Pages From DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES (NORSOK) - 3

Design of Steel Structures N-004
Rev. 1, December 1998
Nx,Rd design axial resistance in x direction

Nx,Sd design axial force in x direction
Ny,Rd design axial resistance in y direction
Ny,Sd design axial force in y direction
PSd design lateral force
Q factor
Qf chord action factor
Qg chord gap factor
Qu strength factor
Qyy angle correction factor
Qβ geometric factor, tubular joint geometry factor
R radius, radius of chord, radius of conical transition
Rd design resistance
Rk characteristic resistance
Sd design action effect
Sk characteristic action effect
T thickness of tubular sections, thickness of chord
Tc chord-can thickness
Tn nominal chord member thickness
VRd design shear resistance
VSd design shear force
W elastic section modulus
WeG effective section modulus on girder flange side
Wep effective section modulus on plateside
Wes effective section modulus on stiffenerside
WR elastic section modulus of the circular part of a dented cylinder
Wtr elastic section modulus of a transformed, composite tubular cross section
Z plastic section modulus
a stiffener length, crack depth, weld throat, factor
ai initial crack depth
am maximum allowable defect size
au calculated crack depth at unstable fracture
b plate span measured to centre of support plate, factor, width
be effective width
c factor
d diameter of tubular cross section, brace diameter
d0, d1, d2 distance
e distance from neutral axis of the cylindrical part of the dented cylinder to the neutral
axis of the original, intact cylinder
ef flange eccentricity
eG distance from centroid of dented grout section to the centroid of the intact grout
section
eS distance from centroid of dented steel section to the centroid of the intact steel section
fbg characteristic bending strength of grouted member
fc characteristic axial compressive strength
fcg characteristic cube strength of grout
fch,Rd design axial compressive strength in the presence of hydrostatic pressure
fcj corresponding tubular or cone characteristic compressive strength
fcl characteristic local buckling strength
NORSOK standard Page 11 of 488

fcl,Rd design local buckling strength, design local buckling strength of undamaged cylinder
fclc local buckling strength of conical transition
fcle characteristic elastic local buckling strength
fcr critical buckling strength
fd design yield strength
fE Euler buckling strength
fEpx, fEpy Euler buckling strength corresponding to the member y and z axis respectively
fEpτ Euler buckling shear strength
fET torsional elastic buckling strength
fEy, fEz Euler buckling strength corresponding to the member y and z axis respectively
fh characteristic hoop buckling strength
fhe elastic hoop buckling strength for tubular section
fhec elastic hoop buckling strength for cone section
fh,Rd design hoop buckling strength
fk, fkx, fky, fkp characteristic buckling strength
fm characteristic bending strength
fm,Rd design bending strength
fm,Red reduced bending strength due to torsional moment
fmh,Rd design bending resistance in the presence of external hydrostatic pressure
fr characteristic strength
fT characteristic torsional buckling strength
fTG characteristic torsional buckling strength for girders
fth,Rd design axial tensile resistance in the presence of external hydrostatic pressure
fy characteristic yield strength
fy,b characteristic yield strength of brace
fy,c characteristic yield strength of chord
g gap
h height
i radius of gyration
ie effective radius of gyration
k, kg,kl, kσ buckling factor
l, lL length, element length
le effective length
ll length of longitudinal web stiffener
lt length of transverse web stiffener
lT distance between sideways support of stiffener
m modular ration of ES/EG
mq exponent in resistance equation for cracked tubular joints
n number of stiffeners
pf lateral pressure giving yield in extreme fibre of a continuous stiffener
pSd design hydrostatic pressure, design lateral pressure
p0 equivalent lateral pressure
qf design lateral lineload
qSd design lateral lineload
r radius, factor
s element width, stiffener spacing
se effective width
t thickness
tb bracket thickness

