238 Statistical Methods

EXERCISE – 3
3.1 Perform the tests of hypotheses for the following cases. Assume the populations to
be normal.
a) H 0 : μ = 15.8 , H 1 : μ ≠ 15.8 , X
̄ = 15.2 , σ = 3 , n = 30
and use α = 0.05 (Level of significance)
b) H 0 : μ = 123.5 , H 1 : μ > 123.5 , X
̄ = 125 , σ = 4.2 , n = 49
and use α = 0.01 (Level of significance)
c) H 0 : μ = 4.40 , H 1 : μ < 4.40 , X
̄ = 4.35 , σ = 0.18 , n = 100
and use α = 0.02 (Level of significance)
d) H 0 : μ = 26.3 , H 1 : μ > 26.3 , X
̄ = 27 , σ = 1.2 , n = 10
and use α = 0.05 (Level of significance)
e) H 0 : μ = 250 , H 1 : μ < 250 , X
̄ = 246 , s = 12 , n = 40
and use α = 0.05 (Level of significance)
3.2 An electrical firm manufactures T.V. Picture tubes that have a length of life that is
approximately normally distributed with a mean of 1000 hours and a standard
deviation of 40 hours. Test the hypothesis that μ = 1000 hours against the
alternative μ ≠ 1000 hours if a random sample of 30 tubes has an average life 988
hours. Use a 0.05 level of significance.
3.3 The average height of students in I year class of a certain college has been 162.5
centimeters with a standard deviation of 6.9 centimeters. Is there reason to believe
that there has been a change in the average height if a random sample of 50
students in the present I year class has an average height of 165.2 centimeters. Use
a 0.02 level of significance and normality in height measurements.
K.U. B.Sc. 1986

3.4 A simple random sample of size 36 is taken from a normal population whose
standard deviation is 4, the sample mean is computed as 26.4. Do this result
provides sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is more than 24,
at α = 0.05.
K.U. B.A. 1982

3.5 Average life in Pakistan follows a normal distribution with μ = 51 and σ = 9. A

sample of 100 persons gave average life of 54 years. Can you conclude that the
sample has been drawn from Pakistan at 95% confidence level (at 5% level of
significance)?
239 Statistical Methods

3.6 A random sample of 25 values gives the average of 83. Can this sample be
regarded as drawn from the normal population with mean 80 and σ = 7 at 0.05
level of significance.
K.U. B.A. 1986

3.7 An instructor gives his class an examination which, as he knows from years of
experience, yields μ = 78 and σ =7. His present class of 22 obtains a mean of 82.
Is he correct in assuming that this is a superior class? Employ α = 0.01, two tailed
test and assume the population to be normal.
3.8 A simple random sample of size 25 is taken from a normal population whose
variance is 64. The sample mean is computed as 26.4. Do this data provides
sufficient evidence to indicate that the population mean is more than 24 at 0.05
level of significance.
3.9 A random sample of size 12 is taken from a normal population with a known
variance σ 2 = 16. If the mean of the sample is X̄ = 28.2, test the null hypothesis
μ = 25 against the alternative hypothesis μ > 25 with α = 0.05.
3.10 A machine is set to fill Baby Milk in boxes, with a mean weight of 500 grams, per
box. The standard deviation is known to be 176.8 grams. A random sample of 50
filled boxes, shows mean weight of milk of 540 grams. Is there any reason to
believe that machine is over filling, use α = 0.05
3.11 The strength of steel wire made by an existing process is normally distributed with
mean 2500 and standard deviation 300. A batch of wire is made by a new process
and a sample of 25 measurements gives an average strength 2624. Has the engineer
strong enough evidence to justify changing to the new process, at α = 0.05.
3.12 It is claimed that an automobile is driven on the average less than 24000
kilometres per year. To test this claim a random sample of 100 automobile owners
are asked to keep a record of the kilometres they travel. Would you agree with this
claim if the random sample showed an average of 29000 kilometres and a standard
deviation of 4800 kilometres? Use a 0.01 level of significance.
3.13 a) A random sample 36 drinks from a soft drink machine has an average content of 7.4
ounces with a standard deviation of 0.48 ounce. Test the hypothesis that μ = 7.5
ounces against the alternative μ < 7.5 at the 0.05 level of significance.
b) A sample of 40 observations from a normal distribution gave ∑ X = 24 and
∑ X 2 = 596. Test at the 5% level, whether the mean of the distribution is zero.
Perform a two tailed test.
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 240

3.14 An insurance agent has claimed that the average age of policy holders who insure
through him is less than the average for all agents, which is 30.5 years. A random
sample of 100 policy holders who have insured through him gave the following
age distribution.
Age at last Birthday 16 – 20 21 – 25 26 – 30 31 – 35 36 – 40
No. of persons 12 22 20 30 16
Test his claim at 5% level of significance.
3.15 A random sample of 64 observations from a population known to be non-normal
yield the sample values X ̄ = 64 and s2 = 168. Test the hypothesis H 0 : μ ⩽ 62
against H 1 : μ > 62 at α = 0.05.
K.U. B.Sc. 1994

3.16 A random sample of size n1 = 50 taken from a normal population with a standard
deviation σ 1 = 7.35 has a mean X̄ 1 = 81. A second random sample of size n2 = 72,
taken from different normal population with a standard deviation σ2 = 4.81 has a
mean X̄ 2 = 76. Test the hypothesis at the 0.06 level of significance that μ 1 = μ 2
against the alternative μ 1 ≠ μ 2 .
3.17 Suppose the nicotine contents of two kinds of cigarettes have variabilities of σ 1 = 1.2
and σ2 = 1.4 milligrams. Suppose further that in an experiment designed to test the
claim that the true average nicotine content of the first kind of cigarette is less than
that of the second, 50 cigarettes of the first kind had an average nicotine content of
23.8 mg. While 40 cigarettes of the second kind had an average nicotine content of
24.1 mg. Test whether or not the above claim is true at α = 0.05.
K.U. B.A. 1984

