Chapter 1 5 Drugs Recomputed

1
COLLEGE OF CRIMINOLOGY
Chapter I
The Problem and its Background
Introduction
In recent years, There has been a growing data base indicating that
substance used and abused is a serious problem among young people and
that many grow up with substance abusing parents and peers. Abuse
patterns cross socio-economic and cultural boundaries, and the abuse of
drugs include illicit drug, marijuana, inhalants, LSD, heroin, cocaine,
crack, stimulants, barbiturates, and tranquilizers.
Drug use, abuse, and dependence are prevalent problems in different
communities. This certainly is not meant to imply that this problem is
under control in the community. However the persistent and pervasive
manifestation of abuse and use in communities demand special
consideration.
Recognizing that substance abuse is a serious problem among young
people states that one fact that must be understood is that drug taking is
behavior, as such it follows the same rules and principles as any other
behavior. The most basic principle is that behavior persists when it either
increase the individuals pleasure or reduce his discomfort. The primary
point, again, is that drug taking behavior is not unique, it is like any other
behavior. An appreciation of this goes a long way toward taking a rational
look at current drug use.

2
This study titled “Factors Affecting the Use of Prohibited Drugs
Among Residents of Santiago City” would shed light and information on
this topic and find solutions on how to solve and deter residents of
Santiago City in the use of prohibited drugs.
Conceptual Framework
This study’s main premise is on the profile of the residents who are
currently using prohibited drugs in the city of Santiago, on profile the
age, sex, educational attainment, the community in which they live in, so
as to be able to make a generalization on what and how they make up the
said community.
3
Input Process Output

Profile of residents
of Santiago City,
and who are
currently using
prohibited drugs
according to:
-age Most prevalent
-sex Survey in the factors affecting the
-civil status different factors use of illegal drug as
-educational affecting the use of index for change
attainment prohibited drugs
-kind of drug they through the use of
use questionnaires.
Factors affecting the

use of prohibited
drugs
-primary
-home environment
-economic and
educational
-situational
-recreational
-other
FEEDBACK
Figure 1.
Paradigm of the Study

IPO Diagram (Input-Process-Output)
Figure 1 discusses the IPO Process where the input consists of the
demographic profile of the respondents of the study and their perceptions
on the factors affecting the use of prohibited drugs.

4
The Process load consists of how from the needed input a
questionnaire was developed and distributed to the respondents to gather
the data needed for the completion of the study.
The Output load consists of the generalization made from the data
collected and computed where in a better program in the battle of illegal
use of drugs can be devised.
Statement of the Problem
This study titled “Factors Affecting the Use of Prohibited Drugs
Among Residents of Santiago City” aimed to determine the factors
affecting the use of prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago City.
Specifically it aimed to answers to the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents regarding their:
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Civil status
d. Educational attainment
e. Kind of drug they use
2. What are the different factors that affect the use of prohibited drugs
among teenagers in relation to:
a. Primary
b. Home environment or family
c. Economic and educational

5
d. Situational
e. Recreational
f. Other
Scope and Delimitation
This study mainly focused on the Factors Affecting the Use of
Prohibited Drugs Among Residents of Santiago City. It limited itself to
the profile of the respondents and the factors that affected the use of
prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago City.
Significance of the Study
This study will be significant to the following:
To Barangay officials. It would benefit them in a sense that it
would help them better detect and create programs so as to be able to
prevent minors to involve themselves in the use of prohibited drugs and as
such be involved in drug crimes so that they would be given a brighter
future. It would also help the barangay to make adjustments and other
programs so as to help the parents of the minors to better teach their
children the right way to live and be good citizens of the community
To Future researcher. It would benefit them in a way that they can
use it as a reference material and as basis for their own studies. It would
also help ease their workload because a guideline is laid down for them
6
and just have to read on and try to understand better this study so that
they can make their study a little better and more interesting.
To Researcher. It would help them learn how to make use of
his/her limited time in finding out the needed data and information that is
needed for the completion of this study. She/he would learn also on how
to use the resources handed to him/her by the school and the different
knowledge she/he gained in the making of a research proposal.
To Parents. This study could to better understand what should, be
done so that they would be able to help their children stir away from
committing juvenile delinquent acts.
To Community . This would be beneficial for they could be better
informed on what and how they may be able to help minors who use
prohibited drugs and thus help prevent them from becoming full pledged
criminals in the near future. It would also help the community learn how
to work towards a better and safer environment for minors in their
formative years.
Definition of Terms
Aspect. a distinct feature or element in a problem; "he studied every facet
of the question (Webster’s Dictionary, 2007)
Barbiturate – any of a class of sedative and sleep-inducing drugs derived
from barbituric acid.

7
Cannabis – a tall plant with stiff upright stem, divided serrated leaves,
and glandular hairs. It is smoked or consumed, generally illegally, as a
psychoactive (mind-altering) drug.
Cocaine – an addictive drug derived from coca or prepared synthetically,
used as an illegal stimulant and sometimes medicinally as a local
anesthetic.
Crack – a free base form of cocaine that can be smoked.
Crime. An action or omission that constitutes an offense that may be
prosecuted by the state and is punishable by law (Webster's Dictionary,
2007)
Hallucinogen – a drug that causes hallucinogen, such as LSD
Heroine – a highly addictive analgesic drug derived from morphine, often
used illicitly as a narcotic producing euphoria.
Illicit Drugs – drugs that are illegal sold such as marijuana, heroin,
methamphetamine, cocaine and others.
Inhalants – kind of drugs taken by inhaling through the nose such as
solvents and rugby.
LSD – a synthetic crystalline compound, lysergic acid diethylamide, that
is a potent hallucinogenic drug
Marijuana – kind of drug derived from cannabis sativa which acts as a
hallucinogen.
8
Methamphetamine - a synthetic drug with more rapid and lasting effects
than amphetamine, used illegally as a stimulant and as a prescription drug
to treat narcolepsy and maintain blood pressure.
Prohibited drugs. Are drugs which have legal limitations on their
ownership or use. They are illegal in certain situations (meaning a person
is not allowed to have them).
Stimulants – a substance that raises levels of physiological or nervous
activity in the body.
Rehabilitation. Describes specialized healthcare dedicated to improving,
maintaining or restoring physical strength, cognition and mobility with
maximized results. Typically, rehabilitation helps people gain greater
independence after illness, injury or surgery (Webster's Dictionary, 2007)
Tranquilizer - a medicinal drug taken to reduce tension or anxiety.

