PROJECT REPORT

TRAINEE

Luit Baro
3rd Year Undergraduate
Civil Engineering (B .Tech)
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
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 BIHAR NEW GANGA BRIDGE PROJECT
Summer Internship Project Report
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
Civil Engineering

UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

MR. KAMAL SINGH

SUBMITTED BY:
LUIT BARO
3rd Year Undergraduate
Civil Engineering (B .Tech)
National Institute of Technology Sikkim
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 CONTENTS
o Bonafied Certificate
o Acknowledgement
o Operational Structure of L&T
o Overview of Project
 Project Details
 Project Scope
 Major structures
 Major quantities
o Planning for bridge construction
 Three Dimensions of Planning for Bridge Construction
 Planning Sequence for Bridge Construction
 Different Stages of Planning in Bridge Construction
o Safety Management
o Construction Material Management
o Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC/QA)
 Quality Assurance
 Quality Control
 Difference in responsibilities
 Materials need to be tested
 Different Equipment and Instruments in the lab
 Tests
o Batching Plant
o Well Foundation
 Type of well foundation
 Different shapes of well foundations in cross sectional view
 Components of Well Foundation
 Construction methodology for well foundation followed in the site
 Well Foundation details
 Concrete mix for Foundation
 Construction of well foundation
 Plugging of well and well cap
 Problems encountered and their solutions
 Tilts and Shifts
o Pile Foundation
 When to use Pile Foundation
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  Salient Features at site
 How Piles are used
 Cast-in-Situ Pile
o Precast Method of Bridge Construction
o Conclusion
o References

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 BONAFIED CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report on BIHAR NEW GANGA BRIDGE PROJECT is
the bonafied work of LUIT BARO who carried out summer internship at L &T and
DAEWOO JV, RAGHOPUR PATNA from 01/06/2019 to 30/06/2019.

During the period of his internship program with us he had exposed to different
practical situations and was found punctual, hardworking and inquisitive.

We wish him every success in his life and career.

PLACE: PATNA
DATE:

LUIT BARO MR. KAMAL SINGH

SUMMER INTERN PILE FOUNDATION INCHARGE
L & T CONSTRUCTION

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The internship opportunity with Larsen and Toubro Construction was a great
chance for learning and professional development. Therefore, I consider myself as a
very lucky individual as I was provided with an opportunity to be a part of it. I am
also grateful for having a chance to meet so many professionals who led me
throughout this internship period.

Bearing in mind previously I am using this opportunity to express my deepest

gratitude and special thanks to Mr. Ajay Nath, HR Manager who in spite of being
extraordinary busy with his duties, took time out to hear, guide and keep me on the
correct path.

I express my deepest thanks to Mr. Aditya Chakraverthy, HR Assistant Manager for

taking part in useful decision & giving necessary advices and guidance and arranged
all the facility. I choose this moment to acknowledge his contribution gratefully.

It is my radiant sentiment to place on my best regards, deepest sense of gratitude to

Mr. Kamal Singh, Pile Foundation Incharge for his careful and precious guidance
which were extremely valuable for my study both theoretically and practically.

I would also like to thanks to Mr. Santosh Kumar, Mr. Kundan Jha and Mr. Vishnu
who was really practical guidance on site.

I perceive as this opportunity as a big milestone in my career development. I will

strive to use gained skills and knowledge in the best possible way, and I will continue
to work on their improvement, in order to attain desired career objectives. Hope to
continue cooperation with all of you in the future.

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 OPERATIONAL STRUCTURE OF L&T
Headquartered in Mumbai, Larsen & Toubro Limited is one of the largest and most
respected companies in India's private sector. With over 80 years of a strong,
customer focused approach and a continuous quest for world-class quality, L&T has
unmatched capabilities across Technology, Engineering, Construction and
Manufacturing, and maintains a leadership in all its major lines of business.

L&T Construction, India's largest construction organization and ranked among the
world's top 30 contractors, has been over the past seven decades transforming
cityscapes and landscapes with structures of immense size and grandeur. The
company's capabilities span the entire gamut of construction - civil, mechanical,
electrical and instrumentation engineering - and its services extend to all core sector
industries and infrastructure projects.

Several of the country's prized landmarks - edifices, structures, airports, industrial

projects, flyovers, viaducts, water and power infrastructure projects carry L&T's
signature of excellence in construction. Today, more and more structures beyond
India's boundaries are standing tall, thanks to L&T Construction.

L&T Construction straddles six related businesses:

 Buildings & Factories

 Transportation Infrastructure

 Heavy Civil Infrastructure

 Power Transmission & Distribution

 Renewable Energy

 Water & Effluent Treatment

 Smart World & Communication

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 OVERVIEW OF PROJECT
Patna Side Main office, Viaduct Casting, Staff Camp
Bidupur Side Viaduct Casting
Raghopur Island Main Bridge Casting, Staff Camp
Project Details
Project Construction of Greenfield Six-Lane Extradosed Cable
Bridge over river Ganga from New NH-30 (Sabalpur) to
NH-103 (Bidupur)
Contractor Daewoo-L&T JV(50:50)
Contract Value Rs. 3115 Crore
Duration 4 years (from the appointed date)
Agreement Date 20-February-2016
Loan Agreement Sign 15-November-2016
Appointed Date 16-January-2017
Authority Engineers AECOM-RODIC(JV)
Design Consultants Pyunghwa Engineering Consultants(PEC), Korea- for
Main Bridge; L&T Infrastructure Engineering
Ltd.(L&TIEL), Chennai-for Approaches
Proof Consultants CH2M Hill, U.K.
Safety Consultants Crafts Consultants (I) Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi
NGO Citizens Foundation, Ranchi

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Project Scope
Project Length 22.76 km
Main Bridge 9.76 km (6 Lane Extradosed bridge)
Span length 150m for main bridge.
Approaches 13 km
ROB 2 Nos. (at Sabalpur, Patna and at Chak
Sikandar, Vaishali)
Major Bridges 2 Nos.
Flyover 1 Nos.
VUP 4 Nos.
Interchanges 4 Nos.
Project Facilities 2 toll plazas; Highway Museum

Major Structures
S. No. Description Unit No’s
1 Pile Foundation No’s 1002
2 Well Foundation No’s 67
3 Extradosed segments No’s 2869
4 Viaduct segments No’s 945
5 Concrete Girders No’s 70
6 Steel Girders No’s 16
Major Quantities
S.No. Description Unit Quantity
1 Reinforcement MT 91846
2 Structural Steel MT 9860
3 PT Strands MT 11033
4 Stay Cable Strands MT 4745
5 Bearings No’s 808
6 Expansion Joints Rm 1483
7 Cum Cum 913518

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 PLANNING FOR BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION
Planning for bridge construction is required as it has huge impact on life of people.
Social, scientific and technological dimensions for bridge construction must be
considered.