3.18 a) An education professor at a large university was interested in trying new method
of instruction that involves more student participation than the classical lecture
method. To compare the two methods of instructions, she taught two sections of
the same course. The mean final grades in each of the two sections were as
follows:
Section 1 Section 2
(Lecture method) (New method)
X̄ 1 = 72.3 X̄ 2 = 74.6
s 1 = 9.1 s 2 = 8.8
n1 = 35 n2 = 44
Test at the 0.05 significance level, whether or not the methods are equally
effective.
241 Statistical Methods

b) A manufacturer claims that the average tensile strength of thread A exceeds the
average tensile strength of thread B by at least 12 Kg. To test this claim 50 pieces
of each thread are tested under similar conditions. Type A thread had an average
tensile strength of 80 Kg with a standard deviation of 5 Kg. While type B thread
had an average tensile strength of 70 Kg. With a standard deviation of 4 Kg. test
the manufacturer’s claim using 0.01 level of significance.
3.19 a) Two different agricultural methods are compared for growing a certain crop. Each
of 100 plots is treated by method A and each of 100 plots by method B. The mean
yield for A is 55 units with variance of 4 the mean yield for B is 50 units with
variance of 9. Test the hypothesis that the two mean yield differ only as an effect
of random sampling. ∣ z ∣ = 1.96 for 5% level of significance.
b) Describe the procedure for making comparison of yields when the plots in (a) are
matched pairs.
K.U. B.Sc. 1981

3.20 A random sample of heights of 6400 Chinese has a mean of 67.85 inches and a
standard deviation of 2.56 inches, while a random sample of heights of 1600
Englishmen has a mean of 68.55 inches and a standard deviation of 2.52 inches.
Do the data indicate that Englishmen are on the average taller than Chinese. Use
α = 0.05.
3.21 A study was made to estimate the income difference of Doctors working in rural
and urban areas of a country. A random sample of 100 Doctors in rural areas
showed an average 6 month income of $16000 with a standard deviation of $1300.
A random sample of 200 Doctors in Urban areas showed an average income of
$16900 with a standard deviation of $1400. Test the hypothesis that the average
income of Doctors working in Urban areas exceed the average income of Doctors
working in rural areas by $500. Use α = 0.02.
3.22 A farmer claims that the average yield of corn of variety-I exceeds the average yield
of variety-II by at least 12 bushels per acre. To test this claim, 50 acres of each variety
are planted and grown under similar conditions variety-I yielded, on the average 86.7
bushels per acre with a standard deviation of 6.28 bushels per acre, while variety-II
yielded, on the average 77.8 bushels per acre with standard deviation of 5.61 bushels
per acre. Test the farmer’s claim using a 0.05 level of significance.
3.23 a) Define the terms
(i) Null and Alternate hypothesis (ii) Level of significance
b) A study was made to estimate the difference in salaries of college professors in the
private and state colleges of Virginia. A random sample 100 professors in private
colleges showed an average salary of $15,000 with a standard deviation of $1300. A
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 242

random of 200 professors in state colleges showed an average salary of $16900 with a
standard deviation of $1400. Test the hypothesis that the average salary for professors
teaching in state colleges does not exceed the average salary for professors teaching in
private colleges by more than $500. Use 0.02 level of significance.
K.U. B.A. 1989

3.24 In a random sample of 1000 houses in a certain city, it is found that 618 own
colour T.V. sets. Is this sufficient evidence to conclude that 2/3 of the houses in
this city have colour T.V. sets? Use a 0.02 level of significance.
3.25 A coin is tossed 600 times and it turns up head 325 times. Is it reasonable to think
that the coin is unbiased? Use α = 0.01
3.26 The American Demographic study conducted in 1980 found that 40% of new car
buyers were women. Suppose that in a random sample of n = 120 new car buyers
in 1989, 57 were women. Does the evidence indicate that the true proportion of
new car buyers who were women is significantly larger than the 1980 proportion?
Let α = 0.05
K.U. B.Sc. 1998
3.27 At a certain hospital it is estimated that fewer than 25% of the doctors have their
own vehicles. Does this seem to be a valid estimate out of a random sample of 90
doctors 28 are found to have their own vehicles. Use a 0.05 level of significance.
3.28 A five-year old census recorded that 20% of the families in a large city community
lived below the poverty level. To determine if this percentage has changed, a
random sample of 500 families is studied and 91 are found to be living below the
poverty level. Does this finding indicate that the current percentage differs from
the percentage of families earning incomes below the poverty level 5 years also.
3.29 At Karachi University it is estimated that fewer than 25% of the students have
Motor cycles on campus. Does this seem to be a valid estimate if in a random
sample of 90 University students 28 are found having Motor cycles. Use 5% level
of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1996
3.30 The gas company claims that two third of the houses in a certain city are heated by
natural gas. Do we have reason to doubt this claim if in a random sample of 1000
houses in this city, it is found that 618 are heated by natural gas. Use a 0.02 level
of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1986
3.31 In a random sample of 500 men from a Karachi city, 300 are found to be smokers.
In another random sample of 1000 men from Hyderabad city, 550 are found to be
smokers. Do the data indicate that the two cities are significantly different with
respect to the prevalence of smoking habit among men?
243 Statistical Methods