9
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature
Foreign Literature
In the late 1970's and throughout the 1980's, many researchers
began to focus more strongly on identifying factors which determine use
and contribute to drug abuse among adolescents. One specific contribution
to drug use and abuse among adolescents is the focus on where many of
them get the drugs as well as the specific type of drugs which they are
exposed to. An adolescent's school environment can have a very strong
correlations to drug use and abuse. The frequent use and abuse of drugs
from the adolescent population decreases their school performances as
well as their attachment to school. An adolescent's school performance
may not always be a factor which determines drug use but it may be a
predictor which influences drug use. Kandel (1978), noted that school
failure has also been identified as a predictor of adolescent drugs use.
Poor school performance is an antecedent of drug initiation and predicts
subsequent levels of use.
For some adolescents who do not do well in school they become
labeled not only by their peers but also by teachers. They are often
labeled as individuals who do not care about themselves or others and as

10
individuals who have no insight concerning the type of future which they
want to pursue. The labeling of adolescents has strong psychological
effects upon them. Lettieri and Ludford (1981), emphasis that students
who fail or who do poorly in school appear to label themselves and
equally important, are labeled by school institutions as losers. Brennan,
Elliott and Knowles (1981), indicated that the lack of success in school
also appears to lead to being labeled by friends and teachers as bad and
sick.
Although many adolescents poor commitment to school may not be
drug related, some adolescents may act out to receive attention and
associate with the peer group which will influence the adolescent to try
drugs. Poor performance in school is not a factor which leads to drug
abuse. Kandel (1982), suggested that low school performance does not
itself lead to drug use, but that the factors leading to poor school
performance are also predictive of drug involvement. An adolescent
educational expectation has many variables which can determine drug use
and abuse. Many of the precipitating factors of drug use and abuse in
correlation with poor school performance is associated with school
absenteeism, cutting class, poor insight and judgment about class
materials.
Some adolescents believe that using drugs may help them perform
better in the classroom and to stay awake at night to study. Many of them
11
do not understand the physical and psychological effects of the drug
which they are using. The U.S. News and World Report (1986), drug
experts identified the seven most dangerous drugs which can effect
adolescents physically as well as psychologically. Further asserting that
this can lead to poor school performance as well as effect one's social
environment. Cocaine, is available in hydrochloride powder and free base
form. It has the capability of physically causing formication, increased
blood pressure and pulse rate, insomnia and loss of appetite. Regular use
of this drug can also cause damage to fragile nasal passages. This drug
can cause an adolescent to become very psychologically dependent upon
it.
Crack is a second type of drug, which is a form of cocaine which
can be smoked. Crack has a dependence rate which is ten times stronger
than cocaine. Crack has the same physical effects as cocaine, except the
abuse of this drug increases the chances of death greatly, due to the rapid
increase of blood circulation to the heart. The psychological effects are
the increased risk of dependence and paranoid psychosis.
A third deadly drug used by adolescents is phencyclidine, which is
usually referred to as PCP or angle dust. The physical reactions from this
drug are the bizarre and violent behavior of adolescents, which can lead to
convulsions, comas, heart and lung failure. The psychological effects of

12
this drug are psychotic disorders including paranoid delusions and
schizophrenia.
The fourth drug is heroin, which is smoked and is very popular
among adolescents, because it is sold very cheap and they can easily get
some at school from their peers. The physical effects from smoking heroin
are slow motor reflex, nervous anxiety, running eyes and nose, dilated
pupils, muscle aches and increased blood pressure. The psychological
effects are hallucinations, along with slowing the mental capacity of the
brain.
The fifth and sixth deadly drugs are fentanyl and meperidine, which
are synthetic substances, which are often sold as heroin. Both drugs are
much stronger than heroin, which increases the risk of overdose. The
drugs have great physical effects because the drugs are usually
contaminated with powerful neurotoxins which can cause muscular
tremors, slow body movements, and partial body paralysis. The
psychological effects are very fatal because these drugs causes
irreversible brain damage.
The last drug is known as ecstasy. Many adolescents are using this
drug mainly for social pleasure. The abuse of this drug can cause nausea,
muscle tension and blurred vision. The psychological effects from this
drug is unpredictable. Some investigators believe that the prolong abuse
of this drug causes brain damage.

