PROJECT IN

CALCULUS II
(INTEGRAL CALCULUS)

PLANE AREAS BY INTEGRATION

AREA BETWEEN TWO CURVES

Submitted by:
GARCIA, JESSICA P.
GUITORIA, MARYL R.
BSEE-1A

Submitted to:
ENGR. JERSOL BOBILA
PLANE AREAS IN RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
At this point, students are now equipped with all the basic integration formulas and some
techniques in manipulating the integrand into an integrable function.
One of the basic application if integration deals with the definition of the definite integral,

that is, to find for the area bounded by two or more curves.

Consider the area bounded by the curves y u=f ( x ) , y l=g ( x ) , x=a and x=b as shown in
the figure below.

Figure 1. Area between two curves using a vertical strip

Let this area be divided by infinite differential vertical strips with, dx , and the length is
geometrically equal to y u− yl . Each different area is,

dA=( yu − y l ) dx

Summing up (integrating) all the differential areas from a to b will give the total area
bounded by the given curves. Hence,
b
A=∫ ( y u− y l ) dx
a

This is the working formula in determining the area bounded by the given curve using a
vertical rectangular strip. In this formula it should be noted that y u is the equation of the curve
directly above the strip, y l is the equation directly below the strip and both equation should be
expressed as a function of x and both curves are continuous within the limits. The limits a and
b , are the x−¿ coordinates of the leftmost and rightmost points of the required area.
 Similarly, using a differential horizontal strip in determining the area required, divide the
area by an infinite number of horizontal strips with width dy and length x r−x l , where x r is the
equation of the curve directly to the right of the strip and x l is the equation of the curve directly
to the left of the strip.

Figure 2. Area between two curves using a horizontal strip

From the figure above, the differential area is; dA=( x r −x l ) dy

b
Total Area; A=∫ (x r ¿−x l )dy ¿.
a

The limits a and b are the ordinates of the lowest and highest point bounded by this
area.
AREAS BETWEEN CURVES

Assume that f (x) and g( x ) are continuous such that 0 ≤ g (x)≤ f (x ) for a ≤ x ≤ b. Then
the area A of the region R between the graphs of y=f (x ) and y=g (x) and between x=a and
x=b (see Fig. 3) is given by
b b b
A=∫ f ( x ) dx−∫ g ( x ) dx=∫ [ f ( x )−g ( x ) ] dx
a a a

b
That is, the area A is the difference between the area ∫ f ( x ) dx of the region above the x axis
a
b
and below y=f (x ) and the area ∫ g ( x ) dx of the region above the x axis and below y=g (x).
a

Formula holds when one or both of the curves y=f ( x ) and y=g ( x ) lie partially or

completely below the x

axis, that is, when we assume that only that g( x )≤ f ( x ) for a ≤ x ≤ b, as in Figure 4.

Figure 3.

Figure 4.
Review Notes in Curve Tracing
The polynomial equation itself describes the general behaviour of its curve which is
always a continuous curve.
A linear equation Ax+ By+C=0, will give a straight line.

i. If both A and B are not equal to zero, the graph is an inclined line.
ii. If B=0 , the equation can be reduced into the form, x=−C / A , the graph is a
vertical line.
iii. If A=0, the equation can be reduced into the form, y=−C/ B, the graph is a
horizontal line.

A second degree equation in the form, A x 2+ B y 2 +Cx+ Dy+ E=0 , the graph is either a
parabola, circle, ellipse or hyperbola. To graph, reduce the equation into its standard
form.

Parabola: There is only one squared term.

A x 2+Cx + Dy+ E=0

B y 2+Cx + Dy+ E=0

Standard Equations: V ( h , k )

( x−h )2=± 4 p ( y−k )

( y−k )2=± 4 p ( x−h )

Circle: The coefficients of x 2∧ y 2 are equal.

A x 2+ A y 2 +Cx+ Dy+ E=0

Standard Equations: C ( h , k ) ; radius=r

( x−h)2 +( y−k )2=r 2

Ellipse: the coefficients of x 2∧ y 2are not equal but have the same sign.