3.32 1000 articles from a factory were examined and 50 were found to be defective.
1500 similar articles from a second factory were examined and 50 were found to
be defective. Can it be reasonably concluded that the products of the first factory
are inferior to the second? Use α = 0.01.
3.33 A random sample of 100 boys and 100 girls at a certain science college are asked
if they have their personal computers. If 31 of the boys and 24 of the girls have
computers, can we conclude that more boys than girls have computers? Use a 0.01
level of significance.
3.34 A union official surveys people in two different localities to determine whether
there is a difference in the proportion of people who own Japanese cars. Suppose
800 people are polled in locality A and 154 say they own a Japanese car, while 108
of 780 people in locality B say they own a Japanese car. Can you conclude at the
0.01 level of significance, that there is a difference?
3.35 The correlation between paired scores is 0.30. Test H 0 : ρ = 0.50, H 1 : ρ < 0.50
If (a) n = 11 (b) n = 102 (Use α = 0.05)
3.36 Students in past years have shown there is a correlation of 0.40 between grades in
Statistics and Economics courses in a certain University. This year a random
sample of 39 students taking both courses shows a correlation of 0.34. Is there a
significantly different correlation this year in the grades of all students taking both
courses? Use α = 0.05
3.37 a) A firm manufactures car batteries that have a length of life that is approximately
normally distributed with a mean of 3.5 years. Test the hypothesis that μ = 3.5
years against the alternative μ < 3.5 years if a random sample of 12 batteries has
an average life of 3.2 years with a standard deviation of 0.42 years. Use a 0.05
level of significance.
b) The following sample of six measurements was randomly selected from a
normally distributed population:
1 , 3 , –1 , 5 , 1 , 2
Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the population is 3 against the alternative
hypothesis, μ < 3. Use α = 0.05.
c) The following sample of five measurements was randomly selected from a
normally distributed population:
4 , 7 , 3 , 4 , 6
Test the null hypothesis that the mean of the population is 6 against the alternative
hypothesis, μ ≠ 6. Use α = 0.05.
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 244

3.38 A light bulb manufacturer claims his bulbs have a mean life of 1000 hours. Is his
claim justified, at a 0.05 level of significance, if a random sample of 25 bulbs has a
mean life of 994 hours with a standard deviation of 30 hours? Assume the
distribution of burning life for all bulbs is normal.
3.39 Eight soldiers are chosen at random from a normal population and their heights in
inches are found to be 63, 64, 66, 67, 68, 67, 69, 70. In the light of the given data
test the hypothesis that the mean height of the population is 66 inches. Use α = 0.05
3.40 A random sample of size 20 from a normal distribution has a mean X̄ = 65.6 and a
standard deviation s = 9.02. Does this suggest at the 0.05 level of significance, that
the population mean is greater than 60?
3.41 a) Discuss the basis of test of significance and testing of hypothesis.
b) The average length of time for students to register for all classes at a certain
college has been 50 minutes with a standard deviation of 10 minutes. A new
registration procedure using modern computing machines is being tried. If a
random sample of 12 students had an average registration time of 42 minutes with
a standard deviation of 11.9 minutes under the new system. Test the hypothesis
that the population mean is now less than 50 minutes. Use 0.01 level of
significance. Assume the population of times to be normal.
K.U. B.Sc. 1987
3.42 a) Describe the basic idea of test of significance.
b) A random sample of 10 cigarettes of a certain brand has an average nicotine
content of 18.6 milligrams and S.D. of 2.4 milligrams. Is this in line with
manufacturer’s claim that the average nicotine contents does not exceeds 17.5
milligrams. Use 0.05 level of significance and assume that the distribution of
nicotine content to be normal.
K.U. B.Sc. 1988
3.43 a) Under what assumptions Z and t tests are applied.
b) A sample of six soldiers showed following heights in inches as 67, 71, 70, 70, 69,
68. Test the hypothesis that average height of soldiers of population is 68.6 using
5% level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1990

3.44 a) Describe the method of testing the equality of two means in Normal populations
with given variance.
b) A city health department wishes to determine if the mean bacteria per unit volume
of water at a particular lake exceeds safety level of 200. The random sample of 10
water sample found the bacteria counts to be 175, 190, 215, 198, 184, 207, 210,
193, 196, 180. Do the data indicate a cause of concern?
K.U. B.A. 1992
245 Statistical Methods

c) A random sample of 16 observations from a normal population showed mean 41.5

inches and sum of square of deviations from mean is 135 inches. Show that the
assumption of a mean of 43.5 inches for the population is not reasonable at 5%
level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1996

3.45 Two independent random samples are selected from normal populations with
means μ 1 and μ 2 and variances σ 21 = σ 22 . The sample sizes, means standard
deviations are shown below:
Sample-1: n1 = 10 X̄ 1 = 19.9 s 1 = 2.0
Sample-2: n2 = 8 X̄ 2 = 17.2 s 2 = 2.1
At α = 0.05 test the equality of means.
K.U. B.Sc. 1998

3.46 a) Two independent samples of size 10 and 18 are drawn from two normal
populations having equal variances. The first sample gives mean 77 and variance
12, while the second sample gives mean 70 and variance 15. Test at 5% level of
significance that the mean of two populations differ at most by 5.
b) A study was made to determine if the subject matter in a Statistics course is better
understood when a lab constitutes part of the course. Students were allowed to
choose between a 2-semester hour course without Labs and a 4-semester hour
course with labs. In the section with labs 11 students made an average grade of 85
with a standard deviation of 4.7 and in the section without labs 17 students made
an average grade of 79 with a standard deviation of 6.1. Would you say that the
laboratory course increases the average grade by as much as 8 points? Use a 0.01
level of significance and assume the populations to be approximately normally
distributed with equal variances.
3.47 a) What do you understand by testing of statistical hypothesis? Illustrate the concepts
associated with the usual approach in testing of statistical hypothesis.
b) Given two random samples of size n1 = 11, n2 = 14 from two independent normal
populations with X̄ 1 = 75, X̄ 2 = 60, s 1 = 6.1, s 2 = 5.3. Test at the 0.05 level of
significance that μ 1 = μ 2 against the alternative that μ 1 ≠ μ 2 . Assume that
population variances are equal.
K.U. B.Sc. 1980, 1993