13
One area which the effects can be seen is through an adolescent's
school performance. Not all adolescents use and abuse drugs, but for those
who do, there is a low performance in their commitment to school.
Johnston, O'Malley, and Bachmer (1986), emphasize that a low
commitment to educational pursuits also appears to be related to
adolescent drug use. The use of hallucinogens, cocaine, heroin, stimulates,
sedatives, and nonmedically prescribed tranquilizers is significantly lower
among students who expect to attend college than among those who do not
plan to go to college.
Local Literature
Through understanding the effects of these fatal drugs, society must
focus on why many adolescent are choosing to use and abuse drugs. Many
adolescents fall within Trefferts (1972) two different populations of
adolescents use and abuse of drugs, but society needs to understand what
these factors are which determine use and contribute to abuse of drugs
among the adolescent population.
Peer Influence
One of the main associations of adolescence is having peers. Peer
influence can have very strong psychological effects upon adolescents,
particularly when adolescents have a strong need to belong and identify
with their peers. Hollister (1972), identified six reasons for drug use and
abuse among peer adolescents: (1) Youngsters experiment with drugs rank
14
curiosity first; (2) Peer group pressure to try drugs, especially when such
activity is considered "cool", is difficult to resist; (3) We have entered a
new era of hedonism...of immediate pleasure of any and all kinds,
including those afforded by drugs; (4) The mystical aspects of drug
use...remain a strong influence. The prevalence of mystical and magical
beliefs among youngsters who use drugs...is extraordinarily high; (5)
Defense against one's own feelings of fear of insanity; and (6) Drug
taking is away of "belonging". Much has been made of the anomie and
alienation of today's youth. Peer influence is a very powerful association
where many adolescents use and abuse drugs to keep positive associates
with one another.
Many adolescents first experience with drugs are with peers who
use drugs and introduce drugs to them. For many adolescents, this is a test
of friendship and many feel that they must use drugs if they want to be a
part of that particular peer group. Lamar (1978), emphasis that the most
salient point about peer involvement and the one that elicits broad-scale
agreement is that drug misuse is positively associated with attachment to
peers who misuse drugs. Sometimes peer pressure influences many
adolescents to use drugs. They have a strong need to belong, and if
adolescents want to prove themselves to their peers, especially if they are
new to the peer relationship, they may find it beneficial to try drugs if
their peers use drugs to prove their peer relationship. Tessor, Close and
15
Donovan (1980), found that perceived environmental predictors, such as
friends, as models for drug use, account for twice as much variance in
drug use as personality factors. There are many adolescents who have
already accepted the fact that they want to use drugs, therefore, they
identify with others who use drugs.
Related Studies
Foreign Studies
There are very few adolescents who use drugs and socialize with
other peers who do not use drugs. Individuals who do not use drugs have
different beliefs and values about drug use compared to those who use and
abuse drugs. Matsueda (1982), acknowledged the logic of this perspective
is that those who use drugs will likely be those whose friends use drugs,
because they pick up their friend's definitions or values conductive to
drug use. From this known perspective Marcos, Bahr and Johnson (1986),
noted that one's bonds are presumed to influence one's friends' level of
drug use by causing a change in the kinds of peers that are chosen as
friends, and not by causing existing friends to alter their drug behavior.
Many investigators have researched that peer influence has very
strong correlations to adolescent drug use and abuse. Most adolescents
develop beliefs that they must be a part of a particular peer group and
through their strong beliefs of wanting to be accepted, they develop poor
insight and judgment about the effects of drugs. For some adolescents,
16
they find drug use and abuse a way of being cool and escaping reality, for
others, they may not understand why they are really using drugs, but they
understand that they are using drugs because of the simple reason that
their peers use and abuse drugs. In reference to the correlation of drug use
and abuse and peer relations, Jacquith (1981); Kaplan (1984); Lassey and
Carson (1980); Napier (1983); Newman (1984); Winfree and Griffiths
(1983), all suggest that the research specifically on drug use indicates that
association with friends who use drugs is correlated with one's own drug
use.
Juvenile Delinquency And Drug Use Some adolescents who use and
abuse drugs are often caught between their drug use and committing
crimes. Society labels these individuals as juvenile delinquents. One
major concern about adolescent drug abuse and delinquency is if the use
and abuse of drugs causes the delinquent act or does delinquency have a
strong correlation to drug use and abuse? Many investigators acknowledge
that there is more than juvenile delinquency factors which contribute to
drug abuse, but delinquency is classified as being one of the primary
factors which contributes to drug abuse among adolescents.
Many researcher's acknowledge that delinquency and drug use and
abuse is learned behavior from their peers. It is acknowledged that
adolescents are more likely to witness their parents' use of
substance...than they are to observe parental involvement in crime.

17
Therefore, parents are less able to present unfavorable definitions of
crime even when engaging in the behavior. We thus predict a direct
positive effect of family influences on adolescent smoking. Many
researchers support the facts that if parents and adolescents have strong
bonds, then adolescents do not become juveniles or abuse drugs. Research
on adolescent deviance has repeatedly shown a relationship between the
quality of affective ties to the family and deviant behavior, it was
discovered that the influence of attachment to friends holds regardless of
whether the friends are delinquent. Moreover,
It was found not only that peer attachment had a direct inverse
effect on deviant behavior but also that adolescents who were more
attached to their friends were less likely to have friends who engaged in
delinquent behavior. Delinquency has a very strong correlation with drug
abuse, because delinquents often associate with their peers who abuse
drugs. It was supported that this factor by stating the association with
delinquent peers during adolescence is among the strongest correlates of
adolescent delinquency.
Not all peer groups are influenced to drug abuse and delinquency,
but sometimes drug abuse among adolescents can precipitate some type of
deviant behavior. Jenson (1972), Hindglang (1973), and Johnson (1979),
indicated one of the critical questions in the study of youthful deviance in
general and drug use in particular is the effects of peers.

18
One of the most consistent findings is that association with
delinquent peers is positively correlated with delinquent behavior. There
is a strong correlation with delinquent behavior. There is a strong
correlation among drug abuse and delinquency. Sometimes antisocial
behavior among children while progressing into their adolescence
precipitates drug abuse and delinquency. Hawkins, Lishner and Catalano
(2011), indicated that serious juvenile offenders initiate drug use and
antisocial behavior at an early age. In some instances antisocial behavior
in adolescence predicts frequent use and abuse of drugs.
Hawkins, Jenson and Catalano (2008), supports Kellam and Browns
study in 1982 which was a sample of 1,242 urban Black first-grade male
aggressiveness, especially when coupled by shyness, and the frequency for
substance use ten years later. For some children who have problematic
conduct, there is a greater variety and frequency of antisocial behavior as
they enter into adolescence, which can lead to delinquency and drug
abuse. If a child becomes antisocial, and is exposed to drugs at an early
age, the chances of the child becoming a delinquent and abusing drugs
once one enters adolescence is a great possibility.
There are many different circumstances for drug abuse in many
home environments. Although many experts agree that delinquency has a
strong correlation with drug abuse, one must analysis the different
circumstances in which the adolescent becomes a delinquent and abuses

19
drugs. Many times an adolescents' home environment is the cause of this
devastating habit of abusing drugs. Adolescence is a period when they
seek their identity and social adjustment, but without a firm foundation,
many adolescents are influenced by many negative external influences.
Fraser (2014), indicates that inadequate bonding alone is sufficient cause
of drug abuse.
Many researchers focus on one parent families who are near or
below the poverty line and associate these adolescents as being ones' who
have a high potential for drug abuse. Blumstein, Farrington and Maitra
(1985), suggest that children from socially deprived families characterized
by social isolation and multiple entrapment of parents in extreme poverty,
poor living conditions, and low status occupations or unemployment are at
elevated risk of chronic delinquent behavior and frequent drug use.
Not all one parent families and families near or below poverty who
have adolescents are identified as having adolescents with drug abuse
problems. There are many one parent families and families living in
poverty who are capable of providing their adolescent with the identity
which they are seeking as well as social adjustment. Blechman, Berberian
and Thompson (2007), indicated that studies have found that age, parent
child attachment and consistent discipline are more important than number
of parents in the home.

