKING WATER.

The documents regulating quality of water.
There are exist 2 State Standart (SS) quality of water:
1. The State Standart USSR 1982. (SS Ukraine 1996) " Water drinking "
2. The State Standart USSR 1974 " Water of sources of the centralized water supply ",
Last SS contains less rigid requirements to quality of water - is intended to choice source of
water supply, then water pass clearing and disinfecting and after that should correspond in a
waterpipe to SS "Water drinking".
WHO was developed the international standard of drinking water (ISDW-73), State Standarts
USSR and Ukraine practically correspond to it.
Hygienic requirements to quality of drinking water.
The common requirements to quality drinking water:
1) Water should have satisfactory оrganoleptic properties.
2) Water should be harmless on chemical compound (natural and anthropogenous).
3) Water should be safe in the epidemiological relation.
These criteria are the basic group of parameters of drinking water in State Standart.

Organoleptic properties drinking water.

Smell and smack - up to 2 points. It is determined in the open and closed experiences in
people. (Scale: 0 points – absence smell and smack, 1 - determines only odorator - the person with
the increased sensitivity smells and tastes, 2 - the consumer does not pay attention, 3 - appreciable -
causes the negative attitude to water, 4 distinct - limits water consumption, 5 - very strong - water is
unsuitable for drink).

Colouring or chromaticity of water - up to 20 degrees. It is determined on a scale of

ampoules with a chrom-cobalt solution with different color.

Turbidy - up to 1,5 mg / l or transparency - 30 sm. It is determined with the help of special

flasks – in norm must be opportunity reading the text through a layer of water in 30 sm.

Temperature - 10-120C. Below – may be cold diseases, at higher - than change оrganoleptics
water.
Value studying оrganoleptic properties of water
1) It are used for Initial examination quality of water,
2) Changes organoleptic properties - indirect attribute organic pollution of water.

CHEMICAL PARAMETERS of WATER, IT INFLUENCE ON the ORGANISM of the PERSON.

The dry rest or mineralization of water - up to 1000 mg / l (1 g/l). At higher values of the dry
rest (1400 mg / l and more) - changes оrganoleptic propeties of water - smack of water.
Classification waters by a degree of mineralization:
- 1-2 g\l – water low mineralization,
- 10 g/l and more - high mineralization (seawater 35 g/l).

At the use high mineralization water (it is especial at sharp change water at moving to other
district) - violations of water-salt balance, delay water in organism, violations activity of digestive and
secretory systems, violations of metabolism. The increase frequency of urine and gall-stone illness is
statistically shown in these districts. With such water in an organism acts 25-100 % of total amount of
mineral substances of a diet.

On the other hand, experimentally and clinically it is proved, that waters with low
mineralization (100mg/l and less) are biologically defective - secretion and acidity of gastric juice
raises, is broken absorbtion waters in entestines, violations water-salt exchange, reabsorbtion in
kidneys, hypocalciaemya, decrease of osmotic resistance erytrocites, etc.
 The contents chlorides - up to 350 mg / l. Give to water salty smack - in the big
concentration - change taste of water more than 2 points. At increasing chlorides in water it is
violations of water-electrolit exchange and function of kidneys. "The Salt hypertension" - in areas with
salty water arterial hypertension meets in 4 times more often. At concentration chlorides more than
500 mg / l - oppression secretion and acidity of gastric juice.

It is the indirect parameter of organic pollution water by household sewage - chlorides is a lot
in urine.
The contents sulfates - up to 500 mg / l. Give to water bitter smack more than 2 points. At
increase - oppression gastric secretion, break intestinal absorbtion, can be reflex dyarrea.
Also it is indirect parameter organic pollution – many sulfates in faecal masses.

General rigidity of water - up to 10 mg – equivalent / l. Depends on the contents ions Са

and magnesium. It is division on eliminated (go away at boiling), not eliminated (stay in water after
boiling) and general (last is normalized in SS).
Classification water by the general rigidity:
- Up to 3,5 mg - eq/l – soft water
- 3,5 - 7 mg - eq/l - water average rigidity
- 7 - 14 mg - eq/l – rigid water
More 14 mg - eq/l - very rigid water.
In rigid water it is bad to erase (the charge of washing-up liquids on linkage with salts), to cook
products. It is worsened protein absorbtion - insoluble complexes with salts. Problems of water
supply - form scum on pipes (eliminated rigidity).

Nitrogen substances (Ammonia, nitrites, nitrates).

Ammonia and nitrites in water practically should not be, nitrates - up to 10 mg / l (in
recalculation on nitrogen). As it is final parts disintegration proteins, on them it is possible to make
prescription about organic pollution: if in water is only ammonia - fresh pollution, only nitrates - old, all
nitrogenous substances - proceeding pollution. It is indirect parameter organic pollution of water.
At the increased contents nitrates and nitrites (the reason: organic pollution of reservoir or
going in it nitric fertilizers) it is possible special illness - water-nitrate methaemoglobynaemya (are
especially dangerous to children of the first months of life).

Oxidability of water and biochemical consumption of oxygen (BCO). The important

parameter of amount of organic substances in water - for their oxidation is required more О2. In norm
oxidability of water - 2-4 mg О2/l. Dynamics oxidability for 5 or 20 day - BCO - criterion of oxygen
mode of a reservoir - is studied at normalization pollutants in water of reservoirs.
The contents iron - up to 0,3 mg / l. A source of it is natural structure or water pipes. At the greater
contents of it color (colouring of water) changes.
The contents fluorine - 0,7-1,5 mg / l (in hot climate it is possible 0,7 mg / l - use waters more, in
cool - 1,5 mg / l). The reason of the abnormal content fluorine in water - biogeochemical provinces
and anthropogenous sources (superphosphate factories). At the small content fluorine in water in
people may be caries, at increased - fluorosis (spotty defeat dental enamel, infringement Са-Р
exchange, fluoric cahexya, deformation and fragility bones).

BACTERIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS of WATER.

All over the world the following parameters microbe pollution of water are used:
а) Total number of microorganisms in water
b) The contents intestinal stick (E.Coli) as constant inhabitant of sewage and relative steadier
microbe, than others, to disinfecting water - shows efficiency of disinfecting water.
Total microbic number (TNM) - up to 100 in 1 ml (amount microbe colonies at crop 1 ml of water at
Petri’s cup at 37 С in 24 hours).
Coli - index - up to 3 in 1 l. Quantity intestinal sticks in 1 l waters.
Coli - titr - not less than 300. Quantity water in ml in which 1 intestinal stick is found.
Epidemiological value of water.
 Water factor plays the leading part in occurrence some infectious diseases:
- Intestinal infections - belly typhus, cholera, paratyphus, dysentery etc.
- Anthropozoonoses - brucelosis, tularemya, the Siberian ulcer, leptospirosis
- Virus - hepatites, poliomyelitis, adenoviruses
- The pathogenic elementary - lamblya, amoebas, balantides, etc.
- Parasitic worms.
Attributes of epidemiological danger of water:
а) Straight indexes - deterioration bacteria parameters of water, presence pathogenic microbes
в) Indirect - deterioration organoleptic parameters, growth chlorides, sulfates, nitrogenous
substances, oxidability water
Attributes of water epidemic (epidemic with water-way transmission):
1) Quick mass flash the same infectious diseases
2) Territorial connection flash of diseases with the certain water source
3) After realization antyepidemic measures in the center (prohibition using water source,
disinfecting water) - sharp decrease amount of diseases, are registered only separate cases
("epidemic tail").
4) The hot season - better conditions for duplication activators, besides the person consumes
a lot of liquid - is reduced acidity of gastric juice - barrier to microbes.

INSTRUCTION FOR PRACTICAL LESSON ON THE THEME

Educational questions:
1. Physiological and hygienic importance of water
2. The documents regulating quality of water and the requirements to sources of water supply
3. Rules of selection tests of water for realization chemical and bacteriological researches
4. Organoleptic parameters quality of water, methods it research, norms.
5. Chemical parameters quality of water and diseases, connected with it deviations.
6. Bacteriological parameters of quality of water.Epidemic importance of water. Attributes of water epidemics.
7. Chemical parameters of organic pollution of water
8. Direct and indirect parameters of organic pollution of water
9. Water-nitrate methaemoglobynaemya, its reasons and prevention.

The educational tasks and concrete definition of the tasks

1. Definition organoleptic parameters of researched water:

а) temperature of water 12-14 0С in norm - is determined by the thermometer
b) a transparency of water: drinking water should be completely transparent, allowing through a layer in 30 sm
to read a standard text Snellen;
c) turbidity is determined by amount of the weighed particles in 1 litre of water, it should be no more than 1,5
mg on 1 l;
d) colour: drinking water should colourless (be not higher 200) on a scale of ampoules with chrom-cobalt
solution;
e) smack and smell of water: it determine at room temperature (20 0С) and at heating it up to 60 0С, smack and
smell are estimated on six-ball system (0-5). Suitable water with a smell and smack no more than 2 balls is
considered.
2. Qualitative definition of chemical substances in researched water.
Definition:
- pH water is determined by lakmus paper (in norm 6,5-8,5), that correspond from yellow colouring up to green.
- Ammonia (NН3) - to researched water we add 3-4 drops solution Nessler, on occurrence of yellow
colouring we judge presence of ammonia. In norm NН3 must be absent/
- Salts of a nitric acid (nitrates): in porcelain cup is poured 2-5ml of researched water and fill slightly
difinilaminum, some drops sulfuric acid, at presence nitrates the dark blue colouring turns out. In norm
nitrates - up to 10 mg\l.
- Salts of a sulfuric acid (sulphates): to the testing water, add some drops of a hydrochloric acid, 2-3 drops 10
% of a solution chloride barium. The occurrence of white dregs which is quickly dropping out in a deposit,
speaks about presence sulphatesс. Norm of it- up to 500 mg/l
- Definition chlorides: the chloride salts are besieged by a solution of silver (reaction of a silver mirror) . To
the researched water some drops of nitrogen-sour silver are added, at presence chlorides the white dregs
formed. In norm - up to 350 mg/l.
- Definition of iron: to researched water, add 2-3 drops of a nitric acid and add 2-3 drops solution rodanist
ammonia. At the presence of salts of iron the orange-red colouring on intensity is formed, depending on
concentration of salts of iron. In norm - up to 0,3 mg/l.