3.48 Suppose we want to test μ 1 = μ 2 when σ1 and σ2 are given to be equal, these are
means and variances of two normal populations. Describe all steps to develop the test
and the testing procedure at α level of significance when σ1 and σ2 are unknown.
K.U. B.A. 1987
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 246

3.49 A highway official wished to test whether a new paint for striping roads is longer
lasting than the paint in current use. Fifteen stripes of each paint were run across a
highway. The number of months for the life of each paint are given below:
Current paint New paint
X̄ 1 = 12 X̄ 2 = 14
s1 = 1 s2 = 1
n1 = 15 n2 = 15
At the 0.05 significance level, do a hypothesis test to determine whether the new
paint appears to last longer on the average. Assume that the population variances
are equal.
3.50 Independent random samples from two normally distributed populations with
equal variances produced the following results.
Sample-I 3.6 5.1 2.9 4.5 4.4 3.3
Sample-II 4.9 4.3 5.6 5.4
Do these data provide sufficient evidence to reject the hypothesis that the
difference between the two population means is more than 3.0.
3.51 a) A random sample of 17 third graders who read poorly have a mean IQ of 98 with a
standard deviation of 10, a random sample of 10 third graders who read well have
a mean IQ of 101 with a standard deviation of 9. At a 0.05 level of significance, is
there a difference in mean IQ of poor and good readers? Assume the IQ’s of both
groups are normally distributed and have same variances.
b) In the fall semester 5 students, chosen at random in a statistics course, have a mean
grade of 75 with a standard deviation of 5. In the spring semester, a random
sample of 10 students from a statistics course have a mean grade of 77 with a
standard deviation of 5. At a 0.05 level of significance, do students get better
grades in statistics in the spring semester? Assume populations are normal and
have the same variance.
3.52 A professor obtained the grade point averages of the graduate students in her class.
She divided the class into two groups. Group 1, married students and group 2,
unmarried students. The grade point averages are listed below:
Group-1 3.4 2.9 3.8 3.2 3.1 3.9
Group-2 3.2 3.6 3.1 3.6 3.2 3.4 2.6 3.5
On the basis of this sample, is there reason to believe that there is a difference in
the grade point averages of married and unmarried students? Use α = 0.05 and
assume that the population variances are equal.
247 Statistical Methods

3.53 a) What are the basic concepts associated with hypothesis testing? Discuss them in
logical sequence.
b) Two independent samples of size 10 and 11 from n(μ1 , σ2 ) and n(μ 2 , σ 2) have
sample means 5 and 8 with sample variances 1 and 2 respectively. Test the
hypothesis that μ 1 = μ 2 against the alternative that μ 1 ≠ μ 2 . Use a 0.05 level of
significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1991

3.54 A random sample of 25 non smokers have a mean life of 64 years with a standard
deviation of 6 years and a random sample of 12 smokers have a mean life of 58
years with a standard deviation 5 years. At 5% level of significance can it be
concluded that the mean life of non smokers is more than the life of smokers
(Assuming normality and equality of variances).
3.55 a) Define t-statistic. Discuss its applications in testing equality of two means.
K.U. B.Sc. 1978

b) Write the step-wise procedure of testing for equality of two population means,
when the samples are small and population variances are unknown but equal.
K.U. B.Sc. 1996

3.56 The owner of two boutiques was interested in comparing the business done by the
two stores. The sales for 12 randomly selected weeks yielded the following results:
Store-I Store-II
X̄ 1 = Rs. 4327.64 X̄ 2 = 4138.67
s 1 = Rs. 392.412 s 2 = Rs. 425.82
n1 = 12 n2 = 12
At the 0.05 significance level, determine whether the mean sales are different at
the two stores.
3.57 A taxi company is trying to decide whether to purchase brand ‘A’ or brand ‘B’ tires
for its fleet of taxies. For this purpose an experiment is conducted using 12 tires of
each brand. The tires are run until they wear out. The results are:
Brand A: X̄ 2 = 23600 kilometres s 1 = 3,200 kilometres
Brand B: X̄ 2 = 24800 kilometres s 2 = 3,700 kilometres
Test the hypothesis that there is no difference in the two brands. Assume the
populations to be approximately normally distributed with equal variances. Use
0.05 level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1992
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 248

3.58 a) Following are daily wages of selected workers of two factories in Rupees
Factory (A) 60 70 75 80 88 95
Factory (B) 50 60 65 75 80 100
(i) Test the hypothesis that averages of daily wages of workers of both factories
are equal. Using 5% level of significance.
(ii) Test the hypothesis that average of daily wages of workers of factory A is Rs. 76
at 5% L.O.S.
K.U. B.Sc. 1990

b) Given two random samples of size n1 = 7 and n2 = 6 from two independent normal
populations, with X̄ 1 = 15.27 and X̄ 2 = 6.44, s 1 = 8.97 and s 2 = 4.37, test the
hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance that μ 1 = μ 2 against the alternative that
μ 1 ≠ μ 2 . Assume that the population variances are not equal i.e. σ21 ≠ σ22
3.59 a) Discuss the situation under which t-test is used and what are the assumptions
underlying.
b) Two random samples having n1 = 8, n2 = 14 give the following results from
preliminary education:
∑ X 1 = 114.5, ∑ X 2 = 167.6, ∑ X 21 = 1657.13, ∑ X 22 = 2010.2
Test whether the samples belong to the same normal population at α = 0.05 or not.
K.U. B.Sc. 1979