20
Today, society is observing more adolescents from middle and
upper social economic status income families who have adolescents
abusing drugs. Alienation and deprivation of adolescents do not only exist
within the low economic status income families, it exists within all
socioeconomic incomes.
Many adolescents are caught in the middle of family arguments and
divorcing parents. Psychologically adolescents need a way to escape these
circumstances and using drugs is often the solution. Harbin and Mazair
(2015), found that young drug users were often from broken homes, had
overindulgent mothers and emotionally distant fathers. Adolescents' needs
within the family consist of a feeling of attachment and commitment to
one or both parents, so that they can confide in them if they feel the need.
Hirschi (1969), agreed that some have argued that poor parent-child
attachments leads to a lack of commitment to conventional activities and
that this is sufficient to produce conditions fostering use. A families home
environment is a very important factor in promoting drug use and abuse. If
an adolescent is not disciplined or feels alienated within ones' family, one
may find that using drugs is favorable, particularly if an adolescent is not
satisfied with ones' home environment.
Local Studies
Kandel (2008), acknowledged that these youths dissatisfaction and
poor social adjustment can lead them to life-styles in which drug use is
21
accepted. Further studies form Fraser (1984), indicated irrespective of the
presence of pro-drug values, the child who is disaffected from his parents
and whose parents (or parent) lacks the means to provide consist
discipline appears more likely to abuse drugs when compared to a child
from a home environment characterized by affection, supervision, and
support.
Another characteristic within the home environment which promotes
adolescent drug use and abuse is parent drug use. If a parent abuses drugs,
the primary rational for an adolescent drug use and abuse is the focus of
the parents drug use. Many adolescents learn their value and belief system
from a significant individual in their life, and in most instances these
individuals are the adolescents' parents. They develop values and beliefs
that if their parents are using drugs, why can't they?
There are some parents who disapprove of their adolescent using
drugs, but if the adolescent is exposed to a drug abusing environment,
they too develop a belief that it is wrong, but they still engage in drug use
because their parents and others use drugs. Mellinger (2011), indicates
while parents may disapprove of their child's use of drugs; parental use of
alcohol, tranquilizers, sedatives and tobacco provides standards for adult
behavior that children may want to imitate.

22
Synthesis
The previous studies and literature were used as a baseline data that
was utilized in the formation of the research process and construction of a
survey questionnaire that is essential for the data to be collected for this
study. The latter studies also served as guide on who the researchers will
coordinate with in order to talk with security to the respondents of the
study.
23
Chapter III
METHODS AND PROCEDURES OF THE STUDY
This chapter presents the design of the study. It expounds in detail
the research method used, data gathering procedures observed in the
investigation, description of the subjects and research instruments and the
statistical measures utilized in the presentation, analysis and
interpretation of data.
Research Design
This study used the descriptive method of research. The design
seemed appropriate since the purpose of this inquiry will be to describe
and analyze the prevalence of drug use among residents of Santiago City.
According to Sevilla (2006) descriptive research is one that
describes “what is” of a data and likewise a method to test hypotheses of
relationships or differences. Descriptive method may also be defined as a
purposive process of gathering, analyzing and classifying, and tabulating
data about prevailing conditions, beliefs, process, trends, and cause-effect
relationship and then making adequate and accurate interpretation about
such data with or without the aid of statistical method

24
Respondents of the Study
The inquiry involved 80 residents of Santiago City from the different poblacion
barangays of Santiago City; 23 from Centro West, 18 from Calao West, 14 From San
Andres, 8 from Mabini, and 17 from Buenavista who are using prohibited drugs or family
members who are drug addicts in the City of Santiago, Province of Isabela. 58 male and
22 female if they are divided in their gender group. The group of respondents was
selected through random sampling strategy.
Data Gathering Tool
The researchers used a survey questionnaire in gathering the data needed in the
specific problems of the study. The said instrument is composed of two parts:
Respondents demographic data and the factors that affected drug use.
The Respondents demographic data included the following information which the
respondents were required to provide gender, age and educational attainment.
The second part of the questionnaire required respondents to assess themselves
objectively and their degree of their preference to a particular behavior or characteristics
of the different factors that affected drug use among residents of Santiago City.
25
Data Gathering Procedure
The researchers to be able to gather the data needed for the study secured a
permission letter from the Dean of the College of Criminology of the Northeastern
College to conduct a survey among the residents of Santiago City who are suspected drug
users.
The researcher distributed personally the questionnaire to the
respondents and explained to them the objective of the research study as
well as regarding the questionnaire.
The result of the survey was summarized by the researcher by
tallying and tabulating the responses of the participants regarding the
questionnaire.
The researcher also made an observation of the present sociological
situation of the respondents within their community by spending time with
them.
Statistical Tools
The data gathered in this study through the use of questionnaire
were collected, tabulated, interpreted and analyzed in order to arrive at
significant findings that addressed the problem stated in this chapter. To
analyze the data gathered, the following statistical tools were used:
26
1. Simple Frequency Count and Percentage Distribution. It is used to
treat the profile of the respondents as to their age, sex, civil status,
degree-major and socio-economic status.
Formula:
P=(f/n) x 100
Where:
P= Percentage
F= Frequency
N= Total number of respondents
100= Constant for percentage
2. Weighted Mean . It is utilized to treat the respondent’s responses on
the several parts under information proper.
Formula:
_ fx
X=--------------------
N
Where:
_
X= Mean
fx= Sum of the product of the scores
N= Total number of score
As to evaluate the factors affecting the drug use of the residents
of Santiago City and their perception will be subjected to the Five
point Likert Scale.