The decision of providing a bridge across any barrier is to facilitate the community
residing on either side of the project. Some major bridges bring benefits to the whole
country; for example, the bridges constructed across the river Ganga or the
Brahmaputra in India.

Three Dimensions of Planning for Bridge Construction

There are three dimensions that are involved in the planning of any mega project
like a bridge. This is considered as an initial step towards the planning of structures
that would finally bring up with a project that would be advantageous to the
community in all aspects. The three dimensions are:

o Scientific Dimension

o Social Dimension

o Technological Dimension

Planning Sequence for Bridge Construction

The planning sequence for the construction of a new highway or a railway project is
a major part of the project planning. Based on the complexity of the barrier across
which the bridge must be constructed, the detailing of the project planning increases,
because more investigation must be carried out. In general, the major steps that are
involved in the planning for the construction of a new project is mentioned below:

1. Identifying the need for the bridge

2. Assessment of traffic possible and required in the area proposed to construct

the bridge

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 3. Study the location

4. Study of all possible alternatives

5. Refining and short listing all possible alternatives

6. Identifying conceptual plans for the alternatives. This involves finding the
materials, the arrangement of the span and the form.

7. Preliminary design and the cost estimation

8. Evaluating the alternatives, its risk and the final choice of decision

9. Resource source identification by detailed surveying

10. Implementation with the help of bidding documents. This is followed by

carrying out by fixing the agency, the construction details, and their
commissioning.

Different Stages of Planning in Bridge Construction

The major steps that are involved in the planning for bridge construction are:

1. Study on Need for Bridge

The decision of having a new bridge in an area is taken as a part of development

of the society. This facilitates the feasibility of linking the cities and towns, which gain
more importance in the overall growth of a nation. Their need is studied based on
the socio-economic viabilities.

2. Traffic Assessment

An assessment of the traffic type and its quantum is necessary to decide the
following factors:

o Number of lanes on the road or the railway tracks

o The geometric design parameters

o Benefits acquired by the society

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3. Location study

While having a location study and fixing the location of the bridge, it is very
essential to consider the need and the location of cross drainage works if any. The
cross-drainage work is said to have 15 to 20 % of the overall project cost if it must be
implemented. Hence before choosing the alignment for bridge construction, it is
necessary to determine all the possible CD works and its effect. The following
factors are considered reliable in fixing the location of the bridge.

o Location chosen over a stream with no bends or meanders. It will be straight

in reach.

o A stream with no branches or tributaries

o The location being confined with properly defined banks

o If the bridge or the culvert is with the road approach, on either side having
maximum extent

o If the crossing is normal to the alignment of the road and angle of skew is
necessary, limit it.

4. Reconnaissance Study

This is a pre-feasibility study, which studies the entire reach of the river that must
be crossed; to find out best and suitable position for bridge location. The factors
each site satisfies are taken as lists and each is analyzed individually, from which the
best consideration is chosen.

a) Study of alternatives

b) Feasible alternative study

5. Preliminary Engineering

This stage of planning can be called as a techno-economic feasibility study. Here,

the technical details related to the bridge construction are studied in a detailed
manner, to bring all possible alternatives to proceed the construction.

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Mainly it is found that the total cost of the project is plus or minus 15% of the cost
that is estimated at this stage of planning. To process the technical study, minimum
level of field study and measurements, the location study, and related parameters
must be done.

a) Developing plans

b) Preliminary design and costing

c) Evaluation of alternatives, risk analysis, and final choice

6. Detailed Project Report

This stage is the final stage of planning in the bridge construction, before the
commencement of the construction work. Full investigation from the roots is taken
and documented. The investigations conducted are:

o Ground survey

o Soil exploration- foundation details

o Hydrological data

o Model studies and analysis

7. Implementation

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 SAFETY MANAGEMENT
Environment (E), health (H) and safety (S) (together EHS) is a discipline and
specialty that studies and implements practical aspects of environmental protection
and safety at work. In simple terms it is what organizations must do to make sure
that their activities do not cause harm to anyone. Safety is the Control of Recognized
Hazards to attain an Acceptable Level of Risk.

At L&T, the highest priority is accorded to Environment, Health & Safety (EHS).
The EHS policy enunciated by the Corporate Management lays emphasis on
Environment, Health and Safety through a structured approach and well defined
practices. Systems and procedures have been established for implementing the
requisites at all stages of construction and are accredited to International standards of
ISO 9001:2008, ISO 14001:2004 and OHSAS 18001:2007.

Safety Induction
A safety induction is conducted to welcome new employees to the company and
prepare them for their new role. It ensures workers are fully informed about the
organization and are aware of their work and responsibilities. It serves as a starting
point for an organization to introduce a culture of safety in the workplace.

Why Conduct a Safety Induction?

Employees without proper safety inductions tend to have a higher tendency for
negligence or non-adherence to health and safety regulations. Moreover, these
workers are also prone to injuries and fatalities because of misinformation or
inadequate knowledge to properly deal with hazards in the workplace.

A proper site or safety induction can help your workplace achieve the following:

 Promote a safe working environment for all employees.

 Help employees understand the values and behavior of the workplace culture.

 Ensure adequate knowledge of emergency procedures such as emergency

exits, evacuation instructions and assembly points.

 Proper training on first aid and emergency protocols.

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  Proper equipment handling.

 Understanding of critical government rules and regulations.

 Help employees transition smoothly to the organization and adjust to the new
role.

 Workers know their work responsibilities and limitations.

 Employees are educated about company policies against bullying, harassment,

and other critical policies.

 Employees’ rights and benefits are in place.

 Drive improvement in productivity and quality of work.

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is clothing and equipment worn by
employees, students, contractors or visitors to protect or shield their bodies from
workplace hazards.