3.60 The following are two samples of cereals giving protein values.
Sample-I 15.1 14.3 11.5 14.5 15.4 12.5 14.6 16.6
Sample-II 12.2 12.5 11.2 12.6 11.0 11.6 12.0 12.5
11.8 12.4 12.7 11.5 12.0 11.6
Test whether the protein values of two cereals is same or not. Use 5% level of
significance.
K.U. B.A. 1982

3.61 The following are figures for protein tests on the same variety of wheat grown in 2
districts. The average in district A is 12.74 and in District B is 13.03. Test the
significance of the difference between two population means at 5% level of
significance.
Dist. A 12.6 13.4 11.9 12.8 13.0
Dist. B 13.1 13.4 12.8 13.5 13.3 12.7 12.4
K.U. B.Sc. 1987 (supp) O.C.
249 Statistical Methods

3.62 Describe the method of testing the hypothesis of equality of two means μ 1 = μ 2
using paired t-test.
K.U. B.Sc. 1993

3.63 Suppose 20 observations, one before treatment and other after treatment are
recorded on 10 individuals in a certain experiment. Give the detailed procedure if.
a) The average difference is to be tested against zero.
b) The average difference is to be tested against a fixed difference of ‘a’ units.
K.U. B.Sc. 1974

3.64 Nine students were placed on a special diet. The results after 6 weeks were as
follows:
Student 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Weight
117 135 118 115 159 130 152 115 108
before diet
Weight
after diet
112 128 115 118 150 126 146 112 105

Test at α = 0.05 that the diet reduced their weights on the average no more than 3
pounds. Assume that weights are normally distributed.
3.65 Following are the weights of children before and after a feeding
Children 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Before 12 11 14 13 16 10 12
After 13 11.5 13 13.5 16.4 9.8 11.7
Test whether the feed has produced positive results or not. State your assumptions.
K.U. B.Sc. 1981 (Supp)

3.66 Consider the following summary for a matched pairs experiment:

n = 10, d̄ = 10.5, s d = 10
Test H 0 : μ 1 – μ 2 = 0 against H A : μ 1 – μ 2 > 0 at α = 0.05
3.67 Measurements of the left-hand and right-hand gripping strengths of 10 left-handed
writers are recorded:
Person
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Left Hand 140 90 125 130 95 121 85 97 131 110
Right Hand 138 87 110 132 96 120 86 90 129 100
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 250

Do the data provide strong evidence that people who write with the left hand have
a greater gripping strength in the left hand than they do in the right hand?
3.68 11 school boys were given a test in painting. They were given a month’s further
tuition and a second test of an equal difficulty was held at the end of the month.
Do the marks give evidence that the students have benefited by extra coaching?
Boys 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1st test
25 23 19 22 21 19 22 21 25 18 20
(Marks)
2nd test
(Marks)
26 22 22 19 23 21 24 24 25 22 18

3.69 For the given data:

∑ X = 39, ∑ Y = 35.1, ∑ X 2 = 193, ∑ Y 2 = 130.05, ∑ XY = 152.7, n = 10
Test H 0 : β = 0 vs H 1 : β > 0
in E( Y | X ) = α + β X use α = 0.05
K.U. B.A. 1992

3.70 In a regression analysis n = 25, ∑ X = 75, ∑ Y = 50, ∑ X 2 = 625, ∑ Y 2 = 228,

∑ XY = 30. Test that β = 0 Let α = 0.01. Using H 1 : β ≠ 0
3.71 a) In a regression analysis n = 11, ∑ X = 58, ∑ Y = 975, ∑ X 2 = 326,
∑ Y 2 = 96129, ∑ XY = 4732. Test the hypothesis that β = 0 against H 1 : β ≠ 0
using α = 0.05
b) Find the linear regression equation from the following data
X –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Y 36 33 24 15 9 6 3
Assuming normality, test the hypothesis that H 0 : β = 0 against H 1 : β ≠ 0 Use
α = 0.10
3.72 The data given below represent the daily sales volume (Y) and the number of
customers (X) of five months.
X 2312 2585 3482 2990 2444
Y 43 52 77 64 41
Using 5% level of significance and assuming normality test the hypothesis that
H 0 : β = 25 against H 1 : β ≠ 25
251 Statistical Methods

3.73 Let X and Y be paired variables. A sample of 10 pairs yield the following:
∑ X = 2030, ∑ Y = 1486, ∑ X 2 = 416392, ∑ Y 2 = 223200, ∑ XY = 303130
Fit a linear regression model and test the model at α = 0.05
K.U. B.Sc. 1993

3.74 The coefficient of correlation between heights of husbands and heights of wives
were calculated for a random sample of 10 pairs is 0.72. Test the null hypothesis of
no correlation at 5% level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1991

3.75 Using information given below:

n1 = n2 = 10, ∑ X 1 = 230, ∑ X 2 = 240, ∑ X 21 = 5401, ∑ X 22 = 6050,
∑ X 1 X 2 = 5635
(i) Test ρ12 = 0 using α = 0.05 (ii) Test μ 1 = μ 2 using α = 0.05 against μ 1 ≠ μ 2
3.76 Compute and interpret the correlation coefficient for the following grades of six
students selected at random.
Mathematics Grades 70 92 80 74 65 83
English Grades 74 84 63 87 78 90
Test the significance of your r with ρ = 0 at 5% level of significance.
3.77 A random sample of 15 pairs from a bivariate normal population gives a
correlation coefficient of –0.05. Test they hypothesis that the correlation
coefficient in the population is zero.
3.78 It was found that the correlation coefficient between two variables computed from
a sample of 25 was 0.37. Does this show evidence that the sample has come from
a population with zero correlation? Use α = 0.05
3.79 A random sample of 19 sets of values from a normal population gives the values
of partial correlation of order one is 0.40. Test the hypothesis at 0.05 level of
significance that the corresponding partial correlation in the population is zero.
3.80 What do we mean by Goodness of fit test? Also mention its importance in
statistics.
K.U. B.A. 1990