A x 2+ B y 2 +Cx+ Dy+ E=0

Standard Equations: C (h , k )

(x−h)2 ( y−k )2
+ =1
a2 b2

(x−h)2 ( y−k )2
+ =1
b2 a2
Hyperbola: The coefficients of x 2∧ y 2 have the same sign.

± A x 2 ∓ B y 2 + Dx+ Ey + F=0
Standard Equations: C (h , k )
( x−h )2 ( y−k )2
− =1
a2 b2

( y−k )2 ( x −h )2
+ =1
a2 b2

On higher degree equations, the important properties of the curve that need to be
determined are:

a. the intercepts (solve for y when x=0 and solve for x when y=0 ¿,
b. the behaviour of the curve between intercepts
(the sign of y will determine whether the curve lies above or below the x−axis )
c. the direction of its tails (determine the sign of y when x → ∞ and when x →−∞ )
d. additional points, if necessary.
e. The points of intersection with the other curves.

Steps in determining the area bounded by given curves.

a. Trace the curve of each given function.
b. Locate the points of intersection between the given curves.
c. Plot the points and sketch each curve.
d. Solve the area required using the appropriate different strip to use. Draw the differential
rectangular area (vertical or horizontal) inside the required area. Take note that the
behaviour of the area gives the idea as to the most convenient strip to use.

1. When using a horizontal strip, see to It that the curve to the right of the strip and the
curve to the left of the strip is the same within the interval a and b .

2. When using a vertical strip, see to it that the curve above the strip and the curve
below the strip is the same within the interval a and b .
3. In case there is a change of the curve within the interval, divide the total area into
sub – areas so that it will meet the above condition, determine each sub – area and sum
up to get the total area required.
Solved Problems:

1. Find the area bounded by the curve y=x 2, the x axis, and the ordinates x=1 and x=3.
Figure 5 shows the area KLMN sought, a representative strip RSTU, and its
approximating rectangle RVWU. For this rectangle, the base is ∆ k x , the altitude is
y k=f ( x )=x , and the area is x 2k ∆k x . For this rectangle, the base is ∆ k x , the altitude is
2
k k

y k =f ( x k )=x 2k , and the area is x 2k ∆k x . Then

n 3 3
x3 1 26
A= lim ∑ x 2k ∆k x=∫ x 2 dx=
n →+∞ k=1 1
[ ]
3 1
=9− = square units
3 3

Figure 5. Figure 6.

2. Find the area lying above the x axis and under the parabola y=4 x−x 2.
The given curve crosses the x axis at x=0 and x=4. When vertical strips are
used, these values become the limits of integration. For the approximating rectangle
shown in Figure 6, the width is ∆ k x , the height is y k =4 x k −x 2k , and the area is
( 4 x k −x 2k )∆ k x . Then
n 4 4
1 32
A= lim
n →+∞
∑
k=1 0
[
(4 x k −x2k ) ∆k x=∫ ( 4 x−x 2 ) dx= 2 x2 − x3
3 ] 0
=
3
square units

With the complete procedure, as given above, always in mind, an abbreviation of

the work is possible. It will be seen that, aside from the limits of integration, the definite
integral can be formulated once the area of the approximating rectangle has been set
down.

3. Find the area bounded by the parabola x=8+ 2 y − y 2, the y axis, and the lines y=−1
and y=3 .
 Here we slice the area into horizontal strips. For the approximating rectangle
shown in Figure 7, the width is ∆ y , the length is x=8+ 2 y − y 2, and the area is
( 8+ 2 y − y 2 ) ∆ y. The required area is
3 3
y3 92
2
[
A=∫ ( 8+2 y− y ) dy = 8 y + y −
−1
3
2
]
−1
=
3
square units

Figure 7. Figure 8.