Types of personal protective equipment

PPE can be considered in the following categories, based on the type of protection
afforded by the equipment:

 Respiratory protection - for example, disposable, cartridge, air line, half or full
face

 Eye protection – for example, spectacles/goggles, shields, visors

 Hearing protection – for example, ear muffs and plugs

 Hand protection – for example, gloves and barrier creams

 Foot protection – for example, shoes/boots

 Head protection – for example, helmets, caps, hoods, hats

 Working from heights - for example, harness and fall arrest devices

 Skin protection – for example, hats, sunburn cream, long sleeved clothes
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 Other personal protective equipment: This may include PPE for specific tasks
such disposable clothing for working with chemicals, radiation hazards,
welding, painting. Examples include: lead aprons for x-ray
x ray protection; sleeve
protectors, aprons, coveralls when using chemicals; leather jackets, trousers
and spats
pats for welding; thermal and cold protective clothing for work near
furnaces and cool rooms.

Safety Helmet High Visibility Jacket

Safety Shoes Harness and Fall Arrest

Goggles Gloves

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Responsibilities for equipment

Management must ensure that:

 the needs for PPE are assessed by a person who is

competent to judge whether other methods of risk control
can offer better protection of safety and health than the
provision of PPE

 professional advice is obtained, where necessary, to identify

the most suitable types of PPE for the tasks to be carried out

 training is provided to supervisors and employees to enable

them to ensure the proper selection, fit, use, cleaning and
maintenance of PPE

 supervision and enforcement of the PPE policy is undertaken

 evaluation of the effectiveness of the PPE program is carried out on a regular

basis

 Suitable PPE is provided for visitors who may be exposed to hazards in the
workplace. Equipment shall be properly cleaned before re-issue.

According to Occupational Safety and Health Regulations 1996 regulation 3.35,

employees:

1. must use the protective clothing or equipment in a manner in which he or she

has been properly instructed to use it

2. must not misuse or damage the clothing or equipment, and

3. must, as soon as practicable after becoming aware of any

o damage to

o malfunction of, or

o need to clean or sterilize, the clothing or equipment

Notify the person providing the clothing or equipment of the damage, malfunction
or need to clean or sterilize the clothing or equipment.
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Basic Rules for safety
Tidy up construction sites

 Keep passages clear all the time.

 Sort out materials and pile them up safely. The stacks should not be
too high.
 Beware of floor openings and ensure that they are fenced or covered.
 Remove refuse as soon as possible.
 Provide sufficient lighting.
 Familiarize with the location and the operation of fire-fighting equipment.

Safety measures

 Before you operate a machine, ensure that the dangerous part of the
machine has been installed with a guard.
 Avoid going to any area with insufficient lighting as there may be some
dangerous places which have not been provided with fencing.
 Keep vigilant all the time and watch out for moving cranes, hooks or
other lifting equipment.
 Before you use any electrical installation or tool, check the condition of
its electric cables.
 Avoid dragging electric cables on the ground or allowing the cables to
come into contact with water.
 Use electrical tools installed with an earth leakage circuit breaker.
 Use and handle chemicals with care.

Personal Safety

 Wear protective equipment.

 Do not drink or take drugs while working.
 Pay attention to personal hygiene.
 Do not play in the workplace.
 Report to your supervisor immediately if you notice any unsafe condition.

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“Everyone who is involved in the construction activity should shoulder the
responsibility of identifying the potential hazards and make all efforts to eliminate
them from the construction sites.”

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 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
MANAGEMENT
Material management is defined as planning, identification, procuring, storage,
receiving and distribution of materials. The purpose of material management is to
assure that the right materials are in the right place, in the right quantize when
needed. The responsibility of material management department for the flow of
materials from the time the materials are ordered, received, and stored until they are
used in the basis of material management. Materials management is a vital function
for improving productivity in construction projects. The management of materials
should be considered at all the phases of the construction process and throughout
the construction and production periods. This is because poor materials
management can often affect the overall construction time, quality and budget. It is
important for planning and controlling of materials to ensure that the right quality
and quantity of materials and installed equipment are appropriately specified in a
timely manner, obtained at a reasonable cost, and are available when needed.

Objectives and Functions of Materials Management

Primary objectives can be classified as:

• Efficient materials planning

• Buying or Purchasing

• Procuring and receiving

• Storing and inventory control

• Supply and distribution of materials

• Quality assurance

Secondary Objectives of Materials Management:

• Efficient production scheduling

• To take make or buy decisions

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• Prepare specifications and standization of materials

• To assist in product design and development

• Forecasting demand and quantity of materials requirements

• Quality control of materials purchased

• Material handling

• Use of value analysis and value engineering

• Developing skills of workers in materials management

• Smooth flow of materials in and out of the organization

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Store Management
Store Management is an important aspect in a construction site. Material
requirement should be calculated and the orders should be placed in advance so
that material is readily available when work begins. The site stores in this site mainly
manage receiving, issuing and storing of material and the maintenance of plant &
equipments.

Characteristics of a Well Managed Store

Availability of materials whenever required

The storage quantity should neither be too much as it would increase the storage
cost and the material may get deteriorated. On the other hand the stock levels
should not be too low as a material shortage may lead to delays of the project. The
optimum may vary from site to site, item to item or supplier to supplier. Yet it is a
good practice to keep one week’s requirement in stock.

Material should be stored in such a manner that they are easily accessible, not
subjected to environmental damages and would not obstruct the site traffic.

A properly maintained recording system facilitating the preparation of usage reports,

regular stock counts, monitoring the inward and outward movements.

Documents maintained in the system

Goods Received Note (GRN)

After receiving a stock of material the Store Keeper would issue a GRN
acknowledging the receipt. This has to be authorized by the project engineer. The
updating of the stocks ledger and the preparation of the weekly reports are done
using this.

Gate Pass

A gate pass is raised every time a site vehicle goes out of the site. This is issued either
by a storekeeper or by an engineer. Though the stores do not raise this strictly a gate
pass would restrict unauthorized stock transfers.

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Material Requisition Note (MRN)

The subcontractors and any other person have to produce a MRN to get material
from the stores. The form has to be authorized by the supervisor in charge of the
work. To facilitate the monitoring of the material usage the supervisors keep a
record of all the material issues authorized by them and produce a summary to the
engineer in charge. The details of all the issues are transferred to book on a daily
basis and a summary is used to update the Bin cards.

Purchase Order / Request Order

When a particular work has to be started the engineer in charge of the work
prepares a list of material required. If the list includes items that are not in the site
stores it will either be transferred from another site or purchased by the head office
and transferred. This requisition is placed by through a purchase order prepared by
the engineer and includes all the details required to place the order.