3.81 A die was tossed 300 times with the following results:
Occurrence 1 2 3 4 5 6
Frequency 43 49 56 45 66 41
Is this a balanced die? Use 0.05 level of significance.
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 252

3.82 The following table shows the results of tossing one die 120 times:
Face of die 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
No. of times
13 33 14 7 36 17 120
face appeared
Use Chi-square test to prove the hypothesis that the die is fair.
3.83 A coin is tossed 10,000 times and it turns up 5195 times. Describe the complete
procedure to judge whether the coin is fair or not.
K.U. B.A. 1983

3.84 a) What do you mean by test of significance and level of significance.

b) Design a decision rule to test the hypothesis that a coin is fair. If a sample of 64
tosses of coins is taken and if a level of significance if 0.05 is used.
K.U. B.Sc. 1977

3.85 In a hospital with 500 beds 230 females and 270 males are born in a week. Do
these figures confirm the hypothesis that the sexes are born in equal proportion.
K.U. B.Sc. 1984 (supp.)

3.86 The frequencies given in the table are the sales data on five colours of a name-
brand washing machine.
Green Gray Red Blue White Total
88 65 52 45 50 300
Test the null hypothesis at α = 0.05 that all five colours of washing machine are
equally popular.
K.U. B.A. 1992

3.87 A page of numbers is said to be random numbers, when transformed into a

frequency table of digits X gave the following results:
X 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 157 203 183 135 140 250 140 167 170 155
Using 5% level of significance, can you conclude that statement is true to the
effect that numbers are random numbers? Assume random numbers to follow a
uniform distribution.
K.U. B.A. 1982 (supp.)

3.88 Assume that the number of fatal accidents on a certain freeway during a given
week is distributed as follows:
Sunday: 19, Monday: 14, Tuesday: 12, Wednesday: 12, Thursday: 15,
Friday: 20, Saturday: 13, Total: 105.
253 Statistical Methods

At a significance level 0.01 test the hypothesis that fatal accidents on the freeway
are uniformly distributed over the 7 days of the week.
3.89 200 digits were chosen at random from a set of table. The frequency of the digits
were:
Digit 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Frequency 18 19 23 21 16 25 22 20 21 15
Use the χ2 test (at 5% level) to assess the correctness of the hypothesis that the
digits were distributed in equal numbers in the table from which these were
chosen.
K.U. B.Sc. 1983

3.90 A machine is supposed to mix peanuts, hazelnuts, cashews and pecans in the ratio
5:2:2:1. A can containing 500 of these mixed nuts was found to have 269 peanuts,
112, hazelnuts, 74 cashews and 45 pecans. At the 0.05 level of significance, test
the hypothesis that the machine is mixing the nuts in the ratio 5:2:2:1
K.U. B.A. 1988

3.91 In a certain Genetic cross the results are obtained as:

BC Bc bC bc
102 16 35 7
Test whether the results conform to theoretical assumption of 9:3:3:1 rates. Use
5% level of significance.
K.U. B.A. 1982 (supp)

3.92 Five coins were tossed 1000 times and the number of heads were observed as
given below:
No. of Heads 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequency 38 144 342 287 164 25
Fit a Binomial distribution and test the goodness of fit at α = 0.05.
3.93 a) Explain the testing procedure in a goodness of fit and write all steps.
b) Three cards drawn from an ordinary pack of playing cards with replacement and
the number Y of spades is recorded. After repeating the experiment 64 times, the
following outcomes were recorded.
Y 0 1 2 3
Frequency 21 31 12 0
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 254

Test the hypothesis at the 0.01 level of significance that the recorded data may be
fitted by the binomial distribution with n = 3 and p = ¼.
K.U. B.A. 1987

3.94 Suppose that six coins are tossed simultaneously 640 times and the following
frequency distribution is observed.
No. of Heads 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Frequency 13 70 137 210 145 56 9 640
Test the null hypothesis that the coins are well balanced with the level of
significance at 0.01
3.95 Five coins are tossed 3200 times and observed frequencies of heads are:
No. of Heads 0 1 2 3 4 5
Frequencies 80 570 1100 900 500 50
Test the hypothesis that the coins are biased.
K.U. B.Sc. 1982

3.96 The number of people killed per week by traffic accidents on a certain freeway in
a given year (52 weeks) is as follows:
No. of
people killed
0 1 2 3 4 5 Total

Frequency 6 10 20 10 6 0 52
At α = 0.05, test the hypothesis that the observed frequency follows the Poisson
distribution.
3.97 The number of calls received at a certain switchboard from 8:00 to 8:01 in the
morning during a 100 day period are given below:
No. of calls 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total
Frequency 3 10 25 30 15 12 5 0 100
At 5% level of significance, test the hypothesis that the observed frequency
follows a Poisson distribution.
3.98 The following table shows the distribution of goals in a football match:
No. of goals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
No. of matches 95 158 108 63 40 9 5 2
Fit a Poisson distribution and test the goodness of fit. Use α = 0.05
255 Statistical Methods

3.99 A coin is thrown until head occurs and the number X of tosses recorded. After
repeating the experiment 256 times, we obtained the following results:
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
f 136 60 34 12 9 1 3 1
Test the hypothesis at α = 0.05 that the observed distribution of X may be fitted by
the geometric distribution.
g ( x ) = p (1− p )x−1 , X = 1, 2, 3, . . . . .
1
where p =
2
K.U. B.A. 1984 (Supp.)