tc cone thickness
teff effective thickness of chord and internal pipe of a grouted member
tf flange thickness
tw web thickness
zp, zt distance
z* distance
α coefficient, angle between cylinder and cone geometrical coefficient, factor
α exponent in stability equation for dented tubular members
α circumferential angle of dented / corroded / cracked area of tubular section
β factor
γ factor
γd material factor to take into account model uncertainties
γf partial factor for actions
γM resulting material factor
γm material factor to take into account uncertainties in material properties
γn material factor to take into account the consequence of failure
δ dent depth
δ equivalent dent depth
δ max the sagging in the final state relative to the straight line joining the supports.
δ0 the pre-camber
δ1 the variation of the deflection of the beam due to the permanent loads immediately
after loading
δ2 the variation of the deflection of the beam due to the variable loading plus any time
dependent deformations due to the permanent load
∆y1 out-of-straightness of a dented member, measured perpendicular to the dent (along an
axis parallel to the dent)
∆y2 out-of-straightness of a dented member, measured in-line with the dent (along an axis
perpendicular with to the dent)
ε factor
η hoop buckling factor
θ angle
θc the included angle for the compression brace
θt the included angle for the tension brace
λ reduced slenderness, column slenderness parameter
λe reduced equivalent slenderness
λG reduced slenderness
λp reduced plate slenderness
λs reduced slenderness, shell slenderness parameter
λT reduced torsional slenderness
λTG reduced torsional slenderness for girders
λτ reduced slenderness
µ coefficient, geometric parameter
ν Poisson’s ratio
ξ factor
ξC correction factor for axial resistance of the dented tubular section
ξM correction factor for bending resistance of the dented tubular section

ξδ, ξm empirical factors for characteristic bending strength of grouted member

ρ rotational stiffness factor
σa,Sd design axial stress in member
σac,Sd design axial stress including the effect of the hydrostatic capped end axial stress
σat,Sd design axial stress in tubular section at junction due to global actions
σc,Sd maximum combined design compressive stress, design axial stress in the damaged
cylinder
σequ,Sd equivalent design axial stress within the conical transition
σh,Sd design hoop stress due to the external hydrostatic pressure
σhc,Sd design hoop stress at unstiffened tubular-cone junctions due to unbalanced radial line
forces
σhj,Sd net design hoop stress at a tubular–cone junction
σj,Sd design von Mises’ equivalent stress
σm,Sd design bending stress
σmc,Sd design bending stress at the section within the cone due to global actions
σmlc,Sd local design bending stress at the cone side of unstiffened tubular-cone junctions
σmlt,Sd local design bending stress at the tubular side of unstiffened tubular-cone junctions
σmt,Sd design bending stress in tubular section at junction due to global actions
σmy,Sd design bending stress due to in-plane bending
σmz,Sd design bending stress due to out-of-plane bending
σp,Sd design hoop stress due to hydrostatic pressure
σtot,Sd total design stress
σq,Sd capped end axial design compression stress due to external hydrostatic pressure
σx,Sd design stress in x direction
σy,Sd design stress in y direction
σy1,Sd larger design stress in y direction (tensile stresses taken as negative)
σy2,Sd smaller design stress in y direction (tensile stresses taken as negative)
τ factor
τceg, τcel elastic buckling stress
τcrg, τcrl critical shear stress
τSd design shear stress
τT,Sd shear stress due to design torsional moment
ψ, ψx, ψy factors
φ factor

4 GENERAL PROVISIONS
All relevant failure modes for the structure shall be identified and it shall be checked that no
corresponding limit state is exceeded.
In this standard the limit states are grouped into:

• Serviceability limit states
• Ultimate limit states
• Fatigue limit states
• Accidental limit states
For definition of the groups of limit states, reference is made to NPD Regulation relating to
loadbearing structures in the petroleum activity or ISO 13819-1.
The different groups of limit states are addressed in designated chapters of this standard. In general,
the design needs to be checked for all groups of limit states.
The general safety format may be expressed as:
Sd ≤ R d (4.1)
where:
Sd = Sk γ f Design action effect
Rk
Rd = Design resistance
γM
Sk = Characteristic action effect
γf = partial factor for actions
Rk = Characteristic resistance
γM = γm ⋅ γn ⋅ γd Resulting material factor
γm = Material factor to take into account uncertainties in material properties
γn = Material factor to take into account the consequence of failure
γd = Material factor to take into account model uncertainties.
In this standard the values of the resulting material factor are given in the respective chapters.
General requirements for structures are given in NORSOK N-001.
Determination of actions and action effects shall be according to NORSOK N-003.
The steel fabrication shall be according to the requirements in NORSOK M-101.

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Design of Steel Structures N-004

Rev. 1, December 1998

Nx,Rd design axial resistance in x direction

NORSOK standard Page 11 of 488

NORSOK standard Page 12 of 488

NORSOK standard Page 13 of 488

ξδ, ξm empirical factors for characteristic bending strength of grouted member

NORSOK standard Page 14 of 488

In this standard the limit states are grouped into:

The general safety format may be expressed as:

General requirements for structures are given in NORSOK N-001.

Determination of actions and action effects shall be according to NORSOK N-003.

The steel fabrication shall be according to the requirements in NORSOK M-101.

NORSOK standard Page 15 of 488

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