Bin Card

This is maintained in the stores to record the movements of the stock level of all the
items. A bin card is maintained for each item in the site. The purpose of a bin card
is to record the receipts and issues and the stock level of the item at any moment can
readily be found from this. The bin cards in this site serve the function of a stocks
ledger. The updating of this is done using the entries of the material issues book.

Invoices

When a supplier directly supplies goods to the site he will produce a copy of an
invoice raised by him. The invoices are filed and sent to head office for billing. The
details are used to update a book of receipts as well as weekly material progress
reports.

Material Storage

More attention should be given to the material storage within the site premises. This
should be done in order to prevent any damage, wastage and to maintain working
delays. Each and every item should be labeled for proper identification and also to
handle easily. These labels should contain a brief description such as the date of

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purchase, type, size etc. Every item at the store was insured. Also it should be easy to
handle and transport the materials to the required job from where it is stored.

Storing of Fine & Course Aggregates

Storage of both fine and course aggregate should be related to the mixer position.
And also it should be considered the transport facilities to that place and the area to
be used.

The required concrete amount & the number of deliveries to the site will determine
the size of the storage spaces. Various sizes of Course aggregates should be stored
separately to avoid mixing them together.

Storing of Cement

Cement should be stored on a stage raised above the floor level to avoid hardening
due to dampness of the floor. Cement bags should not be stored one over the other
more than 8 bags. It is better to keep about 9” distance between cement stock and
the walls. Cement stocks should use before 4 months. When using cement it should
issue earlier stocks previously.

Storing of Reinforcement

Care should be taken when storing steel (reinforcement) to avoid mixing them with
different sizes of steel bars and different sizes. The different diameter of steel bars &
various types were placed in separately on racks. They should be prevention form
corrosion & free oil and mud. For this purpose reinforcement should be stored in a
covered place.

Storing of Tools

Tools and equipments should be stored with security. This is because of these items
are small and valuable. Workers use tools and small equipments sequently.
Therefore these should be stored inside the stores where it can be reached easily.
These tools and equipments should maintain well otherwise they cannot be used for
a long time.

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25
 QUALITY CONTROL AND QUALITY
ASSURANCE (QC/QA)
Within construction, quality management is the system used to assure user safety. It
assures that buildings are built to code and that users will be safe inside them.
Quality assurance and quality control together build quality systems management.
Quality systems management helps inspection processes move smoothly. Without
proper quality systems management, a project might not be built to code requiring a
lot of time and money in rework. These two distinct processes are important in
building effective and beneficial quality systems.

Quality Assurance
Quality Assurance (or QA) covers all activities from design, development,
production, installation, servicing and documentation.

 Organizational Level

At the organizational level, QA activities ensure that the program or organization is

successful by overseeing the system implementation necessary for individual projects
in the program, and making sure activities have the resources they need to be
successful.

 Project Level (Design, Estimate and Initiation)

At the project level, QA activities support the success of an individual project by

ensuring that accurate information is channeled to the right people at the right time
so that decisions can be made during project implementation.

 Technical Level

At the technical level, QA activities ensure that the individual technical activities that
generate, process, or synthesize data (or other information) for the decision process
are performing within accepted limits.

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Quality Control
Quality control (QC) refers to the process, most often implemented in
manufacturing, monitoring the quality of finished products through statistical
measures and an overall corporate commitment to producing defect-free products.

Role of quality Controller includes:

1. Monitoring.
2. Inspection.
3. Reduction of Variation.
4. Elimination of known causes.

Difference in responsibilities
Quality Assurance Quality Control
A systematic set of activities to The process by which quality is
provide confidence that compared with applicable standards.
requirements are established.
Helps establish processes. Implements the process.
Identifies weakness in processes and Identifies defects for the primary
improves them. purpose of correcting the defects.
Prevents the introduction of issues or Detects reports and corrects defects.
defects.
QA personnel should not perform QC personnel may perform quality
quality control unless doing it to assurance tasks if and when required.
validate quality control is working.

Quality Assurance at site

 Source approval of steel, coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, cement, admixtures,
GGBS (Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag), microsilica etc.
 Procurement of materials from the approved sources only.
 Approval of Mix Design for different grade of steel.
 Testing of material at site as per IRC norms.
 Approval of methodology of construction and check list.

27
  Inspection of ongoing work as per approved methodology.

Materials need to be tested

 Soil
 Cement
 Coarse aggregate
 Fine Aggregate
 Steel bars
 Timber
 Concrete
 Water for construction
 GV Pipes

GGBS Cement

Different Equipment and Instruments in the lab

 Curing tank
 Vibrating table concrete machine
 Sample Extractor
 Sieve Shaker
 Aggregate Impact Value Instrument
 Oven
 Slump Cone with tamping rod

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 Vicat Apparatus
 Pycnometer Apparatus
 Hot plate
 Weighing balance
 GI Tray
 Los Angeles Abrasion instrument
 Core cutting mould
 Air Content Pressure
 Penetrometer for both bitumen and concrete

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Tests
 Tests on aggregate for concrete
(a) Grain size distribution
(b) Specific gravity
(c) Density
(d) Voids
(e) Bulking
(f) Aggregate crushing value
(g) Aggregate impact value
 Tests on cement
(a) Fineness
(b) Normal consistency
(c) Setting time
(d) Compressive strength
 Workability tests – slump, compaction and flow
 Compression test on cubes

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31
 BATCHING PLANT
A concrete plant, also known as a batch plant or batching plant or a concrete
batching plant, is equipment that combines various ingredients to form concrete.
Some of these inputs include water, air, admixtures, sand, aggregate (rocks, gravel,
etc.), fly ash, silica fume, slag, and cement.

CP 30 concrete mixing plant from Stetter has now proven its abilities at more than
2300 locations in India as well as in countless construction sites across the globe.
SCHWING Stetter has also launched another compact concrete mixing plant CP
45, which comes with a increased output and added features 51 years of Stetter
experience in the construction and production of concrete mixing plants have been
implemented in the newest development of the CP 30 / CP 45. CP 30 concrete
mixing plant has a concrete output. of compacted concrete for a batch size of 0.5 m³.
These plants are designed fully to meet the requirements as a mixing plant for ready-
mix concrete or as a plant at the building site. Other areas of use include the precast
factories and concrete product industries. Additionally, it is also used for mortar
manufacturing. CP 30 plant is also available with a turbo pan mixer or with a
planetary pan mixer for precast concrete production. A special characteristic of the
CP plant series is the large active and passive reserve provided by the star design.
This gives you a high level of independence from the scheduled delivery of
aggregates. The CP30 / CP 45 are especially compact when used with a
compartment more batch. There are advantages in regard to the space required as
well as when transporting the plant to other locations. State of the art features
compact and proven.