Algorithm of practical work of the students.

The first stage. Work above the tests of the control of an initial level of knowledge and skills
The second stage. Active participation in discussion of educational questions on a theme.
The third stage. Realization independent work by definition some organoleptic and chemical parameters of
water.
The fourth stage. The decision situational tasks and tests of the final control on the given theme

1. Name basic groups parameters quality of drinking water:

1. organoleptic
2. chemical
3. bacteriological (microbiological)
4. toxicological
5. gelmintological

2. The transparency of drinking water is determined on a standard text (name on the author):
1. Heiner
2. Giss
3. Herbar
4. Stocks
5. Snellen

3. The qualitative reaction to the contents chlorides in water is:

reaction with nitrogen-sour silver
reaction with nitrate solution
reaction with sulphur acid
reaction with nitrogen acid
reaction with natrium chloride

4. In 1 hour after feeding of the child by a dairy mix the child had following symptoms of disease:
cyanosis of lips, mucous environments, person, nausea, amplified salivation, pain in stomack, vomiting,
dyarrea. Pediatrist has noted at the child of the phenomenon of lungs-intimate insufficiency. During
investigation is established, that the dairy mix is prepared on water taken from well. What diagnosis has
established the doctor?

1. Nitrate intoxication
2. Food toxicoinfection
3. Staphylococcus toxicosis
4. Food poisoning with heavy metals
5. Sulphate intoxication
5. For water supply of city water is used containing in the structure: fluorine -2,0mg/l, nitrates - 43 mg/l,
chlorides – 250mg/l, iron -0,2mg/l, residual chlorine 0,5 mg/l. At the use of water with the given chemical
structure at the population can be registered mortality on:
1. caries of teeth
2. tyreotoxicosis
3. methaemoglobinaemya
4. fluorosis
5. endemic craw

6. The chemical analysis of water from well has established presence of the increased concentration
nitrates, iron and sulphates. What parameter of quality of water can testify fresh pollution of water by
organic substances of an animal origin?
1. nitrates
2. ammonia
3. nitrites
4. sulphates
5. chlorides

7. Name methods of clearing of water :

1. Coagulation
2. Filtration
3. Upholding

8. The amount of residual chlorine in water in norm makes (in mg/l):

1. 0,1
2. 0,2
3. 0,3
4. 0,4
5. 0,5

9. Salts of what chemical elements apply for coagulation water?

1. Aluminium
2. Fluorine
3. Silver
4. Iron
5. Copper

10. At a substantiation of the size of 2 zone of sanitary protection of sources of water supply the duration
of clearing of water from microbes is taken into account. For what period are cleared from microbes
underground waters?

1. 400 day
2. 200 day
3. 50 day
4. 5 day
5. 3 day
11. The military division after a long march has stopped on 3 seasons of year for rest near to the occupied
item. On the data sanitary - epidemic investigations some sources of water are revealed. It is necessary to
choose a source, which to the greatest degree answered the hygienic requirements to drinking water in
field conditions.

1. water of well
2. water artezian chinks
3. water river
4. rain water
5. thawed water

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO DRINKING WATER.

Situational tasks
1. At the population of one of areas of city the non-uniform colour of teeth was
marked. On cutters the cross brown strips were observed of a white stain.
Occurrence of the given symptoms have suspected drinking water from a deep
chisel chink. What microelement, from making waters could cause disease?

2. The mountain lake is located outside the occupied item. Around wood, coast
sandy, stony. The analysis of water: taste, smell - 1 number, ammonia and nitites
are absent, colour – colourless, nitrates - 40 mg/l, transparency - 40 sm, chlorides -
50 mg/l, coli-titr – 300, microbe number - 65. Give a sanitary estimation of water.
3. Morbidity by caries among the inhabitants of the town N. makes 89 %. Is
established, that water contains 0,1 mg/l fluorine. What preventive measures should
be carried out?

The standards of the answers:

1. Fluorine
2. Water is suitable for drink
3. Fluorination water

Situational tasks
1. What parameters should testify to reliability carried out disinfection of water in
case of use of a method hyperchlorination?
2. In 20 m from apartment houses is mine well, in 10 m from a lavatory, on distance
15 m from houses of the neighbour. What distance be agrees to sanitary norms
owes between well and source of possible pollution of water?
3. Epidemic of a typhus of a water origin after failure on a waterpipe is registered in
the occupied item N. With what from the listed attributes is characteristic given
epidemic?

The standards of the answers:

1. Residual chlorine - 0,5 mg/l, coli-titr - 100, coli-index - 10
2. 30 m
3. The quota of the ill population lives at one microarea and the sharp rise of
morbidity, fall of a level morbidity after liquidation of failure on a waterpipe,
epidemic tail.

THEME . HYGIENE OF WATER SUPPLY. METHODS OF THE IMPROVEMENT

QUALITY OF WATER.

The hygienic characteristic sources of water supply.

There is 4 kind of sources of water supply:
1) Surface waters - open reservoirs - the rivers, lakes, water basins
2) Underground waters:
а) Subsoil waters - in ground above a water-proof layer - wells, springs
b) Interlayer waters - between water-proof layers - artesian chinks
3) Atmospheric waters (meteoric) - gathering deposits
4) Distillation seawater.

The hygienic characteristic open reservoirs.

It is the big stocks of water, are readily available. Lack - easily are exposed to pollution on
natural and anthropogenous reasons. Inconstancy chemical and microbe structure - is required daily
control quality water.

Ways of autopurification open reservoirs.

1) Dilution in big water masses
2) Sedimentation
3) Biochemical oxidation by microflora
4) Adsorption by hydrobionts
5) Bactericidal action UVR in the top layers - up to 50 sm
6) Neutralization

Estimation degree pollution in open reservoirs

1) Comparison parameters of water with SS or maximal permissible concentration - analytical
monitoring,
2) Medical-hygienic monitoring - on parameters of health of people using water from the given
reservoir
3) Ecological monitoring - on hydrobiological parameters:
а) On sensitive - display organisms (trout)
b) On organisms - filtrators - mussels - on accumulation in it pollutants
c) On qualitative and to quantity indicators hydroecosystems.
The hygienic characteristic underground waters.
Subsoil waters. Open reservoirs are better polluted, but all the same subsoil waters in wells
frequently become polluted.
 Inter-layer waters - are practically sterile, lacks: small stocks, it is expensive to extract,
frequently has high mineralization and temperature.

Atmospheric waters. A changeable source, atmosphere it is considerably polluted - pollution

these waters. Besides it has low mineralization.
Distillation sea waters.
Very dearly - it is a lot of electric power for distillation, seawaters are polluted - at boiling toxic
substances can be formed.

The hygienic characteristic systems of water supply.

There are 2 systems of water supply:
1. The centralized system - a city waterpipe. Structure:
1) Head constructions (place of water-fence, pump stations, clearing constructions), 2)
Distributive network (main, inhouse water supply systems).
2. Decentralized system - small rural waterpipes, wells - there are no complex clearing
constructions.

Zones sanitary protection water sources.

1) Zone of the strict mode. It is include place of water-fence, head constructions of waterpipe.
2) Zone of restrictions – it is all or a part of the area of water reservoir. Restriction
accommodation objects of pollution water sources.
3) Zone of supervision. Supervision for epidemic conditions (cases of infectious diseases) in
the big territory and strengthening clearing and disinfecting water at adverse epidemic conditions.

METHODS OF THE IMPROVEMENT OF QUALITY OF WATER.

There are 3 basic groups of methods:
1) Methods of water cleaning - removal from mechanical impurity and improvement
оrganoleptic parameters of water (turbidy, colouring)
2) Methods disinfecting of water - destruction microflora in water
3) Special methods improvement quality of water – distillation, dechlorination, fluorization,
defluorization, deodorization, decontamination, deactivation water.

Methods water cleaning.

Water cleaning will be carried out by upholding and filtration water through filters (slow and
fast filters - see the textbook). For acceleration cleaning used coagulation water - adding salts Al or
Fe - are formed flakes with salts Са or magnesium in water. Now use flocculants – polyacrylamid,
etc.
The control efficiency of water cleaning:
а) On оrganoleptic parameters - turbidy, colouring, smell, taste
b) On oxidability water.

Methods disinfecting of water and their hygienic estimation.

There are 2 groups of methods of disinfecting:
1) Physical, 2) Chemical.

Physical methods of disinfecting:

а) boiling - good bactericidal effect, but expensive method - the big power consumption - is
applicable in domestic conditions.
b) UVR - 100 % effect, but needs the big power consumption and small volumes of water - in
clean water UV pass through only 50 sm, in muddy - is even less.
c) Gamma irradiation - is used seldom - the complex equipment, threat of an irradiation of the
personnel and the induced water radioactivity.
d) A ultrasonic irradiation - complex method, influence on the personnel.