4. Find the area bounded by the parabola y=x 2−7 x +6 , the x axis, and the lines x=2 and
x=6 .
For the approximating rectangle shown in Figure 8, the width is ∆ x , the height is
− y=−(x 2−7 x +6), and the area is −( x 2−7 x +6 ) ∆ x . The required area is then
6 6
3 2

2
2
A=∫ −( x −7 x +6) dx=−
x 7x
3
−
2
+6 x[( )] = 563
2
square unit

5. Find the area between the curve y=x 3−6 x 2 +8 x and the x axis.
The curve crosses the x axis at x=0 , x=2, and x=4, as shown in Figure 9. For
vertical strips, the area of the approximating rectangle with base on the interval 0< x <2
is ( x 3−6 x 2 +8 x ) ∆ x, and the area of the portion lying above thee x axis is given
2

∫ (x 3−6 x 2−8 x ¿) dx ¿. The area of the approximating rectangle with base on the interval
0

2< x <4 is −( x 3−6 x 2 +8 x ) ∆ x, and the area of the portion lying below the x axis is given
4
3 2
by ∫ −( x −6 x +8 x ) dx . The required area is, therefore,
2
2 4 2 4
x4 x4
0
3 2

2
3 2
4
3 2

0
[
4 2
] [
A=∫ ( x −6 x + 8 x ) dx +∫−( x −6 x +8 x ) dx= −2 x +4 x − −2 x 3 + 4 x 2 =4+ 4=8 ]
square units

The use of two definite integrals is necessary here, since the integrand changes sign on
the interval of integration. Failure to note this would have resulted in the incorrect integral
4

∫ ( x 3−6 x2 +8 x ) dx=0.
0
 Figure 9.

6. Find the area bounded by the parabola x=4− y 2 and the y axis.
The parabola crosses the x axis at the point ( 4,0 ), and the y axis at the points
( 0,2 ) and ( 0 ,−2 ). We shall give two solutions.
Using horizontal strips: For the approximating rectangle of Figure 10 ( a ), the
width is ∆ y , the length is 4− y 2, and the area is ( 4− y 2 ) ∆ y . The limits of integration of
the resulting definite integral are y=−2 and y=2. However, the area lying below the x
axis is equal to that lying above. Hence, we have, for the required area.

2 2 3 2
y 32
−2 0
[
A=∫ ( 4− y 2) dy =2∫ ( 4− y 2 ) dy=2 4 y−
3 ]
= square units
0 3
Figure 10.
 Using vertical strips: For the approximating rectangle of Figure 10 ( b ), the width is
∆ x , the height is 2 y=2 √ 4−x , and the area is 2 √ 4−x ∆ x . The limits of integration are
x=0 and x=4. Hence the required area is
4 4
32
∫ 2 √ 4−x dx=
0
[ −4
3
( 4−x )3 /2 =
0
]3
square units

7. Find the area bounded by the parabola y 2=4 x and the line y=2 x−4.
The line intersects the parabola at the points ( 1 ,−2 ) and ( 4,4 ). Figure 11 shows
clearly that when vertical strips are used, certain strips are used from the line to the
parabola, and others from one branch of the parabola to the line. We give both solutions
here to show the superiority of one over the other and to indicate that both methods
should be considered before beginning to set up a definite integral.

Figure 11.

Using horizontal strips (Figure 11 ( a )): For the approximating rectangle of Figure
11 ( a ), the width is ∆ y , the length is [(value of x of the line) – (value of x of the

parabola)] = ( 12 y +2 )− 14 y =2+ 12 y− 41 y , and the area is (2+ 12 y− 14 y ) ∆ y. The

2 2 2

required area is
4 4
1 1 y2 y3
A=∫ 2+
−2
( 2 4 ) [
y− y 2 dy= 2 y + −
4 12 ]
−2
=9 square units