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Product Specification
Water Scale :150 kg

Phase: 3 Phase

Concrete Discharge Height: 4.1 m

Brand: Schwing

Active Storage of Aggregate: Approx 25 m3

Admissible Voltage Fluctuation: +/- 10%

Aggregate: 1250 kg

Aggregate Types: 4

Bin Capacity: 4 to 30 m3 each bin

Binder Types: Upto 2/3

Cement: 300 kg

Complete Storage Capacity: Approx 40 m3

Complete Storage with a Box Radius : Approx 500 m3 (10 m)

Mixer: Pan mixer / Planetary

Mixer Platform Height: 4.28 m

Mixer Size: 750/500 I

Model No: CP 30

No of Compartments: 4, 5, 6 (Inline Silo)

Number Of Compartments: 4 (Compartment batcher)

Operating Voltage: 415 V

Storage Angle: 180 degrees max

Throughput: 30 m3/h

Water Operating Pressure: 4 to 5 bar

Water Supply: N 50 33
34
 WELL FOUNDATIONS
Well foundations are one of the types of deep foundations that provide a solid and
massive foundation typically for bridges and heavy structures. Well foundations are
also useful for transmission line towers, where uplift loads are large. In earlier
practice, well foundations were constructed with stone or brick, but today they are
mostly of reinforced concrete. The advantages of well foundations are that they are
monolithic and rigid, being a massive substructure. They have better lateral load
resistance than pile foundations. Well foundations can also be conveniently installed
in a boulder stratum as well.

Type of well foundation

Open caisson or well: The top and bottom of the caisson is open during
construction. It may have any shape in plan.

Box caisson: It is open at the top but closed at the bottom.

Pneumatic caisson: It has a working chamber at the bottom of the caisson which is
kept dry by forcing out water under pressure, thus permitting excavation under dry
conditions.

Different shapes of well foundations in cross sectional view

1. Circular well
2. Double – D well
3. Double Octagonal well
4. Twin Circular well
5. Rectangular well

35
Components of Well Foundation
1. Steining:

It is the wall or shall of the well, made of R.C.C. and which transfer the load to the
curb. It acts as an enclosure for excavating the soil for the penetration of well.

2. Curb:

It is a R.C.C. ring beam with steel cutting edge below. The cross- section of the curb
is wedge shaped which facilitates the sinking of the well. The curb supports well
steining. The curb is kept slightly projected from the steining to reduce the skin
friction.

3. Cutting edge:

It is the lowest part of the well curb which cuts the soil during sinking.

4. Bottom plug:

After completion of well sinking the bottom of well is plugged with concrete. The
bottom plug which is confined by the well curb acts as a raft against soil pressure
from below.

36
5. Back fill:

The well is dewatered after setting of the bottom plug and it is backfilled by sand or
excavated material.

6. Top plug:

It is a concrete plug provided over the filling inside the well.

7. Well cap:

It is a R.C.C. slab provided at the top of steining to transmit the load of

superstructure to the steining and over which pier is laid. The minimum thickness of
the slab is about 750 mm.

37
 Construction methodology for well
foundation followed in the site
 Steel Reinforcement bars are grade Fe500D conforming to IS1786:2008
 Structural Steel is of grade E250 conforming to IS2062

Well Foundation details

Shape Double D well (from MP 02 to MP 66)
Outer Diameter Section A-A 9.2 m
Section B-B 10 m
Section C-C 10.15 m
Inner Diameter Section A-A 4.8 m
Section B-B 4.8 m
Section C-C 4.8 m
Steining Thickness Section A-A 2.2 m
Section B-B 2.6 m
Well curb height 4.5 m
Angle cutting edge 32.26°
Depth 53 m

Shape Circular well (MP 01 and MP 67)

Outer Diameter Section B-B 4.8 m
Section C-C 4.8 m
Section D-D 4.8 m
Inner Diameter Section B-B 4.8 m
Section C-C 4.8 m
Section D-D 4.8 m
Steining thickness Section B-B 1.4 m
Section C-C 1.4 m
Well curb height 2.4 m
Angle cutting edge 32.25°
Depth 53 m

38
39
40
Concrete mix for Foundation
The process of selecting suitable ingredients of concrete and determining their
relative amounts with the objective of producing a concrete of the required, strength,
durability, and workability as economically as possible, is termed the concrete mix
design. The proportioning of ingredient of concrete is governed by the required
performance of concrete in 2 states, namely the plastic and the hardened states. If
the plastic concrete is not workable, it cannot be properly placed and compacted.
The property of workability, therefore, becomes of vital importance.

Grade of Concrete for Well Cap- M35

Grade of Concrete for Well Steining- M35

Grade of Concrete for Well Curb- M35

Grade of Concrete for Intermediate Plug- M25

Construction of well foundation consists of the following

stages:
1. Laying the Cutting Edge

2. Alignment Control

3. Construction of Well Curb

4. Construction of Well Steining

5. Well Sinking.

Stage 1.Laying the Cutting Edge:

Well foundations are constructed in stages by sinking under self-weight as well as

dredging the soil inside the dredge hole and on the sides outside. The first step in
the construction of a well foundation is to lay the cutting edge and well curb. If the
river bed is dry, the cutting edge is placed in position after removing the top loose
layer of sand.

41
Otherwise, a temporary structure, known as a sand island, is constructed using
cofferdams for the purpose of excluding water, and soil is sufficiently constructed
using
ing continuous sheet piles all around the well foundation and filling the space with
sand, which serves as a working platform for the work force and equipment. If the
water is deeper than about 5 m, the cutting edge and the well curb are fabricated on
the shore and towed to the sand island for installation.

Stage 2.Alignment Control:

The centerline of the wells should coincide with the centerline of the abutments and
piers and of the bridge. Masonry pillars are constructed on the centerline of the
bridge to serve as station points for checking the alignment of the abutments and
piers.

42
Stage 3.Construction of Well Curb:

The well curb is assembled on wooden blocks or sand bags placed at suitable
intervals so that it does not sink, while assembling the curb. Concreting is done after
placing the reinforcement. M15 or richer grade concrete is used for the well curb.
The well curb is then allowed to set for a week before sinking is started. The well
curb is allowed to sink alone before raising the steining above it.