Chemical methods disinfecting of water:

 а) Ozonization - action of atomic oxygen - good bactericidal effect. The big power
consumption. It is improved water organoleptics. Full destruction of toxic substances in water.
b) Action ions of silver. "Sacred water" in churches. Ions of silver has bactericidal effect.
Dearly method.
c) Chlorination water - most wide used method in view of cheapness.
Chlorination water.
At entering chlorine in water there is a hydrolysis of chlorine and formation hydrochloric and
chlorinewatic (HOCl) acids, dissociates to ions Н + and ions OCl - bactericidal effect.
The scheme of chlorination:
90 % of chlorine contacts with various substances in water and inactivated (chlorine
absorbing), there is residual or free chlorine - for sufficient bactericidal effect it should be 0,3-0,5 mg /
l (below - there is no bactericidal effect, is higher - change a smell of water more than 2 points).
Chlorine absorbing + residual chlorine = chlorine necessity water. It is determined at skilled
chlorination - on practical lessons.
Kinds of chlorination water.
1) On chlorine necessity or chlorination by normal dozes of chlorine - under the control
contents of residual chlorine 0,3-0,5 mg / l.
For improvement bactericidal effect there are other kinds of chlorination:
2) Superchlorination - application big dozes of the chlorine exceeding chlorine necessity
waters. It is used for very much polluted waters, unknown waters on bacteria indications (field
conditions), on epidemic indications. Water then demands dechlorization - through the activated coal,
hyposulfit.
3) Double chlorination - entering chlorine before and after water cleaning - is increased
exposition action of chlorine, but formation toxic chlorine-organic substances raises.
4) Chlorination with ammonization - entering into water chlorine and ammonia - are formed
chloramines - the greater bactericidal effect, there is no "chemist's" smell, as at usual chlorination
when in water can be formed chlorphenols.
Lacks water chlorination:
а) Deterioration organoleptics (smell) of water
b) Not always reliable disinfecting (viruses of a hepatites etc.)
c) At pollution water at chlorination are formed toxic chlorine-organic substances such as chloroform,
tetrachloretylen, etc. having mutagen and cancerogen activity.

PROBLEMS OF WATER POLLUTION

The basic sources of pollution of reservoirs.

1) Natural - flooding, ice drifts, rotting biote, " flowering of water ", seasonal fluctuations number and
dying off hydrobionts, etc.
2) Anthropogenous: household sewage, Industrial sewage, Agricultural drains, Stopping drain of the
rivers - dams, water basins, A sailing charter, port works, Dump waste products in reservoirs, The
atomic power station and military nuclear ranges, Recreational loading on reservoirs.

Ecologic and hygienic consequences pollution of reservoirs

1) Hygienic negative consequences:

- Restriction or full liquidation water use for the population
- Violations health of the population (water epidemics, the sharp and chronic poisonings, the remote
effects),
- Deterioration sanitary conditions of life of the population, restriction development settlements,
- Accumulation dangerous levels toxicants and microbes in fish products,
- Pollution of contact environments - air, ground, underground waters
2) Ecological:
- Convertible and irreversible changes hydroecosystems,
- Decrease efficiency and a biomass hydroecosystems,
- Loss rare and valuable kinds hydrobionts,
- Succession hydroecosystems.
BASIC DIRECTIONS PROTECTION WATER RESERVOIRS FROM POLLUTION
1. Administrative - legislative measures (laws, Sanitary Standarts etc.).
2. Hygienic measures:
2.1 Preventive sanitary control
а) Examination projects industrial etc. objects, clearing constructions on observance MPD
(maximum-permissible dumps) in reservoirs
b) Normalization harmful substances in water
2.2 Current sanitary control - the control contents harmful substances and microbes in water of
reservoirs, the control efficiency clearing and disinfecting water, the control water supply system and
observance norms of water consumption.
3. Architectural - planning measures - zones sanitary protection of water sources
4. Medical monitoring - studying state of health of the population, depending from quality of water of
reservoirs.
5. Ecological monitoring - researching influence of pollution on hydroecosystems and separate
hydrobionts. Bioindication, biotesting.
6. Technological measures - the closed technology, decrease industrial water consumption, change
technology for decrease toxicants in drains, clearing constructions on clearing and disinfecting
sewage etc.
 Methodical guide on independent work of students.
During this work the students will carry out laboratory researches with definition of residual chlorine in
water and calculation need chlorine of researched water.

Definition of residual chlorine in water:

The operation of the students begins with an experienced (trial) chlorination of water, and then the
definition of residual chlorine by titration will be carried out.

Carrying out experienced (trial) chlorination

The purpose of carrying out of an experienced chlorination consists in definition of a necessary dose of
chlorine at chlorination by normal doses. The choice of a dose of chlorine is usually yielded for chlorination by
a method of three glassfuls in field conditions.

Technique of carrying out of a trial chlorination

Water 200 mls 200 mls 200 mls
Solution of Lime chloride 1 % 2 drops 4 drops 6 drops
Solution of Potassium iodide 5 % 5 mls 5 mls 5 mls
Solution of Hydrochloric acid:water 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml
(1:3 )
Solution of Amylum 1 % 1 ml 1 ml 1 ml
Solution of Sodium hyposulphitum drops up to a decolorization of
0,01 n contents in a flask
( 20 Drops = 1 ml of the Solution of
Sodium hyposulphitum 0,01 n)

In three conic flasks to pour till 200 mls of researched water. In 1 flask to add 2 drops 1 % of a solution of
lime chloride, in 2 flask - 4 drops and in 3 flask - 6 drops. Contents of flasks to intermix by rotary movement
and to leave for 15 minutes. After that in all flasks to add till 1 ml of a solution of a Hydrochloric acid in
delution 1:3 till 5 mls 5 % of a solution of Potassium iodide and till 1 ml 1 % of a solution of Amylum. Flasks
aggressively to shake up. At presence of free Chlorine the water is colored in dark blue colour, the more
Chlorine, the more intensively staining. In that flask, where all chlorine was spent – colouring will not take
plcace. Chlorine as most active substanse displaces from Potassium iodide Iodum, and Iodum with Amylum
gives a dark blue staining.

DEFINITION of residual CHLORINE

Residual chlorine determined in painted flasks. Solution of Sodium hyposulphitum pour from pipet by
drops in a flask up to a decolorization of contents in a flask. At titration after each added drop (rotary
movement) a flask to shake. Then translate an amount of drops of Sodium hyposulphitum, use on titration of
water in each flask in milliliters (20 drops on the average contain in 1 ml). Determine residual quantity of
chlorine in each flask under the formula:
Х = 0,355  A х 5
Х - residual chlorine in milligrammes ( mg) on 1 litre;
0,355 - amount of chlorine in milligrammes, appropriate 1 ml of Sodium hyposulphitum;
A - amount 0,01 n of a solution of Sodium hyposulphitum in a ml, use on titration 200 milliliters of water;
5 - recalculation on 1 litre of water.
 Definition need of amount of lime chloride for chlorination of water.
The calculation of a necessary amount 1 % of a solution of Lime chloride for a chlorination 1000 litres (1
cubic meter) water:
From three flasks of researched water to select in which the contents of residual chlorine is in limits 0,3 -
0,5 ml of chlorine on 1 litre.
Translate an amount of drops 1 % of a solution of the lime chloride added in the given flask, at an
experienced chlorination in a ml (1 ml = 20 drops) contain on the average. The amount of dry lime chloride in
grammes necessary for a decontamination 1 m3 water is determined under the formula:
Ї
В х 5 х 1000
X= ---------------------, where:
100
Х - amount of lime chloride in grammes on 1 м3 of water.
В - amount 1 % of a solution of lime chloride ( in a ml ) added in a flask at experience chlorination;
1000 - recalculation on 1 м3 of water;
100 - recalculation in grammes of dry lime chloride.
Conclusion: 1 gramme of dry lime chloride on 1 м3 of water is necessary for a decontamination of
researched water.

For example: We titrate 200 milliliters of water in 3 flasks. In 1 flask we add 2 drops 0,01 N Solution of
Sodium hyposulphitum, in 2 flask - 4 drops and in 3 flask - 8 drops. What is necessary quantity of dry lime
chloride for a disinfection of water (in grammes on 1 м3 of water )?
SOLUTION
1). 1 ml 0,01 n Solution of Sodium hyposulphitum contain 20 drops. In 1 flask we were add 2 drops
1 ml - 20 drops
Х ml - 2 drops
1х2
Х = -------- = 0,1 mls of Sodium hyposulphitum
20
2). 1 ml 0,01 n Solution of Sodium hyposulphitum contain 20 drops. In 2 flask we were add 4 drops
1 ml - 20 drops
Х ml - 4 drops
1х4
Х = -------- = 0,2 mls of Sodium hyposulphitum
20
3). 1 ml 0,01 n Solution of Sodium hyposulphitum contain 20 drops. In 3 flask we were add 8 drops
1 ml - 20 drops
Х ml - 8 drops
1х8
Х = -------- = 0,4 mls of Sodium hyposulphitum
20
4). Residual quantity of chlorine in each flask determine under the formula:

Х = 0,355  A х 5

In 1 flask 0,1 х 5 х 0,355 = 0,17 mg of chlorine on 1 litre

In 2 flask 0,2 х 5 х 0,355 = 0,35 mg of chlorine on 1 litre
In 3 flasks 0,4 х 5 х 0,355 = 0,71 mg of chlorine on 1 litre
We select the flask № 2, where residual chlorine is in norm. (N = 0,3 - 0,5 mg of chlorine on 1 litre).
In 2 flask we add 0,2 mls of Sodium hyposulphitum ( 4 drops )

5). The amount of dry lime chloride in grammes necessary for a decontamination 1 cubic meter water is
determined under the formula:

В х 5 х 1000 0,2 х 5 х 1000

 X = ------------------ = -------------------- = 10gr
100 100

Conclusion
The amount of dry lime chloride for a decontamination 1 cubic meter water = 10 grammes

THEME: HYGIENE OCCUPIED PLACES.