Using vertical strips (Figure 11 ( b )): Divide the area A into two parts with line
x=1. For the approximating rectangle to the left of this line, the width is ∆ x , the height
(making use of symmetry) is 2 y=4 √ x , and the area is 4 √ x ∆ x . For the approximating
rectangle to the right, the width is ∆ x , the height is 2 √ x− ( 2 x−4 ) =2 √ x−2 x+ 4 , and the
area is ( 2 √ x −2 x +4 ) ∆ x . The required area is
1 4 1 4
8 4 8 19
0 1
[ ][
0 1 3 3 ]
A=∫ 4 √ x dx+∫ ( 2 √ x−2 x+ 4 ) dx= x 3/ 2 + x 3/ 2−x 2+ 4 x =¿ + =9 ¿ square units
3 3

8. Find the area bounded by the parabola y=6 x −x2 and y=x 2−2 x .
The parabolas intersect at the points ( 0,0 ) and ( 4,8 ). It is readily seen in Figure 12
that vertical slicing will yield the simpler solution.
 For the approximating rectangle, the width is ∆ x , the height is [(value of y of the upper
boundary) – (value of y of the lower boundary)] = ( 6 x−x 2 )− ( x2 −2 x ) =8 x−x2 , and the
area is ( 8 x−2 x 2 ) ∆ x. The required area is
4 4
2 64
0
[
A=∫ ( 8 x−2 x2 ) dx= 4 x 2− x 3 =
3 0 3 ]
square units

Figure 12. Figure 13.

9. Find the area enclosed by the curve y 2=x 2−x 4 .

The curve is symmetric with respect to the coordinate axes. Hence the required
area is four times the portion lying in the first quadrant.
For the approximating rectangle shown in Figure 13, the width is ∆ x , the height

is y= √ x 2−x 4 =x √ 1−x 2
, and the area is x √ 1−x 2 ∆ x . Hence the required area is
1 1
4
A=4 ∫ x √1−x 2 dx=
0
[ −4 (
3
1−x 2 ) ]
3/ 2

0
= square units
3

10. Find the smaller area cut from the circle x 2+ y 2=25 by the line x=3.
Based on Figure 14.
5 5 5
x 25 x 25 3
A=∫ 2 y dx=2 ∫ √ 25−x 2=2
3 3
[ 2
√ 25−x 2+ sin−1
2 5 3
=
2 ] (
π −12−25 sin−1
5 )
square units
 Figure 14. Figure 15.

11. Find the area common to the circles x 2+ y 2=4 and x 2+ y 2=4 x .
The circles intersect in the points ( 1 , ± √ 3 ). The approximating rectangle shown in Figure
15 extends from x=2−√ 4− y 2 to x=√ 4− y 2 . Then

√3 √3 √3
y 1 8π
A=2∫ [ √ 4− y −( 2−√ 4− y ) ] dy=4 ∫ ( √ 4− y −1 ) dy=4 √ 4− y 2 +2 sin−1 y− y
0
2

0
2
2
2
2 [ ] (
0
=
3
−2 √ 3 )
square units

12. Find the area of the loop of the curve y 2=x 4 ( 4 + x ). (See Figure 16)
0 0
2
From the figure, A=∫ 2 y dx=2 ∫ x √ 4 + x dx . Let4 + x=z 2; then
−4 −4
2 7 5 3 2
z 8 z 16 z 4096
0
2
A=4 ∫ ( z 2−4 ) z 2 dz=4 [ 7
−
5
+
3 ]0
=
105
square units

13. Find the area of an arch of cycloid x=θ−sin θ , y=1−cos θ.

A single arch is described as θ varies from 0 to 2 π (see Figure 17). Then
dx= (1−cos θ ) dθ and
θ=2 π 2π 2π 2π
3 1 3 1
A= ∫
θ=0
y dx =∫ (1−cos θ ) ( 1−cos θ ) dθ=∫
0 0
( 2 2 2) [
−2cos θ+ cos θ dθ= θ−2 sin θ+ sin 2θ
4 ]0
=3 π

square units

Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18.