Stage 4.Construction of Well Steining:

The grip length of the well is very small at the beginning of the sinking operation and
the chances for tilting are more. The steining should not be raised too high in the
initial stages of well sinking, which would otherwise lead to increasing the tilting
further. Hence, the well curb is first allowed to sink alone and the steining is then
raised in small heights of 1.5 m at a time, allowing minimum 24 h before adding the
next height of steining.

The steining
ning can be raised in installments of about 3 m, once the well has sunk to a
sufficient depth to get a minimum
minimum grip length of 6 m. The steining masonry should
be constructed perfectly vertical to ensure vertical sinking of the Well. Straight edges
of aboutt 2 m length should be used for this purpose along the outer periphery of the
steining at suitable intervals. When the steining is raised by this height, the straight

43
edges are removed and fixed at a higher level and the entire height of the steining
should
d be raised using this procedure.

Stage 5.Well Sinking:

The soil in the dredge hole is excavated to facilitate sinking of the well. A large
large-size
spade, known as jham, is used for excavation under water. Jham consists of a sector
sector-
shaped steel pan with edges connected by a rope and wooden bullies. When Jham is
used, excavation is done manually and hence well sinking is slow. Alternatively,
automatic grabs or dredgers can be used for excavation operated by a winch and
crane. Bell’s dredger is commonly used for sandy soils.

As the sinking proceeds, more depth of the well foundation will be below the scour
level, increasing the frictional resistance between the steining surface and the
surrounding soil. The steining is loaded with kentledge through a suitable pla
platform
and with sand bags piled on it to aid well sinking, overcoming this frictional
resistance. The platform for the kentledge is constructed in such a way that it does
not obstruct the dredging process. Air and water jets are also used in addition to the
kentledge to further overcome the frictional resistance. These jets consist of G.I.
pipes of 2.5-55 cm diameter with a nozzle at one end.

MP 02

44
Well sinking may stop and tilting may also occur when the cutting edge encounters
an obstruction below it. The obstruction can be removed by dewatering the well
using pulsometer pumps and blowing of sand into it. The dewatering process should
be continuously watched and should be suspended if there is a tendency for tilt
tilting of
the well. Dewatering also should not be used unless the well has sunk to a sufficient
length of a minimum of 9 m.

Precautions during sinking

 When the wells have sunk close to each other and clear distance between
them is not greater than the diameter of wells, sinking shall be taken up on al
all
wells and they shall be sunk alternately.
 Before seasonal floods all wells on which sinking is in progress shall be to
sufficient depths below the designed scour level.
 Very deep sump shall not be made below the well curb. The depth of sump
shall not exceed
eed 3.0m below the level of cutting edge unless otherwise
specifically permitted by Engineer.
 Dewatering is avoided if sand blows are expected.

MP 11

45
Plugging of well and well cap
Bottom plug

Once the cutting edge has reached the founding level as decided by the engineer, a
sump of required shape and shape as decided by the Engineer shall be formed. It is
desirable to have a good idea of the shape of the sump either by probing or by
sending divers.

After completion soundness test of bottom plug filling inside the well shall
commence after a period of 3 days.

Sand filling

After the bottom plug and waiting period is over, sand filling shall be started. Good
quality sand shall be filled in dredge hole after 3 days of bottom plug concrete up to
required level. After sand has been filled in the well, water remaining on top of the
sand shall be bailed outers. Top level of sand to be checked and top plug /
intermediate plug of required grade of concrete and thickness shall be laid as shown
in the drawing, and balance work of well cap shall be taken up.

Well Cap Casting:

Well cap reinforcement

Layout for the well cap reinforcement shall be given on top plug and well steining
concrete. Already cut, bent and shifted reinforcement shall be tied in position as per
approved drawings. Clear cover blocks made from same grade of concrete as that of
well cap shall be tied to reinforcement.

46
Well cap formwork

The normal streel forms shall be the fixed in position as well cap outer side forms as
per drawing. Supporting arrangement shall be done as per drawing. Well cap
shuttering shall be done as per shape and size of well where false steining is not
there.

Well cap concrete

The concrete mixed at central batching plant shall be delivered through transit
mixers. Concrete shall be placed through Concrete pumps. Concrete shall be
vibrated with high frequency needle vibrators. It shall be ensured that concreting is
done continuously and completed in a single pour without any cold joint.

47
Problems encountered and their solutions
Tilts and Shifts
The main objective in well sinking is to sink it straight and at the correct position. In
practice, however, this is not easy to achieve. It is, therefore, important that adequate
precautions are taken to avoid any tilt or shift during sinking. Also, in case any tilt or
shift is observed at any stage, proper records should be maintained and measures to
rectify the same taken.

The following precautions are useful in avoiding tilts and shifts in wells:
 The outer surface of the well curb and well steining must be regular and as
smooth as possible.
 The radius of the well curb should be kept about 20 mm to 40 mm larger
than the outer radius of the well steining. The well curb thus projects out from
the well steining. This projection should be equal and uniform on all sides.
 Cutting edge should be of uniform thickness and sharpness.
 Dredging should be done uniformly and on all sides of the well. For a twin
well, dredging should be done in both dredge holes uniformly.
 Tilt and shift of a well, if any, should be carefully checked and properly
recorded. The well is constructed in stages and correct measurements of tilt
and shift are the most important field observations required during well
sinking. In case a well shows a tendency to tilt, dredging should be done not
bring about any improvement, the sinking should be suspended and necessary
measures to rectify tilts and shifts should be taken before resuming the
sinking.

The following methods are found useful in rectifying tilt and shift. Any of these
methods may be adopted, either separately or in combination.

1. Controlled dredging
The dredging is done more on the higher side. This method is effective in
the initial stages of sinking, but as the sinking processes, regulation of
grabbing becomes more difficult.

48
2. Eccentric Loading

Kentledge is normally required to accelerate the process of well sinking. To provide

greater sinking effort on higher side of the well, eccentric loading is provided
through a suitable platform.

49
3. Pulling the well

Pulling the well on the higher side is also effecting in rectifying tilt. The pull can be
applied by winding a steel wire rope round the well and tying it to a tackle anchor.
To avoid damage to the well steining, wooden sleepers should be used during
pulling.

4. Water jetting or digging pit on the higher side

Water jets are useful in the sinking of a well because by jetting, friction is reduced.
Water jets can be used on the higher side of well reduces friction and thus rectifies
the tilt. Excavation of pit on the higher side is also useful in reducing friction on the
higher side.