3.100a) What do you understand by goodness of fit tests. Explain by some examples.
b) Test the hypothesis that the random sample given below has been drawn from the
distribution.
1 2
f ( x) = (x +2 x +1) when X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
91
X 0 1 2 3 4 5
f 4 10 15 25 40 88
K.U. B.Sc. 1981

3.101 Given the following distribution, test the hypothesis that the data came from a
normal distribution. Use α = 0.05.
Class Limits Frequency
5.0 – 8.9 3
9.0 – 12.9 10
13.0 – 16.9 14
17.0 – 20.9 25
21.0 – 24.9 17
25.0 – 28.9 9
29.0 – 32.9 2
Total 80
3.102 From the following table showing the number of plants having certain
characteristics, test the hypothesis that the flower colour is independent of flatness
of leaves.
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 256

Flat Leaves Curled Leaves Total

White Flower 99 36 135
Red Flower 20 5 25
Total 119 41 160
K.U. B.Sc. 1982

3.103a) Describe the significance of contingency tables and related test of independence.
b) Compute χ 2 statistic (for test of independence) from the following contingency
table:
Attribute A
Attribute B Present Absent
Present a b
Absent c d
Also state relevant null and alternate hypothesis.
K.U. B.Sc. 1993, 1990

3.104a) Discuss the role of the contingency table in statistical analysis, briefly explain the
meaning of test of independence giving a suitable example.
b) A random sample of 400 college students was taken according to class status and
smoking habits. The results were as under:
Classes
Smokers 1st year Sc. 2nd year Sc. 3rd year Sc. 4th year Sc. Total
Heavy 29 41 33 28 131
Moderate 32 29 36 39 136
No-smokers 55 34 27 17 133
Total 116 104 96 84 400
Test the hypothesis that the class status and smoking habits are independent. Use a
0.05 level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1992

3.105a) Why contingency tables are so important in statistical analysis? Discuss.

257 Statistical Methods

b) Test at the 0.05 level of significance the independence between the two factors,
Education and Job type.
Job Type
Education Labour Farm White collar
Primary school 10 12 5
High school 16 6 12
College 8 6 6
K.U. B.Sc. 1991

3.106 Explain the idea of contingency table. Discuss test of independence. Give a
suitable example to explain it.
K.U. B.Sc. 1989

3.107 Following data shows the colour of flowers and taste of fruits:
Colour of Flowers
Taste Red Pink White
Sweet 10 8 6
Sour 5 7 4
No taste 6 10 3
Test whether the taste is associated with colours or not.
K.U. B.Sc. 1981 (supp.)

3.108 Investigate the association between eye colour of husband and wife from the
following data:
Husband with light eyes and Wife with light eyes are 309. Husband with light eyes
and wife not light eyes are 214. Husband with not light eyes and Wife with light
eyes are 132. Husband with not light eyes and Wife with not light eyes are 119.
K.U. B.Sc. 1976

3.109a) Show that in a 2 × 2 contingency table where the frequencies are:

a b
c d
χ 2-calculated from independent frequencies is
2 ( a+ b+c +d )(ad −bc)2
χ =
( a+ b)(c+ d )(b+ d )( a+ c)
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 258

b) In a locality 100 persons were randomly selected and asked about their educational
achievements. The results are given as follows:
Education
Middle School High School College Total
Male 10 15 25 50
Sex
Female 25 10 15 50
Total 35 25 40 100
Can you say that education depends on sex at 0.05 level of significance.
K.U. B.A. 1986

3.110a) Differentiate between bivariate table and a contingency table.

b) Given the following table
Male Female
Normal 442 514
Colour Blind 38 6
Test at 0.05 level of significance that two attributes are independent.
K.U. B.A. 1990

3.111a) What are r ×c contingency tables. How the test is formed and testing procedure
developed.
b) A random sample of 200 married men all retired were classified according to
education and the number of children.
Number of children
Education
0–1 2–3 Over 3
Elementary 14 37 32
Secondary 19 42 17
College 12 17 10
Test the hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance that the size of family is
independent of the level of education of the father.
K.U. B.A. 1987

c) Write the procedure for testing the independence of attributes in a 2 ×2

contingency table.
K.U. B.A. 1992
259 Statistical Methods

3.112a) Discuss the role of χ 2-test in statistics.

b) In an experiment to study the dependence of hypertension on smoking habits, the
following data were taken on 180 individuals.
Non Smokers Moderate smokers Heavy smokers
Hypertension 21 36 30
No hypertension 48 26 19
Test the hypothesis that the presence or absence of hypertension is independent of
smoking habits. Use a 0.05 level of significance.
K.U. B.A. 1989

χ2
c) In a 2 ×2 contingency table. Show that r 2 = using usual notations.
N
K.U. B.Sc. 199

3.113 A production engineer is interested in whether there is a relationship between the

method of manufacture of a certain type of polythene sheets (three methods are in
use) and its transparency (graded as high, medium or low after manufacture).
From a random sample of 1000 sheets of polythene he obtained the following:
Method-1 Method-2 Method-3
High transparency 120 50 30
Medium transparency 200 70 80
Low transparency 180 80 190
Should the production engineer, conclude that method of manufacture and
transparency of polythene are or are not related on the basis of this sample at α = 0.01
3.114a) In the following table A stands for factories in good premises, B for factories with
average structure and C worth demolishing factories. Does it seem likely that there
is no association between number of employed and condition of factory?
Condition No. of persons Employed
of Factory Under 20 21 – 70 71 – 100 100 & above
A 103 140 76 42
B 58 131 76 39
C 25 73 83 48
b) Suppose in a normal distribution the mean and variance are not known. Describe
the steps required to test a hypothesis about the variance of the distribution.
K.U. B.Sc. 1984
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 260