HYGIENIC DEMANDS TO CLEARING OCCUPIED PLACES FROM WASTE
PRODUCTS.
Ground - one of the important objects of environment where there are processes of auto
purification, in ground can collect many chemical and microbe pollutants, acting then in foodstuffs,
atmospheric air, superficial and underground waters.
The basic hygienic parameters of ground:
1) Porosity - than is more - that is less filtered waters and it is late in ground - marshy ground - is
adverse for the person
2) Air permeability - is connected to porosity of ground - the more - the more acts oxygen and there
are more biochemical processes of auto purification
3) Water penetration = filtration ability - at sufficient values ground dry, is stocks of subsoil waters
4) Capillarity - than more fine-grained ground - that subsoil waters rise highly.
Structure of ground.
The ground consists from mineral, organic, mineral-organic complexes, soil solutions, air and
soil microflora. It is the important parameters for hygienic estimation of ground - it changes can testify
to pollution of ground.
In ground constantly go 2 processes:
а) Disintegration organic substances up to inorganic - nitrification
b) Synthesis new organic substances - gumus - gumification.
Sharp infringements of ratio of these processes speak about pollution.
The soil microflora is characteristic for each kind of ground and is a basis of processes of
autopurification of ground. It is estimated on total microbe number (TMN) and amount of the basic
groups of microbes.
HYGIENIC VALUE of GROUND:
1) Endemic value – it is the environment of formation natural and technogenic
biogeochemical provinces with the abnormal contents mineral substances that through food stuffs
and water can result to endemic (characteristic for the given district) diseases of the person. The
majority of such diseases concern to microelementhosis (classification, representatives - see theme
on mineral substances).
To artificial biogeochemical provinces now carry accumulation in ground pesticides, heavy
metals, etc. There are data about relation of state of health of the population in these territories with
level accumulation some toxicants in ground.

2) EPIDEMIOLOGICAL VALUE of GROUND

In ground can get and it is long to be kept activators of the following diseases:
1) Intestinal infections - belly typhus, paratyphus, dysentery, cholera etc.
2) Anthropozoonoses - the Siberian ulcer, etc.
3) Viruses - hepatitis, etc.
4) Gelmintoses – ascarydosis, ets.
With ground dust can transfer activators of tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, illnesses of respiratory
ways etc.
3) ECOLOGICAL VALUE of GROUND
1) It is the environment of accumulation and circulation in a nature pollutants chemical and biological
nature
2) It is a source of pollution other objects of environment - food products, atmosphere, superficial and
underground waters
3) It is the environment of neutralization firm and liquid waste products, sewage, corpses of animals
and people.
At sufficient self-cleaning abilities the ground is a primary factor of auto purification of
environment.
Ways of autopurification ground:
1) Decomposition pollutants by mineralization and gumification - due to microflora of ground, О2,
enzyme activity of ground,
2) Adsorption pollutants by particles of ground
3) Washing away by subsoil waters
4) Evaporation in air above ground
5) Oxidation toxicants by О2 and action UVR in higher layers of ground
6) Neutralization toxicants in acid or alkaline ground.

CONCEPT ABOUT POLLUTION OF GROUND

By definition UNEP, pollution of ground it is chemical substances, biological organisms and
products of their life, meeting in ground in an inadequate place, in inadequate time and in inadequate
amount.
THE BASIC SOURCES OF POLLUTION GROUND
They can be divided on natural and anthropogenous.
NATURAL: dying off plants and animals, flooding, earthquakes, volcanoes, fires etc.
 ANTHROPOGENOUS:
1) Brought by the person in ground purposefully:
а) agrochemicals - pesticides (herbicides - for struggle against weeds) and fertilizers - formation the
artificial biogeochemical provinces influencing on health of the population.
b) burial places of people and animals, fields of sewage cleaning - microbe pollution of ground for
many years.
2) Getting in ground casually - with industrial and household sewage, places of dumps, the atomic
power station, from atmospheric air, superficial waters etc.

PROTECTION GROUND FROM POLLUTION

1) Administrative – legislative measures: laws and decisions of authorities for protection ground from
pollution.
2) Hygienic:
а) Preventive sanitary control - examination civil-engineering designs and normalization pollutants in
ground
b) Current sanitary control - the control levels of pollution by direct and indirect attributes and
comparison it to specifications.
3) Architectural - correct accommodation dumps, ranges of waste products etc.
4) Medical monitoring – it is studying endemic and epidemic diseases in the given district in
connection with pollution of ground.
5) Ecological monitoring - the control soil microflora and another biote.
6) Technological measures on prevention pollution of ground.
HYGIENE OCCUPIED PLACES.

Hygiene occupied places - the important section of municipal hygiene making hygienic
requirements to accommodation, to layout and functional zones occupied places, to layout inhabited
quarters, to premises. It has great importance for health of the population, for maintenance necessary
sanitary conditions in cities, etc.
Concept “Urbanization”.
Urbanization - prompt growth amount and the sizes of cities, increase urban population in
structure population due to reduction agricultural population.
On the average in the countries of the Western Europe urban population makes 60 %, in
England, Belgium, Germany - 80-90 %. According to the United Nations, for 200 years (1800-2000)
the population of the Earth has increased in 7 times, and urban population - in 125 times.
Principal causes urbanization:
а) Development the industry, science, transport in cities is required many workers living near to the
enterprises,
b) In cities the level of cultural, public service, information is higher, that in rural - aspiration rural
youth in cities.
Large cities create not optimum conditions for life and health of the person, therefore at the
WHO the special Committee on problems of urbanization was created.
Consequences of urbanization:
Alongside with the positive sides of urbanization – high level cultural, public service,
information, there is present a number
NEGATIVE CONSEQUENCES:
1) High density of the population in small territory - there is growth infectious disease (flu,
tuberculosis etc.).
2) High pollution city environment by chemical substances, physical and biological factors.
3) Decrease solar radiation on 10-20 %, including UVR - growth rickets in children.
4) High level of noise - on the big highways noise even at night up to 80 deciBell (dB), (norm for rest
- 30 dB). Occurrence noise illnesses is possible at 50-60 dB.
5) Because of building in cities air ventilation is worsened - accumulation pollutants (fogs - murderers,
etc.)
6) Not optimum microclimate - in the summer big heating buildings, roads etc.
7) High level transport traumatism of the population.
8) Big empty losses of energy and time on road for work and back.
9) Problem of rest behind city - in city parks is not enough, and departure city for rest is not always
possible in large city.
10) High level of negative psychogenic factors - stresses, psychological diseases.
11) Growth of cities limits agricultural use of the suburban grounds.
These negative consequences of urbanization for health illustrates by greater disease of urban
population in comparison with rural, deterioration demographic parameters, decrease parameters of
physical development of children and teenagers in large industrial centers.
The urbanization has resulted in occurrence of superlarge cities (New York, Tokyo, etc.) -
megacities with huge amount of the population and sharp deterioration of all negative consequences
of urbanization.

FACTORS CAUSING OCCURRENCE AND DEVELOPMENT CITIES

As a rule, cities arise not on any place; their occurrence, development or decline is determined
by a number of economic, social and political factors, named