50
 PILE FOUNDATION
Pile foundation, a kind of deep foundation, is actually a slender column or long
cylinder made of materials such as concrete or steel which are used to support the
structure and transfer the load at desired depth either by end bearing or skin friction.

When to Use Pile Foundation

Following are the situations when using a pile foundation system can be

 When the groundwater table is high.

 Heavy and un-uniform loads from superstructure are imposed.

 Other types of foundations are costlier or not feasible.

 When the soil at shallow depth is compressible.

 When there is the possibility of scouring, due to its location near the river bed
or seashore, etc.

 When there is a canal or deep drainage systems near the structure.

 When soil excavation is not possible up to the desired depth due to poor soil
condition.
 When it becomes impossible to keep the foundation trenches dry by
pumping or by any other measure due to heavy inflow of seepage

51
Salient Features at site
S.No. Description
1 No’s of Pile 1.0 M Dia 160
1.2 M Dia 230
2 No’s of Pile cap 78
3 No’s of Pier 118
4 No’s of Segment 375
5 Width of Segment(m) 15.2 × 2
6 Ground level (AVL) 47.8 m
7 Length of Span c/c 45 m
8 Dist- of Pier c/c 17.8 m
9 Height of Pier(Min) 5m
10 Height of Pier(Max) at P 10 9.789 m
11 FRL (Min) 56.116
12 FRL (Max) at P 10 62.169

S.No. Activities Time Taken(Hours)

1 Boring 6
2 Sounding Check 1/2
3 Cage Lowering 5
4 Tremie Lowering 1
5 Concrete Filling 4
6 Machine Shifting 2
Cycle Time 18

52
How piles are used
As pile foundations carry a lot of load, they must be designed very carefully. A good
engineer will study the soil the piles are placed in to ensure that the soil is not
overloaded beyond its bearing capacity. Every pile has a zone of influence on the soil
around it. Care must be taken to space the piles far enough apart so that loads are
distributed evenly over the entire bulb of soil that carries them, and not concentrated
into a few areas. Engineers will usually group a few piles together, and top them with
a pile cap. A pile cap is a very thick cap of concrete that extends over a small group
of piles, and serves as a base on which a column can be constructed. The load of this
column is then distributed to all the piles in the group.

53
Cast-in-Situ Pile
The construction of bore cast in situ concrete pile consists of 4 primary phases

1. Pile boring

2. Reinforcement cage lowering,

3. Flushing

4. Pile concreting

The thin walled steel tube is called the casing, and only serves to form a secure
mould for casting concrete that is free from earth and debris. It has no structural role
to play after the casting is complete. Some soils are highly cohesive, meaning that if
one drills a hole into the soil that is says 1 foot wide by 50 feet deep, then the soil
holds the shape of the hole and does not collapse into the hole and block it. If such
soil is present at the site, then one does not need to leave a casing in place: one can
use the casing to drill the hole for the pile, and then remove it, and then cast the pile
in place. This saves costs as the same casing tube can be used to drill holes for all the
piles.

1. PILE BORING

1. Hydraulic rig/manually operable auger should be mobilized at the required

location
2. Four reference points (making two lines perpendicular to each other) should
be marked for checking centre of pile bore during boring of pile.
3. Initial boring of about 2.0 meters is to be done using cutting tool of desired
diameter of pile
4. Then boring will be carried out according to the sub-soil investigation report
of that location. It will be done using liner, bentonite or both.
5. The temporary guide casing, approximately 2.0 meter length with outside
diameter equivalent to nominal diameter of the pile, may then lowered in the
bore hole. In such a case dia of cutting tool will be little less, maximum 75

54
 mm less than outside dia of casing for free movement in the casing pipe
during operation.
6. Position / centerline of the guide casing pipe with reference to pile reference
points already fixed around the pile location shall be checked to shift/adjust
the casing pipe to ensure proceeding of drilling at exact pile location without
any deviation.
7. Boring has to be done up to the founding strata as per drawings/ pre decided
depth using intermittently bentonite slurry as per requirement. In case of
requirement the bore hole is then supplied with bentonite slurry, from
bentonite installation. Bentonite circulation channel will be made from bore
hole to bentonite tank and fresh bentonite slurry will be pumped to bore hole
through hose pipes. 24 hours prior to start of pile boring, ensure that
bentonite is completely dispersed I the water and attains required density to
stabilize the sides of bore hole during drilling. Bentonite slurry of specified
quality should be circulated continuously during boring process.
8. Bentonite used to stabilize the sides of bore hole should be conforming to
requirements as listed in inspection and test plan. Density of bentonite
solution should be checked during boring operation to ensure that the density
is about 1.05 g/cc to 1.10 g/cc, marsh cone viscosity 30 to 40 and pH value 9.5
to 12.
9. Bentonite slurry is pumped by high pressure reciprocating pumps/ vertical
pump into the bore hole and the same is allowed to overflow the bore hole.
The overflow slurry with bored mud/soil etc that comes out along with
bentonite slurry is passed through channels and is collected in sediment tanks
where sediments settle and bentonite can be re used. If necessary, the
bentonite may be passed through the de sander tank to remove sand particles
before it is re used.
10. Depth of pile shall be checked with sounding chain and exact depth shall be
recorded in the pile report.
11. After boring upto required depth underreaming will be done using
underreamer of desirable diameter. Completion of desired bulb cutting will
be ascertained by (i) vertical movement of the handle and (ii) using L shaped
rod of length enough to reach upto bulb location from approximately 2 feet

55
 above ground level and horizontal dimension equal to 0.5 of bulb dia minus
pile dia.

2. REINFORCEMENT CAGE LOWERING

1. Prefabricated reinforcement cage prepared as per the drawings and approved

depths, is brought and kept near pile location while boring is in progress.
2. After getting the permission from the engineer, the reinforcement cage will be
gently lifted and lowered by crane/manually into the bored hole. Necessary
concrete cover will be obtained by using the circular cover blocks already
made of the same strength as of pile.
3. If the reinforcement cage is very long i.e. not possible to handle in one lift, the
cage will be lifted one by one and spot welded at the joints and then lowered
inside the bored hole.
4. It is to be checked whether the reinforcement cage has reached up to bottom
of the pile by measuring from the top of the cage to the ground level.