3.115 Past experience indicates that the time for high school students to complete a quiz
is a normal random variable with a standard deviation of 6 minutes. Test the
hypothesis that σ = 6 against the alternative that σ < 6, if a random sample of 20
high school students has a standard deviation 4.51. Use 0.05 level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1986

3.116 Suppose that an optical firm orders glass whose index refraction is allowed a
variability of σ = 0.01 and that it is desired to test the hypothesis σ = 0.01 against
alternative σ > 0.01 on the basis of random sample of size 20. If the sample
variance of 20 pieces of this glass is 0.00023, test the hypothesis when α = 0.01
K.U. B.A. 1984

3.117 In a random sample, the time which 20 women took to complete the written test
for their driver’s licence had a variance of 6.2 minutes. Test the null hypothesis
σ 2 = 8 minutes against the alternative σ 2 ≠ 8 minutes at α = 0.05.
3.118 The nicotine content of a certain brand of cigarettes is known to be normally
distributed with a variance of 2.6 milligrams. Test the hypothesis that σ2 = 2.6
against the alternative that σ2 ≠ 2.6 if a random sample of 8 of these cigarettes
has a variance s 2 = 6.48. Use α = 0.05 level of significance.
3.119 A firm manufactures light bulbs claims that the life of its bulbs have a standard
deviation equal to 1.8 months. If a random sample of 10 of these bulbs have a
standard deviation of 2.4 months, do you think that σ > 1.8 months? Use a α = 0.05.
3.120 A manufacturer of car batteries claims that the life of his batteries has a standard
deviation equal to 0.9 years. If a random sample of 10 of these batteries has a
standard deviation of 1.2 years, do you think that σ > 0.9 years? Use a 0.05 level
of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1998

3.121 The volume of containers of a particular lubricant is known to be normally

distributed with variance of 0.03 litre. Test the hypothesis that σ2 = 0.03 against
the alternative that σ2 ≠ 0.03 for the random sample of 10 containers are 12.2,
11.7, 12.1, 12.3, 12.1, 11.8, 11.9, 12.4, 12.3 and 11.8 litres. Use a 0.01 level of
significance.
3.122a) Discuss the role of χ 2-test in statistics.
b) A standard examination has been given for several years with mean 70 and
variance 9. A school using this examination for the first time gave it to a group of
25 students who obtained a mean 71 and variance 12. Is there a reason to doubt
that the score of all the students in school would have a variance of 9 at 0.04 level
of significance. Assume population is normal.
K.U. B.Sc. 1988
261 Statistical Methods

3.123 Following is random sample from normal population.

X 0 – 10 10 – 20 20 – 30 30 – 40 40 – 50
f 5 8 15 16 6
Test the hypothesis that σ = 9.5. Use α = 0.05
3.124 A study is conducted to compare the length of time between the trained and
untrained workers to assemble a certain product. Past experience indicates that the
distribution of times for both types of workers are approximately normal but the
variance of the times for the trained workers is less than that for untrained. A
random sample of times for 11 untrained and 14 trained workers produced the
following data:
Untrained Trained
s 1 = 12.2 s 2 = 10.6
n1 = 11 n2 = 14

Test the hypothesis that σ 21 = σ22 against the alternative that σ21 > σ 22 , Use α = 0.01
3.125 Two random samples drawn from two normal populations are:
Sample-I 10 6 16 17 13 12 8 14 15 9
Sample-II 17 23 32 25 22 24 28 18 31 33 20 27
Obtain the estimates of populations variances and test whether the two populations
have the same variance. Use α = 0.05
3.126 Given two random samples of size n1 = 12 and n2 = 12 from two independent
normal populations with s 1 = 3200 and s 2 = 3700. Test the hypothesis that σ1 = σ2
against the alternative that σ1 < σ 2 . Use α = 0.05
3.127 A study is conducted to compare the length of time between men and women to
assemble a certain product. Past experience indicates that the distribution of times
for both men and women are approximately normal but the variance of times for
women is less than for men. A random sample of times for 11 men and 14 women
gives standard deviation 6.1 and 5.3 respectively. Test the hypothesis that the
variance of men and women are equal against the alternative that the variance for
men is greater than for women. Use a 0.01 level of significance.
K.U. B.Sc. 1986

3.128 Suppose that two samples of n1 = 25 and n2 = 16 are taken from two different
types of salesmen whose annual volume of sales have variances σ21 and σ22
respectively. Suppose that the two samples yield two variances s 21 = $60,000 and
Chap # 3 : Testing of Hypotheses 262

s 22 = $50,000. At α = 0.05 level test the null hypothesis H 0 : σ 21 = σ22 against

H A : σ 21 ≠ σ22
3.129 The following values were computed from the length of life of two brands of light
bulbs (in hours).
Brand A Brand B
n 9 16
X̄ 1560 1573
̄ )2
∑(X − X 440 1860
Is there a difference in the variability of lifetimes for the two brands of bulbs. Use
α = 0.02
3.130 Two machines are used to fill boxes with crackers. In a random sample of 25
boxes filled by the first machine, the mean weight of crackers is 1.03 pounds with
a variance of 0.008; a random sample of 31 boxes filled by the second machine
has a mean weight of 1.06 pounds with a variance of 0.006. At a 0.05 level of
significance, does the first machine show more variability than the second?
Assume weights are normally distributed for both machine.
3.131 In a sample of 24 sets of values from a normal population R2.13 was found to be
0.40. Test the hypothesis that the multiple correlation in the population is zero. Use
α = 0.05
3.132 Write short notes on the following:
(i) Critical region and Critical values
(ii) Null and Alternative Hypothesis
(iii) Level of Significance
(iv) Application of Z-test
(v) Test of Goodness of Fit
(vi) Type-I and Type-II error
(vii) Contingency Table