27
The points range and descriptive (qualitative) interpretation used in

this study were as follows:
POINTS RANGE DESCRIPTION
5 4.21-5.0 Highly Influential
4 3.41-4.20 Influential
3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Influential
2 1.81-2.60 Slightly Influential
1 1.00-1.80 Not Influential

28
Chapter IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter deals with the presentation, interpretation, analysis and interpretation
of data on the factors affecting the use of prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago
City. The findings of this study were subject on the data obtained in accordance with
method and procedure in the preceding chapter.
It also presents the profile of the respondents and their response to the degree of
preference and the interpretation of their responses basing from the statistical analysis
and tabulation of data retrieved from the questionnaires. The respondents were 80
residents from different Poblacion barangays of Santiago City, Isabela, 3311.
Part I. Profile of the respondents
The following tables present the data collected by the respondents and presented
in the frequency and percentage computed with regards to their gender, age, civil status,
kind of drug they use and educational attainment.
Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 58 72.50
Female 22 27.50
Total 80 100
Table 1.
Distribution of Respondents as to Sex.
As seen in table 1 in relation to the sex of the respondents majority of them are
male with a frequency of 58 or a percentage of 72.50. Female got a frequency of 22 or a
percentage of 27.50
29
Age Bracket Frequency Percentage

18-22 years old 15 18.75
23 - 27 years old 30 37.50
28 - 32 years old 18 22.50
33 - 37 years old 12 15.00
38 years old and above 5 6.25
Total 80 100
Table 2.
Distribution of Respondents as to Age Bracket.
As presented in table 2 above in relation to the distribution of the respondents age
bracket, majority are in the age bracket of 23 – 27 years old with a frequency of 30 or a
percentage of 37.50, age bracket of 28 – 32 has a frequency of 18 or a percentage of
22.50, age bracket of 18 – 22 years old has a frequency of 15 or a percentage of 18.75
was computed. Those in the age bracket of 38 years old and above got the lowest
frequency of 5 or a percentage of only 6.25.

30
Civil Status Frequency Percentage

Single 17 21.25
Married 32 40.00
Widow/er 3 3.75
Separated 28 35.00
Total 80 100
Table 3
Distribution of Respondents as to Civil Status
As seen from table 3 in relation to the respondents civil status most of them are
married with a frequency of 32 or a percentage of 40.00, those who are separated got a
frequency of 28 or a percentage of 35.00, those who are single got a frequency of 17 or a
percentage of 21.25 and the least are the widow/er with a frequency of 3 or a percentage
of 3.75.
Educational Attainment Frequency Percentage

College Graduate 13 16.25
College Level 9 11.25
High School Level 56 70.00
Elementary Level 2 2.50
Total 80 100
Table 4
Distribution of Respondents as to Educational Attainment.
As seen from the table 4 above in relation to the respondents educational
attainment most of them are high school level/graduate with a frequency of 56 or a
percentage of 70.00, those who belong elementary level/graduate got the lowest
frequency of 2 or a percentage of 2.50.
Kind of Drug They Use Frequency Percentage

Methamphetamine/shabu 47 58.75
Cocaine 3 3.75
31
Cannabis/Marijuana 26 32.50
Heroine 5 6.25
Total 80 100
Table 5
Distribution of Respondents as to Kind of Drug They Use
As seen from the table 5 above in relation to the kind of drugs the respondents
majority are using methamphetamine or shabu with a frequency of 47 or a percentage
58.75, those who use cannabis or marijuana got a frequency of 26 or a percentage of
32.50, those who use heroine got a frequency of 5 or a percentage of 6.25, and those who
use cocaine got a frequency of only 3 or a percentage of 3.75.

32
Part II. Factors affecting the use of Prohibited drugs
Primary Factors/Reasons of using prohibited Mea Interpretation

drugs
n
Delinquency 4.11 Influential
Peer influence 3.98 Influential
Experimentation 3.12 Moderately
Influential
Stressful Condition 3.52 Influential
Having Fun 3.63 Influential
Loneliness 3.84 Influential
Mental Health Disorder 3.08 Moderately
Influential
Family History 3.62 Influential
Recreation 3.04 Moderately
Influential
Sense of Belongingness 3.38 Moderately
Influential
Overall Mean 3.53 Influential
Table 6
Primary Factors or Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs
As seen from table 6 in relation to the primary factors an overall mean of 3.53
was computed with an interpretation of “Influential”. “Delinquency” got the highest
mean of 4.11 or an interpretation of “Influential”. Use of prohibited drugs being a
recreation got the lowest mean of 3.04 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.
The table implies that most of the respondents are juvenile delinquents. This is the
primary reason why they resort to the use of prohibited drugs, lack of guidance when they
33
were young resulted them to the use of drugs. Being lonely and through the influence of
their peers also caused them to use prohibited drugs.
Home environment or Family Factors/ Mea Interpretation
Reasons of using prohibited drugs n

Inconsistent discipline 3.05 Moderately Influential
Broken family 3.97 Influential
Poor parent-child attachment 3.89 Influential
Feeling alienated 3.78 Influential
Parental values and belief system 3.02 Moderately Influential
Lack of affection 3.69 Influential
Table 7
Home Environment or Family Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs
As presented in table 7 in relation to the factors in the home or family
environment that results in the use of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.57 was
computed with an interpretation of “Influential”. A “broken family” got the highest mean
of 3.97 or an interpretation of “Influential”. “Parental values and belief system” got the
lowest mean of 3.02 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.
Lack of affection between parent and children, feeling “alienated” from both
parents and children and having “broken family” are the biggest causes why some
individuals find themselves using prohibited drugs as implied from the findings above.
Educational/Economic factors/ Reasons of Mean Interpretation
using prohibited drugs

Low educational attainment 3.89 Influential
Extreme poverty 3.02 Moderately Influential
Poor living condition 3.05 Moderately Influential
Low status occupation 3.37 Moderately Influential
34
Unemployment 3.12 Moderately Influential

Overall Mean 3.29 Moderately Influential
Table 8
Educational/Economic Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs
As gleaned from the table above in relation to educational and economic factors
affecting the use of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.29 or an interpretation of
“Moderately Influential” was garnered. “Low educational attainment” got the highest
mean of 3.89 with an interpretation of “Influential”. “Extreme poverty” got the lowest
mean of 3.02 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.
The table implies somehow that educational and economic factors are not that
significant are major reasons why some individuals use prohibited drugs, “having a low
educational attainment” got a little influence on the use of illegal drugs.