14. Find the area bounded by the curve x=3+ cos θ , y =4 sinθ . (See Figure 18)
The boundary of the shaded area in the figure (one-quarter of the required area) is
1
described from right to left as θ to π . Hence,
2
θ =π / 2 π /2 π/2 π /2 π /2
1
A=−4 ∫
θ =0
y dx =−4 ∫ ( 4 sin θ ) (−sin θ ) dθ=16 ∫ sin2 θ dθ=8 ∫ ( 1−cos 2θ ) dθ=8 θ− sin 2 θ
0 0 0 2 [ ]
0
=4 π

square units
 Supplementary Problems
15. Find the area bounded by the given curves, or as described.
( a ) y=x 2 , y=0 , x=2 , x =5 ( b ) y=x 2 , y=0 , x=1 , x=3
( c ) y=4 x−x 2 , y=0 , x=1 , x=3 ( d ) x=1+ y 2 , x=10
( e ) x=3 y 2 −9 , x =0 , y=0 , y=1 ( f ) x= y 2 + 4 y , x =0
( g ) y=9−x 2 , y=x +3 ( h ) y=2−x 2 , y=−x
( i ) y =x 2−4 , y =8−2 x 2 ( j ) y=x 4 −4 x2 , y=4 x2
( k ) A loop of y 2=x 2 ( a2−x 2 ) ( l ) The loop of 9 ay 2=x ( 3 a−x )2
( m ) y=e x , y=e− x , x=0 , x=2 ( n ) y=e x/ a+ e−x /a , y=0 , x=± a
( o ) xy =12, y=0 , x=1 , x=e 2 ( p ) 1/ ( 1+ x2 ) , y=0 , x=± 1
1
( q ) y =tan x , x=0 , x= π ( r ) A circular sector of radius r and angle a
4
( s ) Within the ellipse x=a cos t , y=b sin t ( t ) x=2 cos θ−cos 2 θ−1 , y=2 sin θ−sin 2θ
3 3
( u ) x=a cos t , y =a sin t ( v ) First arch of y=e−ax sin ax
2

( w ) y =x e− x , y=0 and the maximum ordinate

( x ) The two branches of ( 2 x− y )2=x 3 and x=4
( y ) Within y=25−x 2 ,256 x=3 y 2 ,16 y =9 x 2

Answers :(all in square units)

22 32 125 9
( a ) 39; ( b ) 20; ( c ) ; ( d ) 36; ( e ) 8; ( f ) ; ( g ) ; ( h ) ;( i ) 32 ; ( j ) 512 √ 2/15; ( k ) 2 a3 /3;
3 3 6 2
1 1 1 2
( l ) 8 √3 a 2 /5 ; ( m ) ( e2 +1/e 2−2 ); ( n ) 2 a ( e−1/e ); ( o ) 24 ; ( p ) π ; ( q ) ln 2; ( r ) r ; ( s ) π ab ; ( t ) 6 π ;
2 2 2
1 128 98
( u ) 3 π a 2 /8 ; ( v ) ( 1+1/e π ) /2 a; ( w ) ( 1−1/ √e ); ( x ) ; ( y)
2 5 3

16. Find the average ordinate ( a ) of a semicircle of radius; ( b ) of the parabola y=4−x 2 from
x=−2 to x=2. Ans . ( a ) πr /4 ; ( b ) 8 /3

17. ( a ) Find the average ordinate of an arch of the cycloid x=a ( θ−sin θ ) , y=a ( 1−cos θ ) with
respect to x .
( b ) Repeat part ( a ), with respect to θ .
2π 2π
1 3a 1
Ans . ( a ) ∫ a2 (1−cos θ )2 dθ=¿ ¿; ( b ) ∫ a ( 1−cos θ ) dθ=a
2 πa 0 2 2π 0

References
Abad, Ma. Leah I. (2019). Integral Calculus. Eastern Visayas State University.

Frank Ayres, J., & Elliot Mendelson, P. (n.d.). SCHAUM'S OUTLINE OF THEORY AND PROBLEMS OF
DIFFERENTIAL AND INTEGRAL CALCULUS (Third Edition).