TOWN-FORMING FACTORS:
In the past such factors were:
1) Development crafts and convenient waterways – in mouth of the rivers, at coasts of the seas -
Athens, in Crimea - Chersonese, Feodosiya (Cafa), Sudak (Sugdeya).
2) Presence feudal fortress with the lock, strong city walls for protection the population from enemies
(medieval cities – center of Moscow, Bonn, Krakow).
3) In 19 century - growth the industry and business activity (Manchester).
MODERN TOWN-FORMING FACTORS:
1) Presence the industrial enterprises and deposits of minerals. Many cities it is in bad climatic
conditions (Norilsk in Arctic zone).
2) Presence the large transport units and crossing of large highways. So 200 years back there was
formed Simferopol (city - collector).
3) Presence administrative establishments state level - governmental, republican, regional. In USA it
is Washington, new capital of Brazil – Brazilia.
4) Presence science, education centers and scientific and technical complexes - the Novosibirsk
academic town, Oxford, etc.
5) Presence the large bases of the Navy - Sevastopol, Vladivostok, etc.
For cities - resorts - presence recreational resources (medical dirties, mineral waters, coastal
seawaters) - cities - resorts of Crimea, Caucasus.
The basic groups urban population.
All urban population shares on 3 groups:
1) town-forming group - workers of the industry, transport, administration, science. It makes about 30-
35 % of the population of city.
2) Serving group - workers of municipal services, education, public health services, trade,
communication, etc. (20-25 % of the city population).
3) Not amateur population – it is children, learning, pensioners, jobless. (40-45 % of the city
population).
FUNCTIONAL ZONES IN CITIES
1) Inhabited (seliteb) zone where the basic part of the population lives. Should have the best
hygienic conditions.
2) Industrial zone. Concentration the industrial enterprises in industrial units. Between this zone
and inhabited zone should be sanitary - protective breaks (zones) with green plantings.
3) Тransport-warehouse zone. In Simferopol it is brightly expressed in area of railway station
near our university.
4) The green zone - is located diffusely in territory, is very important for auto purification of
atmosphere and creation recreational conditions in city.
5) Residential suburb - parks, woods, zones of rest, the agricultural enterprises serving city.
HYGIENIC CHARACTERISTIC KINDS of the LAY-OUT OF CITIES
1) Radial-ring layout - medieval cities, in the center - the feudal lock and narrow circular streets and
streets - radiuses to former city gate. (Center of old cities - Moscow, Bonn, Krakow etc.). Lack - high
density of the population, bad airing, lighting, it is not enough parks and squares.
2) Chess lay-out - streets and lanes are crossed under a right angle - cities of 18-19 centuries - St.
Petersburg, the center of Simferopol, Odessa etc. Airing is complicated, difficulty for transport - it is a
lot of crossroads - air pollution.
3) Linear layout - the city is located along the rivers, highways - Volgograd, Dnepropetrovsk,
Zaporozhye etc. Hygienic conditions are better, but huge losses of time for transport (very long along
river).
4) Modern type lay-out – free lay-out - in view of a relief, hygienic conditions, functional zones. Old
kinds of city layout at reconstruction try to transfer in this kind.
Kinds of law-out of inhabited quarters.
The initial inhabited cell of city is quarter - the part of residential buildings limited by streets
and lanes. They can have the various sizes depending on type of building of quarter:
1) Continuous building - old quarters in city center – all area of quarter has buildings. Lacks - bad
airing, lighting, high level of noise, air pollution, the big density of inhabitants.
2) The closed building - continuous building - on periphery of quarter, inside - empty places. Lacks -
bad airing, high level of noise and pollution. It is recommended for conditions of Far North.
3) Perimetery building – buildings are with intervals on perimeter of quarter, inside gardening. It is
used at reconstruction old types of building. Lack - the raised noise level.
4) Line building - buildings are located by lines along streets. Better conditions for airing and light,
bul it is hogh level of transport noise.
5) Stitch building - buildings at end (short part) face to roads. Better hygienic conditions. Lack -
architectural monotony of quarters.
6) Free building - buildings are located in one quarter in apparent disorder, but in view of hygienic
requirements.
Modern principle of layout of residential zones – it is MICRODISTRICT - large inhabited files
for 10-12 thousand inhabitants with free building. In the center - establishments for service
inhabitants - school, polyclinic, post office, etc. The highways is only on periphery of microdistrict. At
such layout in city center there are only townspeople's establishments that reduce transport losses
for inhabitants of microdistrict.

Protection the city environment from pollution.

1) Administrative - legislative actions.
2) Hygienic - revealing and the account all sources of pollution city, the control projected
objects, participation SES in drawing up general plans for development of city, the control realization
of these plans. The current control - supervision degree of pollution and acceptance measures to
decrease pollution.
3) Architectural - functional zones of cities, reconstruction systems building of cities and
inhabited quarters, allocation sanitary - protective zones, gardening cities.
 4) Technical and sanitary-engineering measures - the closed technology, change
technology with the purpose decrease pollutants emissions, construction clearing constructions on
sources of emissions in an atmosphere and sewage treatment etc.
HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO PREMISES
The basic purpose hygienic requirements to premises - to provide optimum conditions for rest,
works people.
Microclimate: temperature 18-22 С, relative humidity 40-60 %, speed movement of air 0,2-0,4
m/s.
Ventilation: frequency rate 0,5-1 (in kitchens - 2-3), contence СО 2 - 0,1 %, volume of air
exchange on 1 person 20-30 m3 / hour.
Illumination: natural – Light factor 1/8-1/10, Factor of natural illumination - 0,5-0,75 %
Artificial: general - 40-50 lux, local – 100 lux, combined – 150 lux.
Noise level - up to 30 dB (at night).

CLEARING OCCUPIED PLACES FROM WASTE PRODUCTS.

Introduction hygienic proved methods of removal and neutralization firm and liquid waste
products in the occupied places remains as one of prime problems of public health care from all over
the world.
The unsatisfactory state of affairs in this sphere is real threat of adverse epidemiological
conditions in the occupied places and the important reason of growth infectious and not infectious
pathology.
One of priority problems of quality of environment on Ukraine and in Crimea is unsatisfactory
position with waste products:
- Accumulation big amount highly toxic waste products and absence effective and ecologically safe
methods of their neutralization
- Unsatisfactory sanitary conditions and overload ranges of firm household waste products (dumps),
absence places for new ranges
- The insufficient degree clearing of household sewage, trowing in coastal sea water areas, that gives
high microbe pollution seawater and results in closing many sea beaches and represents epidemic
danger for bathing.
Waste products in the occupied places share on 2 groups:
1) Liquid - sewage, 2) Firm - household waste products, industrial dust etc.
Systems clearing of the occupied places.
1) Clearing from liquid waste products.
For clearing it is used 2 systems - export and floatable (water drain).
In the first case liquid waste products take out from the occupied places with the help of special
transport, in the second - alloy for limits of the occupied places on pipes (the water drain – system).
2) Clearing from firm waste products (dust).
 Average norm formation of household dust - 320 kg on 1 person per one year, or 0,75 м3. On
Ukraine and in the countries of the CIS the scheduled - regular system clearing of dust is used (from
domestic containers).
Methods removal and destruction firm household waste products.
The basic methods of removal and destruction household waste products it is controllable
dumps, biothermal methods, burning.
Controllable dumps - ranges of firm household waste products. It accommodation, operation
and sanitary condition are supervised by sanitary-epidemiologic service.
Biothermal methods. Are based on creation conditions for development in dust termophylic
microbes, thus the temperature in it raises up to 50-70 0 C, that promotes decomposition organic
substances, destruction pathogenic microflora.
To such methods concerns composting (creation compost in natural conditions in countryside),
and use artificial biothermal chambers for acceleration formation compost (fermentative towers,
biostabilizers, biotencs).
Burning dust. It will be carried out in special furnaces at temperature 650-1200 0 C, however
this method is uneconomical, gives many emissions in atmosphere air and is applied less often.
The sanitary - dangerous materials, infected waste products of hospitals must be burning in
special furnaces - destructers (separately in each hospital or on-line).
Methods removal firm industrial wastes.
1. Not toxic industrial wastes (building dust) are taken out on dumps of household waste
products and used as isolation material.
2. Firm toxic organic waste products burn in special furnaces at temperature 1000-1200 0 С
with dust removal devices.
3. Low toxic insoluble in water waste products is dug in ground in places with low filtration
ability of ground (clay ground).
4. Highly toxic waste products are stored in tight container on special ranges of industrial
wastes, dug in containers in ground or dumped in deep-water areas of the seas and oceans. But it
represents potential threat of environmental contamination in future.

Methods clearing household sewage.

1) Mechanical or initial – clearing sewage of floating impurity and suspensions by
upholding and filtration,
2) Biological or secondary - clearing of the dissolved organic substances due to
processes of biological autopurification,
3) Tertiary - clearing high degree from pathogenic microflora or toxic substances.
On ways of realization clearing methods share on:
1) Natural (soil methods, biological ponds)
 2) Artificial (sediment bowls, biofilters, disinfecting)
Natural methods:
Soil methods of sewage clearing.
Fields of irrigation. The sewage moves on fields with agricultural plants (move in ditches
between plants). Waters pass filtration through ground, there are processes of auto purification due
to soil microflora and the filtrate becomes clean enough.
Fields of filtration. It is the ground areas without plants. The separate sites of such fields
limited to earthen shaft 1 m, irrigate sewage by flooding, then they "have a rest" 1 year, and then are
again used.
Biological ponds. Special ponds with development hydrobionts, plants, saprophyt microbes
are used, which provide processes biological auto purification of sewage. The sewage in process of
clearing in 3-7 days is passed through such ponds. In the beginning go anaerobe ponds, then -
facultative and oxidizing ponds.
Artificial methods sewage clearing.
1. Mechanical clearing. It will be carried out with the help of lattices, and initial sediment
bowls. At the big clearing stations silts neutralize in the closed tanks - metatenks.
2. Biological clearing. Biological decomposition organic substances will be carried out in
biooxidizers, where there are processes of auto purification as in biological ponds, but is much faster.
For this purpose use biological filters (filters with a film of microorganisms) and aerotenks (bring
active silt, aerate and mix).
3. Disinfecting. In case use sewage after clearing for watering agricultural plants, at it dump
in reservoirs of drinking and recreational purpose will carry out additional disinfecting (chlorination in
dozes 5 - 50 mg / l within 1 hour).
4. Tertiary processing. In case use the cleared sewage in the industry, for drink cattle,
updating in stocks of underground waters use complex and expensive methods of full clearing -
coagulation, adsorption, removal of foam, ionic exchange, deep disinfecting etc.
Clearing sewage from medical establishments.
Sewage of infectious, tuberculosis and some other branches before dump in the city water
drain pass additional disinfecting by chlorination.
Sewage from radiological branches collect in special sediment bowls before decrease of radio-
activity to allowable levels, and then act in townspeople's system of the water drain.

INSTRUCTION FOR PRACTICAL LESSON ON THE THEME

The educational questions :
1. Soil, what is it?
2. The hygienic value of the soil.
3. Concept of pollution of the soil
4. Protection of the soil from pollution.
5. Limiting attributes of harmfulness of substances in the soil.
6. Hygiene of populated areas. Urbanization and it main hygienic consequences.
7. Town-forming factors (in past and now)
8. Urbanization and its cosequencies.
9. Functional zones in cities
10. Hygienic chatacteristics kinds of law-out of cities
11.Hygienic chatacteristics kinds of law-out of inhabited quarters
12. Protection the city environment from pollution.
13. Hygienic requirements to living premises
14. Hygienic proved methods of removal and neutralization firm and liquid waste products in the occupied places
15. Methods removal and destruction firm household waste products.
16. Methods removal firm industrial wastes.
17. Methods clearing household sewage.