35
Situational factors/ Reasons of using prohibited Mean Interpretation
drugs
To overcome shyness in social situation 3.22 Moderately Influential
To alter or change perception 3.35 Moderately Influential
To cover painful memories in the past 3.69 Influential
To be a part of group 3.39 Moderately Influential
To overcome boredom 3.05 Moderately Influential
To avoid physical and physiological pain 3.15 Moderately Influential
To cope with problem 3.02 Moderately Influential
Table 9
Situational Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs
As gleaned from the table above in relation to situational factors affecting the use
of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.27 or an interpretation of “Moderately
Influential” was garnered. Covering “painful memories of the past” got the highest mean
of 3.69 or an interpretation of “Influential”. “To cope with problems” got the lowest
mean of 3.02 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.
It shows that most of the respondents find situational factors not that causative of
their use of prohibited drugs, with only painful memories of the past an influential factor
in them trying to use prohibited drugs for them to forget for a time.
Recreational factors/ Reasons of using Mean Interpretation
prohibited drugs
For enjoyment 3.40 Moderately Influential
To relax and relive stress 3.26 Moderately Influential
To enhance mood and social occasion 3.49 Influential
To increase energy 3.74 Influential
To try something new 3.01 Moderately Influential
Table 10
36
Recreational Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs
As gleaned from the table above in relation to recreational factors affecting the
use of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.38 or an interpretation of “Moderately
Influential” was garnered. To increase energy got the highest mean of 3.74 or an
interpretation of “Influential”. Trying something new got the lowest mean of 3.01 or an
interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.
Most of the respondents find drugs not to be something they do for recreation
with only some of them looking for that extra burst of energy that some illegal drugs give
the reason they use it.
Other Environmental Factors/ Reasons of using Mean Interpretation
prohibited drugs
Early exposure or use of drugs 3.68 Influential
Relationship problems 3.52 Influential
Trauma/physical and sexual abuse 3.73 Influential
Low self-esteem 3.12 Moderately Influential
Chronic pain or medical condition 3.04 Moderately Influential
Gender acceptance 3.16 Moderately Influential
Isolation 3.69 Influential
Table 11
Other Environmental Factors/ Reasons of Using Prohibited Drugs

37
As gleaned from the table above in relation to other environmental factors
affecting the use of prohibited drugs an overall mean of 3.42 or an interpretation of
“Influential” was garnered. Experiencing trauma, physical and sexual abuse got the
highest mean of 3.73 or an interpretation of “Influential”. “Chronic pain or medical
condition” got the lowest mean of 3.04 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential”.
The table implies that somehow individuals using prohibited drugs use them to
forget traumatic experiences they have had and because of isolation, and early exposure
to the use of drugs. It is not entirely a very big influence in why they use illegal drugs.
38
Chapter V
Summary of Findings, Conclusion and Recommendation
This chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusion and recommendation
of the study based on the findings of the study.
Summary of Findings
The findings of this study were divided into two categories which are the profile
of the respondents and their perception with regards to the factors affecting the use of
prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago City.
a. Gender.
Majority of the respondents are male with a frequency of 58 or a
percentage of 72.50. There are 22 female with a percentage of 27.50
b. Age.
Many of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 23 – 27 years
old with a frequency of thirty (30) and percentage of 37.50.
c. Civil Status
Many of the respondents are married with a frequency of 32 and a
percentage of 40.00
d. Educational Attainment
Majority of the respondents are High School level with a frequency
of 56 or a percentage of 70.00.
39
e. Kind of drug they use
Many of the respondents use methamphetamine or shabu with a
frequency of 47 of a percentage of 58.75.
Part II. Factors affecting the use of Prohibited drugs
Primary Factors
An overall mean of 3.53 was computed with an interpretation of “Influential” in
relation to the primary factors in the use of prohibited drugs.
Home Environment or Family Factors
An overall mean of 3.57 or an interpretation of “Influential” was garnered in
relation to home environment or family factors being a factor in the use of prohibited
drugs which means that it could be one of the driving force why some individual are
prone to the use of prohibited drugs.
Educational and Economic Factors
An overall mean of 3.29 or an interpretation of “Moderately Influential” was
garnered which could mean that this being one of the lowest overall mean of the factors
could be the least influential reason some individuals are using prohibited drugs.
Situational Factors
garnered which could mean that this being lowest overall mean of the factors could be the
least influential factors some individuals are using illegal drugs.

40
Recreational Factors
garnered which implies that this being one of the lowest overall mean of the different
factors could be the least causative factor why some people use illegal drugs.
Other Environmental Factors
An overall mean of 3.42 or an interpretation of “Influential” was garnered which
means that this an average mean in connection with the others it could be one of the
causes of the use of some individuals of illegal drugs. .
Conclusions
In the light of the above findings the researchers made the following conclusion:
Profile of the respondents
The researcher involved Eighty (80) residents of the different Poblacion
Barangays of Santiago City and their profile basing from the findings are the following:
On age bracket of the respondents bracket 23 – 27 years old was dominant.
Majority of the respondents are male, married and majority of them have educational
attainment of being in the High School level. Majority of them are using
methamphetamine or shabu.
Part II. Factors affecting the use of prohibited drugs
Basing from the factors it can be concluded that home environment and family
factors are the main causative factor in their use of prohibited drugs and somehow it can
41
be seen that using prohibited drugs is connected to the respondents feeling a bit neglected
and finds company in their fellow drug users and if they still are not satisfied uses drug
use a way to gain attention from their families and friends.
Recommendations
In the light of the aforementioned conclusions, the researcher came up with the
following recommendations:
1. Initiative in the local government unit must be done in order to be able to give
more information to the citizens of Santiago City on the different methods that
they could use to determine if their family members are illegal drug users and also
for them to learn how they can cope if their family members are drugs users and
what government assistance program they are entitled to.
2. Focus on the early detection of drug users in the family must be given importance
and programs initiated not only by the City Health Office but also by the City
Social Welfare and Development Department must be geared towards helping
families doing battle with the drug menace.
3. More researches along this topic should be undertaken to issue forth more insights
on the ill effects of the commission of criminal and untoward acts.

