CH I Sampling Distributions

CHAPTER I
SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS
1. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE MEAN
Sampling distribution
• Remember that the normal probability distribution is used to
determine probabilities for the normally distributed individual
measurements (x), given the mean () and the standard deviation
(δ).
• The sampling distribution: of the mean is the probability
distribution of all possible sample means drawn from a population.
• The sampling distribution of the mean is described by two
parameters: the sample mean (mean of the sampling distribution of
the mean), and the standard deviation of the mean (the standard
error of the mean)
• Sample distribution: Is the distribution of measured values of
sample in random samples drawn from a given population. Each
sample mean would vary from sample to sample.
PROPERTIES OF THE SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF
MEANS
1. The mean of the sampling distribution of mean () is

equal to the population mean regardless of the form
of population distribution .i.e.
2. The sampling distribution has a standard deviation
(also called standard error) given as ;
=
This holds true if and only of n < 0.05N and N is very
large.
If N is finite
The expression is called finite population correction

factor/finite population multiplier.
3. If the population standard deviation δ is unknown,

then the sample standard error of the mean can be
estimated by .;
and
4. A sample size n30 is generally considered to be a large
sample.
 The sampling distribution of means is approximately
normal for sufficiently large sample.
Example: A population consists of the following ages: 10, 20, 30,
40, and 50. A random sample of three is to be selected from this
population and mean computed. Develop the sampling
distribution of the mean.
Solution: The number of simple random samples of size n that
can be drawn without replacement from a population of size N is
N= 5 and n = 3, samples
• All the possible samples drawn from the population
are;
Sampled items Sample means (
10, 20, 30 20.00
10, 20, 40 23.33
10, 20, 50 26.67
10, 30, 40 26.67
10, 30, 50 30.00
10, 40, 50 33.33
20, 30, 40 30.00
20, 30, 50 33.33
20, 40, 50 36.67
30, 40, 50 40.00
300.00
A systematic organization of the above
figures gives the following:
The Central Limit Theorem (CLT)
• Explains the relationship between the shape of the population
distribution and the shape of the sampling distribution of the
mean.
• If the population is normally distributed, the distribution of
sample means is normal regardless of the sample size.
• If the population from which samples are taken is not normal,
the distribution of sample means will be approximately normal
if the sample size (n) is sufficiently large (n ≥ 30).
• Permits us to use the normal distribution curve for analyzing
distributions whose shape is unknown.
• The standard normal score is computed
,
Where; = or
Example: The mean life of a certain tool is 41.5 hours
with a standard deviation of 2.5 hours. What is
the probability that a simple random sample of
size 50 drawn from this population will have a
mean life between 40.5 hours and 42 hours?
P (40.5420) = P ()
=41.5 =2.5 n=50
= P ()
P (40.542.0) =? = P ()
== = =P () + P ()
= 0.3536 =0.4977+0.4207
=0.9184
Example: A continuous manufacturing
process produces items whose weights are
normally distributed with a mean weight of
800gms and a standard deviation of
300gms. A random sample of 16 items is to
be selected from the process.
A. What is the probability that the
arithmetic mean of the sample exceeds
900gms? Interpret the result.
B. Find the values of the sample arithmetic
mean within which the middle 95% of all
sample means will fall.
2. SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE
PROPORTIONS
• The sample proportion having the characteristic of
interest (success or failure, accept or reject, head or
tail) is the best use for statistical inferences about
the population parameter P. The sample proportion
can be defined as:
Then the sampling distribution of proportions is very
closely normally distributed. It may be noted that the
sampling distribution of the proportion would actually
follow binomial distribution because population is
binomially distributed.
Example: Few years back, a policy was introduced to
give loans to unemployed engineers to start their own
business. Out of 1,000,000 engineers, 600,000
accepted the policy and got the loan. A sample of 100
unemployed engineers is taken at the same time of
allotment of loans. What is the probability that
sample portion would have exceeded 50% acceptance?
Example: A population proportion is 0.40. A simple
random sample of size 200 taken and the sample
proportion will is computed. What is the probability
that the sample proportion will be within of the
population proportion.
Example:
A manufacturer of watches has
determined from past experience that
3% of the watches it produces are
defective. If a random sample of 300
watches is examined, what is the
probability that the proportion of
defective is between ?
3.SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE
BETWEEN TWO MEANS
• Used to compare a population of size N 1

having mean μ1 and standard deviation δ1
with another similar type of population of
size N2 having mean μ2 and standard
deviation δ2.
• Let be the mean of sampling
distribution of the mean of two
populations, respectively.
• The difference between the mean values
can be estimated as;
Example
Car stereos of manufacturer A have a mean
lifetime of 1,400 hours with a standard
deviation of 200 hours, while those of
manufacturer B have a mean life time of 1,200
hours with a standard deviation of 100 hours.
If a random sample of 125 stereos of each
manufacturer are tested, what is the
probability that manufacturer A’s stereos will
have a mean life time which is at least;
A. 160 hours more than manufacturer B’s stereos?
B. 250 hours more than manufacturer B’s stereos?
Hence, the probability is very high that the life time of the stereos of A is 160
hours more than that of B.
Example:
The strength of a wire produced by company A has
a mean of 4,500kg and a δ1 of 200 kg. Company B
has a mean of 4,000 kg and a δ2 of 300 kg. If 50
wires of company A and 100 wires of company B are
selected at random and tested for strength, what is
the probability that the sample mean strength of A
will be at least 600gk more than that of B?
4.SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION OF THE DIFFERENCE
OF TWO PROPORTIONS
• Suppose two populations of size and are given, with sample of
size from the first population, sample proportion and standard
deviation . Similarly for each sample size of from the second
population, with sample proportion and standard deviation .
• The mean and standard error of sampling distribution of the
difference of sample proportion is given by
=
= =
• If sample size are large i.e. 30, then the sampling distribution of difference
of proportions is closely approximated by a normal distribution.
( 𝑝1 − 𝑝 2 ) ( 𝑃 1 − 𝑃 2)
𝑍=
𝛿( 𝑝 1
− 𝑝 2)
Example:
10% of the machines produced by company A are
defective and 5% of those produced by company B
are defective. A random sample of 250 machines is
taken from company A and a random sample of 300
machines is taken from company B. What is the
probability that the difference in sample proportion
is less than or equal to 0.02?

CH I Sampling Distributions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH I Sampling Distributions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH I Sampling Distributions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER I

1. The mean of the sampling distribution of mean () is

The expression is called finite population correction

3. If the population standard deviation δ is unknown,

• Used to compare a population of size N 1

You might also like