The educational tasks and concrete definition of the tasks

1. To know the scheme of sanitary inspection of inhabited premises (room)
2.A technique of drawing up the act of sanitary inspection of the living room. To make the act of sanitary
inspection of the apartment, room, room in a hostel etc.

The appendix 1.

SCHEME
Of the act of sanitary inspection of an apartment
1. The general items of information: the name of a building, year of construction, address.
2. Topography of district: a height, lowland, open or closed from winds.
3. The characteristic of environmental territory: green plantings, arrangement of factories and pollution
by it atmospheric air, presence noisy, dusty of streets etc.
4. An accomplishment of the ground area of a building: the general area, percent of a built up part,
degree of gardening, system and condition of its cleaning.
5. The characteristic of a building: is located in one quarter (with lower case, continuous, perymethric
type of a lay-out), microarea. Distance from the next buildings ________ Meters. The long axis of a building is
located (from the south on north; from west on east etc.). Number of floors, amount of apartments on each floor
and in all house. A material of building (ferro-concrete, stone, wooden).
6. A sanitary accomplishment of a building: system of removal of liquid and firm waste. A sanitary
condition of a court yard, ladders, work of the lift.
7. The floor, on which is an apartment, number of inhabited rooms ____, orientation it to a street
_______, in a court yard __________. Shadow by the next buildings (is, is not present).
8. The general area of an apartment ______ m2, height of a ceiling ______ m, inhabited area _______
m2, cubic capacity _______ m3.
9. Number of the people living in an apartment, from them children till 14 years _______.
10. The inhabited area on 1 man ______ m2.
11. Walls: brick, wooden, the dampness (is whether or not). Sound insulation, material and condition of
floors, windows, doors.
12. Heating: central, oven. Temperature of air _____ 0 С.
13. Ventilation: central (works whether or not). Window leaves, the through airing is possible whether
or not.
14. Illumination: light factor in inhabited rooms _______. Artificial illumination by incadescent lamps,
luminescent lamps, kind of the light fixture.
15. The area of rooms in m2, are blocked up with things whether or not.
16. Kitchen: a condition of walls, ceiling, floor. A plate (gas, electrical). A sanitary condition of
kitchen.
17. The waterpipe (is whether or not), bathroom (is, is not present), where the linen is erased.
18. A lavatory canalized (is, not present), sanitary condition _________.
19. Insects in an apartment (is, is not present, what).
20. The noise in an apartment (is, is not present), its origin.
21. The dampness in rooms is observed (is, not present). The reasons of occurrence.
22. The complaints of the tenants.
23. The general conclusion about a sanitary condition of object.
24. Measures on sanitary improvement state of object.
 Date of inspection ___________ the Signature ________________

The appendix 2.

SCHEME of Sanitary inspection of student hostel

1. The general information: the name of a building, is specially constructed or the year of construction,
address, is adapted to the present purpose, who lives (learning, working), general number lonely _______,
family _______, family are placed separately.
2. Topography of district: raised, low, marshy, open or closed from winds.
3. The ground area: the area _____ m2, green plantings (yes, no), contains in cleanliness (yes, is not
present).
4. Environmental territory: the inhabited quarter, industrial enterprises, dusty roads and pollution by
them of air (is, is not present).
5. The hostel occupies _________ buildings, cases.
6. A building: stone, ferro-concrete, ____ of floors, year of construction _________, dry, crude, the
walls are painted with a paint (is, is not present), floors wooden, are covered by linoleum (yes, is not present),
concrete (is, is not present), the operating repair was made last time in ___________ - year, capital repair - in
___________ year.
7. The sizes of the basic premises (rooms) (bedrooms): width, length, height (in meters). The area of a
floor and cubic capacity on one man.
8. Heating: (central, local), sufficient whether or not, temperature of air _______ 0С.
9. Ventilation: the window leaf, fans, conditioners, through airing, probably (is, not present), is applied
there (is) no complaint living on температурно-влажностный a mode and smells.
10. Illumination, light factor _______, corner of fall. Apertures. Natural illumination during ____ hours
per day. The artificial illumination, type of fixtures. Estimation of natural and artificial illumination.
11. The supply by water centralized (constant, periodically is absent); from well. There is a hot water
(yes, is not present).
12. Lavatories: canalized (yes or not), are located in a building (in a court yard). Are cleaned regularly
(yes, no). Quality of it disinfection.
13. Wash-stends, where are located, amount, sanitary condition.
14. In what terms the bed-clothes is replaced.
15. Whether the washing of a linen, preparation of food, drying of clothes is made in bedrooms,
corridors.
16. Whether there are in premises (rooms) insects.
17. The list of auxiliary premises (rooms) serving all hostel as a whole: a restaurant, isolator, reading
hall, dryer, etc.
18. System of cleaning of premises (rooms) (damp, dry, how many per one week). The containers for
dust (are, is not present), on what distance from a hostel are. How many time per day is made cleaning of dust
from containers.
19. The additional data.
20. The general conclusion about a sanitary condition of object.
21. Measures on sanitary improvement of object
Date of inspection ______________ Signature ____________

THE EDUCATIONAL INSTRUCTION

HYGIENIC IMPORTANCE of DWELLING
In each occupied place most important element is the dwelling. In the not comfortable dwellings, at
high density of people is created especially favorable conditions for distribution of infections transmitted by
inhalation way, first of all it concerns a tuberculosis. In dark premises (rooms) with unsufficient solar and ultra-
violet radiation small children are more often have rickets.
At preliminary and current sanitary control determine the following requirements to dwelling:
1. The ground area under construction of an apartment house owes:
 а) well covered by the sun and district, accessible to airing;
b) to have good natural or artificial relief for a drain of atmospheric waters;
c) to have the dry not polluted ground, the level of earth waters should be not closer 1,5 m from a
surface of ground;
d) to have the appropriate parameters of a sanitary condition of ground:
- the sanitary number should be not less than 0,85. The sanitary number is relation soil nitrogen which
is included in structure of ground, contained in 100 g of ground, which pollutes it;
- amount eggs of helmints - up to 10 in 1 kg of ground;
- the coli-titr - it should be not less than 0,01;
- titr anaerob microbes (Cl.perfringens). This titr should be not less than 0,001.

2. The hygienic requirements to a building

From orientation windows to the rumbs depends illumination of dwelling. The windows of inhabited
premises (rooms) should be focused on southern and east rumbs in hot areas (western orientation of a window
is not optimum), window of auxiliary premises (rooms) - on north. The axis of a building should come nearer to
an equatorial direction.
The inhabited rooms must have insolation not less than 3 hours per day.
At unsufficient break between houses beside the high building can give a shadow, as a result of it the
solar irradiation is sharply reduced. Therefore distance between the next buildings should be not less than 2
heights of the highest building.
Distance from an inhabited building up to the container with dust should be not less than 30 meters and
no more than 50 m.

3. Types of inhabited buildings:

а) one-storeyed apartment house (private residence);
b) multi-storey apartment house (cottage);
c) multiroom home (on 2-8 apartments);
d) multiroom multi-storey houses (3 and more floors). Density of settling in them considerably higher.
In house more 5 floors necessarily there should be a lift;
e) House of a hotel type - hostel.

4. An inhabited apartment.
Structure of an apartment includes inhabited and auxiliary premises (rooms). To inhabited premises
(rooms) concern: a bedroom, drawing room, studies.
Auxiliary premises (rooms): kitchen, forward, bathroom, lavatory, pantry, balcony, veranda.
The bedroom - should not be checkpoint, be designed owes no more, than on 2- men, is located far
from kitchen and forward. The area it must be not less than 10 m2.
The room of day time stay (drawing room, restaurant) - can be checkpoint. The area not less than 14-16
m2. The depth should not be more than double width.
The kitchen - should be not less than 7 m2 and should be isolated from inhabited rooms.
Forward - serves for undressing, storage of the top clothes and footwear, protects inhabited rooms from
penetration in them cold, noise. Width forward should be not less than 1,2 m.
Internal corridors - width them not less than 1,1 m.

5. Houses of a hotel type for small families.

At this type of construction inhabited premises (rooms) or the apartments settle down on both parties of
the central corridor. Each such apartment has 1-2 inhabited rooms, small kitchen, lavatory, small forward and
wall case. The houses of a similar type have lacks: it is impossible to carry out through airing, large contact
between the tenants. The hostels concern to the given type of a building.

6. Hygienic norms for a hostel of the students:

1). The area of bedrooms gets out at the rate of 6 m2 on one man at height not less than 2,7 m.
2). Distance between beds not less than 0,5 m from outside walls up to beds - not less than 0,3 m;
3). In one bedroom should be no more than 4 men;
4). A common corridor - no more than 40 m in length;
5). The subsidiary premises (rooms) should settle down at the end of a corridor;
6). In a hostel more than on 300 men the restaurant is provided;
7). The building of a hostel should occupy no more than 25 % of the ground area;
8). Distance from a hostel up to the container with dust not less than 30 m and no more than 50 m.