42
BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Books
Gay, L. R. (1981). Educational research: Competence for analysis and application

London: Toronto Publishing Company, Columbus.
Kothari, C. R (1985). Research methodology, methods and techniques. New Delhi:

Wishwa, Prakashan.
Mugenda, O. & Mugenda, A. (1999). Research methods: Quantitative and qualitative

approaches. Nairobi: ACTS Press.
NACADA. (2004). Youth in peril: Alcohol and drug abuse in Kenya. Final national
baseline survey in substance abuse in Kenya, Nairobi, pp. 2-36.
B. Journals
Asma, A., Wamen C. W. and Riley, L. (2003). Social demographic factors of public who
use tobacco in randomly selected primary schools to Nairobi, Province, Kenya.
East Africa Medical Journal vol. 80. no. 5 pp. 235-241.
Edward, G. and Arif. (1998). Introduction to drug problems in the socio-cultural context.
(Eds). A basis for policies and programme planning. WHO off set publication
no.73. Geneva, p. 18.
Fatoye, F. O. and Marakinyo, O. (2002). Substance use among secondary school students
in rural urban communities’ Southwestern Nigeria. East African Medical Journal,
vol.79, no.6, pp. 299-305.
Galicio, H. (2001). Drug abuse in Kenya in Kenya, Nairobi: Uzima Press, Nairobi.
Greenblatt, J. C. (2000). Pattern of alcohol use among adolescent and association with
emotions and behavioral problems. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and
Mental Health Service Administration, Office of Applied Studies Substance
Abuse and Mental.
43
Haworth, A. (2002): A Preliminary report on self-reported drug use among students in

health and administration.
Jones, D. L., Heflinges, C. A. and Sauders, R. C. (2007). The ecology of adolescent

substance abuse service utilization. America Journal of Community Psychology,
vol 40 pp. 345-358.
Kisumu District Hospital (KDH). (2011, 2012). Psychotic disorders, mental and
behavioural caused by multiple drug use. Psychiatric department, Kisumu
district hospital.
Khan, M. H., Saeed, A., Rashid, H., Nadia, N. and Halima, S. (2004). Characteristics of
drug abuse admitted in drug abuse treatment centers at Peshawar, Pakistan,
Gomal. Journal of Medical Science, vol. 2, no. 2.
Otieno, A. and Ofulla, A. (2009). Drug abuse in Kisumu town, Western Kenya.
(Unpublished report).vol. 9 no. 3.
Patton, G. C. (2002). Cannabis use and mental health in young people: Cohort study
Adolescent girls in Kenya: A comparison of interviewing methods. British
Medical Journal, vol 325 pp. 1195-1198.
C. Internet
Astrom, A. N., Ogwell, A. E. and Hangeforden. (2000). Tobacco use by youth

surveillance from the Global Youth Tobacco.WHO no. 78.
Center Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA). (2003). Girls unique pathway to
addiction. Columbia University Press: Columbia. Found at
info@girlsincnworegon.org" and at www.girlsincnworegon.
Boyd, C. J., McCabe, S. E. and Teter, C. J. (2005). Asthma inhaler misuse and
substance abuse: A random survey of secondary school students. NIH public
access. Found at http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fegi.
Drugs and Crime (UNODC). (2006). Drug war facts: World Report, Vienna Austria,
UNODC, pp. 5-6 found at http://www.drugwarfacts.
International Drug Prevention (IDP). (2001). A publication of NGO Anti- narcotins

coordinating center. vol. 1 no. 2. Anti-narcotic coordinating center.
International Narcotic Control Board (INCB). (2003). Narcotic drug report of Africa,
United Nation, pp. 2-10.
44
Jedrzejczak, M. (2005). Family and environmental factors of drug addiction among

youth recruits.
Johnson, L. D., O’Malley, P. M. and Bachman, J. G. (1998). National survey on result

on drug use from the monitoring the future study, vol 1: secondary school
students, Rockville: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public
Health Services, National Institute of Drug Abuse.
Johnston, T. (2000). Adolescent drug abuse in Kenya: Impact on population

communication Africa.
Lo, L. (2007). Familial and family-school environmental influence on substance abuse:

An ecological model vol.@Spring. Regets of the University of Minnesota.
Found at www.psych. Umniedu/sentient.
Mbogo, S. (2003, October 10). Kenya united as key channel for U.S.A. bound narcotic.
The Daily Nation.
D. Thesis
Bence, M., Brandon, R., Lee, I. and Tran, H. (2000). Impact of peer substance use on
middle school performance in Washington, University of Washington:
Washington.
Brown, S. A. Taperts, S. F. and Granholm. (2000). Neurocognitive function of

adolescent: Effects of protracted alcohol use. Alcoholism: Clinical and
experimental research, vol 24 (2), Wisconsin-Madison.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2005). Annual smoking-attributable. John
Hopkins University Press Publishers. Funded by the Bristol-Myers Squibb
Foundation, U.S.
Fishers, H. and Marley, F. (1998). Qualitative and quantitative research analysis p. 37.
Gikonyo, M. W. (2005). Drug abuser and parental knowledge on factors predisposing

the youth to drugs and substance abuse in Nairobi. (Unpublished thesis).
Department of Public Health, Kenyatta University.
Kamonjo, B. N. (1997). The correlations, prevalence and attitudes towards drug use and
abuse among 1st, 2nd and 4th year students at Kenyatta University. (Unpublished
thesis). Department of Education, Kenyatta University.
45
APPENDICES
46
APPENDIX A
LETTER FOR THE RESPONDENTS

47
48
49
50
51
52
APPENDIX B
SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
53
QUESTIONNAIRE
Part I. Demographic Profile of the Respondents
Direction: Please fill up the following on the appropriate space provided.
Name: (optional) _____________________________________________
Gender: [ ] Male [ ] Female
Age: [ ] 17 – 21 years old [ ] 22 – 26 years old

[ ] 27 – 32 years old ] 33 – 38 years old
[ ] 39 years old and above
Civil Status [ ] Single [ ] Married

[ ] Widow/er [ ] Separated
Educational Attainment: [ ] Elementary Level/Graduate

[ ] High School Level/Graduate
[ ] College Level/Graduate
Kind of drug you use
[ ] methamphetamine/shabu [ ] cannabis/marijuana
[ ] cocaine [ ] heroine
54
Part II. Factors affecting the use of illegal drugs among residents of Santiago City
Rate the item that corresponds to your answer with regards to your perception on
the different items. Use the following rating.
Scale Qualitative Description