56
3. FLUSHING

1. After cage lowering, 200 mm diameter tremie pipes in suitable lengths are to
be lowered in the hole. The operation is done by lowering one tremie pipe
after another and connecting them threading to maintain water tightness
throughout its length till the gap between the pile base and Tremie is
between75 – 100 mm. the tremie pipe is locked/supported from top to
maintain the level and funnel is attached on top.
2. The tremie head to be provided to the tremie pipe for the flushing activity.
The bore is flushed by fresh bentonite slurry through the tremie head. The
pumping for flushing is done by use of mud circulation pump. Flushing will
be done to remove all the loose sediments which might have accumulated on
the founding strata. Further, the flushing operation shall be continued till the
consistency of inflowing and out flowing slurry is similar.

57
4. PILE CONCRETING

1. The concrete placing shall not proceed if density of fluid near about the
bottom of borehole exceeds 1250 kg/m3.
2. Determination of the density of the drilling mud from the base of the
borehole shall be carried out by taking samples of fluid by suitable slurry
sample approved by the engineer in charge, in first few piles and at suitable
interval of piles thereafter and the results recorded.
3. After flushing is completed, tremie head should be removed and funnel
should be attached to the tremie pipe.
4. The slump of the concrete will be maintained at 150 mm to 200 mm.
5. Concreting operation will be carried out using the 200 mm diameter tremie
pipes.
6. Initial charge of concrete should be given in the funnel using a plug. Total
concrete quantity in the funnel should be more than the volume of the entire
pipe plus free space below the tremie. This will ensure a water tight concrete
pouring through tremie.
7. Lifting and lowering is repeated keeping sufficient concrete in funnel all the
time. As the concreting proceeds the tremie pipe are to be removed one by
one, taking care that the tremie pipe has sufficient embedment in the concrete
until the whole pipe is concreted. Sufficient head of green concrete shall be
maintained to prevent inflow of soil or water in to concrete. Placing of
concrete shall be a continuous process from the toe level to top of pile.
8. The concrete is poured in the funnel. As the concrete reaches the top of the
funnel, the plug is lifted up to allow the concrete to flow corresponding to the
placing of each batch of concrete.
9. The concreting of pile is to be done up to minimum of 300 mm above the cut
off level to get good and sound concrete at cut off level.
10. After completion of concreting tremie, funnel and other accessories are to be
washed properly and kept greased in proper stacking condition near next pile
location.
11. While doing under water concreting 10% extra cement over and above the
design mix requirement should be added in each batch.

58
59
 PRECAST METHOD OF BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION
(i) Precast Beams:

Precast beam decks are generally used for short span bridges ranging between 5m to
50m – these may be railway or motorway bridges. Standard inverted tee beams or
M-beams are chosen and positioned by crane.

Where precast beams are considered for a motorway bridge construction, the bridge
cross-section for a typical carriageway will generally consist of four beams. Erection
time of such bridge should have a rate of construction of four beams per day. A cast-
in-situ slab top deck is normally used with an expected rate of construction of one
span a week.

(ii) Precast Decks:

Precast deck construction is often used for the construction of long viaducts. It is a
time saving method which is beneficial for long bridges where construction time for
the final completion stage is tight.

A long viaduct can have a complete precast deck speedily placed with this method.
The decks are positioned using either a large crane or purpose made gantry. A rate
of construction of two spans per day is considered normal where a gantry system is
in use, if this pace is maintained a one kilometer deck can be placed in three weeks.

However, if this method of construction is chosen it is imperative that the engineer

has clearly organized the deck construction schedule. The speed of this method
depends on the timely delivery of prefabricated decks, the engineer and deck
contractor must set out a rate of construction which allows the supplier to produce a
sufficient deck to time while the deck contractor must be ready to place and store
decks on receipt of delivery.

60
(iii) Precast segmental decks:

Precast segmental deck construction is used for long bridges where the deck depth is
difficult for cast in situ construction. Box girder deck segments are generally used
where the segment can be 2m or less deep, between 2.5m and 4m long carrying a
deck upto 15m wide are generally used.

Where in-situ post-tensioning is favoured the segments can be prestressed either

internally or externally. Internal tendons must be protected from moisture attack.

The repetitive nature of this method allows for a variety of modern placement
techniques to be used, though balanced or free cantilever about a pier is a preferred
choice. With this method a crane or self launching gantry system can place upto six
segments per day.

The rate of construction for internally prestressed segments is considered to be a

span per week. If externally prestressed tendons are used it should be feasible to
complete three spans per week.

61
 CONCLUSION
As an undergraduate of the NIT Sikkim I would like to say that this training
program is an excellent opportunity for us to expose the professionalism and
technical skills with disciplines and dedication.

My internship in Larsen and Toubro Construction is the first instance of me,

working in any professional skills. This internship has definitely taught me the
difference between theoretical study and practical study. Theoretical study is
important but the practical skills are equally important to master in any field,
especially when we are talking about Civil Engineering field where a lot of passion
and creativity is required outmost.

In this short time I observed how the department interacts with each other and how
the employees of company work hard to complete the daily objectives of the
company. The time in Larsen and Toubro Construction shows us a picture that
realizes us to rethink and reconstruct our learning style in a different manner.

The overall internship is a very good experience for me. I have gained lots of
knowledge needed to be successful in a great engineering challenge as in my opinion
engineering is after all a challenge and not a job.

62
 REFERENCES
 https://theconstructor.org/structures/bridge-construction-planning/15656/
 www.safety.uwa.edu.au
 https://safetyculture.com/topics/safety-induction/

 M.E CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT,

CONSTRUCION MATERIAL MANANGEMENT, R.Shanmugapriya

 http://civilhq.blogspot.com/2013/10/store-management.html

 https://www.labour.gov.hk/eng/public/os/D/ConstrutionSite.pdf

 https://www.slideshare.net/sidcalayag/quality-management-in-construction
 http://www.soilmanagementindia.com/well-foundations/how-to-construct-well-
foundations-with-stages-soil-engineering/14114
 http://www.soilmanagementindia.com/well-foundations/well-foundations-
shapes-and-components-soil-engineering/14106
 https://www.slideshare.net/ganesh6561/well-foundations
 http://www.understandconstruction.com/pile-foundations.html
 https://civiltoday.com/geotechnical-engineering/foundation-engineering/deep-
foundation/176-pile-foundation-definition-types
 https://theconstructor.org/structures/precast-method-of-bridge-
construction/6133/
 Brochure, SHWING STETTER (INDIA) PVT. LTD.
 IRC 5: 2015

63