Tests for the control level of knowledge

1. A kind of state sanitary supervision during housing construction is named:

1. current
2. preliminary
3. precautionary
4. 1 time at 10 days
5. expendable at acceptance of a building
2. The depth of underground waters at construction of buildings should make on more:
1. 1m
2. 1,5m
3. 2,2m
4. 2,5m
5. 3m
3. Time of insolation in inhabited rooms should make (min/day):
1. 60
2. 180
3. 240
4. 300

Situational tasks
1. For construction shielding (from noise) of building, it is chosen the screen length 110m, height 5,5 m, for
protection by a number of the constructed apartment house № 4. Beside passes a highway. Equivalent noise
level in apartments of a house now makes 50,5 dB, in inhabited territory 65,5 dB. Give the conclusion about
expediency of construction of screen.
2. In a room of a student's hostel there are 4 men. Frequency of ventilation 3 time\hour, concentration СО2 –
0,2 %. Light factor-1:5. Temperature 20 0 C, air humidity -55 %. General illumination by incadescent lamps
-150 lux, local illumination 50 lux. What diseases or deviations in a physiological condition at the students can
arise?
3. The two-room inhabited apartment is located on 6 floor, the lift does not work. The windows leave on
South-East. The kitchen is directly informed with an inhabited room. A bathroom and toilet are combined. The
general area of an apartment is 45m2, lives 5 men. Noise at the night 25 dB. The walls of a bedroom are painted
in salad colour. Relative humidity 66 %. Temperature of air –18 0 C. Drawing rooms - wall pink. Temperature –
20 0С . Frequency ventilation in kitchen 1,5 times/hour. Give a hygienic estimation.

The standards of the answers:

1. The length of the noise-protection screen must be 120 m, height - 5,5m. Height of an apartment house № 4
are not specified. We can assume, that at the expense of shielding on height noise level will decrease on 10 dB
(relation 110 to 50,5 = 2, that reduces on 10 dB), that will exceed norm. Hence shop needs to be built above.
2. May be the reduction of serviceability, a headache, because it is excess MPC of СО2.
3. Hygienic conditions satisfactory. Exception: the kitchen should not be informed with an inhabited room. To
put a partition, to transfer a door.

Final lesson on Municipal hygiene

Control questions for the Final lesson on Municipal hygiene
1. Concept about climate and microclimate. Influence of the factors of a microclimate on system
thermoragulation of the person. Problems of acclimatization.
2. Methods of measurement major factors of a microclimate, devices, specifications for various
premises (rooms) and it substantiation.
3.Kinds of infringement thermoregulation of the person in conditions of a hot climate, it mechanisms
and prevention.
4.Methods of a complex estimation of microclimate and it application. Norms of parameters and ways
of definition.
5. Basic weather-forming factors and it influence on the person. A medical estimation and
classifications of weather.
6.Heliometheotropic reactions of the man, it display. Diseases accompanying by such reactions.
Prevention such reactions.
7.Structure of atmospheric air, action of its components on the person. Pathogenesis, clinic and
prevention of the mountain (high-altitude) and kesson (decompression) illness.
8.Contents CO 2 in an atmosphere, its dynamic and reasons. Action on the man various
concentration CO 2. MPC in air of premises (rooms) and its substantiation.
9.Basic sources and factors of pollution of an atmosphere, ways it self-purification, factors influencing
at size of pollution in concrete region. Kinds of air-clearing structures.
10. Direct and indirect negative influence of atmospheric pollution on health of the people and
condition of their life, its versions and examples.
11. Protection of an atmosphere from anthropogenous pollution: the basic directions and examples. Standartization
harmful substances in atmospheric air.
12. Importance of solar radiation. The reasons, display and prevention solar starvation. Concept
about a biodoze of a ultra-violet irradiation, method of definition.
13. Structure of solar light at a surface of the Earth. Action components of solar light on the person.
Biological effects of a ultra-violet irradiation, its mechanisms.
14. The hygienic requirements to natural illumination in inhabited, educational and hospital premises
(rooms), its indicators, methods of estimation and specifications.
15. The hygienic requirements to artificial illumination, kinds and systems of such illumination,
methods of estimation and specifications in various premises (rooms).
16. The hygienic characteristic of sources of water supply. Zones of sanitary protection water sourses
and it purpose. Kinds of water using, components of a waterpipe.
17. The hygienic requirements to quality of drinking water. Organoleptic parameters of drinking water,
it importance, methods of definition and norms.
18. The hygienic requirements to chemical structure of water, diseases caused by its changes, it
reasons, displays and prevention.
19. Epidemic importance of water, attributes of water epidemics, parameters epidemical safety of
water.
20. The methods of improvement quality of water. Methods of clearing water, control it efficiency.
21. The methods of disinfection water, it comparative hygienic estimation and control it efficiency.
22. Chlorination water, its kinds, scheme, parameters of efficiency, lacks of this method disinfection
water.
23. The basic sources and factors of pollution of reservoirs, ways self-purification of reservoirs.
Protection reservoirs from anthropogenous pollution. Hygienic standartization pollutants in water.
24. Hygienic importance of ground, its basic parameters. Basic pollutants and ways self-purification
of ground. Endemical importance of ground: endemic diseases – reasons, display, prevention.
25. The attributes of harm at standartization harmful substances in ground. Protection ground from
anthropogenous pollution.
26. Urbanization and its hygienic estimation. The modern town-forming factors and it importance for
development of cities.
27. Hygienic estimation systems of building cities and inhabited quarters. Functional zones in cities.
28. The hygienic requirements to inhabited rooms (microclimate, ventilation, illumination).
29. Noise and electromagnetic fields as the factors of urban environment. Action on the man.
Prevention it harmful influence.
30. The methods of clearing of the occupied places from firm waste. Methods of destruction firm
household and industrial wastes.
31. Methods of clearing of waste water. Natural and artificial methods of clearing waste water.

The tests for the final control of knowledge, SECTION “ MUNICIPAL HYGIENE ”
THE TEST 1. Specify major factors of a microclimate:
А. Temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, light exposure
В. Humidity, ionization of environment, athmosphere pressure
С. Temperature, humidity, contents СО2 in air
D. Temperature, athmosphere pressure, speed of movement of air
Е. Temperature, humidity, speed of movement of air
THE TEST 2. Specify devices for measurement humidity of air:
А. Katatermometer
В. Psychrometer
С. Anemometer
D. Barometer
Е. Thermograph
THE TEST 3. What occurs with heat-return of organism by perspiration at increase of humidity of air?
А. Increase
В. There are no changes
С. Decrease
D. Insignificant increase
Е. Sharp increase
THE TEST 4. Specify norms of speed of movement of air in an inhabited premise (room):
А. 0,1-0,2 m/s
В. 0,3-0,6 m/s
С. 0,4-0,6 m/s
D. 0,2-0,4 m/s
Е. 0,6-1,0 m/s
THE TEST 5. To what a method of katatermometry now is applied:
А. For a complex estimation of a microclimate
В. For definition of speed of movement of air
С. For exact definition of temperature of air
D. For definition of atmospheric pressure
Е. For definition of extreme climatic conditions
THE TEST 6. Specify a zone of comfort on effective temperatures:
А. 18-200 ЭТ
В. 20-240 ЭТ
С. 20-230 ЭТ
D. 17-220 ЭТ
Е. 22-280 ЭТ
THE TEST 7. To what group weather-forming factors temperature and humidity of air concerns?
А. Synoptical
В. Meteorological
С. Heliophysical
D. Geophysical
Е. Microclimatic
THE TEST 8. Name the basic characteristics of a cyclone as weather-forming factor:
А. Low atmospheric pressure, deposits, fogs, biothropic weather
В. High atmospheric pressure, clear weather, favorable for health
С. Low atmospheric pressure clear weather, biothropic weather
D. High atmospheric pressure, deposits, fogs, biothropic weather
Е. Low atmospheric pressure, deposits, fogs, favorable weather
THE TEST 9. To metheptropic reactions of the man concern:
А. Occurrence of chronic diseases lungs and pneumoconiosis
В. Allergic reactions under influence of pollution of an atmosphere
С. Changes of health under influence of the weather factors
D. Raised distribution rickets at children
Е. Growth oncologic diseases
THE TEST 10. That the formula Н = F/t represents?
А. Formula for calculation of relative humidity of air
В. The formula for calculation of cooling ability of air
С.Formula for definition of speed of movement of air
D. Formula for definition of absolute humidity of air
Е. Formula for calculation of the maximal humidity of air
THE TEST 11. Specify structure of atmospheric air:
А. Oxygen - 18 %, nitrogen - 70 %, СО2 -0,1 %, other gases -12 %
В. Oxygen - 20 %, nitrogen - 76 %, СО2 -0,06 %, other gases -4 %
С. Oxygen - 21 %, nitrogen - 78 %, СО2 -0,03 %, other gases -1 %
D. Oxygen - 22 %, nitrogen - 70 %, СО2 -0,01 %, other gases -6 %
Е. Oxygen - 20 %, nitrogen - 76 %, СО2 -0,6 %, other gases -3,4 %
THE TEST 12. The reason of development of high-altitude illness is:
А. Decrease partial pressure О2
В. Decrease of the contents О2 at rise on height
С. Increase of the contents СО2 at height
D. Increase of the contents of nitrogen
Е. Downturn of the contents СО2 at height
THE TEST 13. Specify symptoms of high-altitude illness:
А. Change рН of blood, infringement of an exchange of vitamin В1, apathy
В. Dyspnoe, cyanosis, taxicardia, euphoria, deterioration of sight, hypoxia
С. Anemya, frustration gastric secretion, irritation of the top respiratory ways
D. Increase arterial pressure, spasmes accomodation, dyspnoe, infringement of memory
Е. Headaches, trombosis of vessels, increase saliva secretion, dyspnoe
THE TEST 14 Reason of development kesson illness is:
А. Decrease of concentration of nitrogen
В. Increase of pressure of gases of an inhaled air mix
С. Increase of concentration СО2
D. Decrease of pressure of gases
Е. Increase of concentration of nitrogen
THE TEST 15. The mechanism of action СО2 on the man is connected with:
А. The influence on the respiratory centre
В. Development methaemoglobinaemya
С. Narcotic influence on CNS
D. Development carboxihaemoglobinaemya
Е. Development anoxemya
THE TEST 16. Maximal permissible concentration (MPC) СО2 in air of rooms is:
А. 0,07-0,1 %
В. 0,3-0,5 %
С. 1-2 %
D. 0,1-0,4 %
Е. 2-4 %
THE TEST 17. To the remote effects of influence of atmospheric pollution on the man concern:
А. Growth of chronic lungs diseases
В. Cancerogen and mutagen action
С. Increase of prevalence rickets at children
D. Aggravation of chronic diseases
Е. General increase morbidity
THE TEST 18. To parameters of efficiency of ventilation in a room concern:
А. Temperature and humidity of air
В. Speed of movement of air and temperature of air
С. Frequency ventilation and contents СО2
D. Contents in air СО2 and temperature of air
Е. Change of temperature and frequency ventilation
THE TEST 19. The air conditioning is:
А. Change of chemical structure of air
В. Decrease bacterial pollution
С. Change of microclimatic parameters
D. Change of temperature and humidity of air
Е. Change of humidity and speed of movement of air
THE TEST 20. Specify, in what premise above natural illumination at such meaning of light factor:
А. 1:10
В. 1:6
С. 1:8
D. 1:4
Е. 1: 9
THE TEST 21. What parameter reflects size of natural illumination in a workplace?
А. Light factor
В. A corner of fall
С. Factor of depth room
D. FNI
Е. A corner of aperture
THE TEST 22. Specify norm of general artificial illumination in a class (incadescent lamp):
А. 50 lux
В. 150 lux
С. 100 lux
D. 75 lux
Е. 125 lux
THE TEST 23. What device is used for definition of a level of light exposure?
А. Anemometer
В. Aspirometer
С. Hygrometer
D. Luxmeter
Е. Lactodensimeter
THE TEST 24. As a biodoze of a UV-irradiation refers to as:
А. Doze which is not causing any changes on a skin
В. Doze causing erythema in 4 hours
С. Doze causing expressed erythema in 48 hours
D. A doze causing weak erythema in 8-20 hours
Е. Doze causing reaction of a skin
THE TEST 25. The infra-red beams have:
А. Photochemical action
В. Bacreticid action
С. Thermal action
D. Antyrickets action
Е. Melanin-forming action
THE TEST 26. The urbanisation is:
А. Increase of pollution of an atmosphere in cities
В. Acceleration of rates of physical development of children
С. Growth of number of the urban population
D. Decrease of growth of infectious diseases
Е. Decrease speed of physical development of children
THE TEST 27. What functional zones allocate in cities?
А. Zone of inhabited buildings and industrial structures
В. Central, industrial, transport, suburban
С. Central, country, transport
D. Seliteb, industrial, transport-warehouse, green
Е. Recreational and transport
THE TEST 28. Inhabited quarter in the occupied places is:
А. Inhabited file limited to large streets
В. Inhabited buildings limited to streets and lanes
С. Inhabited file with establishments on service of the population
D. Inhabited file with medical establishments for service of the population
Е. Inhabited file for 10-12 thousand inhabitants
THE TEST 29. The maximal permissible level (MPL) of household noise in inhabited premises
(rooms) makes:
А. 50 dB
В. 40 dB
С. 20 dB
D. 30 dB
Е. 25 dB
THE TEST 30. Name existing systems of building of quarters:
А. Continuous, closed, perymetrical, lower case, free
В. Lower case, perymetrical, through, continuous
С. Free, closed, lower case, chess, cross
D. Chess, linear, closed, continuous
Е. Closed, linear, perymetrical, free

HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS TO QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER. HYGIENE OF

WATER SUPPLY. METHODS OF THE IMPROVEMENT QUALITY OF WATER.

1. The hygienic importance of ground is caused:

А. Meliorative meaning
В. Endemic meaning
С. Epidemic meaning
D. Transport meaning
Е. Recreational meaning

2. To endemical diseases concern:

А. Cardiac pain
В. Fluorosis
С. Pneumoconiosis
D. Allergy
Е. Rickets

3. Common sanitary parameters of ground are:

А. Level of earth waters
В. Contents of harmful substances
С. Parameters soil microbes
D. Presence pesticides
Е. Contents of mineral fertilizers

4. The basic groups of parameters of quality of water are:

A. Organoleptical, biological, toxicologic
В. Organoleptical, chemical, bacteriological
С. Sanitary and toxicologic
D. Organoleptical, physical, chemical
Е. Biological and sanitary

5. Specify the specification of a smell and smack in drinking water:

А. 1ball
В. 0 ball
С. 1,5 ball
D. 3 ball
Е.2 ball

6. At realization of the laboratory analysis of water from a chisel chink the increase colour is
revealed at satisfactory bacteriological parameters. What parameters are necessary for
determining for finding - out of the reason of increase colour of water:
А. Sulphates
В. Chlorides
С. Iron
D. Fluorine
Е. Arsenicum

7. The laboratory analysis of tests of water has shown the raised size of taste and smack.
What from the given parameters of quality of water could cause change organoleptical
properties of water:
А. Turbidity
В. Fluorine
С. Chlorides
D. Nitrates
Е. Sulphate

8. Specify MPC nitrates (mg/l) in drinking water (in recalculation on nitrogen):

А. 50
В. 30
С. 10
D. 25
Е. 40

9. The basic sources of water supply are:

А. Springs, chink
В. River, reservoir, lake
С. Superficial, underground, atmospheric waters, distillation sea water
D. Underground, earth, atmospheric, distillated sea water
Е. Atmospheric, earth, underground, distillated sea water

10. Regional SES carries out the control of quality of drinking water in a distributive
network. Specify parameters of quality of water, on which the given laboratory control will be
carried out:
А. A coli - index, general number of microorganisms in 1 ml
В. Rigidity general, dry rest
С. Contents fluorine, iron
D. Turbidity, colour, smell, smack.
Е. Sulphates, chlorides.

11. What diseases can arise at the contents fluorine in water 0,3 mg/l?
А. Fluorosis
В. Tyreotoxicosis
С. Caries
D. Mixedema
Е. Minamata illness

12. To what the increase nitrates in water can testify?

А. About hit of petroleum
В. About hit pesticides
С. About organic pollution
D. About hit of nitric fertilizers
Е. About faecal pollution

13. Specify the specification microbe number in drinking water:

А. 400
В. 200
С. 300
D. 100
Е. 500

14. What norm of a coli - titr is supposed in drinking water?

А. No more than 3
В. Not less than 500
С. No more than 100
D. Not less than 300
Е. More than 3

15. Specify methods of clearing of water:

А. Chlorination
В. Filtration
С. Boiling
D. Upholding
Е. Desodoration

16. What parameters of water are improved at its clearing?

А. Bacteriological
В. Chemical
С. Organoleptical
D. Any of the specified parameters
Е. All specified parameters

17. As a source of water supply of the village occupied item it is supposed to use
underground waters with the following qualitative structure: colour — 200, turbidity — 1,0
mg/l, iron — 0,8 mg/l, coli - index — 10. Define the necessary circuit of processing of water:
А. Upholding, desinfection.
В. Filtering, desinfection
С. Aeration, filtering, desinfection
D. Coagulation, filtering
Е. Coagulation, upholding, filtering

18. By what criteria the efficiency disinfection of water is estimated?

А. On organoleptical parameters
В. On chemical parameters
С. On bacteriological parameters
D. On residual chlorine
Е. On epidemic conditions

19. The contents of residual chlorine in water after chlorination should be:
А. 0,5-1 mg/l
В. 0,2-0,4 mg/l
С. 0,1-0,3 mg/l
D. 0,3-0,5 mg/l
Е. 1-2 mg/l

20. The reason methaemoglobinaemya can be the raised contents in water:

А. Chlorine
В. Sulphates
С. Fluorine
D. Nitrates
Е. Iron

21. The specification of a coli - index in drinking water:

А. 2 in 1 l
В. 10 in 1 l
С. 3 in 1 l
D. 30 in 1 l
Е. 20 in 1 l

Sources of the information.

The basic literature:
1. I.I.Даценко, Р.Д.Габович. Профiлактична медицина. Ки ї в, Здоров'я, 1999.- 694с.
2. Е.И.Гончарук, В.Г.Бардов Г.И.Румянцев. Общая гигиена. Ки ї в, “ Вища школа ” 2000.- 652с.
3. Е.И.Гончарук. Руководство к практическим занятиям по коммунальной гигиене.-Москва,1990.- 236с.
4.Р.Д.Габович. Гигиена. – Киев, 1983.- 320с.
5.Ю.П.Пивоваров. Руководство к практическим занятиям по гигиене. – Москва, 1983 254с.
6.S.Shibanov. Lectures on common hygiene and ecology. Simferopol, 2003.- 130p.
7.Park’s textbook of Preventive and Social medicine. India, 2000.- 16-th edition. – 660p.
8. Руководство к практическим занятиям по общей гигиене и медицинской экологии. / Под ред. Проф.
С.Э.Шибанова. – Симферополь, 2003. – 260с.
The additional literature:
1.Е.Г.Гончарук. Загальна гiгiена Ки ї в, 1995.- 652с
2. В.А.Покровский. Гигиена.-Москва, 1979.- 495с.
3.А.А. Минх. Методы гигиенических исследований.- Москва, 1971.- 584с.
4. Г.И.Румянцев. Гигиена.- Москва, 2001.- 608с.
6. А.Н. Марзеев В.М.Жаботинский. Коммунальная гигиена.- Москва, 1979.- 624с.