5 Highly Influential
4 Influential
3 Moderately Influential
2 Slightly Influential
1 Not Influential
Primary Factors/Reasons of using prohibited drugs 1 2 3 4 5

1 Delinquency
2 Peer influence
3 Experimentation
4 Stressful Condition
5 Having Fun
6 Loneliness
7 Mental Health Disorder
8 Family History
9 Recreation
10 Sense of Belongingness
Home environment or Family Factors/ Reasons of using 1 2 3 4 5

prohibited drugs
1 Inconsistent discipline
2 Broken family
3 Poor parent-child attachment
4 Feeling alienated
5 Parental values and belief system
6 Lack of affection
Educational/Economic factors/ Reasons of using prohibited 1 2 3 4 5

drugs
1 Low educational attainment
2 Extreme poverty
3 Poor living condition
4 Low status occupation
5 Unemployment
55
Situational factors/ Reasons of using prohibited drugs 1 2 3 4 5

1 To overcome shyness in social situation
2 To alter or change perception
3 To cover painful memories in the past
4 To be a part of group
5 To overcome boredom
6 To avoid physical and physiological pain
7 To cope with problem
Recreational factors/ Reasons of using prohibited drugs 1 2 3 4 5

1 For enjoyment
2 To relax and relive stress
3 To enhance mood and social occasion
4 To increase energy
5 To try something new
Other Environmental factors/ Reasons of using prohibited drugs 1 2 3 4 5

1 Early exposure or use of drugs
2 Relationship problems
3 Trauma/physical and sexual abuse
4 Low self-esteem
5 Chronic pain or medical condition
6 Gender acceptance
7 Isolation
56
APPENDIX C
DOCUMENTATION ON THE
FLOATING OF QUESTIONNAIRES
57
58
59
APPENDIX D
CURRICULUM VITAE
60
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Julius Tabbal Villaran
Address: Aguinaldo, Cordon, Isabela
Date of birth: June 20, 1996
Age: 22
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Citizenship: Filipino
College: Northeastern College
Course: BSCriminology
High school: Cabulay High School
Elementary: Aguinaldo Elementary School

61
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Mike Angelo Narvasa
Address: Malvar, Santiago City
Date of birth: September 18, 1992
Age: 26
Sex: Male
High school: San Antonio Integrated School
Elementary: San Antonio Integrated School

62
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Hellary James D. Somera
Address: 81 Roque Ext., PLaridel, Santiago City
Date of birth: December 2, 1998
Age: 20
Sex: Male
High school: Northeastern College High School Department
Elementary: Dubinan Elementary School

63
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Dean Avery Soliba
Address: Batal, Santiago City
Date of birth: April 19, 1997
Age: 20
Sex: Male
Religion: Catholic
High school: University of La Salette High School
Elementary: North Central Elementary School

64
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Jeziel Umingan
Address: Sinsayon, Santiago City
Date of birth: February 19, 1992
Age: 26
Sex: Female
Religion: Christian
High school: Santiago City National High School
Elementary: Sinsayon Elementary School

65
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Real Genesis F. Viernes
Address: Ambatali, Ramon, Isabela
Date of birth: July 20, 1999
Age: 19
Sex: Male
Religion: United Methodist Church
High school: Ramon National High School
Elementary: Ambatali Elementary School

66
Curriculum Vitae
Name: Reymark G. Segismundo
Address: Oscariz, Ramon, Isabela
Date of birth: July 7, 2000
Age: 18
Sex: Male
High school: Ramon National High School
Elementary: Oscariz Elementary School

Chapter 1 5 Drugs Recomputed

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 5 Drugs Recomputed

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 5 Drugs Recomputed

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

The Problem and its Background

patterns cross socio-economic and cultural boundaries, and the abuse of

drugs include illicit drug, marijuana, inhalants, LSD, heroin, cocaine,

crack, stimulants, barbiturates, and tranquilizers.

Drug use, abuse, and dependence are prevalent problems in different

communities. This certainly is not meant to imply that this problem is

under control in the community. However the persistent and pervasive

manifestation of abuse and use in communities demand special

Recognizing that substance abuse is a serious problem among young

increase the individuals pleasure or reduce his discomfort. The primary

behavior. An appreciation of this goes a long way toward taking a rational

look at current drug use.

This study titled “Factors Affecting the Use of Prohibited Drugs

Among Residents of Santiago City” would shed light and information on

Santiago City in the use of prohibited drugs.

currently using prohibited drugs in the city of Santiago, on profile the

as to be able to make a generalization on what and how they make up the

Input Process Output

Factors affecting the

Paradigm of the Study

demographic profile of the respondents of the study and their perceptions

on the factors affecting the use of prohibited drugs.

The Process load consists of how from the needed input a

questionnaire was developed and distributed to the respondents to gather

the data needed for the completion of the study.

collected and computed where in a better program in the battle of illegal

use of drugs can be devised.

Statement of the Problem

This study titled “Factors Affecting the Use of Prohibited Drugs

Among Residents of Santiago City” aimed to determine the factors

affecting the use of prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago City.

Specifically it aimed to answers to the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents regarding their:

e. Kind of drug they use

among teenagers in relation to:

b. Home environment or family

c. Economic and educational

Scope and Delimitation

This study mainly focused on the Factors Affecting the Use of

Prohibited Drugs Among Residents of Santiago City. It limited itself to

prohibited drugs among residents of Santiago City.

Significance of the Study

This study will be significant to the following:

To Barangay officials. It would benefit them in a sense that it

would help them better detect and create programs so as to be able to

prevent minors to involve themselves in the use of prohibited drugs and as

such be involved in drug crimes so that they would be given a brighter

programs so as to help the parents of the minors to better teach their

To Future researcher. It would benefit them in a way that they can

To Researcher. It would help them learn how to make use of

knowledge she/he gained in the making of a research proposal.

To Parents. This study could to better understand what should, be

committing juvenile delinquent acts.

To Community . This would be beneficial for they could be better

to work towards a better and safer environment for minors in their

Aspect. a distinct feature or element in a problem; "he studied every facet

of the question (Webster’s Dictionary, 2007)

Barbiturate – any of a class of sedative and sleep-inducing drugs derived